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Directional prefixes, prevalent in Tangut and modern Qiangic languages, play a crucial role in expressing tense-aspect-modality and spatial meanings. Tangut directional prefixes are classified as belonging to either perfective (Dir1) or optative (Dir2) paradigms, but polyfunctional prefixes have puzzled scholars. The prefix ... ·jij1-, traditionally viewed as optative, has been observed since Kepping (1985) to also express the durative aspect. Drawing evidence from Tangut internal sources, in particular from an under-explored indigenous text, The Ode on Monthly Pleasures, this paper proposes the existence of a Dir1 prefix ... ·jij1-, potentially related to the yod unspecified directionals found in modern Gyalrongic. The proposed Dir1 prefix ... ·jij1- is homophonous with the optative (Dir2) prefix ... ·jij1- and would have served as the source for the grammaticalization of the durative ... ·jij1-. This work refines previous reconstructions of Tangut directional paradigms, and offers insights into the diachrony of tense-aspect-modality in Gyalrongic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Northern Songhay languages are known for combining Songhay and Tuareg-Berber features. Nicolaï (1979) divided these languages into nomadic and sedentary sub-branches, something which Benítez-Torres and Grant (2017) confirmed, bears out very well from a grammatical standpoint. This paper explores some of the interactions between Songhay and Berber vocabulary by looking at suppletion in Tagdal, a nomadic Northern Songhay language. In Tagdal, suppletion occurs when a verb root of Songhay origin is replaced by one of Berber origin whenever a Berber derivational prefix is present. It will be demonstrated that when Tagdal was in its formative period, the prosodic features that came along with the Songhay and Berber portions of the language made it either easier or necessary to keep the two apart. The paper ends with a brief discussion of how Songhay and Berber vocabulary may have interacted during the period when Tagdal and other Northern Songhay languages were still being formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding text in a second language can be particularly challenging. The authors explored the contribution of morphological awareness in children's first and second languages to development in second‐language reading comprehension. Critically, the authors examined the role of a skill that might be at the heart of these cross‐linguistic connections: awareness of cross‐language suffix correspondences. This is the awareness, for instance, that the French suffix ‐eux and the English suffix ‐ous have the same meaning in the two languages, despite the fact that they look and sound different. The authors tested the contributions of each of these morphological skills to French reading comprehension in a study of students with diverse first languages enrolled in a Canadian early French immersion program with instruction entirely in French. Seventy‐five students were tested in grade 2 and again in grade 3. In grade 2, students completed measures of English and French morphological awareness and awareness of cross‐language suffix correspondences, along with control measures of nonverbal ability, French vocabulary, and French phonological awareness. In grades 2 and 3, students completed measures of French reading comprehension. The authors found that both English and French morphological awareness were related to grade 3 reading comprehension. Neither relation was significant after the autoregressor. In contrast, awareness of cross‐language suffix correspondences predicted individual differences in French reading comprehension, including after autoregressive controls. These findings show the importance of awareness of commonalities between suffixes across languages in enabling the development of French reading comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper accounts for the ka- passive form in Balinese. It focuses on its syntactic and semantic representation. Using the data taken from Balinese narrative texts issued in the Bali Orti of Bali Post newspaper, and applying the RRG theory by Van Valin and Randy (1999), it was found out that the kapassive belongs to a morphological passive voice of Balinese where the the voice is marked on the verb (it is marked by prefix ka-). The ka- base form can be attached by applicative suffixes such as -ang, -in, and -an. These morphological verbs imply various syntactic structure and semantic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the origins of the player king and player queen speech prefixes in the play "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare. It mentions the lack of distinction in the mousetrap scene between the paratexts used to identify Claudius and the player king, and Gertrude and the player queen. It cites the efforts of modern editors to distinguish between the characters. The only modern edition that correctly attributes textual innovations is said to be the online variorum at Hamletworks.org.

The article focuses on the poem "Beowulf's" retort to taunting of Unferth which appears to be illogical maxim and mentions attempt of scholars to interpret infaege as referring to braver. Topics discussed include Old English poetic corpus available in passage in Beowulf, illogical nature of the maxims which can be solved by interpreting prefix and manuscript's reading.

The article focuses on role of logic defined by philosopher Alfred Korzybski as science of language of though that has disputed topic of linguists and philosophers of language. Topics discussed include essence of logic that requires consistent application of rules, words and expressions in la parole, and prefixes considered as source of misunderstandings.

The researchers of the English and Ruthenian language defined the prefix, explained the meanings of prefixes and their use, in their own languages, but, there are not many works which focus on contrasting the prefixes in these two languages. For this reason, this paper was written, where the focus is on the negative and reversative meaning of English prefixes and their translation into the Ruthenian language. The goal of this paper is to provide a different perspective on how the negative and reversative meanings are denoted in English and Ruthenian. Through analysis of the examples from the corpus, some conclusions were made, about the similarities and differences in the two languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the domain of the prosodic word in the Ningbo dialect. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical review of the studies on the prosodic word (PW) in various languages of the world, and to investigate the phonological phenomena within the domain formed by morpho-syntactic words in the Ningbo dialect as well as discussing the role that the prosodic word plays in the phonological rule application in the Ningbo dialect. This paper provides a complete survey on various types of morpho-syntactic formation in the Ningbo dialect as well as examining the application of phonological phenomena with reference to the different types of morpho-syntactic words. It will show that the lexical tone sandhi rule (LTS) applies within the domain formed by the major types of morpho-syntactic words in Ningbo dialect. However, pure phonological information may also affect the application of LTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that a set of facts about the plural nominal class prefixes in Southern Bantu languages shows that some plural prefixes spell out a phrasal constituent, a Specifier bottoming out in a classifier-like noun. This leads us to adopt a theory of lexicalization that leads to the conclusion that all nominal class prefixes in Southern Bantu lexicalize Specifiers of this sort, and we argue that the relation between primary and secondary prefixes supports this conclusion. We also discuss the consequences of our conclusion for the pairing of prefixes and nouns and for the analysis of agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antonyms with the adjectives, nouns and verbs for movement in Bulgarian language are reviewed. They are analyzed from the point of view of their structure - same root (with one or two prefixes expressing opposite) and different roots. Special attention is paid also to their semantics - contradictory, complementary or vector, vocabulary or stylistic antonyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a re-calibration of the prefix "inter" in the practice of international relations scholarship. It examines the importance of interpretation which bears a resemblance with Heideggerian staying at the center of subject matters and Gadamerian theorizing. It also explores the important role of language learning in understanding a globalizing international relations world.

Sanskrit is one of the oldest languages in the world. A huge list of words is borrowed from the Sanskrit in other Indian languages and there are lots of similarities between Sanskrit and foreign languages. This paper presents a primary and comparative investigation and analysis between Sanskrit secondary derivative or taddhita suffixes (TS) and English suffix. It describes few major points of similarities and dissimilates between Sanskrit taddhita forms and English adjectives. Grammatical tradition of the Sanskrit is very old and most powerful. Pāņinian grammar called Aşţ-dhy-yi (AD) is considered as Sanskrit grammar. A primary comparison and brief relations between Sanskrit taddhitanta and English adjectives are investigated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a brief overview and comparison of the imperfective and perfective aspect in Estonian and Latvian. The main means of expressing the perfective and imperfective aspect in Estonian are the case opposition of the direct object (the nominative/genitive or the partitive), the use of verb particles, and the general context. In Latvian, the opposition of the perfective and imperfective aspect is mainly expressed by existence or absence of verb prefixes, adverbs, and also the context. In Latvian, verb prefixes, besides perfectivity, may also add or modify the lexical meaning of the verb. We compare how the perfective and imperfective aspect are expressed in both languages in the case of transitive verbs, based on the correspondences found in a text corpus of literary works and their translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the etymology and meaning of the Homeric word by lexicographer Apollonius. Topics discussed include use of alpha, privative, or prefixes said by Apollonius considered reliable by scholars; excavated earrings and modern lexicography found by archaeologists; and economical solution for hypothesizing Greek adjective.

The article focuses on the etymology of the Essex word releet. Topics include philologist Walter W. Skeat's publication of a note in 1878 arguing that the word was a survival of an Old English (OE) genitival construction, his claim on the prefix "re" in the word, and an evidence of the Essex word in several places in Suffolk, England.

This paper explores an area of nominalization in English for which there are no dedicated affixes, specifically, deverbal nominalizations that mean 'thing, stuff or non-human that is verb-ed'. The suffix -ee in English typically creates only patient nouns that denote humans, for example, employee, nominee. English, of course, does have complex nouns that express this meaning, and this paper provides a preliminary discussion of how we might study them. First, I discuss a range of established forms that denote this meaning (baking, acquisition, inheritance, additive, mixture, etc.). Two methods of finding novel forms are also discussed, first eliciting them from native speakers in an informal production experiment, and second searching for them in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Finally the theoretical implications of the data are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common reconstruction of *eh2- and devī́-type *ih2-stem singular nominatives as *-ah2 (< *-eh2) and *-ih2 includes no overt marking of the nonneuter nominative singular. Instead of taking this for granted and searching for a motivation in the history of those stems, we raise the possibility of a reconstruction with overt marking (*-āh2, *-īh2). In the second part, the distribution of some word-final vowel shortenings in the Rigveda is analysed in order to determine whether they correlate with the different origins of the vowels or not. The distributions prove interesting, and call for further investigation, but since shortening seems possible irrespective of the origin of the vowel, the Vedic evidence cannot help decide between the two possible reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an auditory presentation technique called segmented binaural presentation. The technique builds on the dichotic listening paradigm (Shankweiler & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967; Studdert-Kennedy & Shankweiler, 1970) and segmented lexical presentation (Libben, 2003; Betram, Kuperman, Baayen, & Hyönä, 2011). The technique allows the first part of a word to be presented to one ear and the second part of the word to be presented to the other ear. The experimenter may thus manipulate whether a stimulus is segmented in this binaural manner and, if it is segmented, the location of the binaural segmentation within the word. We discuss how the technique may be implemented on the Macintosh platform, using PsyScope and freely available software for audio file creation. We also report on a test implementation of the technique using suffixed and compound English words in a lexical decision task. Results suggest that the technique differentiates between segmentation that occurs within and between compound constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, an effort has been made to check the similarity pattern of two strings. A new metric is defined to calculate the distance between two strings. On the basis of the distance function, three procedures and an algorithm have been proposed to check the presence of a string in another string as a prefix, suffix or in between another string. The proposed algorithm also enables us to check the partial similarity between two strings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students in a content-area reading course examined the vocabulary of each of their disciplines, focusing on recurrent roots and affixes. They wanted to become teachers of math, science, English, music, and history; therefore, they needed to learn discipline-specific morphemes so they could help their future students figure out new words in their content areas. The students: analyzed words in their disciplinary vocabularies, using recurrent roots and affixes to aid in comprehension of word meaning;, adapted traditional reading strategies for disciplinary use;, discovered that many roots and affixes which were seemingly particular to one discipline also contributed to the meanings of words in other disciplines;, designed content-area lessons using a morphemic approach., The class learned that teaching the meanings of morphemes could improve disciplinary literacy and could also help with vocabulary in other content areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to determine the relative position of derivational affixes on the lexicon-grammar continuum in English. Its major claim is that the set of prefixes is rather more lexical and the set of suffixes rather more grammatical in nature. This hypothesis is supported by a battery of ten tests (nine linguistic and one psycholinguistic). All tests converge to the point where we can raise the possibility of a unified explanation. A theoretical account is offered which is grounded in both language structure and processing. It is erected on a temporal asymmetry between prefixes and suffixes and a logical (relational) asymmetry between stems and affixes. In conjunction with the immediacy-of-processing assumption, these asymmetries lead to a temporal precedence of (more) lexical over (more) grammatical material, hence the higher lexicalness of prefixes and the higher grammaticalness of suffixes. An extended focus on inflectional morphology locates inflectional suffixes at the grammatical end of the spectrum. Inflectional prefixes in languages other than English may find a place either between derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes or between derivational and inflectional suffixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss the theme of the issue, how the prefix "alter" is linked to notion of an alternative and to notion of multiplicity, and to explore how Indigenous and non-Indigenous knowledge interact between the settler nation and Indigenous peoples.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including English translation of a public sign in China; differences between two native-speaker models and Vietnam War American slang; and English prefix de.