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Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile strains (FXH3W T , SHGZ20W and SMYT11W T ) were isolated from freshwater environments in China. Comparisons based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of about 99.6% to ' Luteimonas cellulosilyticus ' MIC 1.5, and strain SMYT11W T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.8% to Luteimonas fraxinea D4P002 T , respectively. Observing the phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, the species of genera Luteimonas and Lysobacter were not monophyletic and often mixed together. The further reconstructed phylogenomic tree and Genome Taxonomy Database also showed that the species of both genera were polyphyletic, implying that the current taxonomic status of the species of both genera was questionable. The calculated OrthoANIu, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid sequence identity (AAI) values supported that strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W should belong to the same novel species and strain SMYT11W T should also represent an independent novel species. Combining the AAI values and phylogenomic analyses, the species of genera Luteimonas and Lysobacter should be reassigned to 12 genera ( Luteimonas , Lysobacter , Cognatiluteimonas , Noviluteimonas , Pseudoluteimonas , Solilutibacter , Agrilutibacter , Cognatilysobacter , Marilutibacter , Novilysobacter , Montanilutibacter and Aerolutibacter ). The AAI values 69.5-76.0% were also proposed as the Lysobacteraceae -specific thresholds for genus delineation. Strain SMYT11W T should represent a novel species of the genus Luteimonas , for which the name Luteimonas flava sp. nov. (type strains SMYT11W T =GDMCC 1.4275 T =KCTC 8304 T ) is proposed. Strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W should represent a novel species of a new genus Aquilutibacter rugosus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is FXH3W T (=GDMCC 1.4096 T =KCTC 8154 T ).

Two Gram-negative bacteria, designated as strains LF1 T and HM2-2 T , were isolated from an artificial pond in a honey farm at Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis results revealed that strain LF1 T belonged to the genus Lysobacter and had the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T (99.0 %), Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (98.9 %), and Lysobacter prati SYSU H10001 T (98.2 %). Its growth occurred at 20-37 °C, at pH 5.0-12.0, and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 67.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain LF1 T and species of the genus Lysobacter were 79.1-84.4% and 22.0-27.5 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis results revealed that strain HM2-2 T belonged to the genus Limnohabitans and was most closely related to Limnohabitans planktonicus II-D5 T (98.9 %), Limnohabitans radicicola JUR4 T (98.4%), and Limnohabitans parvus II-B4 T (98.4 %). Its growth occurred at 10-35 °C, at pH 5.0-11.0, and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c /C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ). The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 59.9 mol%. The ANI and dDDH values between strain HM2-2 T and its closely related strains were 75.1-83.0% and 20.4-26.4 %, respectively. Phenotypic, genomic, and phylogenetic data revealed that strains LF1 T and HM2-2 T represent novel species in the genera Lysobacter and Limnohabitans , for which the names Lysobacter stagni sp. nov. and Limnohabitans lacus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Lys. stagni is LF1 T (=KACC 23251 T =TBRC 17648 T ), and that of Lim. lacus is HM2-2 T (=KACC 23250 T =TBRC 17649 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, heterotrophic, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain (GW1-59 T ) belonging to the genus Lysobacter was isolated from coastal sediment collected from the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica. The strain was identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain grew well on Reasoner's 2A media and could grow in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %), at pH 9.0-11.0 and at 15-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C). Strain GW1-59 T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 9 (10-methyl C 16 : 0 and/or iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c ), iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and iso-C 11 : 0 3-OH. DNA-DNA relatedness with Lysobacter concretionis Ko07 T , the nearest phylogenetic relative (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) was 23.4 % (21.1-25.9 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain GW1-59 T and L. concretionis Ko07 T was 80.1 %. The physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness suggested the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain GW1-59 T from other Lysobacter species. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, Lysobacter antarcticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is GW1-59 T (=CCTCC AB 2019390 T =KCTC 72831 T ).

A yellow-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated II4 T was obtained from soil sampled at Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Cells were strictly aerobic, grew optimally at 20-28 °C and hydrolysed casein. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain II4 T formed a lineage within the family Xanthomonadaceae and clustered as members of the genus Lysobacter . The closest members were Lysobacter terrae THG-A13 T (97.88 % sequence similarity), Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4 T (97.82 %), Lysobacter oryzae YC6269 T (97.74%), Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3 T (97.53 %) and Lysobacter enzymogenes ATCC 29487 T (96.18 %). The principal respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 9 (C 16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c ) and iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The DNA G+C content was 68.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain II4 T and its closely related genus members with possible full genome sequences were ≤79.6 and 23.7 %, respectively. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain II4 T represents novel species in the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lyobacter terrestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is II4 T (=KACC 21196 T =NBRC 113956 T ).

Two Gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, and mesophilic bacteria, designated strains R7 T and R19 T , were isolated from sandy and forest soil, South Korea, respectively. Both strains were non-motile rods showing catalase- and oxidase-positive activities. Both strains were shown to grow at 10-37°C and pH 6.0-9.0, and in the presence of 0-1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Strain R7 T contained iso-C 14:0 , iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 , and summed feature 9 (comprising C 16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C 17:1 ω9c), whereas strain R19 T contained iso-C 11:0 3-OH, C 16:1 ω7c alcohol, iso-C 11:0 , iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 , and summed feature 9 (comprising C 16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C 17:1 ω9c) as major cellular fatty acids (> 5%). Both strains contained ubiquin-one-8 as the sole isoprenoid quinone and phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unidentified phospholipid as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C contents of strains R7 T and R19 T calculated from their genomes were 66.9 mol% and 68.9 mol%, respectively. Strains R7 T and R19 T were most closely related to Lysobacter panacisoli C8-1 T and Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4 T with 98.7% and 97.8% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains R7 T and R19 T formed distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus Lysobacter. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular features, strains R7 T and R19 T represent novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter arenosi sp. nov. and Lysobacter solisilvae sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of L. arenosi and L. solisilvae are R7 T (= KACC 21663 T = JCM 34257 T ) and R19 T (= KACC 21767 T = JCM 34258 T ), respectively., (© 2021. The Microbiological Society of Korea.)

Lysobacter enzymogenes is a non-flagellated, soil proteobacterium that secretes a diffusible antibiotic known as heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) to kill nearby fungi for food. The genome of the model strain OH11 encodes a homologous Wsp system, which is generally deployed by flagellated bacteria to achieve flagella-dependent outputs via a c-di-GMP-FleQ complex, in which c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous dinucleotide second messenger and FleQ is a transcription factor (TF). Here, we show that the Wsp system in the non-flagellated OH11 participates in a unique c-di-GMP-dependent signalling pathway and forms a WspR-CdgL binary complex to alter HSAF production, in which WspR and CdgL act as a c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclase (DGC) and a non-TF binding protein respectively. We found that the phosphorylation of WspR activates its DGC activity and enhances c-di-GMP production while inhibiting HSAF biosynthesis. The phosphorylation of WspR also plays a key role in weakening WspR-CdgL binding and HSAF generation. Interestingly, c-di-GMP binding to CdgL did not seem to induce the disassociation of the WspR-CdgL complex. These observations, along with our earlier findings, lead us to propose a model in which L. enzymogenes re-programs the Wsp system via c-di-GMP signalling to regulate HSAF biosynthesis for the benefit of ecological adaptation., (© 2020 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Colletotrichum fructicola, is an important fungal pathogen that has been reported to cause pear (Pyrus) anthracnose in China, resulting in substantial economic losses due to severe defoliation and decreased fruit quality and yield. In the search for novel strategies to control pear anthracnose, Lysobacter strains have drawn a great deal of attention due to their high-level production of extracellular enzymes and bioactive metabolites. In the present study, we compared four Lysobacter strains including Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11, Lysobacter antibioticus OH13, Lysobacter gummosus OH17 and Lysobacter brunescens OH23 with respect to their characteristics and activity against pear anthracnose caused by C. fructicola. The results showed that the evaluated Lysobacter species presented various colony morphologies when cultured on different media and were proficient in producing protease, chitinase, cellulase and glucanase, with L. enzymogenes OH11 showing typical twitching motility. L. enzymogenes OH11 and L. gummosus OH17 showed potent activity against the tested fungi and oomycetes. L. gummosus OH17 produced HSAF (heat-stable antifungal factor) which was demonstrated to be a major antifungal factor in L. enzymogenes OH11 and C3. Furthermore, L. antibioticus OH13 and L. brunescens OH23 exhibited strong antibacterial activity, especially against Xanthomonas species. Cultures of L. enzymogenes OH11 protected pear against anthracnose caused by C. fructicola, and the in vivo results indicated that treatment with an L. enzymogenes OH11 culture could decrease the diameter of lesions in pears by 35 % and reduce the severity of rot symptoms compared to that observed in the control. In the present study, we systemically compared four Lysobacter strains and demonstrated that they have strong antagonistic activity against a range of pathogens, demonstrating their promise in the development of biological control agents., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

A novel proteobacterial strain designated SYSU H10001 T was isolated from a soil sample collected from plateau meadow in Hongyuan county, Sichuan province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU H10001 T was most closely related to Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011 T (98.6%, sequence similarity) and Lysobacter panacisoli JCM 19212 T (98.2%). The prediction result of secondary metabolites based on genome shown that the strain SYSU H10001 T contained 3 clusters of bacteriocins, 1 cluster of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, 1 cluster of type 1 polyketide synthase and 1 cluster of arylpolyene. In addition, the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 and Summed feature 9. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and three unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain SYSU H10001 T was 66.5% (genome). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU H10001 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter prati sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU H10001 T (= KCTC 72062 T  = CGMCC 1.16662 T ).

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2 T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria , which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2 T (96.5 %), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193 T (96.3 %), Lysobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 357 T (96.1 %), Lysobacter solanacearum T20R-70 T (96.1 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130 T (95.4 %) and Lysobacter capsici YC5194 T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Lysobacter . The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c and/or C 18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 . The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2 T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2 T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2 T (=KCTC 72973 T =CCTCC AB 2019129 T ). Besides Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068 T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20 T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known Lysobacter strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions, Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068 T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068 T =KCTC 12601 T =DSM 17927 T ).

A bacterial strain isolated from a soil collected in Jeju Island, designated as 17J7-1 T , was Gram-negative, rod-shaped, yellow colored, and motile by gliding. This strain was able to grow at temperature range from 10 to 42 °C, pH 7-9, and tolerated up to 1% NaCl. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence identified strain 17J7-1 T as a member of the genus Lysobacter with close sequence similarity with Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14 T (97.4%), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (97.0%), and Lysobacter humi FJY8 T (96.9%). The genomic DNA G + C content of the isolate was 67.9 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 17J7-1 T and L. mobilis, L. humi, and L. xinjiangensis were 42.3%, 39.5%, and 35.8%, respectively, clearly showing that the isolate is distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbors in the genus Lysobacter. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNAhybridization (dDDH) values between strain 17J7-1 T and L. enzymogenes ATCC 29487 T , the type species of this genus, and several other close Lysobacter species were less than 77% and 22%, respectively. Major fatty acids were C 16:0 iso (29.8%), summed feature 9 (C 17:1 iso ω9c/C 16:0 10-methyl; 20.1%), and C 15:0 iso (17.7%). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. In the light of the polyphasic evidence accumulated in this study, strain 17J7-1 T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which name Lysobacter terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J7-1 T (= KCTC 62217 T  = JCM 33057 T ).

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated UKS-15 T , was isolated from lake water in the Republic of Korea. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (98.0 %), Lysobacter mobilis 9 NM-14 T (97.4 %) and Lysobacter humi FJY8 T (97.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. Strain UKS-15 T possessed ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the sole respiratory quinone and the fatty acid profile comprised iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1 ω9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl) as its major components. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (<22.0 %) allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain UKS-15 T from other Lysobacter species. Therefore, on the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain UKS-15 T should represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UKS-15 T (=JCM 30983 T =KACC 18719 T ).

Strains of Lysobacter , thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity, are ubiquitous in various ecosystems. During an analysis of bacterial diversity in saline soil, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chitin-degrading bacterial strain, designated SJ-36 T , was isolated from saline-alkaline soil sampled at Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain SJ-36 T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Oxidase and catalase activities were positive. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the phylogenomic tree both showed that strain SJ-36 T formed a tight clade with Lysobacter maris KMU-14 T (sharing 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Lysobacter aestuarii S2-C T (97.8 %). The major polar lipids of strain SJ-36 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (37.5 %), summed feature 9 (14.0 %; iso-C 17 : 1 ω9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C 11 : 0 (10.6 %). Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. Its genomic DNA G + C content was 66.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values of strain SJ-36 T to L. maris KMU-14 T , L. aestuarii S2-C T and other type strains were 81.5, 79.1 and <79.0 %, respectively. The results of physiological, phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations allowed the discrimination of strain SJ-36 T from its phylogenetic relatives. Lysobacter alkalisoli sp. nov. is therefore proposed with strain SJ-36 T (=CGMCC 1.16756 T =KCTC 43039 T ) as the type strain.

Chitin amendment is an agricultural management strategy for controlling soil-borne plant disease. We previously reported an exponential decrease in chitin added to incubated upland soil. We herein investigated the transition of the bacterial community structure in chitin-degrading soil samples over time and the characteristics of chitinolytic bacteria in order to elucidate changes in the chitinolytic bacterial community structure during chitin degradation. The addition of chitin to soil immediately increased the population of bacteria in the genus Streptomyces, which is the main decomposer of chitin in soil environments. Lysobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Cellulosimicrobium, Streptosporangium, and Nonomuraea populations increased over time with decreases in that of Streptomyces. We isolated 104 strains of chitinolytic bacteria, among which six strains were classified as Lysobacter, from chitin-treated soils. These results suggested the involvement of Lysobacter as well as Streptomyces as chitin decomposers in the degradation of chitin added to soil. Lysobacter isolates required yeast extract or casamino acid for significant growth on minimal agar medium supplemented with glucose. Further nutritional analyses demonstrated that the six chitinolytic Lysobacter isolates required methionine (Met) to grow, but not cysteine or homocysteine, indicating Met auxotrophy. Met auxotrophy was also observed in two of the five type strains of Lysobacter spp. tested, and these Met auxotrophs used d-Met as well as l-Met. The addition of Met to incubated upland soil increased the population of Lysobacter. Met may be a factor increasing the population of Lysobacter in chitin-treated upland soil.

A novel bacterial strain, designated KVB24 T , was isolated from sea-water of Busan Harbour in South Korea. Cells of strain KVB24 T were Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod shaped and non-motile. Strain KVB24 T grew optimally at 25-28 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KVB24 T was shown to belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and to be closely related to Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58 T , Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2 T and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T . DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KVB24 T and its current closest relative was below 70%. The predominant fatty acids of strain KVB24 T were iso-C 11:0 , iso-C 11:0 3-OH, iso-C 14:0 , iso-C 15:0 , anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 and summed feature 9 comprising (iso-C 17:1 ω9c and/or 10 methyl C 16:0 ); the prominent isoprenoid was Q-8 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The G + C content of genomic DNA from strain KVB24 T was determined to be 67.5 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain KVB24 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter caseinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KVB24 T (= KACC19816 T  = JCM32879 T ).

Two bacterial strains, designated D10 T and U8 T , were isolated from soil samples from the Dong-angyeong cave and Geommeolle wharf sea-coast, Udo-Island, Jeju, South Korea. Both novel bacterial strains are yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain negative, motile by means of monotrichous flagella, short rod shaped and strictly aerobic. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, which indicated that these two strains belong to the genus Lysobacter within the family Xanthomonadaceae. Strain D10 T showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Lysobacter humi FJY8 T (99.0%), Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (98.9%) and Lysobacter mobilis 9NM-14 T (97.2%), whereas strain U8 T showed high sequence similarities to L. mobilis 9NM-14 T (97.9%), L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (97.8%), L. humi FJY8 T (97.5%) and Lysobacter bugurensis ZLD-29 T (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between D10 T and U8 T was 97.0%. Strain D10 T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness to U8 T (57.7 ± 3.4%), L. humi FJY8 T (48.8 ± 4.3%), L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (60.1 ± 2.4%) and L. mobilis 9NM-14 T (55.9 ± 1.9%). The level of DNA-DNA relatedness for strain U8 T with respect to D10 T , L. mobilis 9NM-14 T , L. xinjiangensis RCML-52 T , L. humi FJY8 T , and L. bugurensis ZLD-29 T was 55.5 ± 0.5%, 54.5 ± 2.1%, 58.1 ± 0.8%, and 51.9 ± 3.4%, respectively. The major polar lipids for both strains were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids for both strains were identified as iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17:1 ω9c/C 16:0 10-methyl), and ubiquinone (Q-8) as the only isoprenoid quinone for both strains. The DNA G + C contents of the strains D10 T and U8 T were determined to be 70.2 mol% and 70.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, both strains D10 T and U8 T represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter helvus sp. nov. and Lysobacter xanthus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of L. helvus is D10 T (= KCTC 62111 T  = JCM 32364 T ) and the type strain of L. xanthus is U8 T (= KCTC 62112 T  = JCM 32365 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain C8-1 T , was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L. collected from Kunming, south-west China. The cells showed oxidase-positive and catalase-positive reactions. Growth was observed at 10-40 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0 and in the presence of up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimal growth at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The cellular polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, five unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain C8-1 T should be assigned to the genus Lysobacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain C8-1 T was closely related to Lysobacter cavernae YIM C01544 T (98.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21 T (97.6 %), Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (97.3 %), Lysobacter firmicutimachus PB-6250 T (97.3 %), Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T (97.3 %) and Lysobacter gummosus KCTC 12132 T (97.1 %). DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolate may represent a novel genomic species belonging to the genus Lysobacter. Polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain C8-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter tabacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C8-1 T (=KCTC 62034 T =CGMCC 1.16271 T ) .

A novel aerobic bacterial strain, designated ZS60 T , with long, rod-shaped, Gram-staining-negative, aerobic cells was isolated from the soil in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain ZS60 T was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9 T (96.9 %), Lysobacter caeni BUT-8 T (96.8 %) and Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1 T (96.7 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS60 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. ruishenii CTN-1 T were 78.14 and 78.39 %, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain ZS60 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. caeni BUT-8 T were 44.8 and 39.1 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain ZS60 T was 67.7 mol% (draft genome sequence), and Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. The major cellular fatty acids of strain ZS60 T were iso-C15 : 0 (23.4 %), iso-C17 : 0 (17.2 %) and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c (12.6 %). On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and biochemical data, strain ZS60 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterpsychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZS60 T (=CGMCC 1.15509 T =NBRC 112614 T ).

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated zong2l5 T , was isolated from a forest soil sample at Dinghu Mountain, Guangdong Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain zong2l5 T belongs to the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter enzymogenes KCTC 12131 T (97.7 %) and Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011 T (97.6 %). The novel strain showed an average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 81.5 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 25.3 % with L. enzymogenes KCTC 12131 T based on draft genome sequences, followed by L. soli KCTC 22011 T with ANI and dDDH values of 79.4 % and 22.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain zong2l5 T based on the whole genome sequence was 69.2 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). Strain zong2l5 T contained Q-8 as the major isoprenoid quinone and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified aminolipid. The phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic anlyses clearly showed that strain zong2l5 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobactersilvisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is zong2l5 T (=GDMCC 1.1489 T =KCTC 52923 T ).

A Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-, and oxidasepositive bacterial strain, designated DCY117 T , was isolated from ginseng cultivated soil in Gochang-gun, Republic of Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a multifaceted approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY117 T showed highest similarity to Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1 T (95.3%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that closely related relatives of strain DCY117 T were L. aestuarii S2-C T (95.1%), L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T (95.0%), and L. caeni BUT-8 T (94.9%). Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major polar lipids of strain DCY117 T . The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids of strain DCY117 T were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 , and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C 17:1 ω9c and/or 10-methyl-C 16:0 ). Genomic DNA G + C content was 61.8 mol%. On the basis of our findings, strain DCY117 T is a novel species in the genus Lysobacter. We propose the name Lysobacter panacihumi sp. nov., and the type strain is DCY117 T (= KCTC 62019 T = JCM 32168 T ).

Lysobacter antibioticus is an important biocontrol bacteria against phytopathogens in soil, and with the ability to produce nonvolatile antimicrobial metabolites has been extensively characterised. It is important to establish applicable techniques to detect and monitor L. antibioticus directly and accurately in soil samples. We developed and tested 13 primer sets according to phenazine gene (phzA, phzB, phzD, phzF, phzS) and the cyclohexanone monooxygenase gene (phzNO1); a pair of primer phzNO1 F1/phzNO1 R1 based on the cyclohexanone monooxygenase (phzNO1) gene of L. antibioticus strain OH13 was selected and optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification conditions for rapid and accurate detection. After screening eight strains of L. antibioticus, two strains of Lysobacter enzymogenes, one strain of Lysobacter capsici, Arthrobacterium, Bacillus, Microbacterium, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas and other bacterial strains isolated from different agricultural soils, the phzNO1 F1/phzNO1 R1 primers amplified a single PCR band of about 229 bp from L. antibioticus. The detection sensitivity with primers phzNO1 F1/phzNO1 R1 was 5.14 × 104 fg/25μL of genomic DNA and 2.254 × 1010 to 2.254 × 1011 colony-forming units/mL for the soil samples. Quantitative PCR assays were to develope as a specific method to monitor the L. antibioticus population in soil as well as guide soil micro-ecological management.

A Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated IPC6 T , was isolated from soil in an arid region of Goyang-si (Gyeonggi-do, South Korea). Cells were strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped. The strain grew within a temperature range of 10-42°C (optimum, 30°C) and pH of 5.0-11.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) in the presence of 0-2% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetically, the novel strain was closely related to members of the Lysobacter genus based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity, and showed the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588 T (98.5%). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 16:0 , and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17:1 ω9c), with Q-8 identified as the major ubiquinone. The polar lipid content included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown aminophospholipid, and an unidentified phospholipid. DNA-DNA hybridization results indicated that the strain IPC6 T was distinct from Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588 T (37.9 ± 0.14%), Lysobacter panacisoli KACC 17502 T (56.4 ± 0.13%), Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011 T (8.1 ± 0.04%), Lysobacter gummosus KCTC 12132 T (9.6 ± 0.03%), and Lysobacter cavernae KCTC 42875 T (37.5 ± 0.14%), respectively. The DNA G + C content of the novel strain was 71.1 mol%. Based on the collective phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data, the IPC6 T strain is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter pedocola sp. nov. (= KCTC 42811 T = JCM 31020 T ) is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile, catalase-positive and cytochrome c oxidase-positive bacterial strain, designated AM20-91 T , was isolated from alpine forest soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain AM20-91 T was related to the genus Lysobacter and had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of Lysobacter novalis THG-PC7 T (97.8 %), Luteimonas tolerans UM1 T (97.7 %) and Lysobacter ximonensis XM415 T (97.0 %). The strain contained ubiquinone 8 as the predominant respiratory quinone; its polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and iso-C11 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 63.35 % (draft genome sequence). The combined results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, DNA-DNA relatedness and chemotaxonomic analyses demonstrated that strain AM20-91 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter silvestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AM20-91 T (=DSM 104734 T =LMG 30011). In this study, it is also proposed that Luteimonas tolerans be reclassified as member of the genus Lysobacter.

A Gram-staining negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YS-37 T , was isolated from soil in a manganese factory, People's Republic of China. Based on16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YS-37 T was most closely related to Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil 193 T (97.0%), Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58 T (96.0%) and Lysobacter daecheongensis Dae08 T (95.8%) and grouped together with L. pocheonensis Gsoil 193 T and Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58 T . The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain YS-37 T and L. pocheonensis KCTC 12624 T was 43.3% (± 1). The major respiratory quinone of strain YS-37 T was ubiquinone-8, and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipid, phosphatidylmethylethaolamine and two unknown lipids. Its major cellular fatty acids (> 5%) were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:1 ω9c, iso-C 16:0 , iso-C 11:0 3-OH and iso-C 11:0 and the G + C content of the genomic DNA was 67.1 mol%. Strain YS-37 T also showed some biophysical and biochemical differences with the related strains, especially in hydrolysis of casein. The results demonstrated that strain YS-37 T belongs to genus Lysobacter and represents a novel Lysobacter species for which the name Lysobacter tongrenensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YS-37 T (= CCTCC AB 2016052 T  = KCTC 52206 T ).

A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated 119BY6-57 T was isolated from spongin. The taxonomic position of the novel isolate was confirmed using the polyphasic approach. Strain 119BY6-57 T grew well at 25-30°C on marine agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 119BY6-57 T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae and is related to Lysobacter aestuarii S2-C T (99.8% sequence similarity), L. maris KMU-14 T (97.5%), and L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T (97.3%). Lower sequence similarities (97.0%) were found with all of the other recognized members of the genus Lysobacter. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major fatty acids were C 16:0 iso, C 15:0 iso, summed feature 9 (comprising C 17:1 iso ω9c and/or C 16:0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (comprising C 16:1 ω7c and/or C 16:1 ω6c), and C 11:0 iso 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified polar lipid. DNADNA relatedness values between strain 119BY6-57 T and its closest phylogenetically neighbors were below 48.0 ± 2.1%. Based on genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is concluded that strain 119BY6-57 T is a new member within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter spongiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 119BY6-57 T (= KACC 19276 T = LMG 30077 T ).

The Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, designated ZGLJ7-1 T , was isolated from a pit mud. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain ZGLJ7-1 T was related to the genus Lysobacter and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Lysobacter arseniciresistens ZS79 T (97.4%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:1 ω9c, iso-C 11:0 and iso-C 11:0 3-OH. Strain ZGLJ7-1 T had Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ZGLJ7-1 T was 69.5 mol%. Strain ZGLJ7-1 T shared DNA relatedness with 35% Lysobacter arseniciresistens CGMCC 1.10752 T . Combined data from phenotypic, phylogenetic and DNA-DNA relatedness studies demonstrated that the strain ZGLJ7-1 T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which we propose the name Lysobacter zhanggongensis sp. nov. (type strain ZGLJ7-1 T  = KACC 18547 T  = CGMCC 1.15404 T ).

Strain D-14 T , a brown-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil. It was able to grow at 20-40 °C, at pH 6.0-10.0 and at 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain D-14 T belonged to the genus Lysobacter and was closely related to Lysobacter caeni BUT-8 T (99.0 % sequence similarity), Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1 T (98.5 %), Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9 T (98.2 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (97.2 %). The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The polar lipid profile revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methyl-ethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids of strain D-14 T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C14 : 0, C11 : 0iso 3-OH, C15 : 1iso F and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of this novel strain was 68.7 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain D-14 T and L. caeni BUT-8 T , L. ruishenii CTN-1 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. panacisoli CJ29 T were 56.0, 46.3, 48.7 and 41.7 %, respectively, which fall below the threshold value of 70 % for the strain to be considered as novel. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished this strain from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, strain D-14 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterolei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D-14 T (=KEMB 9005-572 T =KACC 19173 T =JCM 31917 T ).

A bacterial strain, designated T20R-70T, was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil collected in Yecheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea. Growth was observed within the ranges 10-40 °C (optimally at 28-30 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and 0-1 % NaCl (optimally at 0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarities with those of Lysobacter hankyongensis KTCe-2T (98.7 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.0 %), 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae08 (97.2 %) and Lysobacter oligotrophicus 107-E2T (97.1 %). The phylogenetic tree showed that strain T20R-70T formed a clade with Lysobacterhankyongensis KTCe-2T and Lysobacterbrunescens KCTC 12130T. The dominant fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and summed feature 3 (including iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T20R-70T had a hybridization value of 42±4 % (mean±sd) to the most closely related species of the genus Lysobacter. The DNA G+C content was 63.0 mol%. The physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data allowed the discrimination of the new isolate from its phylogenetic relatives. Strain T20R-70T is thus considered to be a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobactersolanacearum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T20R-70T (=KACC 18656T=NBRC 111881T).

A yellow-pigmented and strictly aerobic bacterial strain, designated FJY8T, was isolated from the soil of Goyang, South Korea. The cells of FJY8T were Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile rods. Colonies were circular, convex and transparent. Strain FJY8T grew optimally at 30 °C, with 0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 8. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of FJY8T revealed a clear affiliation of this bacterium to the family Lysobacteraceae, and it was related to members of the genus Lysobacter, with Lysobacter xinjiangensis KCTC 22558T being its closest relative (98.7 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content was 68.0±0.4 mol%. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were identified as the major polar lipids, and an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids were also detected as the minor polar lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C15 : 0. Only ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was detected as the isoprenoid quinone. DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain FJY8T with Lysobacter xinjiangensisRCML-52T and Lysobacter mobilis9NM-14T were 55.8±2.0 and 45.2±4.8 %, respectively. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and some physiological and biochemical tests, strain FJY8T (=KCTC 42810T=JCM 31019T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter humi sp. nov. is proposed.

A novel bacterial strain THG-PC4 T was isolated from soil sample of rice field and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-negative, bright yellow colored, nonmotile and rod shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase positive, optimum growth temperature, and pH were 28 °C and 7, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain THG-PC4 T belongs to the genus Lysobacter and is most closely related to Lysobacter fragariae KCTC 42236 T , followed by Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249 T , Lysobacter tyrosinelyticus KCTC 42235 T , Lysobacter terrae KACC 17646 T , Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407 T , Lysobacter rhizosphaerae KCTC 42237 T and Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587 T . In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain THG-PC4 T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was below 45 %. The DNA G + C content was 66.6 mol %, and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 16:0 , iso-C 17:1 ω9c, iso-C 17:0 and iso-C 11:0 3OH. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA-DNA hybridization, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain THG-PC4 T represented a novel species within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobcater humi is proposed. The type strain is THG-PC4 T (=KACC 18284 T  = CCTCC AB 2015292 T ).

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-negative strain with one polar flagellum, designated THG-YS3.6T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a mugunghwa flower collected from Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum 7.0) and with 0-2.0 % NaCl (optimum 1 %). The isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C11  : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c alcohol, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown phospholipid, one unknown lipid and three unknown aminolipids. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-YS3.6T was 65.3 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-YS3.6T were identified as Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T (98.7 %), Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249T (98.0 %), Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587T (97.6 %) and Lysobacter terrae KACC 17646T (97.1 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-YS3.6T and L. yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T, L. oryzae KCTC 22249T, L. niabensis KACC 11587T and L. terrae KACC 17646T were 53.8±1.0 %, 12.9±1.2 %, 10.9±0.6 % and 7.0±1.9 %, respectively. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-YS3.6T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter rhizophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-YS3.6T (=KCTC 52082T=CCTCC AB 2015358T).

A bacterial strain, RS-LYSO-3T, was isolated from tobacco-cultivated soil, collected near Chuxiong, Yunnan province, southwestern China. RS-LYSO-3T could effectively inhibit the invasion of powdery mildew on tobacco. The colonies of RS-LYSO-3T were pale yellow, and its cells were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped, with 68 mol% DNA G+C content. Gene sequence analysis for its 16S rRNA gene revealed the highest similarity (97.78 %) with that of Lysobacter spongiicolaKMM 329T. Chemotaxonomic data showed that RS-LYSO-3T possesses a quinone system with Q-8, and iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 and iso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids, all of which support the affiliation of RS-LYSO-3T to the genus Lysobacter. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests clearly proved that RS-LYSO-3T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter erysipheresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS-LYSO-3T (=CCIC 23922T=JCM 31042T).

A Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-negative bacterium, designated as Gsoil 193(T), was isolated from the soil of ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 193(T) belonged to family Xanthomonadaceae and was most closely related to Lysobacter daecheongensis KCTC 12,600(T) (96.4 %), Lysobacter panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) (96.3 %), Lysobacter dokdonensis DSM 17958(T) (96.3 %) and Lysobacter oligotrophicus JCM 18257(T) (95.6 %). Strain Gsoil 193(T) grew at temperatures between 20 and 30 °C with an optimum of 30 °C. The pH range for growth was 5-9 pH (optimum 6-7 pH). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and a fatty acid profile with iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c/C16:0 10-methyl) as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 193(T) to the genus Lysobacter. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.8 mol %. On the basis of the genotypic analysis, physiological and chemotaxonomic results indicate that strain Gsoil 193(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter pocheonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 193(T) (= DSM 18338(T) = KCTC 12624(T)).

A Gram-staining negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM C01544(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from Sigangli Cave, Yunnan province, South-West China. The strain was able to grow over a range of temperatures (4-30 °C), pH (6.0-10.0) and NaCl concentration (0-2 %, w/v). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YIM C01544(T) should be a member of the genus Lysobacter. The strain is closely related to Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (97.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (97.3 %), Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.1 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29(T) (97.1 %). The genomic DNA relatedness values (<47 %) as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization studies were below the threshold limit for characterization of new bacterial species. The chemotaxonomic features of the new isolate include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids as its characteristic polar lipids and Q-8 as the only quinone. The major fatty acids detected were iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:1 ω9c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 64.9 mol %. Based on the data from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular studies, strain YIM C01544(T) merits recognition as novel species in the genus Lysobacter for which the name Lysobacter cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Lysobacter cavernae is YIM C01544(T) (= KCTC 42875(T) = DSM 101561(T) = CPCC 100816(T)).

A strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, apricot-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped strain designated KMU-14(T) was isolated from seawater collected from the coastal zone of Yokji Island, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and that it showed the highest sequence similarity (97.1 %) to Lysobacter concretionis Ko07(T). The hybridization value for DNA-DNA relatedness between the strains of KMU-14(T) and L. concretionis Ko07(T) was 34.8 %, which was lower than 70 %, the recommended delineation value for differentiation of species. The DNA G+C content of strain KMU-14(T) was 64.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8), and iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and 10-methyl C16:0 and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c were the major (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and two unidentified phospholipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Lysobacter maris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of L. maris sp. nov. is KMU-14(T) (=KCTC 42381(T) =NBRC 110750(T)).

Survival in the phyllosphere is a critical feature for biofungicides based on non-spore forming bacteria. Moreover, knowledge of their persistence on plants is important to design effective formulations and application techniques. With this scope, the aim of this work was to develop a specific method to monitor the fate in the environment of Lysobacter capsici AZ78, a biocontrol agent of Plasmopara viticola, and to evaluate the contribution of formulation in its persistence on grapevine leaves. A strain-specific primer pair derived from REP-PCR fingerprinting was used in quantitative PCR experiments to track the evolution of L. capsici AZ78 population in vineyards. The population reached between 5 and 6 log10 cells gram of leaf(-1) after application and decreased by more than 100 times in one week. Multiple regression analysis showed that unfavourable temperature was the main environmental factor correlating with the decrease of L. capsici AZ78 persistence on grapevine leaves. Importantly, the use of formulation additives protected L. capsici AZ78 against environmental factors and improved its persistence on the leaves by more than 10 times compared to nude cells. Formulation and the knowledge about the persistence of L. capsici AZ78 in vineyards will be useful to develop commercial biofungicides for foliar application., (© FEMS 2015. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Two novel strains, designated KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, isolated from an activated sludge and freshwater sediment, respectively in South Korea, were characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify their taxonomic positions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both isolates belong to the genus Lysobacter and are most closely related to 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae 08 (98.5 % and 97.6 % similarity for strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, respectively), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.4 % and 97.2 %), and Lysobacter oligotrophicus JCM 18257T (97.1 % and 96.8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T was 68.6 % and 71.5 mol%, respectively. Strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone, and a fatty acid profile with iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of the two strains to the genus Lysobacter. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low DNA-DNA relatedness values allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T from other species of the genus Lysobacter with validly published names. Therefore, the two isolates represent two novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter hankyongensis sp. nov. (type strain KTCe-2T = JCM 18204T = KACC 16618T) and Lysobacter sediminicola sp. nov. (type strain 7C-9T = JCM 18205T = KACC 16617T) are proposed.

We report the first case of prosthetic joint infection caused by Lysobacter thermophilus which was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Removal of prosthesis followed by antibiotic treatment resulted in good clinical outcome. This case illustrates the use of molecular diagnostics to detect uncommon organisms in suspected prosthetic infections.

A novel bacterial strain, designated as CF21(T), was isolated from the air of Ailuropoda melanoleuca enclosures in China. Cells were gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod shaped. Strain CF21(T) grew at 10-40 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.0% (w/v) to 2.0 % (optimum 0.0-1.0%). 16SrRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain CF21(T) belonged to genus Lysobacter within class Gammaproteobacteria and was most closely related to Luteimonas dalianensi OB44-3(T) (95.8% similarity), Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1(T) (95.1%), Lysobacter spongiicola KMM329(T) (94.8 %), and Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9T (94.6%). The genomic G+C DNA content was 68.72 mol%. Major cellular fatty acids of CF21(T) were iso-C16:0 (30.22%), iso-C15:0 (25.70%), and the sum of 10-methyl C16 : 0 and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c (21.94%). The prominent isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). Primary polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unknown phospholipid. DNA sequence relatedness between strain CF21(T) and L. ruishenii CTN-1(T) was 56%, which was clearly below the 70% threshold for prokaryotic species delineation. These analyses indicated that CF21(T) is a novel member of genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter chengduensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CF21(T) (=CGMCC1.15145(T) = DSM 100306(T)).

A bacterial strain, designated as THG-SKA3(T), was isolated from field soil of Kyung Hee University, South Korea. Cells of the isolate were observed to be Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by gliding. The strain was found to grow optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7 and in absence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-SKA3(T) shared highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter niastensis KACC 11588(T) followed by Lysobacter panacisoli KACC 17502(T), Lysobacter enzymogenes LMG 8762(T) and Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T). The G+C content of THG-SKA3(T) was determined to be 68.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-SKA3(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 25.0 %.The major polar lipids of strain THG-SKA3(T) were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were identified as branched chain iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and unsaturated iso-C17:1 ω9c. On the basis of polyphasic data presented, it is evident that strain THG-SKA3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter agri sp. nov. (type strain THG-SKA3(T) = KACC 18283(T) = CSCTCC AB 2015126(T)) is proposed.

A novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped (0.2-0.5 μm × 1.5-2.5 μm), aerobic, non-motile bacterium was isolated from Gyeryongsan national park soil, Republic of Korea. The novel isolate was designated as THG-DN8.2(T). The strain grows optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel isolate shared the highest sequence similarity with Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T) followed by Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407(T) and Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587(T). The DNA G+C content of strain THG-DN8.2T is 66.0 mol% and ubiquinone Q-8 is the main isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. The major fatty acids of strain THG-DN8.2(T) were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and C16:1 ω7с alcohol. The phylogenetic distinctiveness and phenotypic characteristics differentiated strain THG-DN8.2(T) from closely related Lysobacter species. The results of polyphasic taxonomic analysis suggest that strain THG-DN8.2(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter tyrosinelyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-DN8.2(T) (= KCTC 42235(T) = JCM 30320(T)).

Two bacterial strains, designated THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T), were isolated from the rhizosphere of a strawberry plant in Gyeryong Mountain, South Korea. Cells of both isolates were observed to be Gram-negative, yellow-coloured and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain THG-DN8.7(T) had highest sequence similarities to Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407(T) (97.2 %), Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587(T) (97.0 %) and Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249(T) (96.9 %), while strain THG-DN8.3(T) had closely similarity with L. niabensis KACC 11587(T) (98.1 %), L. oryzae KCTC 22249(T) (97.1 %) and L. yangpyeongensis KACC 11407(T) (96.1 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) and their closest phylogenetically neighbours were below 30.0 %, which indicates that strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) represent distinct species within the genus Lysobacter. Both strains were found to contain iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and iso-C17:1 ω9c as predominant fatty acids and ubiquinone-8 as major isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strains THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) were determined to be 66.9 and 67.8 mol%, respectively. These data are consistent with the affiliation of the two new species represented by THG-DN8.7(T) and THG-DN8.3(T) to the genus Lysobacter. The names Lysobacter fragariae sp. nov. and Lysobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. are proposed for these species with the type strains THG-DN8.7(T) (=KCTC 42236(T) = JCM 30322(T)) and THG-DN8.3(T) (=KCTC 42237(T) = JCM 30321(T)), respectively.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium, CC-Bw-6(T) was isolated from chopped tomato stems. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain CC-Bw-6(T) showed its affiliation with the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria. Strain CC-Bw-6(T) was found to be most closely related to Lysobacter panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) (97.0%) and Lysobacter daecheongensis KCTC 12600(T) (96.8%), and showed lower similarity (<96.5%) to other Lysobacter species. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CC-Bw-6(T) and L. panaciterrae KCTC 12601(T) was 10.8%, the G+C content of the genomic DNA is 69.9 mol%. Strain CC-Bw-6(T) was determined to possess C(11:0) iso, C(11:0) iso 3OH, C(14:0) iso, C(15:0) anteiso, C(15:1) ω5c, C(16:1) ω5c, C(16:0), C(15:0) iso, C(16:0) iso, C(17:0) iso and C(16:0) 10-methyl/C(17:1) iso ω9c as predominant fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids. The predominant polyamine is spermidine, and ubiquinone-8 is the predominant respiratory quinone. Analysis of phenotypic, geno- and phylogenetic characteristics revealed a distinct taxonomic position of strain CC-Bw-6(T) with respect to other Lysobacter species. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data presented here, we propose a novel species with the name Lysobacter lycopersici sp. nov. The type strain is CC-Bw-6(T) (=BCRC 80612(T) = JCM 19164(T)).

Strain BUT-8(T), a Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped aerobic bacterium, was isolated from the activated sludge of a herbicide-manufacturing wastewater treatment facility. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain BUT-8(T) clustered with species of the genus Lysobacter and was closely related to Lysobacter ruishenii DSM 22393(T) (98.3 %) and Lysobacter daejeonensis KACC 11406(T) (98.7 %). The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.6 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3OH and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BUT-8(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was below 70 %. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain BUT-8(T) belongs to the genus Lysobacter and represents a novel species for which the name Lysobacter caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BUT-8(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2013087(T) = KACC 17141(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated 9NM-14(T), was isolated from abandoned lead-zinc ore from Meizhou, Guangdong Province, south China. Strain 9NM-14(T) was motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain 9NM-14(T) was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52(T) and Lysobacter bugurensis ZLD-29(T) (97.4 % and 96.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain 9NM-14(T) and L. xinjiangensis RCML-52(T) was 30.1±7.6 %. The major respiratory quinone was unbiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the major cellular fatty acids consisted of iso-C17 : 1ω9c (29.1 %), iso-C15 : 0 (28.9 %), iso-C17 : 0 (9.4 %), iso-C16 : 0 (8.6 %), iso-C11 : 0 3-OH (6.9 %) and iso-C11 : 0 (5.8 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 9NM-14(T) was 70.7±0.1 mol%. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain 9NM-14(T) should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter mobilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9NM-14(T) ( = GIMCC 1.659(T) = CCTCC AB 2014273(T) = DSM 27574(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)

A Gram-stain negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain THG-A13(T), was isolated from Aglaia odorata rhizosphere soil in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-A13(T) had close similarity with Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4(T) (98.5 %), Lysobacter oryzae YC6269(T) (97.9 %) and Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3(T) (97.3 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain THG-A13(T) possesses ubiquinone-8 (Q8) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol) and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content was 66.3 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-A13(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 18.0 %. These data corroborated the affiliation of strain THG-A13(T) to the genus Lysobacter. These data suggest that the isolate represents a novel species for which the name Lysobacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with THG-A13(T) as the type strain ( = KACC 17646(T) = JCM 19613(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)