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This study aimed to contribute to the literature by revealing whether the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had a moderating effect on the effect of health and education expenditures on gross domestic product (GDP). In this context, in the analysis section of the study, a panel data set from 37 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 2015-2020 was used. Two models were established in the study. In Model I, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of health expenditures on GDP was examined. In Model II, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of education expenditures on GDP was examined. It was determined that health and education expenditures had a significant positive effect on GDP in both models (p<0.05). In addition, in both models, there was a decrease in GDP in 2020, the year when the COVID-19 was effective, compared to the 2015-2019 period, however, this decrease was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Finally, no moderating effect of the COVID-19 was found on the effect of education and health expenditures on GDP (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is obvious for countries that development is as much important as economic growth. One of the most important factors that affect both growth and development is the human capital potential of the country. Seize and quality of human capital has a repercussion that affects development process positively and accelerates the process. The most important factors that affect human capital are the properties of education and health sector of a country. It is accepted that quality and quantity of thehuman capital which is progressed via education and health services affects the development process positively. It may be possible both to gather information about human capital of the countries' using their own databases on the education and health sector and benefit from Human Development Index (HDI) which is accepted as the most basic international data. In this paper, the progress of human capital in Turkey is presented by using education and health indicators and HDI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is aimed to determine the position of the studies carried out under the name of strategic human capital in the field of business among the sub-fields in this field. Subsequently, the intellectual structure of this area is analyzed based on articles published under the title of Strategic Human Capital in leading business journals. To conduct this study, a total of 472 articles were identified in the most prestigious business journals in the world, according to the Association of Business Schools' Academic Journal Guide (ABS/4*-4-3). These articles were analyzed using bibliometric methods such as citation and co-citation analysis. As a result of the citation and co-citation analyses, it was found that human capital emerged as a scientific research area independent of strategy and strategic human resource management after 2018. The study's findings indicate that Strategic Human Capital studies focus on discussing individuals' characteristics such as knowledge, skills, and experiences at which business level (individual, team, or firm) and how these characteristics can be transformed into sustainable competitive advantage. Finally, directions for further research in this area are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since human capital is the factor that creates and disseminates knowledge and develops and produces technology, it is considered as one of the most important factors affecting growth and development today. On the other hand, universities are one of the most important cornerstones of human capital, knowledge creation and diffusion. In the international and national literature, only citations are used to measure university-based knowledge spillovers and other factors are neglected. To fill this gap in the literature, this study proposes an analogy for the measurement of spillovers created by academic staff, taking into account the literature on knowledge and technology spillovers in the industrial sector. Knowledge spillovers are categorized into explicit and implicit knowledge spillovers under university-to-university and private sector spillovers. Explicit knowledge spillovers from the university to other universities include publications, citations, patents, co-authored works, while tacit knowledge spillovers include conferences, graduate and doctoral students, academic mobility and projects. A similar analogy is proposed for knowledge spillovers from universities to industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, active economic policies have been implemented continuously for the development of the manufacturing industry. Examining and developing this sector, which has a 20% share in GDP, is very important for policy recommendations. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of imports and exports and human capital on the manufacturing industry, and in this context, the Cobb-Douglas production function was calculated. Within the scope of the analysis in which two different models were established, the Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects Model with Standard Errors was estimated. In both models, the share of labor and manufacturing goods imports in goods imports was found to be negative. Capital, human capital and the share of manufacturing goods exports in goods exports were determined as positive. In addition, while the constant term is insignificant in both models, the exchange rate is found insignificant in the second model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth theories preceding the endogenous growth theories assume that firms do not have the resources to devote to technology development because of full competitive conditions. While there is a consensus in the these theorems that technological development is the engine of growth; Lucas (1988)'s "Endogenous Growth Model Based on Human Capital", explains technological progress and economic growth with human capital. In a significant part of the empirical studies, it has been concluded that the effect of human capital on economic growth is positive. However, there are results that the increase in human capital has no effect on economic growth. Economic growth instability, which began after the "2008 global crisis", still continue. Based on this situation, it has become very important to determine the long-term impact of human capital on economic growth in Fragile Five countries. In this study, the effect of human capital on economic growth between 1987-2019 in terms of Fragile Five economies was estimated using the panel data method. The findings obtained reveal that human capital plays an important role in order for these countries to increase their economic growth. In this context, human capital has an important role in raising the economic growth of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cointegration relationship between human capital and economic growth is examined by using five different economic growth measures and it is tried to estimate the long-term effect of human capital on economic growth for Turkey. The sample covers the period of 1961-2019, and all analyzes were carried out with the ARDL technique. The cointegration test findings obtained from the ARDL bounds test indicate that human capital and economic growth in Turkey are cointegrated and therefore act together in the long run. This common movement remains valid in all four models. In addition, it is seen that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between human capital and economic growth for the four models in the long run. In conclusion, the diagnostic test results show that none of the four different models suffer from autocorrelation and varying variance problems, and each model is stable in terms of parameter stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to Turkey adopted neo- liberal policies in the early 1980s, her firms have begun to integrate with the global value chain before most competitors. However, they lagged behind many competitors in terms of added value and efficiency, as they could not rise in global value chains and create global brands. So much so that Turkey is is located in the last rows of the OECD countries in terms of the high share of low-qualified employees in the total workforce, specialization in low-technology and value-added fields in value chains, and global brand creation performance. The foreign trade deficit caused by the specialization in low value-added products leads to the current account deficit in Turkey, and thus a variety of chronic macroeconomic problems such as inflation, unemployment, low national income. In the study the impact of the policies followed by governments and institutions on the emergence of this picture, and what needs to be done is discussed in comparison with similar countries. The material of the study consists of the data obtained from the General Directorate of Foreign Capital (YASED) and supranational institutions. In the analysis made using the data of the aforementioned instutions in the article, it is showed that the insufficiencies in the areas of the quality of the education system, corruption, regulatory quality, rule of law, democracy and logistic service capacity related to state and institutional policies negatively affect the production of high value-added products in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the information age and economy we live in, human and social capital are regarded as two of the main types of capital that determine the performance of employees and organizations. In this context, the subject of this study is the effects of human and social capital on the performance of civil servants. This is a cross-sectional field study and it was carried out on 377 civil servants working in a local government institution. It was concluded in the study that human and social capital has a statistically significant and positive effect on the working performance of employees. It was determined that social capital has more effect than human capital on the job performance of employees. Within the framework of the results, it is possible to say that human and social capital is an important resource for public institutions as well as private sector institutions, and it is absolutely necessary to invest in these two types of capital in order to improve employee and organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reveal the characteristics of the relationship between education and income distribution in Turkey. Additionally, it examines the role of gender pay gaps in this relationship. In the study, Heckman's two-stage estimation and quantile regression methods were applied by using the data from the Household Labor Force survey of 2017 of TURKSTAT. According to the results of the Heckman two-stage estimation method, increases in education level increase the wage income of women faster than men. According to the quantile regression method, the effect of education on wages is greater for males in low earning segments and higher for females in high earning segments. The results of the study show that increasing the education level of women is the shortest way to reach a higher level of income distribution equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of doing business. These impacts require businesses to have resilience against uncertainties as well as adaptation to change and new conditions to maintain their sustainability. Organizational resilience, which is discussed in the context of these characteristics of businesses, is the subject of the research. The research model is taken from perspective of human and social capital theory. Our research was conducted with the data obtained from the owners of 435 different-scaled enterprises operating in Turkey by quota sampling. As a result of the research, it has been seen that human capital, social capital, and financial capital have a positive effect on organizational resilience. In addition, it has been determined that financial capital has a partial mediation effect in the relationship between human and social capital and organizational resilience. In the research, obtained results are parallel with the literature, and the importance of organizational resilience was tried to be revealed for businesses to avoid the negative effects of changes in the external environment. Based on these results, foresight can be created regarding the business processes, of which the enterprises should focus on in changing market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find out the long-run relationship between human capital and the current account balances. The panel data analysis is carried out for the time period between 1990 and 2018. 88 developing and developed countries are included in the study. Panel cointegration analysis is applied to test the long-run relationships. The human capital is represented by two indexes. First one is The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) human capital index. Second one is United Nations human development index. For both indexes, there are significant and positive long-run relationships between the human capital indexes and current account balances for high income countries. It is determined that there is a negative, significant and long-term relationship for "all countries except industrialized countries", "all countries except Africa and industrialized countries" and "all countries" groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital is considered as one of the most important factors in explaining development differences between countries, and as a unique source of long-run permanent economic growth. Therefore, increasing the accumulation of human capital has become an extremely important mission for economies. Theoretical and empirical literature emphasizes that public expenditures can play an important role in increasing human capital accumulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of public expenditures on human capital accumulation for the case of Turkey was analyzed. Besides per capita income, unemployment and population variables were also included in the estimated model since they are considered as important determinants of human capital accumulation in the literature. Annual data for the period 1960-2019 were used in the analysis. The long-run cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the long-run cointegration coefficients were obtained by applying FMOLS, DOLS and CCR estimators. Results show that public expenditures negatively affect human capital accumulation. Similarly, the increase in unemployment negatively affects human capital. However, per capita income and population are helpful to promote human capital. Probable causes of empirical outputs for the case of Turkey are further discussed in the study and policy strategies are recommended accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring economic development is the main goal of developing countries. Today, the human capital factor has become very important factors in the development of countries. In this context education, which is an important element of human capital, and its effects on development are among the most investigated topics among economists. Thus, it has been proven with the many theoretical and empirical studies that education has positive effects on development. In this study were examined the role and effects of education on the development of the TRA2 region, which includes Turkey's Ağrı, Kars, İğdır and Ardahan provinces. As a result of the analysis covering the 2008-2018 period, it was determined that the correlation between increasing education level and per capita income levels to increase. These results strongly prove the importance of education for the development of both the region and the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which focuses on the concepts of human and social capital that emerged as a result of the transformation of the relationship that a person establishes with himself and with his environment, aims to critically analyze these concepts, based on the understanding of the ontology and epistemology of Islamic economics. From the perspective of Islamic economics, the form of relationship that a person should establish with herself, family, relatives, neighbors and friends and the requirements of this relationship are normatively determined according to Islamic moral principles. In societies that are shaped by contemporary capitalist market system, defining these relations as human and social capital and attributing meaning to their nature that can be transformed into an economic capital signifies that the capitalist perspective shapes the nature of the relationship among the people. It is emphasized that these relations, which have been shaped by the capitalist market system, should be defined in terms of servitude to Allah, the purpose of human creation, and the necessity of these relations not to become a commodity from the ontological framework of Islamic economics. After the analysis of the concepts of human and social capital, the study focuses on a critical analysis of the school institution, which is the main instrument of internalizing these relations at the societal level, through the titles of (i) the purpose of education, (ii) the way of delivery of education, and (iii) the content of the education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationships between brain drain, brain circulation and development phenomena are tried to be analyzed theoretically through various samples. One of the main problems of low-welfare societies is that people with high levels of human capital migrate to countries with high levels of welfare for many reasons. Although this form of migration brings some benefits to the source countries, it causes the further development of the target countries and offers them the main contribution. With the brain drain, the development gap between countries is getting deeper. In this context, there is usually no linear relationship between the development of the source country and the brain drain. But although brain drain is still widespread, the phenomenon of brain circulation instead of brain drain is becoming debatable within the framework of the erosion of borders and the policies developed by the source country, and there is a more optimistic view of brain circulation compared to brain drain. While brain drain causes the difference between countries to grow, according to some points of view, brain circulation can minimize this difference. When qualified programs that encourage return are accomplished, the benefits of brain circulation come to the forefront in terms of the source country. There are many programs for brain circulation between countries. While some of these programs are aimed at the mobility of the highly skilled workforce, some cover the mobility of students and staff for higher education. Intercollegiate cooperation on this issue is an important component of brain circulation. It is believed that individuals who raise their human capital through this mobility can contribute to the development of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's information age the acceleration of technological advances increases the importance of information and communication technologies. Many countries increase their physical and human capital investments in the information and communication technologies sector to increase their production power and exports. In this study, the long and short-term relationships between exports of information and communication technology products and higher education graduate employment are analyzed by means of pooled mean group estimator, mean group estimator and dynamic fixed effects estimator. The study covers G-7 countries (Canada, Germany, France, Italy, England, Japan and the USA) and Japan is not included in the analysis due to lack of data. In the study evaluating the period between 2003-2018, it was concluded that the results of the Hausman test mean group estimator were valid. According to the pooled average group estimator results, the existence of a long-term relationship between information and communication technology products exports and higher education graduate employment has been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the effects of energy consumption and human capital on economic growth in EU-15 and Turkey through the AMG estimator under the cross-sectional dependency. It is important to note that well educated and skilled society is a crucial requirement, in order to use in an efficient way of existing resources and to increase the share of renewable energy. Therefore, human capital level and efficient usage of energy are crucially important requirements especially for countries dependent to foreign energy resources. The result of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test shows that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption. Accordingly, it can be stated that feedback hypothesis is valid for EU-15 and Turkey. Based on the finding of the causal relationship between human capital and economic growth, the study emphasizes the necessity of qualified human capital accumulation, in order to promote feedback hypothesis and to implement innovative policies to enhance energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine relationships between human capital accumulation and economic development in Turkey for the time period of 1991-2016 by implementing the time series analysis methods. According to the results; (a) all variables exhibit unit root process, (b) long-run relationships exist among variables, (c) according to the long-run parameter estimations, education expenditures positively affect economic development, while there is no statistically significant relationship between health expenditures and economic development, (d) unemployment has a negative and statistically significant effect on economic development, whereas inflation has a negative and statistically insignificant effect on economic development. In this regard, education-oriented human capital-led development policies can positively affect economic development in Turkey. Besides, policies towards reducing unemployment rates can increase the capability of individuals by creating new job opportunities, which in turn promotes economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; human capital, innovation and economic growth for Turkey's economy were investigated by time series analysis methods using the 1995-2018 period annual data. Real GDP per capita representing economic growth was taken as a dependent variable, domestic patent registration numbers representing innovation from independent variables, and students graduating from higher education representing the human capital variable. Besides, variables of labor and capital investments, which are considered as indicators of growth, are also included in the model. Extended Dickey-Fuller and Phillips- Perron unit root tests in determining the stability of variables, Johansen cointegration analysis in determining long term relationship, the existence of a cointegration relationship between variables, were used. Granger causality analysis was used to determine the causality relationship. As a result of the analyzes applied to the model, it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. It has been observed that human capital and innovation have no effect on economic growth in the short term, but they have a positive effect in the long term, and capital investments and workforce affect economic growth both in the short and long term. As a result of the Granger causality analysis, bidirectional causality relationships between capital investments and economic growth, from the workforce to economic growth, from the workforce to capital investments, from human capital to innovation, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is expressed as an affecting factor of economic growth, which is one of the human capital factors. The improvement in health level with the increase in population, education, labor productivity, lifetime and life quality, may have a decisive effect on economic stability and growth by preventing future diseases. Although there is mostly a two-way relationship between health and economic growth in the findings of researches, some studies find no relationship. Different findings may be due to the neglect of health policy differences between countries in studies. Unlike previous studies in the literature, this study explores the impact of health on economic growth in all provinces of a country where the same health policy is applied with the panel data analysis method. For this purpose, covering the 2007-2017 period, the model including the variables that the gross domestic product, public investment, exports, imports, the infant mortality rate, the number of hospital beds, the number of people graduated from high school and the number of people has a bachelor's degree for all provinces in Turkey was estimated by the system GMM analysis. According to the findings, Turkey's health variables; 1% reduction in infant mortality rate causes an increase of 0.03% on GDP, 1% increase in the number of hospital beds causes an increase of 0,16% on GDP. The education variables, however, contribute to economic growth more than health variables, it is an undeniable fact that health is a prerequisite for education and economic growth. In this context, policy makers should pursue policies to improve individual and community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institutaion, established in the leadership of the United States with the multiple agreement in the Bretton Woods Conference to lift the trade barriers. With the establishment of IDA (International Development Association) in 1960, IBRD is refered the name World Bank. In the 1950s and 60s, the Bank's primary focus was that funding of large infrastructure projects such as roads, dams.. etc. In the sense of The Bank's development projects in 1970's, concentrated on people-oriented development projects such as related to rural and urban development more than the construction of material structures. In the 1980s, the Bank, began to imposed on "conditionally" for structural adjustment credits. The meaing of conditional loan is to commit borrower contries to implementing certain policy menus of reforms as health, education systems before receiving the funds agreed to. In the early 1990s, classical social policy discourse completely changed and social policies became facilitators of economic growth. Finally, the shifting from economic development to economic growth policies caused the Bank, became the global governance center of social policy. On the other hand, the Bank, gives advice that to have enhanced human capital for developing countries as the way of dealing with fierce competition and innovations coming through technology. I will try to explain the new social order in which the Bank is at the global center within the concepts of new labourforce, fierce competiton, technological innovation and human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of human capital, which means developable human power, has started to gain importance especially after 1960s. Human capital has a positive impact on the quality of life of countries when the required importance is given, thus allowing the increase in national income. This study is primarily examined the theoretical framework of the relationship between human capital and economic growth, on the issue has been referred to the studies in the literature and post selected from 1980-2017 years in Turkey, education, health and physical capital indicators and the human impact on the capital's economic growth econometrically tested. Johansen cointegration test, granger causality test and VEC methods were used as econometric analysis method. According to the short and long term results, per capita education expenditures and fixed capital investments have enhancing effect on economic growth. According to the Granger causality analysis, there was a positive and significant relationship from economic growth to per capita education expenditures, from per capita fixed capital investments to per capita education expenditures and from per capita health expenditures to per capita education expenditures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Islamic banking contracts on the business environment in Iran. In order to collect data and information about the variables in the model, Iranian Central Bank and World Bank website were used in this study. The Auto Regression Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was used to estimate the model between 1999-2017. According to the research findings, Qardhul Hasan contracts, Exchange contracts and partnership contracts have positive and significant impact on business environment in both short and long term. In addition, the Human Development Index and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have a positive impact on business environment in both short-term and long-term. The negative impact of inflation has been determined in the short and long term business environment in the country. Based on the estimation of the Error Correction Model (ECM), the short-term imbalances of the dependent variable decrease by 54% and move towards long-term equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Turkey with the analysis of the time series with reference to 1983-2013 period. In the study, the number of students per school at the stage of higher education, yearly employment figures and the gross enrollment ratio of higher education were used to represent human capital. As a result of the study, the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test revealed the existence of a long-term relationship between human capital and economic growth. Also, in the analysed of period for Turkey the relationship of granger casuality results can not be found between human capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital has started to find its place in the growth literature as one of the sources of economic growth since the late 1980s. Increase in human capital accelerates growth by increasing capital investment rate. Human capital is an important factor, especially in the case of performing development by ensuring sustainable growth in developing countries such as Turkey. in this study, the relationship between human capital and growth is empirically assessed for Turkey. In the study, the causality relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and the human capital is investigated for the period of 1998: Q1 and 2016: Q2. in the model, the variables representing human capital are education expenditures and expenditures on education and professional, scientific and technical activities. The results of the analysis show that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between GDP and the expenditures on professional, scientific and technical activities, while there is a one-way causal relationship between GDP and education expenditures. In this context, it can be argued that education expenditures and more generally increasing the quality of human capital in Turkey is important and have a positive impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, panel data for 143 countries from 1993 to 2014 are used to examine the association between ICT penetration and human capital development. Human Capital Index is utilized as a proxy for human capital development while ICT penetration is proxied by the penetration of internet users, fixed broadband subscriptions, and mobile phones. Each ICT indicator is considered in a separate model to avoid any potential multicollinearity problems. Bivariate and multivariate fixed time effect panel data estimation results suggest that there is a positive and strong relationship between ICT penetration and human capital development. Multivariate models are also estimated for developing countries sub-sample to check the robustness of estimation results. It is be observed that estimation results support the previous findings. Estimation results also indicate that individuals using the Internet as a percentage of population has the largest impact on the human capital among ICT indicators used in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new (endogenaus) growth theories, it is observed that the major role in these theories had been given to human capital. Although offical or non-offical education indicators are the main indicators which represent human capital, the indicators about the health level of a society also appear in growth models as an element which feeds human capital and contributes its development. The literature which discuss the relation between economic growth and human capital could not come to a consensus about the relation between the variables which represent human capital and economic growth indicators. There are studies, in the literature, which support one-way or mutual causality relations regarding the direction of the causality. Hence, it is necessary to conduct predictions by using larger data sets and new econometric models. This study predicts the relationship between human capital and economic growth by using Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) approach, which is one of the new generation panel causality tests, for the four different country groups by income levels which is classified by the World Bank for the period of 1995-2014. We used personal healthcare expenditures, total healthcare expenditures, private healthcare expenditures and public healthcare expenditures as human capital indicators, and personal income as economic growth indicator. The results obtained, according to the country groups, point to two-way causality relation between variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total factor productivity can be described as a measure of the intensity and efficiency of all inputs used in the production process. Total factor productivity which indicates the level of knowledge, innovation and technology of production, is one of the most important factors determining the economic growth rates, prosperity levels and the global competitiveness. In this study covering the years 1991-2016, it was aimed to measure of the decisive inputs to growth in GDP in Turkey by using Cobb-Douglass production function. The findings obtained by the least squares method analysis reveal that the most important determinant of the growth rate in Turkey is the increase in the amount of capital in Turkey. At the same time, total factor productivity has a positive impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of health expenditure and population over 65 years on economic growth in Turkey by using ARDL approach and estimation methods of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR over the periods of 1979-2015. In the study, endogenous growth model is used in order to relate human capital accumulation and health expenditure. Empirical results show that there are positive and statistically significant relations between per capita health expenditure and economic growth. However, emprical findings related to the effect of population over 65 years on per capita income do not seem to support similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of health expenditure and population over 65 years on economic growth in Turkey by using ARDL approach and estimation methods of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR over the periods of 1979-2015. In the study, endogenous growth model is used in order to relate human capital accumulation and health expenditure. Empirical results show that there are positive and statistically significant relations between per capita health expenditure and economic growth. However, emprical findings related to the effect of population over 65 years on per capita income do not seem to support similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural problems faced with middle-income countries that seek to achieve their economic growth and development have brought about the middle-income trap concept up to the agenda. Therefore, determining the factors that cause per capita income in these countries to remain the same for many years has attracted researchers' attention. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to contribute determining key factors which distinguish between the countries in middle-income trap and those not in this trap. The discriminant analysis was used to achieve this goal. 19 countries which fall in middle-income trap, 21 middle-income countries which are not in trap and 34 high-income countries are included in these analyses. 22 variables represented in five groups, namely innovation, institutional, macroeconomic, education and demographic, were used. According to the findings obtained from the analysis results; the main elements that distinguish the countries in middle-income trap and those not in this trap from each other are education, innovation and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is underlined in the extant literature that as one of the countries in the middle income trap, Turkey has to create an innovative economy and thus needs to improve its human capital. The facts that Turkey is in a demographic window of opportunity with its low rates of dependent population and has increasing rates of educational enrolment create advantages for Turkey. This study aims to investigate the human capital level of Turkey and the effects of various socio-economic variables on human capital via PIAAC data collected by OECD. Analysis of PIAAC data reveals that Turkey is far behind OECD countries in terms of adult skills in numeracy, literacy and problem solving in technologyrich environments. Despite an increase in skills from older cohorts to the younger ones, it can be seen that Turkey is far from having the human capital required to escape from the middle income trap. Moreover, it is found that there are severe inequalities in adult skills according to various socio-economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the statistical classification of regions on Rev.1, Northeast Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Region are Turkey's economically and socially underdeveloped regions. In Rev.2 distinction, Erzurum, Ağrı, Malatya, Van, Gaziantep, Sanlıurfa and Mardin proviences are sub-regions within this scope. During the planned economy period in Turkey these regions have been an issue for economic and social plan-projects continuously. In order to ensure economic growth, human capital needs to be examined especially. In this study, for seven sub-regions in Turkey the determinants of human capital such as education, health, culture and value-added per capita examined as a consequence of growth to consider the impact of competitiveness. Data used between the years 2007-2011 firstly converted to an index then panel data analysis performed. Effects of health, education, culture and value-added indexes on different regions competitiveness indexes are examined and inter-regional comparisons were carried out. According to panel data application based on regional competitiveness index; cultute and health indexes on TRB2 and TRC2 regions; education and health indexes on TRA1 and TRC1 regions; health and gross value added per capita indexes on TRB1region; culture and education indexes on TRC3 region have negative effects. According to the panel data application on TRA2 region; education, health, culture and gross value added per capita indexes have positive effects on regional competiteveness. From this point, education policies should be revised for he mentioned regions. The policies to be implemented for the development of education also need to be include culture and health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the statistical classification of regions on Rev.1, Northeast Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Region are Turkey's economically and socially underdeveloped regions. In Rev.2 distinction, Erzurum, Ağrı, Malatya, Van, Gaziantep, Sanlıurfa and Mardin proviences are sub-regions within this scope. During the planned economy period in Turkey these regions have been an issue for economic and social plan-projects continuously. In order to ensure economic growth, human capital needs to be examined especially. In this study, for seven sub-regions in Turkey the determinants of human capital such as education, health, culture and value-added per capita examined as a consequence of growth to consider the impact of competitiveness. Data used between the years 2007-2011 firstly converted to an index then panel data analysis performed. Effects of health, education, culture and value-added indexes on different regions competitiveness indexes are examined and inter-regional comparisons were carried out. According to panel data application based on regional competitiveness index; cultute and health indexes on TRB2 and TRC2 regions; education and health indexes on TRA1 and TRC1 regions; health and gross value added per capita indexes on TRB1region; culture and education indexes on TRC3 region have negative effects. According to the panel data application on TRA2 region; education, health, culture and gross value added per capita indexes have positive effects on regional competiteveness. From this point, education policies should be revised for he mentioned regions. The policies to be implemented for the development of education also need to be include culture and health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current global world, education is the basis of human capital. Human capital is as important as physical capital for economic development and growth. As education is essential for individual and societal development, it also contributes to economic development and growth. These properties render education a semi-public service that should be offered by both public and private sectors. Due to positive effects of education on individuals and the society, many countries have directed their attention to education spending. This study investigates the education spending in Turkey and then make comparisons with Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The analysis shows that, despite the steady increase in expenditure on education during the last decade, total expenditure on education is extremely low compared to other OECD countries in terms of indicators like spending on educational institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), spending on educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure, and the amount of annual educational spending per student, all of which provide solid criteria for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of educational services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and quantity of human capital which allows countries to wisely and effectively use their resources is vital to economic growth and development of countries. Additionally, real gross domestic product- an indicator of economic growth- has a significant effect on development along with factors such as health and education. A review of the reports published by United Nations Development Program reveals that a country's level of development is represented by the ''human development index'' ratings. In the same report appears "expectancy of life at birth" which is an indicator of health investments, and ''schooling rate'' as a measure of educational investments. In this context, this study presents a theoretical discussion on the concepts of human capital, development and growth and later, the study empirically tests the relevance and validity of the relationships among the research variables utilizing data on OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world economy that go through of agricultural, industrial and knowledge focused revolutions is being fictionalized upon the theories which put forward human and humanity gradually. The concept of human capital has become the one of the basic factors of economic growth. In the study, first of all, the concept of human capital has handled with perspectives of different authors. Then, the perspective of the schools of economic thought on human capital and their theoric debates on how the human capital can be measured has analyzed. In the application section, the indexes of human development, gross value added per capita, culture and regional competitiveness has developed as determinants of human capital. The data used in panel data analysis covers between 2007 and 2011 periods. Seven different models have setup in order to detect interactions between indexes of culture, education, health and regional competitiveness in panel data analysis. So directions of relations between this indexes have revealed. The study aims to fill the deficiency of researches about human capital on NUTS 2 level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the statistical classification of regions on Rev.1, Northeast Anatolia Region, East Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Region are Turkey's economically and socially underdeveloped regions. In Rev.2 distinction, Erzurum, Ağrı, Malatya, Van, Gaziantep, Sanlıurfa and Mardin proviences are sub-regions within this scope. During the planned economy period in Turkey these regions have been an issue for economic and social plan-projects continuously. In order to ensure economic growth, human capital needs to be examined especially. In this study, for seven sub-regions in Turkey the determinants of human capital such as education, health, culture and value-added per capita examined as a consequence of growth to consider the impact of competitiveness. Data used between the years 2007-2011 firstly converted to an index then panel data analysis performed. Effects of health, education, culture and value-added indexes on different regions competitiveness indexes are examined and inter-regional comparisons were carried out. According to panel data application based on regional competitiveness index; cultute and health indexes on TRB2 and TRC2 regions; education and health indexes on TRA1 and TRC1 regions; health and gross value added per capita indexes on TRB1region; culture and education indexes on TRC3 region have negative effects. According to the panel data application on TRA2 region; education, health, culture and gross value added per capita indexes have positive effects on regional competiteveness. From this point, education policies should be revised for he mentioned regions. The policies to be implemented for the development of education also need to be include culture and health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies based on endogenous growth theories areparticularly important for achieving national growth targets. Both physical capital and human capital have an influence on growth . Thus, factors affecting human capita willl indirectly contribute to the growth trend of countries. Although there are many factors that affect human capital, high levels of literacy and health are important because of their positive effects on labor. In this study, the effects of health spending and education spending on economic growth of Turkey for the period 1998:1-2016:1 are analyzed. According to the results of the study, while education spending has no significant effect on economic growth in the long-run, an increase in health spending has a positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the determinants of human capital intensity levels of the firms with emphasize on foreign ownership and R&D activities, also to make a contribution to the scarce empirical literature in this subject. The evidence is based on a comprehensive firm-level survey data gathered through face-to-face questionnaire with the top executives of suppliers operating in Turkish automotive industry. The key findings can be summarized as: (1) foreign ownership is the only variable that has positive (and significant) impact on all senses of supplier's human capital intensity as expected; (2) the impact of foreign ownership on a supplier's human capital is higher for white collar intensity-(general) than for engineer intensity-(specific); (3) being an older or larger supplier negatively (and significantly) impacts a supplier's specific human capital intensity, while performing R&D activities (having an R&D department), and being a first-tier supplier impact positively (and significantly). These findings reveal that smaller and younger first-tier foreign suppliers performing R&D activities employ more specific (engineers) human capital stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of human capital in economic growth began to investigate since the second half of the 20th century and continues to this day. Especially today, when we live in the information, science and technology age the role of human capital in the economic growth is increasing. İn hundreds of studies including different periods and different groups of countries the econometric analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between human capital and economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between human capital and economic growth in the 4 transition economies of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) during the period 1991-2013 by utilizing the Kao panel cointegration, Panel FMOLS methods. The cointegration test results show that there is a cointegration relationship between human capital and economic growth in transition economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World economy that makes living from agricultural production in ancient times has adopted industrial and knowledge-based production with technological developments. Human highlighted theories have become mandatory with information centered production. Because human capital began to be recognized as the engine of economic growth. In this study, regional development and human capital concepts have been analyzed. In this direction, a panel data analysis has been executed with education and health indicators for 2007 - 2011 period with indexing. It is detected that regional competitiveness, gross value added per capita, health and culture indexes have positive impacts on education index. And also, regional competitiveness and gross value added per capita indexes have the negative impact on health index while education and culture indexes have the positive impact. This study aims to investigate the variables that impact on the level of human capital indicators in NUTS 2 level regions and fill the efficiency of searches on human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of human capital factor for the economic development depends mainly on stable growth for a developing country such as Turkey. In this study human capital factors, economic, social and strategic importance was emphasized. The strengths and weaknesses of human capital in Turkey have been analyzed. Characteristics of human capital concepts, elements, functional status, is closely associated with the concept of social capital, intellectual capital with which other similar concepts are discussed. The development of human capital investment, education, health, training, income and economic development is related to exactly the level of one's life. The aim of this study is to show the importance and elements of the concept of human capital, knowledge and how to use technology developments in the global and national economy. It becomes important, to improve productivity, quality and to create skilled labor, create stable economic growth, uphold competitiveness in the world market and to take advantage as opportunities arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented was aimed to investigate how developing countries, which are unable to increase their per capita income and stuck at a level (middle-income trap), can keep up their income level with developed countries' income level. In this sense, feature of the countries -which are stuck in the middle income trap- are analyzed in consideration of some data. The conclusion of the research to rid these countries of middle income trap is that it is necessary to raise especially national savings rate, enhance research and development (R&D) investment and innovation capacity, increase public sources which are used for human capital to have qualified workforce, guard intellectual property and patent rights, make a reform in labor market and enhance total factor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to analyse the relationship and the future of the European Union (EU) and Turkey and seeks to answer this question; Is Turkey that is demanding to become a member of the EU and identifying it as a state policy, really ready for the membership of the Union? In other words, if we take an argument concerning the relationship between European Union and Turkey and the future of this relationship with reference to the Union member states' political / economic / cultural envisagement about Turkey from a critical viewpoint highlighting interior factors rather than exterior factors, then, what could be the reason why Turkey fails the membership or the primary reason retarding the membership? In this study, it is considered that the answer is hidden in Turkey's human capital asset and lack of effectiveness. Although important educational and training projects were implemented to develop qualified work force in the last three centuries from Ottoman times to Republican period, it can be concluded that all these efforts were not enough to catch the expected level. A human capital index is developed for this study in order to compare European countries and Turkey and other indexes were also used. Results showed Turkey's current position with respect to EU and inspire serious policy changes to develop human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concepts of leader and leadership have increased its important and value from past to present. Especially in last decades, with showing the globalization's effects extremely, the world have started to gain a locally market qualifications. This the new world order has made the competition more heavy and violent between the companies. At such an environment, it can be said that there are two primary factors that will able to provide the companies achieve their objectives and goals successfully and thereby gain the sustainable competitive advantage. These factors are leadership and human capital. When two important factors are used by the companies in effective and productive, it can be thought that they gain successfully outcomes. Thus in this study, it is purposed to analyze perceived leadership styles and human capital factors comparatively on the example of public and private sector banks and to reveal the differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labor” is the opening sentence of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. According to Smith market dimension determines the level of specialization. Specialization implies more knowledge. The final result is higher growth. After Smith economists did not pay any more attention to human capital. Their attention was kept by population (Malthus) or by physical capital stock (neoclassic school). At the beginning of the sixties of the XX century Gary Backer published his fundamental contribution to the theory of human capital. This paper examines the basic features of Backer's model. The focus is on how a country can generate a competitive advantage in the production of human capital. Human capital has grown rapidly in both US and EU where represents a wide fraction of total capital. Investment in education is thus more and more the core engine of long run growth. Subsequently on the base of Backer's theory the paper examines the case of EU and “Europe 2020” strategy. Final considerations will deal with Turkey's economic development and the need for a quality education policy, based on investments and on market incentives, bound to guarantee growth sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]