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The theoretical frameworks dealing with the factors of starting entrepreneurship approach them from different perspectives. The standard categorization of entrepreneurship factors is based on two categories. One category describes starting an entrepreneurship as a motivation based on an individual's beliefs (pull factors) and the other as a necessity, it means that an individual is pushed into entrepreneurship by external influences (push factors). The paper discusses the topic of motives for starting an entrepreneurship according to the trade license in theoretical as well as practical perspective, while the results are based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2022 in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Several conclusions emerged from the survey sample consisting of 306 respondents. Among the most important reasons for starting entrepreneurship, respondents ranked being independent, meaning being one's own boss, the desire to have better working conditions, as well as to earn more. Other motives that could be selected by the respondents in the questionnaire were preferred to a lesser extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts an in-depth case study of the 2010 Greek entrepreneurship attempts that led to the EFSF's creation, aiming to theorise crisis-induced institutional change in the EU. This research aims to cover the theoretical gap left by existing literature by combining theoretical elements derived from historical institutionalism and institutional entrepreneurship. Crises function as critical junctures. During critical junctures, the structural grip of path dependency loosens; thus, a multitude of paths forward are available. The choice of a specific path, if any, heavily relies on the concept of institutional entrepreneur. In 2010 the Greek government was such an agent, with interest in altering EU institutional design to overcome its financial ordeal and with direct access to the EU Council, the primary decision-making body regarding institutional change. The entrepreneur triggers a process of institutional change through their proposal. Once the entrepreneur chooses a path forward, this is further moulded by path dependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the coping strategies utilized by Muslim women entrepreneurs in the country‐specific context of crises‐laden Lebanon. In so doing, we capitalize on a qualitative interpretative methodology, drawing upon in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. We present empirical evidence detailing how women entrepreneurs utilize Muslim feminism and various Islamic practices and values as means of coping with crises situations and contexts. We also provide insights into how the doing of gender unfolds as a coping strategy enabled by Muslim feminism in the advent of adversities. Hence, we underscore the importance of approaching religion as a social construct which is performed, as opposed to treating religion as something located outside the spheres of gender and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As "justice natives," today's undergraduate students are motivated to engage directly with the world around them in ways unseen throughout most previous generations. Interestingly, secular humanistic perspectives on changemaking are in keeping with a wide variety of biblical teachings and principles of Christian social thought. At the same time, educators and practitioners can better engage these students to lessen a disconnect that often seems to emerge between social justice causes and the modern church. This paper applies a praxis‐based approach, Kingian Theology, the Beatitudes from the gospels, elements of liberation theology, Wesley's thoughts about community engagement, and principles of both Catholic and broader Christian social thought to the modern idea of changemaking, positioning Christianity and the gospels as a liberating force for equality rather than as a colonizing or even racist‐associated oppressive ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study analyzes the main dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) - propensity inseridofor innovation, risk propensity, and proactivity - that contributed to the growth of Micro, Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (MSMEs) during the crisis caused by Covid-19. Method: A quantitative analysis was carried out using the t test paired with 102 MSMEs managers to understand which main aspects of EO contributed to the performance of their companies. Results: The results show that the presence of a proactive element in MSMEs influences the increase in their revenues in a crisis period. Nevertheless, the significance of characteristics prone to innovation and risks in MSMEs for their growth in a period of crisis is not confirmed. Limitations: the sample used in this research could be larger and the concept of EO is based only on its three main dimensions. As there is no consensus in the literature on the dimensionality of the EO construct, other applications using different concepts are suggested. Theoretical and practical implications: The research shows how the EO drives MSMEs in a crisis context, notably through its proactivity dimension. In a practical way, the paper reveals that EO in MSMEs is strongly present in the leader's figure, as well as it is related to its personality, playing an important role to boost the business in a period of crisis. Originality: This study allows to know which aspects of EO are more decisive in the growth of MSMEs in periods of widespread recession. Thus, entrepreneurs will be able to assess how much they consider EO dominant perspectives for the growth of their businesses. It also contributes both to the discussion on the recovery of the economy and the literature on EO, which does not yet show how this construct operates in the context of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to small firm sizes and inter-linkages between household and business finances, small-scale entrepreneurs in developing countries are inherently vulnerable to temporary and permanent income shortfalls, and hence household poverty. While the International Labour Organisation (ILO) generally defines self-employment without employees as vulnerable employment, little empirical research has been done on the extent to which the self-employed are indeed vulnerable. This paper makes two main contributions: first, it operationalises the concept of vulnerability in the context of self-employment in developing countries by defining vulnerability as the risk of having business income below a living wage threshold. Secondly, it investigates the extent and correlates of vulnerability. Using a six-year balanced entrepreneur panel dataset from Kampala, Uganda, it is shown that the self-employed are heterogeneous with respect to vulnerability and observed earnings: 58–74% of the samples are classified as vulnerable in a given year and mostly earn incomes below the living wage threshold. Vulnerable entrepreneurs are shown to be significantly different from non-vulnerable entrepreneurs in several dimensions, including those that do not directly predict income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When high uncertainty becomes the norm in entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial failure often becomes the first natural barrier that new ventures face. In dynamic environment, there is still a lack of clear answers on what strategic orientation new ventures need to adopt to improve organizational learning efficiency and achieve sustainable development. Lean startup theory believes that the entrepreneurial process is also a process where organizational cognition is constantly iterated and updated, which drives entrepreneurs to explore business opportunities through iteration learning and early customer insight. The paper aims to describe and examine the relationship between lean startup strategy, organizational iterative learning, and sustainable development of new ventures. This model is tested on the survey data of R&D departments of 325 technology new ventures in China. The research results show that: lean startup strategy can positively affect sustainable performance of new ventures; organizational iterative learning plays a mediating role in the relationship between lean startup strategy and sustainable development; market dynamics positively moderate the relationship between organizational iterative learning and sustainable development, while technology dynamics negatively moderate this relationship; furthermore, the two also moderate the process of lean startup strategy influencing sustainable development through organizational iterative learning, and that moderated mediating effect is significant. The research results reveal that entrepreneurs should deepen lean startup practices in new business layout, advocate the iteration and output of advanced knowledge, help enterprises establish proprietary knowledge barriers, and achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship in green energy is highly required to ensure everyone can access energy, energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy sources, and increased public and private awareness. This paper attempts to review the body of knowledge and research on entrepreneurship in green energy. Using a systematic literature review of the PRISMA guidelines for conducting and reporting systematic reviews. Several peer-reviewed publications were included following a thorough search of the Scopus databases. The findings demonstrate several publications on entrepreneurship in green energy from the quantitative analysis and perspective analysis. The number of research-related publications each year on entrepreneurship in green energy has been an upward trend. The United States was the top research nation. The most intensive topics of green energy and entrepreneurial industry sectors were bioenergy and financial. This research provides information that has opportunities to be carried out, including research on entrepreneurship in the field of green energy, with the topic of marine energy, geothermal energy, and the health industry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia experienced a significant decline in domestic economic growth, with a 2.97% drop in the first quarter and 5.32% in the second quarter. The pandemic has also resulted in a sharp decline in the community economy, especially for people with special abilities (PwSAs), namely those with apparent physical limitations and intellectual disabilities. To alleviate the economic pressure faced by PwSAs, it is crucial to foster their entrepreneurial spirit and skills through creative leadership. This paper portrays the visionary leadership of a village head in Indonesia in empowering and improving PwSAs' economy through entrepreneurial activities. The research data was collected by observing the daily lives of PwSAs, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) with PwSAs and village officials. The study results show that the village head used different approaches for developing the entrepreneurship spirit and skills of PwSAs through training, skills guidance, and craft innovation before and during the pandemic. The programs implemented have increased the PwSAs' economic level, reducing the number of poor people. This village head is clear evidence of the application of creative leadership in entrepreneurship with all his patience and empathy during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was finally able to solve complex problems faced by the PwSAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to build on Dyck and Greidanus' (2016) study on the Quantum Sustainable Organizing Theory (QSOT) by analyzing Philippine sustainable enterprises and how they adopt and execute the principles of QSOT into their organization. The data gathered from the multiple- case study were collated and used to promote sustainability and build knowledge on the contemporary theory. The research utilized a qualitative embedded multiple-case study design in investigating the exhibition of QSOT in Philippine sustainable enterprises. Through in-depth interviews with three (3) Philippine sustainable enterprises or potentially QSOT organizations, the paper identified and illustrated QSOT-aligned business practices, operations, and functions. Among the three Philippine sustainable enterprises studied, two were identified as fully QSOT-oriented companies. The researchers note that QSOT can be operationalized in the country; however, the success of adoption and integration is dependent on the industry, ability to innovate the business structure, entanglement of "external" entities, and financial capacity. The study framed sustainable organizing practices in a manner that is concrete and specific--practices that enhance social and ecological wellbeing were elaborated. As the Quantum Sustainable Organizing Theory (QSOT) is a contemporary theory, more research is needed to understand the concept, especially in the Philippine context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military experience, as a special early experience exerts a very profound impact on individual decision making. This paper investigates the impact of military experience on male labor force entrepreneurial choices and its underlying mechanisms, using the 2014 to 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey data. It is found that military experience significantly reduces the probability of individual entrepreneurship. The analysis of the influence mechanism shows that military experience inhibits survival entrepreneurship mainly by increasing employment opportunities in state-owned units, increasing the probability of becoming a member of the Communist Party of China(CPC), and accumulating human capital. This paper also finds that the inhibitory effect of military experience on individual entrepreneurship varies across household registration groups and is more significant for laborers with non-agricultural household. This paper not only reveals the impact of the military experience on individual entrepreneurship choices, but also provides empirical evidence for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship policies in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial inclusion refers to a process that ensures the ease of access, availability, and usage of the financial system for all members of an economy. This paper aims to study financial inclusion's impact on enterprise innovation and compare the different effects of traditional and digital financial inclusion. Existing papers mainly focus on digital financial inclusion's influence. Based on China's data, this paper fills the gap by constructing an index system to measure traditional financial inclusion and discussing the impact mechanism of the two kinds of financial inclusion on enterprise innovation (output and efficiency). The results illustrate that traditional financial inclusion inhibits the innovation output of enterprises, while digital financial inclusion has a positive effect. However, both traditional and digital financial inclusion is still in the stage of constraining the innovation efficiency of enterprises. Moreover, the two types of financial inclusion function differently for enterprises of different sizes and ownership. Evidence from China is expected to reveal the features of this relationship and inspire research in more economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed infopreneurship skills as a means toward achieving sustainability in librarianship. The excruciating economic reality prevalent in Nigeria today and globally has compelled librarians and other professional practitioners to consider other means of income to support salary paid job to survive in this era of economic quagmire and also sustain professional relevance in the 21st century. Infopreneurship skills has been identify as skills required to boast economic of a nation and maintaining sustainability in Librarianship, with the advent of information communication technology (ICT) where information is gotten at the fingertip. This paper started with the introduction of the concepts; it discussed the benefits of engaging in infoprenurship by librarians and library and information professionals; if further discussed the importance of infopreneurship, and finally discussed the challenges facing infoprenurs. The paper concluded by saying that infopreneurship is a very vital opportunities that librarians should embraced as means of wealth creation and recommended that policy of practical approach to infoprenuerial skills should be incorporated into the curriculum of library and information science for sustainability in librarianship and national economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the role which exposure to ICT-based entrepreneurship education could play in reducing Nigeria's extreme poverty and excessive radicalism which have almost outwitted the country since the past two decades. Decision to engage in this exercise emanates from the fact that the negative effects of both activities dangerously impinge human and infrastructural development so excessively with the effect that overall national development could be crippled, while citizens languish in penury and inability to commit to national consciousness. It is the understanding of this brief paper therefore that since the Nigerian youth are often the perpetrators and unsolicited victims of both deplorable activities, there is urgent need to engage them in varieties of skills-based and ICT-related entrepreneurship programmes of education, all with the primary targets of supporting them acquire the lucrative skills they require to operate as self-reliant and economically viable Nigerians. Supported with relevant entrepreneurial skills therefore, this calibre of citizens could create and secure lucrative jobs for themselves, acquire gainful employments, become self-employed citizens, employ other unemployed Nigerians and create wealth to support themselves and family members. Effectively adapted in programmes of school education therefore, Nigeria could be on the right tracks out of poverty and extreme radicalism which seem to wind the nation's pace of development backwards. The qualitative analytical method shall be adopted in this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The social aspects of nature of science (NOS) have become more eminent but entrepreneurial perspectives of NOS continue to be neglected. Entrepreneurship is relevant to NOS and science education due to its role in scientific enterprises and its importance as a 21st-century skill required in all subjects, particularly in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) subjects. Due to the impact of initial teacher education (ITE) and the science curriculum on Initial Science Teachers' (ISTs) understanding, the paper aims to explore the impact of including entrepreneurship in NOS with ISTs. Design/methodology/approach: The qualitative study investigated the changes in three ISTs by examining their understanding of entrepreneurship within NOS and their perspectives on the inclusion of entrepreneurship in the science curriculum following an intervention. The results were analysed through thematic and network analysis (NA). Findings: The results indicated that following an intervention, ISTs developed a more holistic understanding of entrepreneurship in NOS and could see the benefits and rationale for including entrepreneurship in the science curriculum. However, certain concerns remained. Originality/value: Although entrepreneurship may contribute to NOS by promoting scientific development, enhancing interest in science and developing a holistic understanding of science, a thorough review of the relevant research literature suggests that studies investigating entrepreneurship in NOS are rare. The current paper fills this gap by exploring Irish ISTs' perspectives on positing entrepreneurship in NOS. The study suggests conducting further research on the integration of entrepreneurship in the science curriculum and its impact on ITE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to put forward some ideas on what factors significantly affect entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector, in order to help strengthen them as well as outline practical strategies that can be used by future researchers. The paper is a viewpoint contribution based on the author's research on "entrepreneurship" and "entrepreneurship education" engagement with the development of management in the agricultural field. The research carried out in Western Greece among farmers entrepreneurs. A number of ideas are outlined under the following headings: creating mutually interesting content; demonstrating practical implications; motivating academics. The viewpoint summarizes the key challenges of agricultural entrepreneurship stakeholders and will be of interest to policy makers for the creation of well-targeted development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, universities have put considerable emphasis on their 'Third Mission' and have thus expanded their portfolio of core activities to include activities related to university-industry collaboration and science commercialisation. An important mechanism to implement the university's third mission is the creation of academic spinoffs that are start-ups based on research produced at universities and other public research institutions. Research on academic spinoffs has thus experienced significant growth, and several literature reviews have sought to map the often-fragmented knowledge in this topic area. Yet, we still lack an overview of the decision making of academic entrepreneurs and relevant stakeholders – an overview that is of paramount importance in the effort of scholars and policy-makers to understand what drives the creation of (more) academic spinoffs that have good chances of surviving and thriving. This paper is based on 60 papers published during the period 2003–2021 and provides a comprehensive overview of all topics covered in the body of literature on the entrepreneurial decision making of academic spinoffs, by identifying the most salient topics, papers, and trends within this literature. Our analysis shows that the literature on the topic clusters around four macro-areas: contextual factors, spinoff development and performance, nascent academic entrepreneurship, and science parks. Our study further compares and contrasts our findings with the highly influential framework for entrepreneurial decision making of Shepherd, Williams, and Patzelt [2015. "Thinking About Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Review and Research Agenda." Journal of Management 41 (1): 11–46] and proposes future research directions in light of the unique characteristics of academic entrepreneurs and academic spinoffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the past and present of the university spin-off (USO) phenomenon by identifying research findings and synthesizing different spin-off practices from around the globe. The evolution and future of this phenomenon are then discussed, alongside potential new lines of research. This study adopts a systematic literature review approach, combined with a Multiple Correspondence Analysis. This approach allows for the creation of a robust and reliable synthesis of the research carried out over the past 35 years (1986–2020), offering a fine-grained depiction of the USOs' underlying relationships through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). This paper contributes to scholarly literature on academic entrepreneurship by providing insights into the analytical trends of the past, current evidence on the configuration of USOs, and discussions of the future of USO research. Several implications for improving performance, productivity, and reinforcing capabilities emerge to assist spin-off CEOs, university managers, and policymakers. This paper fulfils an identified need by revealing the trajectory of the USO research field. Additionally, it presents an up-to-date reflection of USO antecedents, decisions, and outcomes, outlining an agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation entrepreneurship is based on the notion that it is possible to build a business system around a conservation challenge, and in doing so, create a targeted and adequate resourcing mechanism to support interventions, over adequate time frames. Constructing business models is not something that is usually at the forefront of a conservation practitioner's agenda, nor often within their capacity. This paper takes the reader through the process of building such models, within the context of offshore islands in the Australian region, and using structures and terminologies that are commonplace in the business world, but perhaps not so much so in the conservation sector. In addition, this business model approach is presented in context of the 'collective impact' framework, which involves centralised infrastructure, dedicated management, and a structure ensuring development of a common agenda, shared measurement systems (i.e. of what success looks like), continuous communication, and mutually reinforcing activities amongst all those involved. Conservation entrepreneurship is based on the notion that it is possible to build a business system around a conservation challenge, and in doing so, create a targeted and adequate resourcing mechanism to support interventions, over adequate time frames. This paper takes the reader through the process of building such models using structures and terminologies that are commonplace in the business world, but perhaps not so much so in the conservation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that a combination of varieties of capitalism (VoC) and entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) approaches is not only capable of revealing that there is a broader variety of entrepreneurship than currently offered in the literature but also that certain types of entrepreneurship are transnationally interdependent. Historically embedding the case of illiberal Hungary, the paper discusses several models of entrepreneurship via the scholarship of Iván Szelényi, a neoclassical comparative sociologist of social, political and economic transformations in the former Soviet bloc. Szelényi's contributions span from studying Socialist entrepreneurship of the 1970s and 1980s to investigating transformations in two post-Socialist contexts, first, the post-1990 area when neoliberal transnational entrepreneurship coexisted with domestic neo-patrimonial entrepreneurship, and second, the post-2010 epoch when illiberal transnational entrepreneurship is intertwined with domestic neo-prebendal entrepreneurship. The paper offers conclusions for entrepreneurship research in two respects: first, it underscores the relevance of the transnational dimension, second it puts emphasis on the importance of a more nuanced understanding of agency in the ream of political coordination exercised by political classes in structuring opportunities and constraints both for domestic as well as for transnational entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on community economic empowerment through social entrepreneurship, as an effort to follow up on the results of a survey mapping of profiles, problems and potentials of Kutamandiri Village, Tanjungsari District, Sumedang Regency. The method used in this paper is a qualitative method, with data collection techniques based on literature studies and field studies. Field studies were carried out through survey mapping of profiles, problems and potentials of Kutamandiri Village, participant observation, design thinking, and organizing community economic empowerment through entrepreneurship with various activities involving the PPM Team, KKN Team, Expert Team (instructors), and the Village Government, BUMDes, Ladies PKK, Karang Taruna and Kutamandiri villagers. Community economic empowerment through social entrepreneurship is carried out with activities that include the socialization of community economic empowerment through social entrepreneurship; coordination, discussion and consultation about superior products; product trials, training on processing of Cilembu sweet potato products and business management, and website socialization / workshop to the village admin (manager of BUMDes). Overall the community economic empowerment activities can be done well, although there are some obstacles. These constraints were overcome by efforts made by the PPM Team and other relevant parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship education activities in colleges and universities play an important role in improving students' innovation ability. Therefore, this paper has important practical value to evaluate the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students. At present, most studies use qualitative research methods, which is inefficient. Even if quantitative analysis is adopted, it is mostly linear analysis, which is inconsistent with the actual situation. In order to improve the application level of genetic algorithm to the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of universities based on BP neural network, this paper studies the evaluation model of innovation and entrepreneurship ability of universities. Based on the simple analysis of the current situation of university innovation and entrepreneurship ability evaluation and the application progress of BP neural network, combined with the actual situation of university innovation and entrepreneurship, this paper constructs the innovation and entrepreneurship evaluation index, uses BP neural network to build the evaluation model, and uses genetic algorithm to optimize and improve the shortcomings of BP neural network. Then, the experimental analysis and application design are carried out. The results show that the improved algorithm is basically consistent with the predicted value, small error, and fast convergence. When it is used in the evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship ability, quantitative analysis results can be obtained, which provides a certain reference for the development of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Introduces a typology of higher education institutions (HEIs) created in Central Asia after the Soviet collapse in 1991. • Classifies new HEIs as 'external', 'hybrid', 'bi-national' and 'neo-Soviet' based on structure, founding actors, and funding. • In Kazakhstan, most new HEIs were private. New external norms showed efforts to create a different kind of higher education. • A blend of Soviet and external structures/norms in Kyrgyzstan is partly due to dependence on non-state sources of funding. • In contrast, institutional entrepreneurs in Tajikistan reduced uncertainty by modelling new HEIs on the Soviet-era template. Across the former Soviet space, governments have grappled with fundamental questions around how to build or re-form sovereign nations, how to deal with the legacies of the preceding Soviet era, and how to navigate intense globalization processes that were further stimulated with the collapse of the communist bloc in 1991. Structural reforms have extended to all aspects of society, particularly to social institutions such as higher education that had historically been very closely linked to the state. One response to change has been the massive expansion of higher education systems. The dramatic growth of the ex-Soviet higher education systems and the impact of the path-altering events of 1991 lead to the research questions this paper explores, which are, 1) To what extent did HEIs created between 1991 and 1996 represent a break from the Soviet past? and 2) How do patterns in the emergence of new HEIs compare across the former Soviet space? Using the cases of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, drawing theoretically from sociological institutionalism and methodologically from a comparative case study including in-depth interviews with 36 faculty members, this paper sets out a novel typology of four distinct patterns in the new HEIs that emerged in the first five years following the Soviet breakdown. These are classified as 'external', 'hybrid', 'bi-national' and 'neo-Soviet', each being distinguishable in terms of their organization, founding actors, and funding model. Through this comparative investigation, the paper elaborates on the dynamics of structural reforms in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In group decisions, two issues need to be tackled: weighting opinions of different decision-makers and aggregating their evaluations. Many group aggregation techniques analyse these issues. These approaches can be correctly applied only if the weights assigned to all decision-makers are available. Unfortunately, there are situations where such weights are unavailable or incomplete, the negotiation required to better define them is not possible or decision-makers are unwilling to revise their judgments. These situations could pose a critical problem for the correct application of aggregation procedures. This problem is exaggerated if there are more than one group of decision-makers. In this paper, we present a new algorithm based on the Frobenius norm that considers the choice of the weights in aggregating judgments in a non-negotiable multi-group problem. This approach facilitates the computation of several sets of weights simultaneously, showing the roles played by each decision-maker and by each group in defining the global priority. To illustrate the method, we apply it in designing a new curriculum in entrepreneurship based on an entrepreneurial learning approach informed by perceptions of three stakeholders: entrepreneurship educators, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship students. Data is collected by pairwise comparison within the analytic hierarchy process and is aggregated using our proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how housing prices affect innovation and entrepreneurship. We construct a city-level panel dataset including 281 cities between 2009 and 2019 by merging housing price data from China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy with innovation and entrepreneurship data from Peking University Open Research Data Platform. Our results suggest that housing prices are positively associated with the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship (VIE). The results remain consistent with a series of robustness checks. We also find that rising house prices promote VIE through the wealth effect and the siphon effect. Spatial effect analysis further shows that housing prices not only positively affect the VIE of local cities, but also positively affect the VIE of neighboring cities. These findings imply the necessity of curbing the excessive rise of housing prices and decoupling public services and benefits related to homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about corporate entrepreneurship as a particular field on entrepreneurship related to established business, an understudied issue in Cuba. Considering the current situation of our state owned enterprises, has a potential for business renewal that should be taken into account. Therefore, theoretical frame, external and internal conditions for corporate entrepreneurship implementation is briefly discussed. An updated assessment of our state owned enterprises is also included and, finally, some ideas about corporate entrepreneurship implementation in our country are outlined, considering a context of profound transformations on this business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this conceptual paper, we respond to the calls for broader theoretical approaches that can coherently demonstrate a high degree of conceptual sensitivity to multiple combinations of institutional factors influencing women's informal entrepreneurship (WIE) and related agency. We do so by integrating constructs of gender and gender inequality with those of institutional logics and institutional voids. We find that a refined understanding of institutional voids is required to pave the way for a meaningful theoretical integration and empirical application of the related conceptualizations. We offer such a revised definition by placing formal and informal logics (rather than institutions) at the heart of it. In our theorizing, we propose that gender interplaying with formal and informal institutional logics create varying degrees of obscure and unique institutional voids that shape WIE prevalence. The proposed harmonized theoretical lens provides researchers with flexible yet consistent guidance for conducting context‐specific empirical work that can coherently advance understanding of underlying logics shaping WIE and related agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMEs' internationalization research focused mainly on measuring their international performance, especially in IT-based and knowledge-intensive industries while little attention was paid to investigating the opportunity-based view of firm internationalization especially in the context of traditional SMES. The main objectives of the present study were twofold. First, building on the opportunity-based view of firm internationalization, this study investigated the international opportunity identification (IOI) and international opportunity exploitation (IOE) among Chinese traditional SMEs. Second, this research examined the direct influence of SMEs managers' adaptive marketing capabilities (AMCs), global mindset (GM), and collaborative intensity (CI) on IOI and IOE with emphasis on the potential moderating influence of environmental dynamism (ED). The initial phase of this research employed exploratory interviews with eight SMEs managers. Exploratory findings showed that Chinese SMEs adopt both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial internationalization behaviors in identifying and exploiting international opportunities. Later, an empirical investigation using 327 valid responses from managers/founders of traditional internationalized SMEs in China showed that AMCs, GM, and CI had a significant positive influence on both IOI and IOE. Further, ED was found to play a significant moderating impact on the relationship between AMCs and IOI, GM and IOI, and CI and IOE. This paper ends with clarifying a set of theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory and practice in entrepreneurship education are still a subject of research. This paper proposes a simulation in which, based on the External Enablers of New Venture Creation approach, students can translate environmental changes generated by the unbalancing conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic into strategic entrepreneurial actions. The practice-based approach grounded in actionable theory is chosen to build our simulation. The exercise is carried out through the business model canvas because of its practical value. Running the simulation proves to be helpful in teaching new theoretical approaches. The simulation also proves that new venture teams can impact more the conversion of environmental changes into strategic entrepreneurial actions than individual entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Elite communities' are the areas where the wealthy, and even 'superrich', live, socialize and raise their children as future economic and financial elites; they are the places where a few lead socially and economically privileged lives. Earlier studies have concentrated on the inner dynamics of these settings, focusing on the way residents are constructed and socialized as elites through their social, communicative and aesthetic abilities that are perceived as exemplary in contemporary neoliberal society. In this paper, we broaden the perspective, by exploring how these areas contribute to polarization, that is, how they generate distinctions based on money, morals and manners that are peculiar to neoliberalism's idealization of 'entrepreneurship', 'self-management', 'leadership' and the pursuit of an 'active lifestyle'. Our data come from two major ethnographic studies: one conducted between 2010 and 2015 of Sweden's wealthiest community, Djursholm, that is populated by the country's business and financial elites; the other conducted between 2016 and 2019 of three of Australia's most prestigious and economically privileged suburbs, Toorak (Melbourne), Mosman (Sydney) and Cottesloe (Perth). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a reflection on artistic-cultural entrepreneurship, focusing on the management of artistic and relational heritage in entrepreneurship efforts related to music. This reflection is based on case studies of two musical ventures: Bar Semente, located in Rio de Janeiro's Lapa district, and Tejo Bar, from Lisbon's Alfama. Both are on the periphery of the mainstream cultural industry and rooted in territories with a rich cultural, historical and touristic heritage. Due to their organic relationship with their surroundings, both venues have themselves become heritage assets and tourist attractions, but this process has also turned them into "targets" for predatory tourist practices that tend to create "commodified" versions of the informal and spontaneous interactions that made them famous. The paper focuses on the ways in which the entrepreneurs were able to manage the artistic and relational heritage of each place, analyzing their practices through the lens of the Effectuation approach and identifying patterns that may be useful not only for the analysis of similar cases, but also to the development of a broader conceptual understanding of how artistic endeavors can change the image and the identity of territories that already have a strongly established cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the impact of entrepreneurship education on tourism students' entrepreneurial intention, and insights of the desirability and feasibility of starting a tourism-related business upon graduation. A structured questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 154 randomly selected tourism students in a comprehensive University in South Africa. Data analyses included descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to address research objectives. The results indicate that entrepreneurship education influences tourism students' entrepreneurial intentions, including students' perceptions of the desirability and feasibility of starting tourism-related businesses. The findings further suggest that some respondent profile variables have influences on how tourism students perceive entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour. The study recommends that the university that is studied implement a variety of reform programmes aimed at increasing employability or self-employment among university tourism graduates. Among them is the addition of a new entrepreneurship track to the undergraduate curriculum. Students, as from their first year of study should be invited to apply for the entrepreneurship education track, which includes business training as well as individualised coaching sessions with industry mentors. This will aid in the formation of professional networks, increased entrepreneurship process knowledge base, and self-efficacy among tourism students who want to become tourism entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using public goods theory as a guidepost, scholars have correctly observed that subsidies for sport venues are a product of the monopolistic structure of major sport leagues. Without challenging the observation that economic rent is being extracted from cities, we utilize the municipal capitalism framework to explore the ongoing appeal of teams to cities. We note that rising levels of economic segregation required local officials to aggressively pursue partnerships to offer competitive club goods that deflect regional economic activity into their taxing jurisdictions. After reviewing 116 published academic papers to establish the two frameworks (public goods and municipal capitalism), we use three previously studied case studies to assess outcomes in light of a municipal capitalism perspective. This permits us to provide insights into the use of various sources of public capital to deflect economic activity with the potential to enhance economic development and tax revenues. The work also identifies the need for additional research to compare and contrast classical public goods theory, municipal capitalism, and local government initiatives in an era of "fend for yourself federalism." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are substantial differences in the entrepreneurship levels of different regions. Recent studies have shown that supply- and demand-side determinants fall short of explaining the level and type of entrepreneurship of a region, and have emphasized the critical role of region-specific institutional factors in regional entrepreneurship. This paper aims to contribute to understanding how region-specific institutions encourage or inhibit regional innovative entrepreneurship, concentrating particularly on the less studied normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. The study, based on face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interview data from four regions of Turkey with different innovative entrepreneurship patterns, reveals the significant role of normative institutions in defining different regional innovative entrepreneurship pathways, as well as those of some regulative and cultural-cognitive institutions. It highlights further that policies and regulations that alleviate bureaucratic procedures facilitate access to financial resources and strengthen coordination between local government agencies are encouraging regional entrepreneurship in general, while policies aimed at eliminating discrimination in society, supporting tolerance and openness, encouraging individual freedom and enhancing the skills and experience of entrepreneurs through new role models are critical for alleviating the disadvantages of regions and supporting innovative entrepreneurship. We contend that these policies are essential for improving the entrepreneurship environment and altering the perception of society regarding entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a novel Ignatian-based entrepreneurship education model that integrates dark side theories of entrepreneurship into entrepreneurship teaching to supplement traditional process-centered pedagogy. The model enables students to recognize psychological, well-being, and social problems that often accompany entrepreneurship and provides students with tools to overcome these problems as future entrepreneurs and as individuals who walk alongside other entrepreneurs. The model is rooted in the Universal Apostolic Preferences and the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm and can be integrated into entrepreneurship courses in Jesuit business schools and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As more entrepreneurial experiences are integrated into engineering programs, students are faced with new challenges they need help in managing. While previous research has identified entrepreneurial activities that engineering students struggle with, the antecedents of these difficulties have not been directly investigated. Drawing on an ethnographic study in a project-based entrepreneurship course, this paper investigates difficulties as caused by both cognitive conflicts and cultural clashes. The findings suggest that difficulties with entrepreneurial activities do not necessarily stem from lack of entrepreneurial capabilities on behalf of students, they can just as well stem from legitimate conflicts of interest that students and teachers need to navigate. As such, difficulties cannot always be solved by students learning more about entrepreneurship. As shown in the study, collaborative and externally oriented learning activities – mainstays of project-based entrepreneurship courses – particularly contribute to putting competing social demands on students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the probability of growth aspirations of Colombian entrepreneurs according to the generation in which they were born. There is a large literature on the determinants of the growth aspiration, but there is not much empirical evidence on the possible effects of belonging to a specific generation. We used data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the period between 2006 and 2017. Specifically, the data were taken from the Adult Population Survey, which measures certain relevant characteristics of entrepreneurs around the world. Based on a sample of 6,670 individuals, three ordinal logistic regression models were estimated, one for each generation: Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y-Millennials. The results show that the youngest entrepreneurs, the Millennials, have a very different conception of life than their predecessors in relation to their view of entrepreneurship as a life choice. In fact, structural factors such as gender, education and motive for entrepreneurship are significant for all generations. However, context-related factors such as their skills, fear of failure, recognition, and their view of entrepreneurship as a desirable career have different effects on each generation. These results are relevant for the development of public policies and business strategies associated with entrepreneurship in developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well-established practice of many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) governments to aid entrepreneurs within both the formal and informal sectors to enhance their performance and growth. Unfortunately, there is no agreed method by which governments can differentiate between entrepreneurs and target them with the appropriate promotion policies. Thus, despite the good intentions, entrepreneurship policy initiatives have been incorrectly targeted, poorly implemented, and without the desired results, since different entrepreneurs may require different forms of assistance. Some scholars have suggested that without a context-specific classificatory guide, policymakers are unlikely to be accurate in their assessment of the growth capabilities of prospective candidates for specific promotion initiatives and this can explain some of the policy failures. This observation has motivated the present paper. Our objective is to provide a framework that helps identify the different contextual dimensions influencing formal and informal enterprise creation processes in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women entrepreneurship development is an important part of human resource development. This paper focuses on exploring the barriers and motivations of women entrepreneurs. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through the well-structured questionnaire and distributed among the 100 women entrepreneurs. Surveys were carried in the area of New Delhi (India). The research found women entrepreneurs having primary responsibility for children, home and older dependent family members, poverty and illiteracy, borrowing loan, lack of finance, business size, age, lack of knowledge and experienced in marketing of products, poor managerial and technical skills, discriminations, multiple responsibilities, demographic factors, social, cultural and religious obstacles etc. The research has also identified that many women-owned enterprises were formed in the informal or unorganized sector. These new firms were concentrated in industries where women entrepreneurs have been active by tradition and the opening was mostly started among household-based enterprises. It is also described that there are various factors for success of women entrepreneurship like-education, hard work, skilled women, sincerity and honesty, best quality of product, and dedication have been recognized as the most significant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, microfinance has become a pillar of economic development policies. However, despite the great popularity of micro-credit programs, the results of empirical studies are mixed. Thus, more research is needed to help us understand how effective microfinance is in achieving poverty reduction, economic development, and financial inclusion. This paper contributes to the literature by relying on a unique dataset from one of the biggest Fintech companies in Brazil to study the impact of microcredit on small firms' outcomes. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find that access to credit increases monthly revenues and profits by nearly 4.5%. We show that the effects are stronger for women-led businesses and less experienced entrepreneurs. In addition, we find that credit renewal strengthens the benefits of credit access. We discuss several policy implications from our results. In particular, the permanent availability of credit – as opposed to one-time/short-term interventions -- has greater potential to generate virtuous cycles of ever more reinvestment and growth, indicating larger gains from relaxing borrowing constraints in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Scholars have emphasized intellectual capital's importance for universities in obtaining competitive advantages and creating value. The purpose of this paper is to identify the influences of two components of intellectual capital, relational and human capital at the international level, and psychological capital on international orientation of academic entrepreneurs, and the mediating effects of international relational and human capital. Design/methodology/approach: On the basis of a literature review, a theoretical model is proposed to explain the relationship between the studied variables. Our hypotheses are tested on a sample of 173 academic spin-offs of Spanish universities using bootstrapping methodology. Findings: The results show that the international market relational capital and international human capital of academic entrepreneurs influence their international orientation, and that their psychological capital is directly, and indirectly, related to international orientation through international human capital and international market relational capital. Practical implications: This study provides a better understanding of the antecedents of the international orientation of academic entrepreneurs, which would provide an important contribution to the literature on intellectual capital, academic entrepreneurship and internationalization. The achieved results highlight important implications for training of academic entrepreneurs and for managers and management teams of companies willing to enter, or even those already operating in, international markets. Originality/value: In this study, the international orientation of academic entrepreneurs is explained through the psychological capital that is studied jointly with two components of intellectual capital, relational and human capital at the international level. Although some recent work has focused on the study of the internationalization of academic spin-off, this line of research is still incipient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the potential impact of entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial intention and academic researchers' perceptions of departmental and university support on academic entrepreneurial engagement in the context of weak or missing institutional support. A conceptual model linking motivation, intention and perceptions to entrepreneurial engagement is developed and tested on primary data collected from academic researchers in Nigeria. We find that while entrepreneurial motivation strongly influences the entrepreneurial intentions of researchers, the link between intention and engagement is weaker. Perceptions of departmental entrepreneurial orientation positively mediate a significant proportion of the latter link. In contrast, perceptions about the university's supportive framework and facilities play a relatively weaker role. Subsequently, the implications of these findings on policies and incentives for entrepreneurial academics and universities in weak institutional settings are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on business models has developed under the assumption that they are tools that managers in general, and entrepreneurs in particular, use intensively to analyze information and make decisions. However, this approach has historically presented little empirical evidence about its relevance. This paper investigates this issue by assessing whether and how entrepreneurs use business models in their everyday practice. We used qualitative analysis of interviews with a group of micro and small entrepreneurs to evaluate their attitude toward one of the best-known business model frameworks on the market, the Business Model Canvas (BMC). The results indicated that these entrepreneurs tended to adopt the BMC if they believed their market was static. In more dynamic markets, they preferred to draw on their practical experience. These results highlight that entrepreneurs' perception of their firm's competitive environment is decisive in defining their attitude toward using business models as viable managerial tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Braj is a sacred place revered by Bengali Vaishnavas, followers of the bhakti sect of Vaishnavism, one of four branches of Hindu devotion. Followers of the sect worship the God Krishna, who it is believed manifested in Braj and carried out many divine feats and activities that are imprinted onto the land. Braj today is dotted with thousands of holy shrines, temples and natural places connected to Krishna. Devotees connect to Krishna through the landscape of Braj; it is where the transcendental and the physical realms meet. Braj has been transformed in a multitude of ways with the influx of money from Western sources, commercial enterprises and developers that wish to modernize and commercialize it for the new religious consumer. New infrastructure, condo developments and other changes illustrate both the challenge and the promise of modernity. This paper examines how these transformations are impacting the region of Braj. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the determinants and effects of technological catch-up and knowledge spillover effects on employment productivity in the Innovation Startup Segment in Italy using a sample of 260 Innovative Startup companies. Estimates indicate that regional specialization provides the highest potential for employment productivity gains, while higher levels of competition and higher regional diversity suppress the prospects for knowledge spillover effects to develop. Particularly, the analysis using the comprehensive sample of firms indicates the presence of forces leading to output per worker convergence at the national level, i.e., technological catch-up is present at the per-worker level; yet, the overall value of production convergence across regions is not present. We also detect the presence of Spatial Dependency in relation to the neighboring firms. That is, there is support for weak convergence across regions in favor of the Marshallian hypotheses. However, sectorial estimations for the Services, Information Technology, and Manufacturing sector indicate the presence of large differences in terms of technological catch-up effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]