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This article discusses a study which assumed that the greater the dispersion of income within an occupation, the greater the income risks facing anyone selecting that occupation. The study concluded that riskier occupations offer higher mean incomes, and individuals from wealthier families choose riskier occupations. These suggestions imply that persons from wealthier families receive, on average, higher labor incomes. It is suggested also that income inequality may be transferred between generations not merely due to capital market imperfections leading to variations in the quantity or quality of schooling, but also due to the occupational preferences of a person may be stipulated by the income of his or her family.

Seven levels of management from five electric utility companies rated eight cases involving infraction of rules by hourly workers on a disciplinary action scale. Higher level managers rated the cases more severely and cases involving safety violations were judged most severely by all managers. Among several demographic and structural variables examined, only number of managerial levels was associated with company differences in ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of workmen's compensation in the U.S. in 1913. The program was considered as a hopeful symbol of progressive labor legislation. According to its proponents, among the many advantages of the workmen's compensation system were: assurance of predetermined, adequate, and prompt benefits; elimination of wasteful litigation; certainty of the means of payment through insurance; promotion of industrial safety and health; adequate medical care and rehabilitation of the injured worker.

Progress of the industrial safety and occupational health movements in the United States toward their common goal of protecting the physical welfare of workers is discussed in this article. When these activities and workmen's compensation began, about a half century ago, it was anticipated that they would be "complementary and mutually sustaining." Besides presenting historical accounts of the safety and health movements, the authors evaluate the current problems and relationships among safety, health, and compensation activities. This article constitutes part of a broader study by the authors to be published under the title, Workmen's Compensation and Occupational Disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's view of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) security clearance investigation in the U.S. He considers the basic concepts underlying the security problem mechanism that of the scientist and the applicant for employment. He mentions various cases of certain employees who were under investigation and as questionable security risks. He commented that the employees of AEC are no longer concerned about the mechanism provided for the appeal of personnel security clearance decisions. He suggested for improvements to speed up the procedure, offer for reimbursement of expenses and enable the local review boards.

The article presents a summary of the majority and minority reports of the Joint Committee on the Atomic Energy Commission investigation in the U.S. It is precipitated by Senator Burke Hickenlooper that involves the same heading of the hearings. In the majority report, it is determined that the issuance of some emergency clearances is legally permissible and the legal dispute centers on the definition of the word emergency. The security of information and the processes that characterize the Atomic Energy Act has been provided by numerous provisions.

The article discusses the British view regarding safety issues in nuclear power plants, based from the paper presented to the Norwegian Atomic Energy Society. According to the author, all activities involve some risk of harm to people either through direct participation or indirectly. However, it is hoped that the risks will be minimized and more than compensated for by attendant advantages. Thus, minimum performance requirements for a large range of plant used may be able to reduce accident frequencies to levels below a pre-set target. Moreover, the British Atomic Energy Authority is sponsoring and developing techniques for the better understanding of reactor accidents and their consequences.

The article offers a look on the near end of the atomic energy program in Great Britain. According to the author, one of the reasons for the slow-down of the program started when one of its reactors burned-out. He stresses that the dodging of radioisotopes from the stacks into the atmosphere, harmless in terms of actual, measurable consequences, notwithstanding emphasized the need for better controls and safety measures. On other side, plans for setting up advanced gas-cooler reactors were pushed ahead. Other disturbing factors, which have nothing to do with science, which have intervened the program are discussed.

Analyzes economic factors affecting safety in the underground bituminous mining. Classification of factors affecting injury rates in the coal mining; Variables and data used in the analysis; Relationship of advance technology with fatal injury rates; Limitation of the data.

Discusses court decisions related to labor in the United States. Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; Functions of job stewards; Picketing of owner-operators of trucks; Industrial safety.

Presents highlights of the 58th International Labor Conference held in June 1973 in Geneva, Switzerland. Discussion on workers' rights to paid educational leave and on standards to be developed to protect workers exposed to occupational cancer hazards; Adoption of conventions and recommendations on child labor and dockworking.

Focuses on the statutory changes in the employer's liability on its employees. Preliminary conditions for employer's who wanted to escape from employer's liability; Relevance of the Randall v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. in the statutory changes in employment; Number of states that altered the law on employment.

Focuses on the problem in the drafting of workmen's compensation acts. Causal connection between the injury and the employment; Factors to be considered in regarding accident as arising out of employment; Responsibility of the employer to compensate the servant for all the results of the accident.

This article discusses the aspects of security protection for business and industry. For the best interests of an industry or business not only should the manager protect his investment against fire, lighting, windstorm, etc., but should also take active measures in his daily operations to secure the business against internal losses from theft, accidents, compromise of trade secrets or governmental classified material, etc. Wartime controls usually mean that manpower and materials are in short supply. Consequently, both must be used to the greatest advantage. The federal government must necessarily control the amount of manpower used to protect the various plants engaged in defense production. There are several factors which will determine the extent to which a plant should be protected against thefts, accidents, trespassers, fire other disaster, and compromise trade secrets, namely, size and location of plant, number and general character of personnel, character of products and cost of security protection. Large plants employing thousands of people must often use not only physical means in controlling access to plant premises by employees, but plant guards must be employed to screen all personnel entering the gates to determine their right to be on the premises. Estimates of annual losses directly attributable to theft from businesses in the U.S. range from 500 million dollars on up. The most effective means to control thefts is to eliminate or reduce the number of opportunities for theft. Second, employees must be properly indocrinated in their moral responsibilities to the company and to the community. Certain basic fire prevention measures should be established in order to eliminate as far as possible the danger of fire. A plant brigade composed of a few selected, properly trained employees should be available at all times during plant operations to act immediately without panic in the event of a fire.

The article offers a commentary of the article “Objectives Other Than Income Maintenance for Workmen's Compensation,” by John F. Burton Jr. and Monroe Berkowitz. The Burton-Berkowitz article can be analyzed from three standpoints. The three theories deal with the assumed operations of employers and workers on the margin with people as risk-averters. Burton and Berkowitz are on realistic ground when they depict some disabled persons as rehabilitation-averters. The authors speculate about the expansion of disability insurance under OASDHI. They are aware of larger contexts of state worker compensation.

Workmen's compensation provides cash benefits and medical care to victims of work-connected accidents. Objectives for the program are to: (1) protect workers against interruption of income due to industrial injuries; (2) provide incentives for optimal expenditures on accident prevention; (3) allocate the costs of the disabilities to the sources of the injuries; and (4) provide optimal incentives for the return to the labor force of disabled workers. These objectives, largely derived from an analysis of industrial accidents in a competitive model, are used to evaluate the present workmen's compensation program. The failure to meet the first objective has been documented in an earlier article. Here a general failure to meet the other objectives is demonstrated. A primary reason is that the objectives are interrelated; thus inadequate income protection undermines the other objectives. Workmen's compensation's erosion in favor of competing programs is projected, and, while these programs' deficiencies are noted, the trend is viewed with elan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses safety planning in organizations. Accident analysis and statistics; Safety and health programs; Responsibility for safety within the organization; Employee attitudes toward accident prevention.

Recommends measures to reduce on-the-job accidents. Replacement of the committeeman system; Requirement that shop supervisors conduct a monthly crew safety meeting; Crackdown on employees taking advantage of compensation insurance by presenting fraudulent claims.

Features the corporate safety center of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. Accident/Injury Report Analysis; Presentation on accident cost analysis, plant by plant; Conversion of the production supervisor into a key safety lieutenant; Identification of potential victims.

Examines the effectiveness of industrial safety audits to make safety programs work. Factors influencing industrial safety; Standards and policies governing industrial safety; Components of safety audits; Audit procedure; Implications for industrial management and operations.

Recommends strategies for improving industrial efficiency and safety. Factors influencing industrial efficiency; Focus on human engineering; Discoveries about human capabilities and limitations; Implications for management and business planning.

Toxic materials in drinking water are a major problem, of water pollution today. This paper reviews how we arrived at this situation, and what actions are being taken to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents news related to economics as of March 01, 1919. The Sixth National Foreign Trade Convention will meet in Chicago during April 24-26. The annual meeting of the Michigan Academy of Science will be held at Ann Arbor on April 2, 8, and 4. The University of Wisconsin has established a chair in the department of economics on the subject of Americanization. The Bureau of Municipal Research in New York under the leadership of Dr. Charles A. Beard is undergoing a rapid expansion and is to become a national training school for public service. It is establishing special courses for professional training in the fields of industrial sanitation, industrial safety, industrial statistics, and special training courses for public management service. The Library of Congress announces the acquisition of two volumes of economist William Blathwayt's papers. One contains a record of the Office of Trade and Plantations, 1682-1688; the other, an account of revenues in America, 1702-1712. D. Appleton and Co. is soon to publish a book entitled "Organized Labor in American History," by Frank T. Canton of Albion College.

The article provides information about documents, reports and legislation related to labor in the U.S. On September 27, 1911, the workmen's compensation act of the state of Washington was upheld by the supreme court of that state. The law was enacted March 14, 1911 to go into effect on October 1 of the same year. The constitutional points of the law were, therefore, decided before its provisions had been put into effect. The state auditor believed the law unconstitutional and therefore refused to issue an order upon the state treasurer for the expenditure of funds that had been provided for establishing the proposed compensation system. Mandamus proceedings followed; the law passed immediately to the courts, and received the speedy determination stated above. The law is the most drastic of its kind enacted in the United States. It provides that workmen injured in extra hazardous labor shall receive fixed and certain compensation "regardless of questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other remedy, proceeding or compensation," except as otherwise provided in the act.

On November 10-12, 1910, representatives of the several state commissions which have been investigating the subject of compensation for industrial accidents met at Chicago for a conference. Delegates were present from New York, Wisconsin, Ohio, Minnesota, Illinois, New Jersey, Montana and Massachusetts. There were also representatives of the Federal Commission, United States Bureau of Labor, and a special committee of commissioners on uniform state laws, together with a special delegate appointed by the Governor of Connecticut. The public and newspaper correspondents were excluded from the meeting. The Commission of the State of Washington made its report to the governor on December 80, 1910, and submitted a bill. The proposed Washington Act abrogates the doctrine of negligence as between employer and workman; removes the subject from the domain of private controversy; asserts and assumes the subject to be within the police power of the State; and deprives the courts of jurisdiction in the premises, except in the administration of the act.

The article presents the views of the author on the definition of the term "working condition." According to the author, working condition includes sanitation, industrial safety, apprenticeship and industrial education, classification of workmen, and employee grievance redressal system. The author argues that issue related to irregularity of employment, methods of decasualizing industry and all forms of welfare work should be placed under the joint control of labor and the management.

The approach of chance-constrained linear programming is analyzed here in the context of safety-first principles based on Tchebycheff-type inequalities. The analysis attempts to define relatively distribution-free tolerance levels and the incidence of nonnormality in chance-constrained linear programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made to study the analytical behavior of a complex system with redundancy in parallel by the method of Discrete Transforms. This paper reveals the use of Discrete Transforms in solving the reliability problems. Laplace Transforms of various pointwise availabilities of the system have been calculated. Behavior of the system under steady state has also been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a look at the prevalence of industrial accidents in the U.S. in 1922. The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes an annual record of industrial accidents, based on reports issued by each state. The article attempts to classify industrial accidents according to severity. Some of the states have reported only the total number of fatal and nonfatal accidents while other states published only the compensable accidents. A table showing the number of industrial accidents across the country is presented.

Professor Ben W. Lewis of Oberlin college has limited his research paper to the major economic responsibility of state commissions; namely, the establishment of rates and the various aspects of regulation relevant to that objective. It should be noted that state commissions have many responsibilities which bear no direct relationship to the fixation of rates. Measured quantitatively a state commission probably devotes more time to nonrate problems than to the establishment of rate bases and the determination of rates of return. Many problems arise as to the extension of utility service, the elimination of discrimination of one sort or another, the establishment of standards of performance and the requirement of safety measures, the determination of the proper number of taxicabs and of motor vehicles for the movement of freight, and the establishment of standards of performance required of all public utility corporations. The evidence indicates that state commissions have accomplished results less open to valid criticism in these areas than in the determination of rates.

Discusses the role of the British Redundancy Payments Scheme with regard to the termination of employment in Great Britain. Consideration of the Contracts of Employment Act in 1963, the Trade Union Act in 1964, and the National Insurance Act in 1965; How the Redundancy Payments Act requires employers to compensate employees whose contracts have been terminated by reason of redundancy; Plight of management to pay attention to the forward planning of manpower needs; How certain classes of persons are categorically excluded from redundancy payments.

Comparative evaluation of performance, whether of personnel, products, or projects, may be necessary for purposes of selection, assignment, or improvement. Where multiple criteria are involved, it is useful to derive a single measure which will meaningfully distinguish among the competing items. In deriving such a measure, three factors are significant: 1) The specific purpose of the measure. 2) Type and amount of information available. 3) Relationship between various criteria. Neglect of these factors results in needlessly complicated "scoring" systems or in misleading results. The utility of various techniques is reviewed, and application of a Game Theory approach is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]