Search

Valuation of the economic, social and environmental impacts of air pollution has become crucial for the benefitcost analysis of pollution restriction strategies, which serve as a foundation for establishing priorities for action. This paper focuses on the estimation of total external costs caused by road transport-related air pollutants using an integrated evaluation methodology combining air quality modelling, engineering science and economics. Emission factors and transport network characteristics were used to compute emissions from the road transport that is followed by economic valuation approaches adopted from international case studies and used for calculating the economic costs of air pollution in Türkiye. The results showed that total external costs of air pollution in Türkiye in 2018 ranged between 37,500 euros which is computed for CO emissions and 2,686 million euros computed as an upper limit for NOx emissions. Regarding the social costs of CO2 emissions, the values range between 31 million euro and 1,427 million euro, the former represents the low value estimate while the latter is the high value estimate. The findings indicate that the impact of emissions from road transport on environment and society can be substantial in Türkiye. Therefore, some regulations are necessary to reduce transport emissions and to sustain socio-economic welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, 3767 non-public entities that are subject to independent audit but do not adopt full set Turkish Financial Reporting Standards, prepare their financial statements in compliance with Financial Reporting Standard for Large and Medium Sized Entities (FRS for LMEs). In this paper, a literature review covering the period 2018-2021 is compared with the period 2016-2017. The findings show that papers published for the period 2018-2021 focus more on the specific sections of FRS for LMEs rather than covering an overview of it; most papers adopt a comparative approach considering the multiple accounting regulations in Turkey, and most are practice-based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption is of great importance for the sustainable development of a country in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects. In financial development, it is an important factor for a country's economic growth, stability and prosperity. In the paper, the nexus among energy consumption, financial development, economic growth and trade openness were tested using the ARDL method for the period 1980-2020. In the study, the square of financial development was also included in the analysis, and the nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and financial development was also examined. The findings showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between energy consumption and financial development. Accordingly, initially, financial development increases energy consumption, but after a certain point, energy consumption begins to decrease. In addition, it has been determined that economic growth positively effects energy consumption in both the short and long term, while trade openness negatively effects. Analysis of the relationship between financial development and energy consumption will be an important step to understand the economic, environmental and social effects of energy policies and to build a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change will continue to be at the top of countries' political and social agendas in the coming decades. The steps to be taken in the mitigation and adaptation processes carried out within the scope of combating climate change are presented in countries' nationally determined contributions (NDC). In this study, Turkey's new NDC announced during the COP27 summit is evaluated with regard to the current data. The purpose of the study is to analyze Turkey's new NDC statement, and its potential outcomes based on relevant reports, scientific assessments, projections, and current data. The study mainly highlights the potential benefits of prioritizing the transition to renewable energy and the positive implications of having a concrete timeline for reducing the use of fossil fuels, including coal, if explicitly included in Turkey's NDC statement. The paper's main objective is to discuss the economic, social, and environmental benefits of a bolder decarbonization roadmap and the need for a schedule to phase out fossil fuels. In the study, an array of recent and detailed reports, scientific studies, and statistics were analyzed and the positive outcomes of Turkey's accelerating the process of exiting fossil fuels were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve current account deficit, exchange rate policy has been frequently used by policymakers. Therefore, the effect of exchange rate on exports has been well-studied in literature. This paper aims to estimate real exchange rate elasticities of export outcomes (unit value, quantity, and value) using six-digit HS product level data for Turkey and selected countries. Our results show that price elasticity of exports is low, but quantity elasticity is high in most selected countries. This indicates that the exchange rate is affected by export amount. On the other hand, these results vary among different sub-sectors and destination country groups. These findings imply that exchange rate policy should be cautiously designed to avoid unexpected consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in conflict zones show the proliferation of Un)manned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or combat drones and how they transform and shape new warfare. A rapidly growing literature examines UAV’s performance and utilization by the first generation of drone producers and users like the U.S. and Israel. However, the acquisition, proliferation, and production of combat drones by middle and small states and how these new technologies are applied in warfare by these countries have attracted less attention. The paper explores Türkiye as a producer and active user of UAVs in conflicts in Africa and the Middle East and Azerbaijan as a small state that is a consumer of Turkish and Israeli drones. The paper argues that drones provide an advantage on the battlefield, increase precision in wars, and expand the methods used in wars against insurgency; however, the proliferation of drones simultaneously makes states prone to war and so increases the vulnerability of regional peace and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2003 UNESCO Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage introduces a set of interrelated measures among which education is an intersection point. Since education is crucial to the transmission of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), the States Parties have focused their attention on connecting their activities to the education sector in recent years, with formal education making up the greater part of the efforts. Belgium and Türkiye both ratified the Convention in 2006 and education ministries in both countries or parts in it seem to have concentrated on secondary education (12-18 years old) to raise awareness of the meaning and importance of safeguarding ICH. The purpose of this paper is to compare and evaluate the Flemish and Turkish formal education systems at the secondary education level regarding the implementation of the Convention. Therefore, this qualitative research is based on the investigation of the policy texts and curriculum (mainly in Dutch and Turkish) that are explicitly or implicitly connected to the presence of ICH in the education systems of both cases. From this perspective, it takes the ratification of the Convention by both countries as its point of departure and presents three levels of discussion. First, in order to comprehend the present context wherein potential connections between ICH and education are established, the overall policy of Flanders and Türkiye is briefly outlined. Second, the discussion is directed to the implications these policy choices might raise. In the final section, the frame of discussion is further narrowed to the level of curricular choices. It can be stated that the analysis of the documents revolved around the implications of centrality (Türkiye) and relative autonomy (Flanders) to mobilize ICH in education. While in Türkiye, the course Folk Culture in secondary education was initiated on the national level as a direct response to the Convention, in Flanders, this safeguarding perspective did not seem to have permeated educational policy processes. However, the Flemish Government has tolerated an open curriculum framework that seems beneficial for the inclusion of relevant content on a regional or local level. Considering achieving connections with its specific teaching context, in both cases, attention has to be drawn to the role of teacher agency. It can be stated that teachers are in need of a balance between sufficient support (capacity building, instruction manuals, didactic suggestions, explicit references to ICH) and the autonomy to execute (open curricula, professional freedom). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, to align the Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) of China with the "Middle Corridor Program" of Turkey, a memorandum of understanding between China and Turkey was signed. The constitutional amendment shows that Turkey's institutional environment and economic initiatives are changing. This change enhances the marginal cost of Sino-Turkish international economic cooperation and raises new challenges for the implementation of this cooperation in the context of building the BRI. This paper aims to analyze the Middle Corridor's current situation between Turkey and China within the scope of BRI. PEST analysis is a method used to define the macro-environment. This paper investigates the primary trend of the Turkish economy, especially economic policies, and institutions through PEST analysis; explores the reality of the economic, political, social, and trade cooperation established between China and Turkey, and characterizes problems and challenges facing this cooperation. Finally, the study suggests that the following are keys to the China-Turkey cooperation; the strengthening of political mutual trust and security coordination, further expansion of the 'opening up' to enhance their respective industrial competitive advantages and to augment the complementarities of trade structures already in existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic interaction between urbanization and transportation. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of dynamic connectedness between urbanization and air transportation mobility. The empirical part uses annual time-series data for Turkey, Germany, France, Italy, and United Kingdom according to data availability for the period 1970-2019. The variable of interest includes the share of urban population as urbanization, and the mobility of freight and passenger with air transportation. Urbanization and transportation measures have been obtained from World Bank statistical database. Dynamic connectedness approach provides various spillover parameters such as, from one to all, from all to one, net, pairwise, and total connectedness indexes, which might bring different perspective to the determination of the linkage between air transportation mobility and urbanization. Our findings show that air transportation is related to urbanization in terms of freight and passengers. According to the dynamic nature of transportation with urbanization and the spreading results, while transportation is receiver, urbanization is in a transmitter position. The fact that there is a transfer from urbanization to transportation is especially important in terms of the effectiveness of transportation policies in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first report on the occurrence of Atherina boyeri in this region. A total of 103 individuals of A. boyeri were caught with fyke-nets (mesh size: 5 mm, polyamide) in May and June 2022. The length and weight of the sampled fish ranged from 6.52 to 8.57 cm and 1.44 to 3.46 g, respectively. The exponent b of length/weight ratio was calculated as 3.091 indicating that species presented an isometric growth. The mean value of the relative condition factor Kn was calculated as 1.106 ± 0.011. In conclusion, this study provides the first and valuable information about the spatial distribution of A. boyeri and the biodiversity of the new habitat of Reyhanlı Dam Lake. Within the scope of the traceability of a newly formed ecosystem, it would be beneficial to more extensively investigate this species in terms of the food web, population dynamics, etc. Therefore, more studies should be carried out to determine the aquatic biodiversity and population dynamics of the fishery resources in the lake. The results of this study should be considered by local fishery management authorities and decision-makers to ensure the sustainability of fishery resources and to implement appropriate fishery management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 both triggered the organization of environmental management in many countries and brought about the formation of an understanding of environmental protection on a national and international scale. Similarly, the Conference has been a starting point in terms of institutionalizing environmental management, creating legislation, and developing environmental policy practice in Turkey. When the institutional structure is examined, a process comes to the fore in which the central government is the main actor in terms of institutional, legal, and representation. Parallel to this, when the environmental protection perspective of the environmental management organization in question is considered, an understanding that prioritizes economic development draws attention. The main argument of this paper is that environmental management has a institutionally centralized, practically developmentalist nature that displays a continuity. In order to illuminate the centralist and developmentalist continuity, this process which started in 1973, is handled over a period of 50 years and changes in the institutional structure of environmental management are discussed. Afterwards, the legal sources that support environmental policies and the institutional structures are discussed, and their positioning on the axis of protection-development is debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its seas and water resources, Türkiye's aquaculture industry plays a significant role in both the nation's economy and society's ability to eat healthily. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the level of self-sufficiency in aquaculture production, assess the developments in the aquaculture sector in Türkiye, and estimate the production amount for the next ten years employing the ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) method using the aquaculture production amounts between 1950 and 2021. Making forecasts for the upcoming years is believed to be beneficial in terms of investment and production planning. The amount of aquaculture production was estimated with the Box-Jenkins ARIMA method. As a result of the analyses performed, the ARIMA (1, 2, 2) model was found to be the most suitable model for forecasting aquaculture production. According to the estimation, it is expected to increase by 17.29% between 2022 and 2031. It is believed that depending on this rise, actions should be taken to expand the aquaculture processing facilities associated with the aquaculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between services offered by municipalities and individuals' self-reported levels of happiness using data from 2013 obtained in the Life Satisfaction Survey (LSS), which is Turkey's first nationally representative survey at the city-level. In this study, we focused only on cities located in the TR90 region. The findings highlight that satisfaction with municipal services varies from city to city. In particular, municipal services such as garbage/environmental waste collection, air pollution quality, public safety, amount of green space, health/fitness center facilities, zoning/settlement/licensing, regulations for disabled people, lighting, fire, cemetery, street sign/exterior numbering and inspection of food processing facilities were found to affect the individuals' happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognised that academic freedom and university autonomy in Turkey are currently under pressure. Many scholars have produced articles discussing the Turkish predicament, linking it to the recent authoritarian and populist turn of the country. This paper offers a different interpretation, arguing how academic freedom and institutional autonomy have been approached and practised in Turkey from the past to the present, by focusing mainly on the evolution of the relations between higher education institutions and political power. Understanding how this relationship has been constructed and maintained may help us to grasp the context‐specific university practices restricting academic freedom and university autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study regarding offshore seabird sightings in Turkish waters. The survey was carried out in Finike Seamounts (Anaximander) region and adjacent waters for 10 days in spring and seven days in autumn of 2021. Bird distributions were determined by visual observations that were carried out onboard R/V YUNUS-S with the standard line transect method. In total, 19 bird species belonging to seven Ordos and 11 Families were recorded. The first three dominant groups of species were Scopoli's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea, n: 92, 47%), and common tern (Sterna hirundo, n: 22, 11%), and common swift (Apus apus, n: 15, 8%). In the Turkish coastal and offshore region of the Mediterranean, migratory movements and distribution of bird species, mainly Ardeidae (Ciconiiformes) and Laridae, Sternidae, and Scolopacidae (Charadriiformes), were observed in spring and autumn. In this paper, the observed and anticipated migration routes were described for those species. Detailed and long-term studies over larger areas are recommended at offshore regions in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2002, Turkey has actively been seeking a regional power status in the Middle East through the articulation of regional roles based on historical legacy and liberal experience. Theoretically, the paper seeks to contribute to regional power literature by integrating role theory with status-seeking theory and examining the interactions between them. This integrated approach suggests that the role orientations of aspiring regional power and regional counter-roles determine the level of status recognition of that regional power in a given regional power hierarchy. Using this approach, the paper examines the fluctuations in Turkey's pursuit of regional power status in the Middle East over two uneven stages before and after the Arab Spring. It shows that Turkey was able to play regional cooperative roles and improve its regional power status during the first stage (2002-2011) while has stumbled over the period since the Arab Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the important agricultural products in the fight against malnutrition and poverty. It is also very important for the economy of countries with its contribution to employment and foreign exchange earnings in the production process. The use of certified seeds increases yield in potato production. Potato production costs are decreased due to increased yield. For this reason, certified potato seed use is encouraged by the government in Türkiye since 2005. This study, it was aimed to analyze the socio-economic determinants of government-subsidized certified seed use. To achieve this aim, the socioeconomic and technical characteristics of the farmers using certified seed and farm-saved seeds were compared. This study was conducted with 80 potato farmers. According to the research findings, it was determined that both the farm size, the potato production area and the potato yield of the farmers using certified seeds were higher than the farmers using farm-saved seeds. It is determined that the factors that farmers give importance to when purchasing potato seeds are the seed is cheap, resistant to diseases, and high yielding, respectively. The most common problem faced by farmers in the use of seeds is that the seed is expensive for farmers using certified seeds; It has been revealed that there are diseases and pests in farmers using farm-saved seeds. Considering that certified seeds use is one of the main factors that increase the potatoes yield supporting the use of certified seeds is important for the continuity of potato production and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the developments in global and Turkish vegetable production were examined during the period of 1980-2021, and the position and importance of Türkiye in vegetable production was emphasized. The study covers 22 vegetable species which were important in terms of production potential. Significant increases in vegetable production area and quantity have been observed globally and in Türkiye throughout the period. Increases in vegetable production have also been observed in Türkiye with the increase in productivity. In Türkiye, except for some species, the vegetable yield was above the global average. Türkiye is an important producer country in terms of vegetable production, particularly for vegetables such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers, beans, lettuce, cabbage, zucchini, leeks, spinach, onions, and garlic. Therefore, it is recommended to implement proposals to increase producer income and productivity in vegetable production in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information World (Bilgi Dünyası) is one of the most important scientific and professional journals in library and ınformation science (information management) in Turkey. It has been supporting the librarianship and profession with its publishing life for 20 years. The aim of this study is to make a quantitative analysis of Information World in terms of publication types, author and subject elements between 2000-2019. Within the scope of the study carried out with the description method, refereed articles, reviews and opinion papers published in 40 issues along 20 years were examined. As a result of the study, a total of 436 articles, 229 of which were refereed articles, 97 were reviews, 88 were opinion papers, and 22 were other articles, between 2000 and 2019. An average of 5.5 refereed articles were published in each issue. It has been understood that the annual changes in the number of articles in the journal are not in a certain balance, and the annual subject changes vary largely depending on the authors' expertise and emerging issues in the field of librarianship. At the end of the study, it was proposed to professionalize and institutionalize the journal management structure as a strategic goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most effective method for countries to keep themselves under control is a census. Censuses reveal data indicating the socio-economic and cultural structure of a country in all aspects. It is thus possible to analyze the needs of the state and the society that constitutes the state more accurately based on the collected data. In this context, the second census conducted in the Republic of Turkey is the 1935 Census. This census gives us detailed information on the socio-economic and cultural structure of Balıkesir province. The purpose of our study, which we prepared based on this information, is to scrutinize the population of Balıkesir and reveal its potential in light of the statistical data. This paper first addresses the population issue and attempts to shed light on why censuses were needed. Secondly, in the process leading to the 1935 Census, the history of Balıkesir was explained. Subsequently, the preparations in Balıkesir were outlined within the framework of the preparations made across the country for the census. The population data of the Balıkesir province were reviewed based on the results of the 1935 census. In the light of these data, Balıkesir's population structure and density in terms of gender, literacy rate, birthplaces of the population, disability status, and professional preferences were evaluated using the document analysis technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between economic growth and financial development indicators such as credit volume, money supply, BİST 100 index, exports and imports in Turkey. In this study Johansen cointgeration, vector error correction model estimation, granger causality test, impulse-response and variance decomposition analysis are undertaken. According to Johansen cointegration analysis, it is found that there is a long-run relationship between the economic growth, BİST 100 index, inflation, export, import, credit volume and monetary aggregate M2. According to Granger causality tests there is one-way causality relation from economic growth to BİST 100 stock market index which is an indicator of capital markets and monetary aggregate M2. In this case bank credit volume is not found to be the reason for the economic growth. Impulse-response analysisshow that the response of economic growth one period later to one standard deviation shock in BİST 100 stock market index. The findings obtained during the period of study show that economic growth in the Turkish economy leads to an increase in demand in financial services and thus the demand-push hypothesis which states that it causes financial expansion is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to the entrepreneurship literature through analyzing how business angels were born with regards to its initial phase, the formation of legal definitions, the development of qualifications, incentives for business angels and their conditions; and how it was developed in terms of its quantitative and of qualitative changes based on licenced angel investor numbers, their educational level, professions, age distribution and reasons for being an investor in Turkey. While this paper academicaly broaden the literature, it also shed lights on three major topic recommendations for more comprehensive further studies: (i) the reasons lying behind the dramatic decrease since 2016 in the increasing rate of the licenced business angels, (ii) Functionality of incentives and support mechanisms offered to licenced angel investors as defined in primary and secondary legal regulations, and (iii) More detailed profiles of angel investors in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antidumping has become an important instrument of trade policy in recent years. Turkey has also become increasingly important user of this instrument since 1989. This paper investigates the effects of macroeconomic factors on the use of antidumping investigations in Turkey from 1997 to 2017. For this purpose, a Negative Binomial Regression Model is used to investigate the macroeconomic causes of antidumping investigations. The results suggest that antidumping investigations were significantly affected by macroeconomic variables, particularly import share rate. The paper concludes that Turkey's antidumping investigations have been used for protection from international trade instead of establishing fair trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political behavior has become separate research area which is not limited with just voting in the elections but extended with all behavior and attitudes influencing political decision making mechanisms. Especially with great impact of civil society on politics, the way of affecting politics has been enlarged. This also gives birth of distinctive researches on factors affecting varied political behavior. In this research, it is looked at the factors of political system, media, religion, environment, family, ethnicity, and economy on electorates within the administrative border of Adıyaman province in Turkey. Relying on the data gathered from the applied questionnaire, it seeks to find out that which factor is more effective than others through the range of frequencies. Even though the questionnaire was conducted in all districts of Adıyaman the paper focuses on general results regarding to Adıyaman. Thus, analysis of the paper is based on the resultant figure of Adıyaman political behavior map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflation persistence is a coefficient that shows how quickly the inflation rate will return to the long-term average value after any shocks. The lower this value, the faster the return to the long-term average value of inflation. This value affects the effectiveness of the monetary policy and at the same time can be affected by this policy. In this study, in order to evaluate the inflation persistence of the Turkish economy, monthly Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation data covering the period 1982:03-2017:12 is analysed with a univariate approach. The inflation rate is calculated as percentage growth rate of the CPI from a month earlier. In order to calculate the inflation persistence, AR(1) model for an inflation rate is estimated. A distinguishing feature of this paper from other papers is that effects of structural breaks on both unit root tests and inflation persistence analyses are taken into account. In this study firstly inflation series is separated into three different periods according to the results of the LM unit-root tests with structural breaks. Then, the inflation persistence and the mean inflation rate are calculated for each period separately. Estimation results show that the long run mean inflation rate % 4.9 and the inflation persistence is 0.40 in the first period covering 1982:03-1988:02, the long run mean inflation rate % 7.3 and the inflation persistence is 0.36 in the second period covering 1988:03-2001:04, the long run mean inflation rate % 2.34 and the inflation persistence is 0.59 in the third period covering 2001:05-2017:12. Moreover there is a structural break in the autoregressive model estimated for third period and the inflation persistence which is equal to 0.71 before the structural break is decreased to 0.18 after the structural break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to examine gender perceptions in Turkey. After completing a literature review, the research compiles and analyzes academic studies on Turkish undergraduate students and their gender perceptions. Of the 763 studies included in the literature review, 15 were included in the meta-analysis. The study uses Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software (Biostat Inc, 2021) for the analysis and has concluded four different sociodemographic variables to be suitable for the meta-analysis. The variables used are undergraduates' (1) gender, (2) school year, (3) mother's education, and (4) father's education. The paper presents the findings for each variable separately. The results show gender assigned at birth to have the biggest effect on undergraduate students' gender perceptions, mother's education to have a small effect, and father's education to have no effect. The most striking and notable result from the meta-analysis is the lack of difference between the gender perceptions of freshman and senior undergraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First Globalisation Era of the late 19th century following the United Kingdom (UK) based Industrial Revolution, shaped the bilateral economic relationship between Turkey, formerly, Ottoman Empire and the UK, formerly, British Empire, including both bilateral trade and direct investment flows. On the other hand, in the Second Globalisation Era, following the Information and Communications Technology revolution, in late 20th century, bilateral economic relations gained a new dimension, where “more equal relationships” were observed between the two parties. The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare the bilateral Turkish-English economic relationship including both international trade and foreign direct investment in these two globalisation eras in order to emphasise the main differences and similarities as well as the magnitude of changes affecting these economies. It is found out that the industrial revolution in the UK did not shape the economic order only but also shaped the bilateral economic relationships between the so called “centre and periphery”. In this regard, in the Second Globalisation Era after 2001 with the changing place of the Britain Empire in the new Globalisation Era “more equal relationships” between two parties compared to the First Globalisation Era is found out, at least in terms of international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine and analyse the socioeconomic impacts on agricultural production of the 2 earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.4 and 7.3 that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023, a research survey was conducted and the data obtained from the surveys were evaluated. The survey was carried out in 15 villages in total, in 3 villages selected to represent each of the 5 districts where the earthquake was intensely felt. According to the results, besides the loss of life and property in rural areas, the earthquake had a significant impact on production factors, especially the stock of warehouses, tractor capital, manpower, and caused disruptions in supply chains and delays in agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kurdish rebel group PKK, which is classified as a terrorist organization by Turkey, as well as the EU and the US, has been waging an armed separatist campaign against Turkey for almost four decades. Turkey has conducted frequent cross-border military operations against the PKK in Northern Iraq, where the group's bases and headquarters are located. This paper will assess the first three of those, the ground offensive of May 1983 and the air attacks of August 1986 and March 1987, from the perspective of jus ad bellum. All three were conducted by "the Iraqi consent", which is the key part of the present work. This consent was given by the legal government of Iraq and the Turkish side acted within the limits of it. That's why the 1983-1987 Turkish cross-border operations in Northern Iraq do not violate the prohibition on the use of force, and consequently, should be considered legal under international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on Assyrian magazines and newspapers initially published within the Ottoman era and extending into the Turkish Republic while in addition covering the exile activities pushed by Assyrians originating from Ottoman and/or Turkish geography. The first magazines started to be published here. However, the first emerging cultural activities came to an abrupt end with the beginning of World War I and the Christian persecutions and massacres that accompanied it. Leading intellectual figures had to leave the country or were killed. Many emigrated intellectuals of that era were able to follow up on the journalistic activities of the pioneers of the Ottoman period and founded newspapers and magazines in exile. The migration from Turkey led to the establishment of Assyrians and their organizations in the diaspora resulting in increased activities in the field of journalism. This article will provide a comprehensive compilation in the sense of an inventory and a corresponding brief description/profiling of the main publications that can be attributed to contributions and efforts of Assyrians whose roots lie in Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out with the purpose of analyzing graduate theses completed in Turkey on parents in the context of education, specifying the research trends in the existing theses, and interpreting their results. The study that was conducted by using the National Thesis Scanning Center Database of Higher Education Council reviewed 59 graduate theses (54 masters thesese and 5 doctoral dissertations) based on the purposes, sampling, methods, data collection tools, and results. Results highlight that existing research predominantly focuses on parents' choices, their expectations and contentment of private schools. That the majority of the studies use quantitative research methods and collect data from primary and secondary school parents are among the other results of the study. In this paper, we havealso discussed the results of these studies and presented prospects for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new record of Phaeocystis giraudii Derbes et Solier (Phaeocystales, Prymnesiophyceae), which forms gelatinous aggregates and is found as clusters in various sea substrates in the coastal zones of Turkey. The species has been observed at various locations in the central Aegean Sea (Sığacık, Gümüldür and Çeşme) and Mediterranean Sea (Kaş and Adrasan) since 1994. Mucilaginous aggregate colonies at these stations cover 5-60% of the substrate at a depth range of 8-25 m. This paper also discusses the taxonomic problems in the nomenclature of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the trend of Turkish publications related to bone health with respect to global publications and to determine the relative contribution of endocrinologists to metabolic bone disease literature. Material and Methods: Publications related to bone health up to and including the year 2017 were retrieved from the "Web of Science" (WoS) and "Türkiye Atıf Dizini" (TAD) database using metabolic bone disease related MeSH terms. Excel (v15.30) and Endnote X8 were used to summarize the bibliometric features, including the number of publications, authors, their affiliations, and contributing countries. Keywords were divided, for a detailed analysis, into three clusters: osteoporosis, parathyroid, and vitamin D-related. Results: A total of 1.880.666 papers were retrieved from WoS globally and, of those, 21.165 (1.13%) were published from Turkey. Of the papers published from Turkey, 3.0% were primarily contributed by endocrinologists. The relative contribution of endocrinology to osteoporosis-related (4.6% vs. 1.5%), parathyroid-related (23.7% vs. 5.3%), and vitamin D-related (23.7% vs. 5.3%) publications was higher for articles originating from Turkey compared to the global data. Endocrinology was among the top five specialties contributing to Turkish metabolic bone disease literature indexed in WoS and TAD. Conclusion: Turkey has a less than expected rate of research output in terms of metabolic bone disease. The relatively higher contribution of endocrinology to that effort is promising. Supporting bone research might accelerate the efforts of Turkish researchers in the field of metabolic bone health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to compare the current situation of the Sustainable Urban Mobility in the European Union (EU) and Turkey. For this purpose, Sustainable Urban Mobility in the EU and Turkey is examined via literature review and to evaluate the current situation of sustainable urban mobility more deeply in Turkey, a questionnaire was conducted to Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities. The main conclusion of the questionnaire is that from sustainable urban mobility modes, the main missing mode is the cycling in Turkey. This paper shows that cycling is the sustainable urban mobility solution for Turkish cities. To motivate cycling, cycling indicators are developed for Turkish cities to pre-evaluate bike lane projects and a case study evaluation for the city of Eskişehir is calculated using these indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to analyse the technical applications of the farmers in the production of potatoes in Türkiye and to reveal the information sources that were affected. In this framework, the provinces of Niğde, Nevşehir, İzmir, Afyonkarahisar, Konya, Adana, Aksaray and Kayseri, which constitute more than half of Türkiye's potato production, were included in the scope of the research. Data were obtained from 533 farmers by face-to-face survey technique. The average of the interviewed farms was 14.07 hectares of potato cultivation area, 62.07% of which was for rent, 35.96% was property and 2.77% was lands held in partnership. As the scale of the farms' increases, the rate of rental land for potato cultivation increases. In the region average, almost half of the potato cultivation area was grown on rented land. In addition, the average parcel size of 2.72 hectares and the number of pieces of potato planted land cause an increase in pre- and post-production costs. 71.63% of the potatoes produced on the farms were table, 23.57% industrial type and 4.80% seed. Although 44 different kinds of potatoes were grown in the region, it was determined that the farmers gave weight to Melody, Madeleine, Jelly, Marabel, and Agria varieties. Seed diversity varies according to the characteristics of the regions. Seed use per hectare in the research area was determined as 4,076.6 kg in the average of the enterprises and 3,950.0 kg in the weighted average of the region. In the average of the farms interviewed, the labour force used per hectare was 1,419.4 hours, and the average of the region was 1,940.4 hours. In potato production, machinery was used for 37.7 hours on average and 56.5 hours on average for the region. The amount of nitrogen given per hectare in the potato cultivation areas was 416.6 kg, the weighted average of the region was 497.2 kg, the phosphorus 89.7 kg, the regional weighted average 108.2 kg, the potassium 75.2 kg, the regional weighted average 86.1 kg. The irrigation system was mainly in the form of sprinkler irrigation. Farmers in the selection of seeds; expressed the factors of yield level, price, ease of sale, germination power, and resistance to diseases and pests as very important criteria. The farmers were using traditional information sources in the selection of seeds. It was determined that modern information sources and traditional information sources were equally effective in agricultural control. The farms interviewed received high scores on the level of cultural practices in an agricultural struggle. It was determined that producers were more affected by modern information sources in potato cultivation in the region. The potato was a product that uses a high level of input. In this respect, more conscious use of inputs and policies that guide farmers to modern information sources were considered important in terms of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power/arbitrary power that the states have employed as a means of foreign policy instrument has reached a level that threatens the international system with the First World War. This situation makes the existence of a general will through the interstate organizations a current issue in order to weaken the phenomena of using force. In this context, the League of Nations, which was founded in 1919, brought the issue to the agenda and identified common sanctions against an aggressive state. The Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928), which was signed as a result of the efforts of the French and US foreign ministers after a while, banned all kinds of wars except for the defence. Before the end of 1928, 46 states, including Soviet Russia, participated in the Briand-Kellogg Pact. In the same year, Turkey was among the signatories as a result of the will which claims that "Turkey's joining the Pact corresponds to the national interests" However, the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations and the expansionist attitudes of Japan, Germany and Italy began to leave the peace efforts on paper. In this study, these developments, archive sources, official publications, copyrighted and critical works, the national and foreign press have been examined and analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the symmetric/asymmetric causal linkage between foreign direct investments and energy consumption in Turkey over the period 1975-2015. The unit root properties of variables are tested by the Ng-Perron and Lee-Strazicich unit root techniques. The ARDL bounds test is used to examine the cointegration between the variables. The Toda-Yamamoto and Hacker and Hatemi-J causality tests are used to investigate the symmetric causalit analysis. The Hatemi-J causality approach is applied to explore the asymmetric causal relationship between the variables. Empirical results show that there exists cointegration between the variables in the existence of structural breaks and the presence of symmetric causality running from energy consumption to foreign direct investments. There exists causality from positive foreign direct investment shocks to positive energy consumption shocks. There also exists causality from negative energy consumption shocks to negative foreign direct investment shocks. The findings will present policy implications related to Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first legal framework for the implementation of the norm cadre system in Turkish municipalities was carried out by Municipal Law No. 5393 enacted in 2005. The Law states that the principles and standards of the norm cadre are to be jointly determined by the Ministry of Interior and State Personnel Presidency. The mentioned principles and standards are passed on through the secondary legal regulations. These secondary regulations and their annexed tables on human resources system of Turkish municipalities deserve a comprehensive analysis. Need to be analyzed in detail. This study aims to evaluate the evolution of norm cadre system in municipalities through analysis and interpretation of all annexed tables of related secondary regulations issued or updated several times during the 2006-2017 period. In local government and public personnel literature, detailed analysis of annexed tables of municipal norm cadre regulations has never been attempted before; thus this represents the originality and value of this paper. The paper reveals that there are major discrepancies among municipalities on upper limits of personnel to be employed. One of the most fundamental benefits of the norm cadre regulations in Turkey is to end the chaos in local government job titles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the occurrence of Niphates toxifera (Porifera) on the Levantine coast of Turkey. This species was originally described from the coast of Lebanon and was known to be confined to a restricted area (Beirut-Syria-Israel). In February 2019, three specimens of this species were photographed and collected at 10-15 m on rocks (including cave walls) off Samandağ, near İskenderun Bay (north-east Levantine Sea), indicating its northwards spread. The distributional pattern and on-going range expansion trend of this species indicate the possibility of a Lessepsian species. This species is also a new record for the marine fauna of Turkey. The morphological and distributional features of the species are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revealed the development of wheat production and trade in the world and Türkiye, and the level of international competitiveness in wheat flour was determined. Türkiye ranks second in world wheat imports in terms of quantity and fourth in terms of value, and first in wheat flour export. Imported wheat is converted into flour and bakery products, most of which are exported. Türkiye exported 19.04% of world wheat flour in value and 22.45% in quantity. The study calculated competitiveness analysis for 2010-2020, and Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) and Trade Balance Index (TBI) were used in the analysis. The mean index values were calculated as 21.10 in RCA and 0.99 in TBI. As a result of these values, it was determined that Türkiye has a high competitive advantage in wheat flour export and was a net exporter in wheat flour foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the impact of R&D on economic growth by employing a Residual-Based Cointegration test with a Fourier Approximation with annual data from 1990 to 2017 in Turkey. The findings obtained from cointegration test indicate that RD and RGDP are cointegrated. On the other hand the results of error corection model show that there is a bidirectional causality between R&D and economic growth. The Findings are important in terms of revealing the role of R&D in economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking the projects which are carried out in the universities in Turkey and are funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) as an output, the paper tries to estimate the knowledge production function of Turkey. In the study, an OLS analysis is made with cross-section data by utilizing the datum of state universities operating in Turkey at the NUTS III level. The dependent variable of the knowledge production function that is developed by using Cobb-Douglas production function is the annual R&D fund transferred to universities by TÜBİTAK for the projects. Other variables in the analysis are the annual R&D expenditures of universities, the number of academic staff, number of postgraduate students and the existence of Technology Transfer Office and/or Technopolis. According to the analysis results there is a positive and significant relationship between R&D fund, and postgraduate students and technology transfer offices/technopolis. However, the relationship between R&D expenditures and the R&D funds transferred to the universities is found to be statistically insignificant. A negative and insignificant relationship is found when R&D funds and academic staff are estimated together, but in the models in which academic staff is decoupled, the results differ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and practitioners have widely discussed the geographically clustered nature of voter preferences in Turkey. Despite the methodological advances, these studies have assumed a cluster specification with the number of clusters being exogenously determined. This study overcomes this limitation, estimates the optimal number of clusters by drawing on the information available from the voter preferences data on June 24, 2018 elections by conducting a two-step cluster analysis. The first step compares the performance of various clustering solutions using the Akaike Information Criterion, and the second step reports the estimates from the best performing specification. The paper finds that voter preferences exhibit a three-cluster pattern and spatial proximity of provinces in clusters indicate the role of geography on voting decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The youth unemployment problem, with the increasing impact of globalization, maintains its importance as a serious problem faced by developed and developing countries in today's world economy. Policymakers' perception of the youth unemployment problem will also affect the level of utilization of young people through new employment channels. This paper is based on two main objectives. This youth unemployment in the primary objective of the EU and Turkey before the study was to investigate by comparing the development in the 2000-2018 year, macros factor in causing youth unemployment and to determine the micro-level and to provide a variety of alternative policies within the framework of the economic policies implemented in these reasons context. The secondary aim of the study is to examine the relationship between youth labour force participation rates, inflation, economic growth, education expenditures, foreign investment flows and youth unemployment rates for Turkish economy over 2000-2018. The results of the regression analysis performed with the least-squares method reveal that the increase in the labour force participation rate of the youth increased the youth unemployment, and there is an inverse proportional relationship between the inflation rate and the youth unemployment rate. It also shows that the increase in economic growth reduces youth unemployment, the increase in education expenditures decreases youth unemployment and the increase in foreign direct investment flows decreases youth unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language of managers is an essential factor at the process of employee motivation. Sullivan (1988) declared Motivational Language Theory and, his followers conducted researches about the importance of managerial usage of language at the process of motivation and leadership. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of motivational language of manager at the quality of leader-member exchange at automotive industry in Turkey. The motivational language scale developed by Mayfield, J., Mayfield, M & Kopf, J. (1995) and the leader-member exchange scale developed by Liden, R.C. & Maslyn, J.M. (1998) are used as assessment tools. Findings show that all dimensions of motivational language are related with all dimensions of leader-member exchange and, there is a significant effect of motivational language on the quality of leader-member exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the clinical examination of a donkey, which brought to the Ownerless Animal Care and Rehabilitation Center of the Hatay Metropolitan Municipality due to neglecting and senility, local hair losses, ruffling and opacity were observed. A few louse specimens were detected on the hair shafts on the back of the donkey during the macroscopic examination. They were collected with a forceps, and preserved in a tube with alcohol 70%. Then they examined in detail in microscope, and identified as Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget, 1880). The presence of B. ocellatus on donkey has been reported for the first time in Turkey in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper focuses on Turkey's intervention, as a third-party actor at the regional level, to the Syrian conflict. The aim of this study is to reveal how decisive the perception of national security is to Turkey's existing or prospective intervention, and to what extent this situation contributes to the behavior and methods of other actors, who are involved in the conflict. According to this, this study explains the motivations of Turkey to intervene, the methods Turkey used, and Turkey's interactions with other thirdparty actors in the process. The result of the study indicates that national security phenomenon is the key factor in Turkey's intervention, Turkey's strategies and intervention methods, has changed in line with the behavior of other third-party actors and the dynamics of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to trace the evolution of philanthropy towards CSR and to reach an elucidating scheme about the current context and contemporary practices in Turkey. The evolution of the philanthropy concept is evaluated regarding the period of the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey, the development of the private sector, and finally the influence of globalization. Accordingly, the paper concluded that the historical evolution of philanthropy in Turkey brings about a scheme in which CSR perspective has been emerging. The contemporary practices such as awarding, CSR reporting and following of CSR standards are claimed to be reflections of CSR perspective. On the other side, philanthropy carries on to be influential to some extent in a corporate character, in the practices of the companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China started a new initiative to Europe via One Belt One Road (OBOR) Project after 2013. This trade corridor aims to revitalise ancient Silk Road with new motorways, railroad infrastructure and ports. Thus Europe and China will have faster, more efficient and competitive t rade route with declining costs of transportation. Turkey is on the Central corridor of OBOR. In this paper the possible outcomes of OBOR on Turkey will discussed under the historical rela tions of China and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, epiphytic bryophyte vegetation of the Akyazı District in Sakarya Province (Turkey) was investigated. In the different vegetation periods of the year 2017, a total of 85 relevés taken from the trunks of trees and were classified by Braun-Blanquet method and regulated by using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA) and Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). TWINSPAN classification technique produced two main vegetation groups include eight clusters at the third level. The results of DECORANA indicated that the distribution patterns of epiphytic communities change from xeric to mesic and along the lower base and upper zones. The most important ecological factor for the epiphytic community differentiation in the study area, according to the ordination diagram, is humidity of the epiphytic habitats. Consequently, six epiphytic bryophyte associations and two subassociations were determined in the present paper. Among them; Orthotrichetum pallentis for the second time and Pterigynandretum filiformis -leucodontetosum sciuroidis were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Moreover, Orthotrichetum pallentis - isothecietosum alopecuroidis subass. nova was described as a new epiphytic association from the Akyazı District of Sakarya Province. Floristic and ecological characteristics such as; (humidity, light, acidity) of these new syntaxa are given with detailed descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]