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Clq is thought to play a crucial part in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).[1-3] C1q deficiency and the presence of Clq autoantibodies are associated with increased disease activity [...]

The vulcanization of a mixture of natural rubber (NR, cis-1,4-polyisoprene), elemental sulfur (S), tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM) and zinc oxide (ZnO), in addition to simpler systems containing some of these components, was investigated by means of an electrochemical method. A direct-current voltage was applied to the mixtures with two platinum electrodes. The current, e.g. in the range of 10−9A, was recorded during vulcanization. The complicated curves obtained from the mixture containing S, TMTM and ZnO were most likely caused by the superposition of the contributions of different transitory ionic species. Current maxima occurred at the onset of cross-linking and also earlier. The final reaction product zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnDMTC) also provided some conductivity. For comparison, a reaction involving radical intermediates, the cross-linking of NR with dicumyl peroxide (DCP), was considered.

Objective: To examine the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-1, and the cysteine proteases, cathepsin B (CB) and cathepsin L (CL), in the synovial membrane (SM) of patients with early inflammatory arthritis.
Methods: Samples of SM were obtained by blind needle biopsy or needle arthroscopy from inflamed knees of 28 patients with early inflammatory arthritis (mean disease duration 10.2 months, range 2weeks-18 months). Sixteen patients had rheumatoid arthritis (RA), nine psoriatic arthritis and there was one each with ankylosing spondylitis, gout and an undifferentiated arthritis. Comparison was made with tissue from two patients with established erosive RA and three normal synovial tissue samples. In situ hybridization was performed using digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes.
Results: MMP-1, CB and CL were expressed in all patients with early arthritis and in established erosive RA, whereas normal synovium showed only scanty expression. The three proteases were prominent in perivascular infiltrates and endothelial cells of early arthritis tissue. MMP-1 was observed primarily in the lining layer, but was also evident in the sublining area. CB and CL were expressed to a lesser extent in the lining layer, and were present mainly in subintima. The three proteases were not found in lymphoid aggregates. No differences were observed between the disease categories.
Conclusions: The detection of MMP-1, CB and CL in the synovium shortly after symptom onset implies that the potential for joint destruction exists at a very early stage in the disease. In addition, the perivascular and endothelial cell expression suggests a role for these proteases in mononuclear cell influx to the inflamed synovium and in angiogenesis.

Zusammenfassung Die Herabsetzung der Vernetzungsausbeute, verursacht durch Zusatzstoffe in radikalischen Vernetzungsreaktionen Beispiel ist die Reaktion von Naturkautschuk mit („Vernetzungsdepression”) wird untersucht. Das experimentelle Dicumylperoxid in Anwesenheit vonn-Hexadecanthiol. Die Messung mit Magnetovulkametrie und Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtsquellung geben unterschiedliche Resultate, die diskutiert werden.

Zusammenfassung Durch Messung der Drehung eines im Polymer eingebetteten Weicheisenstäbchens im Magnetfeld (Magnetovulkametrie) werden die Vernetzung von 1,4-Polybutadien und Styrol/Butadien-Kautschuk mit Dicumylperoxid sowie die Vernetzung von Naturkautschuk (1,4-Polyisopren) mit tert-Butylperbenzoat in Abwesenheit von Additiven und in Anwesenheit von Harnstoff, Anilin und Benzylamin untersucht.

Homopolymers of 2-norbornene and 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,5-norbornadiene and copolymers of these bicyclic olefins with 1,5-cyclooctadiene and cyclopentene were prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization. The molecular weight distributions of the polymers were estimated by gel permeation chromatography.

Die Metathese-Reaktion von 1,4-Polybutadien mit 4-Octen wurde unter Anwendung eines WCl6/C2H5AlCl22-Katalysators kinetisch untersucht. Das Gemisch niedermolekularer Produkte wurde gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einer vonW. Kuhn angegebenen Gleichung berechnet. Hieraus und nach der Methode der „Gleichwertszeit” wurde die experimentelle Aktivierungsenergie bestimmt. Der Abbau ist eine statistische Spaltung.

A “realistic” prior probability is always based on case experience (Akten-a-priori). In serological opinions pertaining to parentage, the realistic prior probability is only one piece of information in the whole body of evidence before the judge and does not have any special significance per se. There is no such thing as a “neutral” prior probability. It either implies “ignorance,” in which case it cannot be “information,” or it must be taken in connection with the utility principle, in which case it is not a “probability.”

A man born during the First World War doubted his legitimacy and believed his true father to be his mother's (since deceased) cohabitant. His and his sister's findings in =24 blood group systems produced a probability of sibship of W=33%. The probability of half-sibship between the proband and two of the cohabitant's legitimate children was W=82%, between him and two other children W=70%, and between him and yet another two children W=73%. These values raised doubts about the legitimacy of the cohabitant's six children. By means of serostatistics, using the blood group findings of 8 individuals it was established that it is “highly probable” that two of the six children are not the legitimate children of the cohabitant, but that their father is an unknown man. It was “practically proven”, W=99.97%, that the four legitimate children of the cohabitant are half-siblings of the proband, i.e. they all have the same father. The probability that the initial situation is correct — the proband and the cohabitant's six children are all legitimate — is “practically refuted”: W=0.03%. The probability that the position established on the basis of the blood group findings — the proband is the child of the cohabitant; two of the cohabitant's children are in fact illegitimate — is “practically proven”: W=99.97%.

Summary In the immigration case cited by Jeffreys et al. (1985), the biostatistical evaluation of blood group findings in 16 systems and of HLA-A,B findings for the mother and child, using a special kinship algorithm developed by Ihm and Hummel (1975), produced a probability of maternity of the Ghanaian-born putative mother of W = 6%; the probability of maternity for her sister was W = 94%. Using the DNA multilocus probes 33.15 and 33.6 and the bandsharing technique, the authors analysed band patterns from the putative mother and child as well as another 3 children of the same woman. It was concluded that the putative mother was the mother of all 4 children. An evaluation of the band patterns using the multi-di-allelism model and the kinship algorithm in accordance with the Essen-Möller principle produced: W = 99.99999999999999991%, or, if the “-----” constellations were not considered, W = 99.99998%.

Summary The purpose of official guidelines is to ensure that when blood group serology is used to establish or contest kinship—usually a biologic child-father relationship—the prevailing conditions are both optimal and as similar as possible. Thus, they are concerned with “general conditions of evidence”. Beyond this aspect there are the specific conditions of evidence pertaining to each individual case. They are based above all on the serotype of the child (and that of its mother), including, in deficiency cases, the number and relationship of relatives consulted; they affect both the exclusion expectation and the positive proof. With a new computer program it is now possible to calculate mean W values including upper and lower tail probabilities even in complex cases. From these one can determine whether or not the probability value (W) obtained in a specific case is “typical” for the alleged relationship.

Applying the formula of Schulte-Mönting and Hummel to 100 one-man affairs (filiation cases) in South-West Germany between 1979 and 1981 gave a realistic prior probability of paternity of 0.837±0.0372. This means that in approximately 83.7% of all one-man affairs the man named by the mother to be the father of her child is indeed the father.

More than 1800 HLA-typed mother-child-putative father triplets were biostatistically analyzed on the basis of the Essen-Möller principle. 14 of them had W-values (= probability of paternity) of less than 50%, the lowest value being 4,4%. Using a specially designed computer program, exclusion probabilities between 68 and 96% were calculated. This demonstrates (a) that nonexclusion is not necessarily in every case a positive indication of the paternity of the man involved; and (b) that the probability of exclusion as a biological method of establishing paternity is not a suitable piece of evidence. The W-value (= „probability of paternity“), obtained on the basis of the Essen-Möller principle, provides complete information, and is alone conclusive. — The high proportion of non-full-house children among the 14 cases allows the conclusion that the more comprehensive the specificity spectrum of the antiserums used in the typing is, the fewer the number of such cases.

Zusammenfassung Die Metathesereaktion von C—C-vernetztem 1,4-Polybutadien mit 4-Octen wurde in Anwesenheit eines WCl6/C2H5AlCl2-Katalysators untersucht. Kinetische Messungen zeigten, in welcher Weise die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Molverhältnis der Katalysatorkomponenten abhängt. Die Aktivierungsenergie wurde zuEa = 6,1...9,8 kcal/Mol bestimmt.

Zusammenfassung Die simultane Metathese von Erucasäure und 7-Tetradecen mit einem großen Überschuß von 4-Octen wurde unter Verwendung eines WCl6/C2H5AlCl2-Katalysators untersucht.

Unter Verwendung eines automatischen Lichtstreumeßgerätes wurden die Veränderungen einer 10%igen wäßrigen Polyvinylpyrrolidonlösung registriert. Die vorliegend ausgewerteten Versuche erstreckten sich über 4 Monate von Herbst 1980 bis Winter 1981. Die durch nichttriviale Einflüsse ausgelösten Schwankungen der Streulichtintensitäten wurden mit dem Wettergeschehen in Beziehung gebracht und statistisch bearbeitet. Dabei zeigte sich eine signifikante Streulichtabnahme bei zyklonaler und eine Streulichtzunahme bei antizyklonaler Tendenz. Nach diesen Erkenntnissen besteht eine gewisse Berechtigung, Kolloide als lndikatoren für meteorotrope Erscheinungen zu benutzen. Über das auslosende Agens, das den kolloidalen Zustand zu ändern vermag, wird diskutiert, ohne daß eine endgültige Aussage getroffen wurden kann.

Nucleotide sequence was determined for a 1.6-kilobase human cDNA putative for the branched chain acyltransferase protein of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Translation of the sequence reveals an open reading frame encoding a 315-amino acid protein of molecular weight 35,759 followed by 560 bases of 3'-untranslated sequence. Three repeats of the polyadenylation signal hexamer ATTAAA are present prior to the polyadenylate tail. Within the open reading frame is a 10-amino acid fragment which matches exactly the amino acid sequence around the lipoate-lysine residue in bovine kidney branched chain acyltransferase, thus confirming the identity of the cDNA. Analysis of the deduced protein structure for the human branched chain acyltransferase revealed an organization into domains similar to that reported for the acyltransferase proteins of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. This similarity in organization suggests that a more detailed analysis of the proteins will be required to explain the individual substrate and multienzyme complex specificity shown by these acyltransferases.

The extensive literature on rubber-brass bonding provides a rather complex picture of the architecture of the bonding layers. In the present work, the morphology of cross-sections through the bonding layers perpendicular to the brass surface, seen in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is used as a means of bonding layer classification. Previous experimental results with a simplified cure mixture (consisting of 1,4-polybutadiene, elemental sulfur, N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide, and, in some cases, zinc oxide) and brass foils are reconsidered. In nearly all cases, what we term a central layer is found. It consists of two sublayers with a different content of copper sulfides. Varying deposits of sulfides exist at the brass surface and also above the central layer in the direction of the rubber bulk. The various types of bonding layer with a different type of architecture are discussed in connection with previous results obtained by analytical electron microscopy (AEM) and bonding strength measurements.

The mechanical properties of rubber- brass bonding systems depend on the morphology, chemistry, and crystallography of the phases in the sulfide layers which are formed during cure. These layers contain the crystalline high-digenite and chalcocite copper sulfides. Most of the bonding layers are relatively thin and consist of several phases which can be visualized by electron microscopy (EM). Their characterization requires structural and elemental analyses with high spatial resolution. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) fulfils these requirements. For a successful application of AEM, suitable specimen preparation is a major prerequisite. Two preparation techniques are discussed: the extraction of the bonding layers parallel to the substrate and the preparation by cryo-ultramicrotomy of cross-sections perpendicular to the brass surface. The bonding layers are characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS), electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS), and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). The application of these techniques to bonding layers is demonstrated with typical examples and is discussed critically.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for the characterization of oligomers which were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of methyl N-(1-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-3-carboxylate (1), employing molybdenum alkylidene initiators of the type Mo(CH(t-Bu))(NAr)(OR)2 (Ar = 2,6-di(isopropyl)phenyl, R = C(CH3)3 (I), C10H17 (II), and CCH3(CF3)2 (III)). ROMP was terminated with acetone/water (99/1, v/v), the solvent also used for ESI-MS. The oligomers (2) had different alkylidene end groups derived from the active species:  neopentylidene (from the catalyst), isopropylidene (reaction with acetone) and (2-(methoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-N-(1-phenylethyl)pyrrolid-3-yl)methylidene (reaction with water, hydrogenation product). Metathesis equilibration and intramolecular reactions of the active species with ester groups, resulting in the formation of cyclic products, were found. The influence of the initiator structure and the reaction time tR is discussed.

A recombinant baculovirus that expresses the nucleoprotein gene of measles virus (Edmonston vaccine strain) under the transcriptional control of the polyhedrin promoter was generated. The expressed protein (B-MVN) comigrated with the authentic viral nucleoprotein as observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it was phosphorylated. The B-MVN protein proved to be reactive with monoclonal antibodies in radioimmunoprecipitations, and it was immunogenic, eliciting in mice antisera that recognized the native nucleoprotein. In addition, the B-MVN protein was evaluated as a replacement source of antigen for whole virus in enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detection of measles virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. A capture IgM EIA with the B-MVN protein as antigen detected specific IgM antibodies in 18 (72%) acute- and all convalescent-phase specimens from 25 clinical measles cases and exceeded 99% specificity with 120 control specimens. An indirect IgG EIA with the B-MVN protein detected specific IgG antibodies in 129 of 131 (98%) serum specimens with antibodies to measles virus, and results obtained from testing 268 additional serum specimens were better correlated with measles virus-neutralizing antibodies than those obtained with a commercial EIA.

Among 39 members of a family (“FES”) 11 were found to have the rare C3 variant F0.65. In sera of 4 of 9 members in a second family (“Wt”) the rare C3 variant F0.5 could be detected. Variant-typing was performed on enlarged photographs of electrophoretic runs in which 5 known rare variants were used as reference sera. Typing was carried out by graphic means with a deviation of ±0.036 relative variant units. The F0.65 variant could be observed to follow autosomal codominant inheritance whereas in the F0.5 variant family 1 member possessed the variant which could not be demonstrated in his parents. Quantitation of C3c seems to exclude the occurrence of a Co gene, nor was there evidence for a hypomorphic f. As a possible reason unsatisfactory separation of the F and F0.5 band is discussed. Buffers without calcium ions and runs up to 9 hrs did not improve electrophoretic separation to an extend that 2 bands could be seen. Pt-typing was also performed but did not elucidate the problem. In both families parentage was confirmed through biostatistical evaluation of 17 additional genetic markers.

The expression of chimeric proteins was performed for the localization of monoclonal antibody (MAb) epitopes and functional domains in the hemagglutinin (H) protein of measles virus. The fusion helper function of the H protein was ablated by a single amino acid substitution at residue 98. Loss of reactivity to MAb 79-XV-V17 and to MAbs 16-CD-11 and 80-II-B2 was attributed to substitutions between residues 211 and 291 and between 451 and 505, respectively. The 80-II-B2 MAb epitope also seemed to be within a domain required for hemadsorption and hemagglutination activities.

This paper reviews electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) as an analytical tool for the investigation of non‐biological materials. The fundamentals of the method are briefly described and principles of the interpretation of ESI mass spectra are explained. Differences in comparison to biochemical applications of ESI‐MS are discussed. Selected examples show how ESI‐MS can be used for the investigation of synthetic monomers, oligomers, and polymers, especially in cases where other analytical methods fail.

We investigated the expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in normal and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts. In situ hybridization (ISH) was conducted on synovial specimens from five RA patients applying specific probes for COMP of fibroblast collagen type I. ISH was combined with immunohistochemistry, applying antibodies to the macrophage marker CD68. Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and rapid amplification of 3'-cDNA ends (3'-RACE) were performed on total RNA from normal and RA synovial fibroblast cultures. Protein extracts from fibroblasts and culture supernatants were compared with synovial fluids and protein extracts from isolated chondrocytes by Western blot utilizing polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (18-G3 mAb) to COMP. COMP mRNA was detected in fibroblasts of RA synovium by ISH, and in normal and RA synovial fibroblast cultures by RPA. 3'-RACE demonstrated sequence homology of chondrocyte and synovial fibroblast COMP along the coding sequence. COMP protein was detected in synovial fibroblasts and culture supernatants by immunoblot. Using polyclonal antibodies, the major portion of COMP from fibroblasts and culture supernatants was present as low-molecular-weight (LMW) bands, corresponding to those found in synovial fluids. These LMW COMP bands, however, were not detected in any of the cells or tissues tested using 18-G3 mAb. In protein extracts from chondrocytes and in COMP purified from cartilage, these LMW bands could not be detected. In conclusion, the data suggest that certain forms of COMP detected in synovial fluid are secreted from synovial fibroblasts and could be distinguished by specific mAbs from COMP secreted by chondrocytes.

Zusammenfassung Die Metathese-Reaktion von Covernetzungsprodukten aus Polybutadien und Polypentenamer mit 4-Octen wurde unter Anwendung eines WCl6/C2H5AlCl2-Katalysators kinetisch untersucht. Das Gemisch niedermolekularer Produkte wurde gaschromatographisch analysiert. Die Resultate entsprechen denen, die früher durch gravimetrische Messungen erhalten wurden.

Abstract:  We investigated the feasibility of mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) with G-CSF alone in 24 patients with multiple myeloma. The median age was 53 years (range 33–62). All patients had stage II/III disease and responded to standard first-line (n=6) or salvage chemotherapy (n=18). The median number of previous chemotherapy cycles was 7 (4–18) and the median number of prior melphalan-cycles was 6 (0–14). Nine (35%) patients had experienced prior radiation therapy. The patients received either 10 μg/kg G-CSF (n=18) or 24 μg/kg G-CSF (n=7, including one patient with previous 10 μg/kg G-CSF stimulation) daily s.c. for 5 or more consecutive days until completion of harvesting, starting apheresis on the fifth day. G-CSF treatment was well tolerated, with only slight bone pain in half of the patients (51%). After a median of three (range 1–7) apheresis procedures, medians of 3.8 (0.3–17)106 CD34+ cells/kg, 8.5 (4.5–24)108 MNC/kg, 2.9 (0.6–39.4)104 CFU-GM/kg, and 5.6 (0.9–49)104 BFU-E/kg were harvested. Three patients (12%) with extensive melphalan pretreatment failed the target collection of at least 2.0106 CD34+ cell/kg. Pretreatment with six or more cycles of melphalan yielded a smaller number of CD34+ cells than pretreatment with fewer than six cycles (2.5 vs 5.3106/kg;p=0.001). Nineteen patients underwent high-dose chemotherapy consisting of either total marrow irradiation (9 Gy)/busulfan (12 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (n=10), or busulfan (14 mg/kg)/cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (n=5), or tandem melphalan (200 mg/m2). The median time for granulocyte (>1.0/nl) and platelet (>50/nl) recovery was 10 and 14 days (ranges 7–12 and 8–40), respectively. G-CSF alone is a safe, alternative approach to mobilizing sufficient PBSC in patients with multiple myeloma and allows an exact prediction of harvest time. G-CSF-mobilized PBSCs ensure rapid engraftment after myeloablative therapy. Melphalan treatment should be avoided in patients who are candidates for high-dose chemotherapy.

In a given case with two or more siblings the bloodgroup findings may yield a high plausibility of paternity for the alleged father of the children whilst the HLA-A,B characteristics may exhibit an exclusion of fatherhood of one or other of the siblings. But this “exclusion” may disappear assuming an HLA-A,B recombination of a father's (or mother's) gamete. In such cases simple calculations (i.e., by hand) can provide the serostatistical characteristic L=Y/X (after Essen-Möller) for the given HLA-A,B constellation. In two-child cases with HLA-A,B findings for the putative father, the two pedigrees for the counterhypothesis Y are Yg1and Yg2. The one holds for the case where the putative father is the father of child 1 and the other for the case where he is the father of child 2; in each case an unknown man is the father of the other child. The likelihood ratio is calculated as follows: L=Y/X=1/r·p(3,3)·p(3,4)·[p(4,4)+p(4,3)] / [p(3,3)·p(4,4)+p(3,4)·p(4,3)], where p(3,3) and p(4,4) are the frequencies of the putative father's HLA-A,B haplotypes in the pedigree YH1, p(3,4) and p(4,3) those in pedigree YH2, and where ris the recombination rate. In three-child cases and others in which the putative father is deceased and HLA results from legitimate children or siblings are available, and in which fatherhood is only possible if a recombinant haplotype interferes, only onecounter-hypothesis exists. In these cases, the likelihood ratio is represented by L=Y/X=2/r·p(HR)·2I, where p(HR) means the frequency of the recombinant HLA-A,B haplotype, r the recombination rate and I(0, 1 or 2) the “difference in determined types.” Ist der angebliche Vater von 2 und mehr Kindern nicht durch übliche Blutgruppenbefunde, wohl aber im HLA-A,B-System als Erzeuger von einem der Geschwister auszuschließen, so kann dies an der Existenz eines auf den Loci A und B rekombinanten väterlichen HLA-A,B-Haplotyps bei einem der Kinder liegen. In solchen Fällen gelangt man, wie in der Arbeit gezeigt wird, auf einfache Weise, d. h. von Hand, zu einer für die gegebene HLA-A,B-Konstellation gültigen serostatistischen Kenngröße L=Y/X (i.S. Essen-Möllers). In Zweikindfällen mit HLA-A,B-Befunden des Putativvatersgibt es zwei Gegenhypothesen(HY1und HY2) mit Stammbäumen YH1und YH2. Die eine gilt für den Fall, daß der Putativvater der Erzeuger von Kind 1 ist, die andere für den Fall, daß er der Erzeuger von Kind 2 ist; jeweils ein Unbekannter ist dann der Vater des anderen Kindes. Der Likelihoodquotient errechnet sich wie folgt: L=Y/X=1/r·p(3,3)·p(3,4)·[p(4,4)+p(4,3)] / [p(3,3)·p(4,4)+p(3,4) p(4,3)]. Dabei sind p(3,3) und p(4,4) die Häufigkeiten der HLA-A,B-Haplotypen des Putativvaters in Stammbaum YH1, p(3,4) und p(4,3) die in Stammbaum YH2; r ist die Rekombinationsrate. In drei und mehr-Kind-Fällensowie all jenen, bei denen der vermutete Erzeuger verstorben ist, statt seiner aber HLA-A,B-Befunde von 2 oder mehr ehelichen Geschwisternzur Verfügung stehen, gibt es nur eineGegenhypothese YH. Für den Likelihoodquotienten dieser Fälle gilt L=Y/X=2/r·p(HR)·2I, wobei p(HR) die Häufigkeit des rekombinanten HLA-A,B-Haplotyps, r die Rekombinationsrate und I(0, 1 oder 2) die sog. “Definitionsdifferenz” ist und eine Erzeugerschaft nur möglich ist, wenn ein rekombinanter Haplotyp interferiert.

There is no apparent advantage in using exclusion probability A (or WA) in cases where parentage is disputed in either normal or special cases. Furthermore, WA provides no more information than WEM. However, the converse is true: WA does not take the serotype of the putative father into account. Moreover, it is neither easier to understand nor easier to work with and, like WEM, it also requires a prior probability. WA is also not helpful in interpreting WEM; for this, one has to use mean WEM values for fathers and non-fathers. There is no reason to expect WA and WEM to converge at the upper end of the scale. WA is unsuitable for establishing the borderline where decisions may no longer be valid, as the error quota in individual cases can be greater than that allowed within the limits. 100-WEM % is the probability or error in categorical decisions in 100 cases with similar combinations. In contrast, 100-WA % cannot provide a reliable probability of error in individual cases because WA does not take full account of the phenotype of the putative father.

Summary Blood group systems with a rare second allel are in praxis ineffective and therefore uneconomical because of their low exclusion potency as well as their low serostatistical value.

Various DNA and RNA virus species are inhibited by xanthate compounds at concentrations that leave the mitotic activity of uninfected cells unimpaired. The concentration of tricyclodecan -9-yl- xanthogenate that reduces the yield of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by 50% is between 4.5 and 33 microM. The replication of DNA viruses such as simian virus 40 can be blocked at the DNA and RNA level both early and late after infection. The xanthates are not incorporated into nucleic acids. Episomal bovine papilloma virus DNA replication and transcription are also inhibited in transformed cells. The treated cells revert to the normal phenotype by acquisition of contact inhibition and a flat morphology.

The new illegitimaticy laws handled in the German parliament require convincing clarification of the paternity. Legal and biological paternity should be now as much the same as possible. The expert has to give the judge the evidences he requires to make his judgement. The charge of paternity can be disproved absolutely with valid exclusion by serological facts. Some weaker arguments against the charge of fatherhood from statistical evaluation of gynaecological and serological findings and anthropological evidence should also be considered. The positive proof of fatherhood comes from biostatistical evaluation of serological findings and anthropological evidence. The methods applicable at this time for obtaining decision on disputed paternity including biostatical evaluation, make it possible to give a positive or negative indication in most of the cases.

An111 Blutgruppengutachter in der BRD wurden Fragebogen verschickt, um deren Ansicht zur biostatistischen Auswertung serologischer Befunde zu erfahren. 84 (=75%) von diesen antworteten. 67 (=80% der Rücksender) führen Berechnungen der Vaterschaftswahrscheinlichkeit durch. Ein Teil der biostatistisch nicht tätigen Gutachter steht der Methode ebenfalls positiv gegenüber. Insgesamt befürworten 87% der Gutachter die serostatistische Auswertung. 70% geben an, daß die Gerichte an der Serostatistik interessiert sind; 50% verzeichnen eine Zunahme des Interesses. Ein nicht geringer Teil der Gutachter erhält durch Gerichte laufend Aufträge zur Erstattung biostatistischer Gutachten. Meist bestimmen die Gutachter auch ohne speziellen Auftrag die Vaterschaftswahrscheinlichkeit und teilen das Resultat im Gutachten mit. 90% der Befragten benutzen das vonEssen-Möller entwickelte Verfahren als Rechengrundlage. 70% teilen im Gutachten sowohl die Prozentzahl der Wahrscheinlichkeit, als auch das verbale Prädikat mit. Ein Viertel aller, welche sich zu den Bewertungsgrenzen äußern, benutzt für den positiven Beweis Grenzwerte zwischen 96 und 99,8%, die Hälfte hält eine Grenze von 95% für richtig und ein Viertel benutzt als Grenzwert 90 %. Einige der Gutachter halten auch schon Werte von 80 % an für forensisch brauchbar.

Zusammenfassung Radikalisch vernetztes Polybutadien wird in Anwesenheit eines WCl6/C2H5AlCl2-Katalysators durch „Metathese“ abgebaut. Die Umsetzung wird hinsichtlich ihres Ablaufs als Grenzschicht-Reaktion betrachtet. Durch eine geeignete Wahl der Versuchsbedingungen lassen sich verschiedene Spezialfälle des Reaktionsablaufs erhalten: die Umsetzung kann sich auf die Phasengrenze Gel/Lösung beschränken oder auch im Inneren des Gels ablaufen, wobei ein Gradient der Vernetzung und eine 2. Phasengrenze gefunden werden.

Zusammenfassung??Aus den Versuchsergebnissen geht hervor, da? die Haftfestigkeit der an die Erythrozytenoberfl?che gebundenen Polyvinylpyrrolidon- (PVP-) Molekel gering ist. Trotzdem d?rfte die Bindung nicht rein ?adsorptiver? Natursein, es scheinen vielmehr an der Zelloberfl?che rezeptorartige Pl?tze zu existieren, deren Strukturperioden mit denen des PVP stereochemisch in einem gewissen Grad ?bereinstimmen.Die Form der Adsorptionsisothermen deutet daraufhin, da? mit steigender Konzentration der PVP-Vorlage zuerst Komplexe h?herer, danach solche geringerer Bindungsfestigkeit gebildet werden. Wahrscheinlich besitzt die Zelloberfl?che 2 Typen verschieden stark mit PVP korrespondierender Re-zeptoren.Es wird anhand der Versuchsergebnisse wahrscheinlich gemacht, da? mit steigender Belegung der Erythrozytenoberfl?che die gebundenen PVP-Molekel sich aufrichten und zusammenschieben, bis sie bei S?ttigung einen dichten, b?rstenartigen Besatz bilden. Zur Aufrichtung and Parallelordnung sind intermolekulare Anziehungskr?fte notwendig.Die Agglomeration von Erythrozyten in PVP-L?sung wird auf associative Kr?fte zwischen den adsorbierten Kolloidschichten der Zellen zur?ckgef?hrt, welche eine Verzahnung und gegenseitige Durchdringung dieser Schichten herbeif?hren.

Zusammenfassung Aus den Versuchsergebnissen geht hervor, daß die Haftfestigkeit der an die Erythrozytenoberfläche gebundenen Polyvinylpyrrolidon- (PVP-) Molekel gering ist. Trotzdem dürfte die Bindung nicht rein “adsoptiver” Natur sein, es scheinen vielmehr an der Zelloberfläche rezeptorartige Plätze zu existieren, deren Strukturperioden mit denen des PVP stereochemisch in einem gewissen Grad übereinstimmen.

Zusammenfassung:

Zusammenfassung: Gewaschene, in physiologischer NaCl-Lsung aufgeschwemmte menschliche Erythrocyten zeigten nach Zentrifugieren mitsteigender Zentrifugalkraft abnehmende Porenvolumina; der mit Flssigkeit erfllte Zwischenraum in den erhaltenen Sedimenten erreichte bei Anwendung von 16000g fr 5 min eine Gre von ca. 2% des Sedimentvolumens. Wurde 96 min bei160 g zentrifugiert, betrug der Zwischenraum 3,5%, bei 480g war er 0,7% und bei 1440g 0,6%. Die Abhngigkeit des Zwischenraums von der Zentrifugalkraft und Zentrifugierzeit konnte wegen des besonderen Einflusses der Grenzbedingungen (hohe Zentrifugalkraft, lange Zentrifugierzeit) nicht in eine einfache Formel gebracht werden; in mittleren Bereichen scheint die Zentrifugalkraft etwa linear, die Zentrifugierzeit etwa quadratisch in die Formel einzugehen. Bei Zentrifugierversuchen von Erythrocytensuspensionen ingleichweiten Zentrifugierglsern (1500g, 3 min) zeigte sich eine etwa lineare Abhngigkeit der Zwischenraumgre von derMenge der eingefllten Erythrocyten. Die Konzentration der Suspension war ohne merklichen Einflu auf die erzielte Packungsdichte. Wurden die Erythrocyten inverschieden weiten Glsern zentrifugiert (bei 1500g fr 3 min), dann zeigte sich das Porenvolumen etwa linear abhngig von der Einfllhhe der Erythrocyten-Suspension; der Verdnnungsgrad der Suspension war wieder ohne merklichen Einflu. Des weiteren war die Rhrchenkuppe von Bedeutung. Da das in der Kuppe befindliche Sediment nach Zentrifugieren unverhltnismig dichter gepackt ist als die darberstehende Sedimentmenge, ist die Gesamtkonzentration der zentrifugierten Erythrocyten um so hher, je grer (bei gleicher Einfllhhe an Sediment) der Sedimentanteil in der Rhrchenkuppe ist; demnach erhlt man inweiten Rhrchengeringere Porenvolumina als in engeren, auerdem sind in spitzbodigen Rhrchen bei geringen Einfllungen die Zwischenrume geringer als in rundbodigen. Fr die Praxis der Herstellung dichter Erythrocytensedimente ergeben die Versuche, da man eine um so dichtere Packung der Erythrocyten erhlt, je weitere Rhrchen man whlt und je geringer die Sedimenteinfllung ist. Zur Erzielung eineroptimalen Packungsdichte gengt es, die Erythrocyten bei 1440g (ca. 2800 U/min beir=15 cm) etwa 1/2 Std lang zu zentrifugieren.

Ten twin pairs, concordant in sex, were found to be also concordant in the ABO, MNSs, Hp, Gc, acP, PGM and AK systems and in the properties Kell, Fy(a), Gm(1), Gm(2) and Inv(1) too. In connection with the blood group types of the parents of the twins, the blood grouping results yielded plausibilities of monocygosity of more than 99% for all the cases. For the calculation the Bayes' formula was used.

There was found a higher frequency of Hp1 and a lower of Inv1 in the population of Cologne than in the population of Freiburg. The frequencies of Hp2, Gm1, Pb and PGM2 in the Turkish population were found to be higher than those in the German population; the frequencies of Hp1, Gm1,2, Pa, Pc and PGM1 were found to be lower. In the systems Gc and AK the frequencies in the two populations are not significantly different.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung Mit Rh0-(D) Antikörpern sensibilisierte menschliche Erythrocyten binden weniger Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP) ¯Mw 25000 als nichtsensibilisierte; Anti-A-sensibilisierte Zellen sind hinsichtlich der PVP-Bindung von nichtsensibilisierten nicht verschieden. Ein Zusatz von Humanserum hemmte die PVP-Adsorption nur gering. Dagegen führte die Waschung der Zellen zu einer Verminderung der Adsorptionsgröße, die parallel mit dem durch die Waschung herbeigeführten Lipidverlust ging. Durch die Waschung verminderte sich außerdem die Bindungsfähigkeit der Rh-positiven Zellen gegenüber Rh-Antikörpern.