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This article focuses on papers discussed at the round table meeting on "the teaching of elementary economics" on December 30, 1949, at New York. Since the movement toward a general course in the social sciences seems to one essential it would be useful at this stage to collate the experiences of the hundred institutions now engaged in offering such a course. Fortunately both the American Economic Association and the American Political Science Association are engaged in a survey of this field by questionnaire and interviews. It is already clear, however, that the general course can be expected to follow no set formula. Its content and emphasis will vary from college to college with the abilities, interests, and philosophies of the staff members, and with the financial resources of the institution. One do not consider such diversity unfortunate. It is fragmentation and compartmentalization which are making the teaching of the social sciences increasingly ineffective in the light of social integration today. The closest integration will continue to recognize the infinite diversity contained in the fundamental unity of society.

The article reports on conversion clause in the United States. American monetary history is full of strange happenings and queer events beginning with the resolution of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690 explaining the issue of the first paper money. It referred to "the sundry considerable debts" which had been contracted "for maintaining their Majesties" interests against hostile invasions of their French and Indian enemies," the actual fact being that the colony had sent an expedition against Quebec in the expectation that plunder would pay the costs thereof. It is true that the highest prices at which the five-twenty bonds sold on the New York market never exceeded 14 points above par in 1864 and 12 points above in 1865, whereas at the same time the premiums on gold were in the ranges 77-85 and 98-105, respectively. In the years following the war the gap between the premium on the bonds and on gold steadily narrowed. By late 1869 the gap had disappeared and from 1870 on the advantage clearly lay with the bonds, their market premium over par persistently exceeding the gold premium. Senator John Sherman pointed out on the floor of the Senate, March 6, 1876, that even the government's 5 per cent bonds had been "at par with gold for the past five years" while the greenbacks had been "from 6 to 22 per cent below gold."

Reports the summary of position papers on tax inequity proposals submitted by the Special Committee on Pension & Profit Sharing of Tax Section of New York State Bar Association. Proposal of changes in the Internal Revenue Code; Imposition of fixed formula for profit-sharing plans; Effect of the statutory change proposed by the Cabinet Committee.

Focuses on the provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code on commercial paper, bank deposits and letters of credit in the United States. Liabilities of a drawee bank; Applicability of clearing house rules; Responsibility of depository, cashing and collecting banks.

Information is presented about several papers discussed at the American Marketing Association Conference held in December 1949 in New York City. Topics include consumer research, marketing research, and sales management. The event featured presentations by Darrell B. Lewis from New York University and Philip Salisbury, editor of "Sales Management" magazine.

The purpose of this paper is to quantify supply and demand functions for the Euro-dollar deposits borrowed by New York banks from their own foreign branches. Reduced form equations are estimated from weekly data covering the period 1966-68 and tested by predicting the first seven months of 1969. All data are from the Federal Reserve Bulletin, except where noted otherwise, and are denominated in millions of dollars or per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a preliminary announcement of program schedules for the Eighty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association on December 27-30, 1973 in New York.

This article presents the program for the annual convention of the American Catholic Sociological Society in New York City from August 31 to September 2, 1960.

The article examines the demand for New York State Mutual Savings Bank deposits during the period 1960-1969. Monthly and quarterly levels and changes in savings deposits are regressed against personal income, the rate paid on savings accounts, and the rate available form AAA-rated bonds. The authors discuss their results, and use the regression coefficients to compare actual savings for the first quarter of 1970 with those predicted by their model. In this instance, the "level" equations performed better than the "change" equations.

The article informs that the American Standards Association (ASA) approved on February 27, 1950 the American Standard Method for Determining Residual Thiosulfate and tetrathionate in Processed Photographic Papers sponsored by the Optical Society of America. The ASA classification is Z38.8.25-1950, and the UDC 77.023. The Standard contained in an eight page leaflet may be secured from the American Standards Association Inc., 70 East 45th Street, New York 17, New York, at a cost of $0.35 (thirty-five cents). From the same source a free list of all standards approved to date, including 142 dealing with photography, is available.

The article presents information on the program of the Eight Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America held in New York City from May 18 to 21, 1960. As part of the meeting, the symposium titled Optimization on Chemical Reactors was held at New York University. John Happel served as chairman of the symposium. There were many papers presented during the meeting. A. V. Butterworth and P.C. Hayes presented their paper which discusses the use of mathematical predictors in a distribution system. Other topics discussed at the meeting include linear programming, strategic planning, and production planning.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to classify and differentiate between the processes that result in teeth lacking dental pulp is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the First District Dental Society of the State of New York held in New York City on February 2, 1920.

The article presents information on the Eight Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America held in New York City from May 18 to 21, 1960. As part of the meeting, the symposium titled Optimization on Chemical Reactors was held at New York University. There were many other sessions held discussing various topics including inventory control theory, reliability theory, financial management applications and operations research. Max A. Woodbury of New York University served as chairman of the meeting.

For many years, the accounting professionals in the U.S. have recognized the need for the preparation required by accountancy students in the field of auditing, and conceived the idea of the link between theory and practice as a business clinic where students might work among the records of actual transactions. In 1914, Robert H. Montgomery, a professor at the Columbia University, New York City obtained a number of sets of used account books which formed the basis for the course of study which has been given since 1915, termed as the Auditing Laboratory. From time to time since, additional records have been obtained until at the present time there are approximately 100 workable sets of books of greatly diversified activities. Questions and problems, to be solved only by an actual examination of the books and other records, provide the basis of the student's work. This gives him a practical working test under conditions which very closely correspond to those met in actual practice. All through the work done by the student, the preparation and care of his work papers are carefully watched and criticized; the preparation of audit programs and the proper filing of work papers in the permanent and current files for the different engagements are also stressed. The Auditing Laboratory contains labor saving devices, such as adding and other computing machines, slide rule, etc., etc., in the legitimate use of which the student is urged to become adept.

This paper proposes a method for cost-effectiveness studies of civil engineering works and illustrates it by an example of its application to an urban systems problem. This approach tries to bridge the dichotomy of objectives that often exists between the policy levels of government and the engineering agencies, and that leads to frequent impasses for implementation. The process first broadens the traditional terms of reference for public-works design, which are usually governed by engineering standards only tenuously related to the multiple objectives of a facility. Second, a procedure is suggested for generating alternative configurations for the system and its components. Finally, a means is presented for exploring alternative time-phased strategies of development. The paper presents a case study of the application of this approach to the planning and design of New York City's Third City Water Supply Tunnel, and discusses its lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a note of a few relevant events from the economic fields. It first corrects an error occurred in the June 1955 issue of "The American Economic Review," whereby the name of the nominee for president of the American Economic Association was mistaken as Edwin E. White for Professor Edwin E. Witte. The next note is a preliminary announcement of the program for the Sixty-Eight Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in New York City, on December 28-30, 1955. Nearly half of the sessions of the program for this year will be centered upon the economic growth of the United States, that is, on the problem of keeping the United States economy moving onward and upward. It further notices on the The first congress of the International Economic Association, to be held in Rome, Italy, from September 6-11, 1956. The next note is on International Committee for Social Sciences Documentation, which was created at the end of 1950 as a result of meetings of experts convened by UNESCO to coordinate and improve existing bibliographic instruments for the social sciences, and the creation of new instruments in this area.

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The article presents information on the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Sociological Association to be held on December 4 and 5, 1943 at Hotel McAlpin, New York City. Papers on social research to be presented at the meeting are: "A Controlled Analysis of the Relationship of Guided Participation in Extra-curricular Activities to the Scholastic Achievement and Social Adjustment of College Students," by Reuben Hill, University of South Dakota, "Techniques of Social Reform: An Analysis of the Dry Movement," by Alfred McClung Lee, Wayne University, and "Reliability of the Idea-Centered Question in Interview Schedules," by Morton B. King, Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Papers will be followed by open discussion. Papers on Sociometry to be presented at the meeting are: "What Level of Living Indexes Measure," by Margaret Jarman Hagood and Louis J. Ducoff, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and "Some Regional Variations in Levels and Standards of Living," by Edgar A. Schuler, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The research reported in this paper studied 240 rural youths in four central New York high schools. It investigated (1) the relationship between value orientations and the education and occupation choice-making process, and (2) the structural antecedents of those value orientations. Choice making was classified in two levels: aspirations and plans. An instrument was constructed which aimed at ranking individuals on a latent continuum for each of twelve values. The findings support the general hypothesis that in the education and occupation decision process there is a relationship between an individual's value orientations and the choice that an individual makes from among the alternatives available. The findings further suggest that the influence of values on choices decreases as freedom of opportunity is restricted by the bonds of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the basis of selecting science learning materials in the elementary level in New York City. It explains on the eagerness of adults and children to learn about and make use of new scientific developments. It focuses on the need for science learning materials on the elementary level to make the pursuit of science by young people. It provides information on the potentialities of using science learning materials by youngsters in the elementary level.

The paper attempts to define some of the critical problems relating to agents' compensation—from the standpoints of the insurance companies, policyholders, regulatory bodies and the agents themselves. The provisions, purpose and implications of Section 213 of the New York expense limitation law are reviewed. The impact of various new agents' financing plans and patterns of agents' compensation (i.e., renewal commissions, vesting provisions, service fees) is explored. Particular attention is focused on the problem of inadequate service, orphaned policyholders and related agents' compensation. A study of New England Life agents' Income levels by years of service is set forth. Compensation problems in certain special markets (Minimum Deposit, Pension Trust, Tax-Sheltered Annuities, Split-Life, Mutual Funds, Salary Savings, Variable Life) are reviewed. The paper concludes with some thoughts regarding possible changes in the Ordinary agency distribution system of the future, particularly as it relates to the ‘expanded financial services’ concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) that was held on May 18-21, 1967 at Bolton Landing, New York. The conference was divided into fifteen formal sessions and three round tables. The new format also consists a presentation program of the best papers from a recent AAPOR competition for graduate students. In addition to the informative meetings, numerous social events were also organized. Also, the AAPOR Award of 1967 for distinguished achievement in the field of public opinion was presented to Hans Zeisel, a social researcher. Some of the topics on which papers were presented at the conference are: variations in the application of theory to attitude and opinion research; interviewing: special situations and problems; polling and the political process; socio-medical research in sensitive areas; predicting purchasing behavior: alchemy or science? and; computer-assisted analysis of survey data.

The article presents information on the seventeenth annual conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) held from May 17 to 20, 1962 at the Hotel Sagamore in Lake George, New York. The entire conference was dedicated to the memory of Samuel A. Stouffer. At a special general session, Stouffer's former colleagues, Clyde W. Hart, Philip M Hauser, and Herbert H. Hyman, discussed his recently published collected papers, "Social Research to Test Ideas." The conference was organized into eleven formal sessions in addition to the nine round-table meetings. John W. Riley, delivered his presidential address at the annual banquet. At that time also, the newly created AAPOR Award was presented to Angus Campbell of the University of Michigan. The article also presents abstracts that were prepared by the authors of papers presented at the formal sessions. Summaries of the discussion that took place at round-table meetings and at sonic of the formal sessions were written by their chairmen or by persons whom they designated.

One of the greatest events in accounting history was the International Congress on Accounting, held in New York during the week of September 9, 1929. Despite the variation in laws governing accountancy and in the forms in which accounting practice is conducts, a remarkable unanimity was recognized by everybody as existing in the problems faced by the profession throughout the world. There are two views rather definitely set professional auditing over against social economics; they contrast shareholder's desire for information concerning the remainders of original investments with managers' desires for information concerning the intricate details of profit making. To apply reproduction costs to the balance sheet would place the statement, therefore, in conflict with prudence and the sound principle of realized profit only. But on the other hand, the author points out, to apply only past costs in cost accounting would be to deprive the management of current information very necessary to proper market judgment, for competition is going to be most felt from those who most recently bought in the market and thus have secured a tangible new base for their pricing policy.

This paper presents seasonal patterns of conception in New York City and discusses the implications of these patterns. It is intended to investigate variations by month of conception of factors associated with pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the role of the Jews in New York City's mayoralty election of 1917 in order to validate the concept of a pacifist Jewish vote. There were four mayoral candidate in the 1971 election, incumbent Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, Judge John F. Hylan, William M. Bennett, and Morris Hillquit. Hillquit represented the radical and pacifist Jews and many non-radical and non-pacifist Jews opposed him. His defeat in the election reflects the fact that there is no such thing as a pacifist Jewish vote.

The article assess the accomplishments of seven International Congresses of Accountants held to date. The first congress held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri sponsored by the Federation of Societies of Public Accountants in the U.S., must be attributed to George Wilkinson, an Illinois certified professional accountant (CPA) who was born in England, but spent his professional life in the U.S. The 1904 Congress was an ambitious event for the American accounting profession. It was held when The American Association of Public Accountants had a membership of only 140 scattered over 15 states, of whom 81 held CPA certificates. The Third International Congress was held in New York City in September 1929. Joseph E. Sterrett and F. van Dien, presidents of the earlier congress, served as Honorary Presidents, while Robert H. Montgomery held the role of President of the 1929 sessions. The 1952 Congress, convened in London, England, included about 80 CPAs from the United States. It exercised a constructive influence on international finance and commerce, and stimulated avid discussion and subsequent research on fluctuating price levels in relation to accounts, accounting requirements for issues of capital, the accountant in industry, the accountant in practice and in public service, and the incidence of taxation.

Attitudes toward the liberalized abortion law in New York State were assessed among obstetrician-gynecologists in the state. This paper presents findings on various issues and relates them to a number of variables. In general, the New York State practitioners were found to favor the new law and to take a rather liberal view of some critical social issues involved in abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the present position of family health workers who were trained and worked at a neighborhood health center during the past five years. Problems initially anticipated for such workers did not materialize but others have emerged: lack of self-esteem, lack of upward and lateral mobility, inadequate evaluation of the validity of their training and role, and to some extent paternalism. These are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to examine the effects of five years of regular prophylactic treatments administered to employees of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company on the oral bacteria in the mouth is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the American Academy of Periodontology held in New York City on May 9, 1921.

Originally a product of suburban growth, shopping centers are now generating vast changes in retailing and in metropolitan community development. This article discusses the complex reshuffling of customers among suburban districts as well as between central city and suburbs. This a study of two major regional shopping centers in a suburban area near New York City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1951 metropolitan New York City price war between R.H. Macy & Company and its competitors. The price war began a little over a week after the U.S. Supreme made a ruling in the Schwegmann v. Calvert Corp. that ruled that nonsigners to state fair trade contracts were not bound by fair trade restrictions of goods transported by interstate commerce. The article chronicles the price war events, with R.H. Macy beginning the price war by reducing its merchandise 6%. Additionally, the article discusses the wisdom of the Macy's decision to lower their prices in such a manner. The impact of legislation on pricing is discussed as is the reliance on legislative efforts to control competition.

The article discusses some of the methods employed by advertising agencies, specifically, McCann-Erickson Inc. The Research and Merchandising Department of McCann-Erickson deals with research and merchandising activities for all of its offices, not only its main office in New York City. The department is organized into three branches, Research, Merchandising, and Library, each responsible for a specific set of functions. The Research Division preforms Market Research, Copy Research, Radio Research, and Economic and Media Research. The Merchandising Division is concerned with planning a marketing strategy for each client and their products. The Library Division maintains advertising clippings from competitors as well as informational books to help all other departments in the company.

The article discusses small business failures in the retail trade industry, particularly focusing on grocery stores in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Buffalo, New York. The author reports that mortality rates for these small businesses are extremely high, due in part to low market entry cost and high levels of competition. Other factors include the impact of the depression, and consumer habits which have changed towards one-stop shopping and the growth of supermarkets. The study's procedure is described; it involved tracking grocery store addresses on a yearly basis. The market entry rate, business mortality rate (market exit) and overall numbers of business operating between the years 1919-1941 are evaluated.

The article reports on Fair Trade laws and how they affect the liquor industry in New York. The author focuses on resale price maintenance laws such as the Miller-Tydings Fair Trade Act and their implications for liquor retailers in New York City. It is suggested that national distillers that use their clout in the industry to maintain price contracts with retailers and wholesalers are helping to strengthen Fair Trade laws. It is further suggested that Fair Trade laws function as a preventative treatment for the price wars that break out in the industry. The author offers the example of the Pepsodent Company as an example of how Fair Trade laws can affect a company's profitability.

In a recent article in this Journal, Stanley W. Black quantifies supply and demand functions for Eurodollar deposits borrowed by New York banks from their own overseas branches. This note will suggest several important modifications in his supply and demand functions for those interested in further research along the lines suggested in Black's approach. It will also summarize the results of regression analyses used in examining changes in Eurodollar borrowings by U.S. banks from their branches abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses checks and their importance as a medium of exchange that is free of regulation, and, it seems, analysis. This article examines the price determinants and price impact in New York State of special banking services known under several names that include Checkmaster, Check-o-matic, or Autocheck. The article focuses on the cost reductions that result in an average price, the profitability of the service, and the insulated nature of the pricing component of checking services. Structure of the price, bank revenue and price, bank costs and profits, comparative prices, and competition are all considered.

The article examines research conducted by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the field of share ownership. The authors outline the five major objectives of their work: gathering accurate information on the shareholders, analyzing the basic motivations behind stock trading, generating financial statistics, creating methods to help firms broaden share ownership, and understanding public attitudes towards the Exchange. They also describe an extensive study by the Brookings Institute pertaining to the first two objectives.

The article presents a study on disputes over teacher salaries in New York in 1969. The New York State Public Employers' Fair Employment Law, which became effective in September 1967 provides the use of fact finding in impasses in collective bargaining negotiations between public agencies and their employees. This study examines the criteria relied on by fact finders in creating teacher salary recommendations in the state. The analysis of criteria cited in fact-finding reports revealed that salary recommendations are extremely responsive to a prolonged period of continuous increase in the cost of living. It also suggests that fact finders are sensitive to the burden of school costs and salary comparisons are found to be the most frequently presented criteria.

In 1962, New York City enacted a minimum wage law (subsequently held by the courts to be beyond the city's legislative authority) which would have provided for minima higher than those established by similar state and federal legislation. The authors, in this article, report their attempt to quantify, by means of establishing Cobb-Douglas functions, the theoretical impact of the New York City ordinance on employment. Within the limiting assumptions of that technique, the authors found an estimated job loss of approximately 100,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years before the enactment in 1953 of the New Jersey-New York Waterfront Commission Compact (Bi-State Compact), an inordinate number of men were attached to the longshore labor market of the Port of Greater New York. In 1952 this condition was pointed to by the New York State Crime Commission as a breeding ground for, as well as an effect of, unsavory hiring practices and crime on the waterfront. The Commission's various findings and recommendations led the legislatures of New Jersey and New York to enact the Bi-State Compact, which provided for the creation of the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor. This Commission was given, along with other duties, a threefold assignment with respect to the longshore labor market. It was to register all longshoremen and exclude undesirable men from covered waterfront employment; to regularize and systematize employment through employment information centers; and to reduce the number of men available for longshore work to such a number as would adequately supply the needs of the port and ensure that employment of bona fide longshoremen would not be impaired by the hiring of men who had no legitimate or regular attachment to the industry. In conformance with these requirements the Waterfront Commission set up (1) a system for screening and registration of longshoremen, (2) a number of employment information centers at convenient locations in the port through which hiring was to be consummated, (3) regulations for the supervision and control of hiring, and (4) a decasualization program. It is our primary purpose to examine the experience and problems related to the last of these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this, the second of two articles (the first appeared in the preceding issue) on the New York State Board of Mediation, the author discusses the methods used by a mediation agency in the actual conduct of its business. The way in which mediation and arbitration cases come to the Board, how mediators are selected for individual cases, the manner in which the work of mediators is supervised, and tee arrangements for allocating cases among different labor relations agencies are among the topics described and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation of labor disputes has been the subject of numerous discussions which are concerned mainly with the theoretical and substantive issues of collective bargaining. Scant attention has been paid to the agencies of the federal and state governments which provide mediation services. How are mediation agencies organized? How do they function? In what ways do they come to enter dispute situations? What problems do they encounter in their operations? What policies and procedures do they follow? In this article the organization and administration of an important mediation agency is examined. In a subsequent article, its operational problems will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on an article on the New York Disability Benefits System. The principles underlying social insurance were not regarded in the framing of the New York act. Added incentive for discrimination in employment because of sex, color and age will be highlighted by the fact that the insurance rate will vary from employer to employer in accordance with the composition of his working force and the incidence of disability. Also, it would lead to a direct financial interest to resist just claims and to block improvements through liberalizing legislation.

This article presents news related to industrial and labor relations. Critic Elton Mayo, who has been identified with the Hawthorne Experiment, has died. The Third Annual Conference on the Teaching of Labor Economics was held from September 12 to 14, 1949 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The Northeastern University and the Committee on Teaching of the Industrial Relations Research Association will sponsor a Regional Conference on the Teaching of Labor Subjects in New England.

The article discusses the role of management in achieving good labor relations. Collective bargaining can bring about permanence improvements in labor-management relations. It establishes a basis for defining worker and employer rights in industry. Agreement between labor and management is achieved much more readily when discussion deals with concrete issues and avoids abstractions. The development of collective bargaining relations in the ladies' coat and suit industry of New York is examined. The formula for a sound labor relations policy of a business enterprise is provided.

The article presents Stanley W. Black's response to commentary from John J. Valentini and Lacy H. Hunt III about his article "An Econometric Study of Euro-Dollar Borrowing by New York Banks and the Rate of Interest on Eurodollars," which appeared in the March, 1971 edition of the "Journal of Finance." Black defends his use of ordinary least squares to estimate parameters in his model by noting the estimates are for reduced form equations. He also defends his use of a time trend in both his supply and demand equations.

Highlights a national convention on speech education to be held at the Hotel McAlpin in New York City in December 1925. Various sessions to be featured at the conference; Papers to be presented.

The article profiles William Jay, a judge from Westchester County, New York, who contributed toward international peace. Though Jay did not participate in the organized peace movement during the first decades of its existence, he had done thinking, research and private writing on the subject. In 1845, he addressed the annual meeting of the American Peace Society in Boston, Massachusetts. His address was also widely distributed and read. Some of Jay's works include "War and Peace," and "Review of the Mexican War."