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2024 AUG 24 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Obesity, Fitness & Wellness Week -- Current study results on Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases and Conditions - Diabetes [...]

A recent study conducted at the University Teaching Hospital focused on the rare association between septic shock, acute tubular necrosis, and central diabetes insipidus. The study reported a case of a young man with severe dehydration, renal failure, and persistent polyuria due to gastrointestinal infection. The research concluded that the cascade of events leading to diabetes insipidus was likely triggered by septic shock and subsequent physiological changes. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at the publisher's website. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Heidelberg University conducted a study on insulin-induced copeptin response in children and adolescents to diagnose arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVD). The study found that insulin-stimulated serum copeptin concentrations are a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for AVD in pediatric patients. This research provides a promising method to diagnose AVD and test multiple pituitary hormone axes simultaneously in a single test. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Flinders University in Australia have published a new study on posterior pituitary hormones, specifically focusing on propofol-induced transient arginine vasopressin deficiency in a 26-year-old female undergoing surgery. The study characterizes the development of arginine vasopressin deficiency and attributes it to propofol exposure based on the anaesthetic agent's profile and existing literature. The research provides insights into anaesthesia-associated diabetes insipidus and offers valuable learning points. For more information, the study can be found in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports. [Extracted from the article]

A retrospective study examined 10 pediatric patients who developed various toxicities while being treated with MEK inhibitors between 2016 and 2023. The toxicities included erythema multiforme, paronychia, acne, folliculitis, diarrhea, weight loss, intractable dermatitis, and infections such as parainfluenza and COVID-19. The patients were receiving trametinib alone or in combination with dabrafenib or sirolimus, with some experiencing grade 3 toxicities that led to treatment modifications. Some patients showed improvement with treatment adjustments or switching to alternative therapies. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Amsterdam University Medical Centre discusses congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a rare disorder affecting water balance in the body. The research emphasizes the challenges in diagnosing and managing this condition, providing 36 recommendations for treatment and follow-up. The goal is to offer guidance to healthcare professionals and patients, highlighting the need for further research to develop evidence-based guidelines in the future. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Helsinki University Hospital in Finland examined the outcomes and complications of vertical parasagittal hemispherotomy (VPH) in children with drug-resistant hemispheric epilepsy. The research found that VPH led to durable seizure freedom in a majority of patients, with some experiencing improved cognitive outcomes post-surgery. However, complications such as hydrocephalus and diabetes insipidus were common after VPH, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and management. The study concluded that incomplete disconnection during VPH did not necessarily prevent seizure freedom. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Tel Aviv University focused on the incidence of neurological adverse events (NAEs) among pediatric patients with Moyamoya undergoing general anesthesia for nonrevascularization procedures. The research found that the incidence of postanesthesia NAEs was low, with only one case out of 149 procedures, despite the patient having specific medical conditions. The study suggests that general anesthesia for nonrevascularization procedures in pediatric patients with Moyamoya, prepared with hyperhydration, is safe. This information can be valuable for reassuring patients and their families, especially considering the importance of neuroradiological follow-up in children with Moyamoya. [Extracted from the article]

A report from Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan, discusses a case of a four-year-old male with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and subsequent central diabetes insipidus. LCH is characterized by the clonal growth of dendritic cells, leading to various clinical manifestations. The research details the clinical course of the patient and highlights the development of diabetes insipidus as a complication. This peer-reviewed study sheds light on the challenges and recovery journey of pediatric patients with these conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses research on Diabetes Insipidus conducted at The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in the United Kingdom. Diabetes Insipidus is a group of disorders that result in the production of large volumes of dilute urine, with three main forms identified. The study highlights the importance of differentiating between these forms for proper treatment and emphasizes the use of copeptin measurements for improved diagnostic performance. The research aims to enhance the evidence base for investigating Diabetes Insipidus and improve diagnostic guidelines in the future. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Bahir Dar University have published a case report on a rare occurrence of diabetes insipidus caused by arginine vasopressin deficiency and a partially empty sella in an 18-year-old Ethiopian woman. The study highlights the importance of considering empty sella as a potential cause of diabetes insipidus in patients with pituitary dysfunction. This research provides valuable insights into the diagnosis and management of diabetes insipidus secondary to partially empty sella. [Extracted from the article]

A recent Spanish multicenter study focused on childhood-onset craniopharyngioma patients, analyzing factors affecting their quality of life. The study included 66 patients aged 2 to 25, with most having suprasellar craniopharyngiomas and hypothalamic involvement. Long-term complications included visual deficits and endocrine impairments, with quality of life being negatively impacted by factors such as repeated surgeries, radiotherapy, and hypothalamic involvement. The research highlights the need for further studies to improve treatment strategies and minimize treatment-related sequelae. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Nanjing University analyzed factors influencing the occurrence of diabetes insipidus following neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas. The research identified multiple independent risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, and preoperative serum cortisol levels, that contribute to the development of postoperative diabetes insipidus. A predictive model was developed to assess the risk of diabetes insipidus in patients with pituitary adenomas, aiming to aid in the prevention or reduction of its incidence following surgery. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy in Galati, Romania, focused on the diagnostic utility of copeptin in pediatric patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome (PPS). The study aimed to differentiate between central diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and primary polydipsia using copeptin testing methods. The findings indicated that copeptin dosing, particularly through stimulation tests, showed excellent diagnostic accuracy, making it an effective and less invasive diagnostic tool for children with PPS. Further standardization of copeptin testing protocols is recommended for future development. [Extracted from the article]

A 16-year-old boy developed Fanconi syndrome and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus while being treated with ifosfamide for femur osteosarcoma. The boy had been diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the right femur with pulmonary metastasis and was receiving ifosfamide as part of his chemotherapy regimen. He developed symptoms such as hypokalaemia, hypophosphataemia, polyuria, glycosuria, and proteinuria, leading to the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, both related to ifosfamide. Treatment included potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics to manage the condition. [Extracted from the article]

A 53-year-old woman developed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) while being treated with lithium for bipolar disorder. She presented with symptoms of high fever and altered mental status, leading to a diagnosis of urosepsis and hypernatremia. After discontinuing lithium and receiving aggressive free water repletion, her sodium levels normalized, and she was discharged on valproate and hydrochlorothiazide for NDI treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A 79-year-old man developed lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus while being treated for bipolar disorder with lithium, valproic acid, and flucloxacillin. His valproic acid levels decreased due to a drug-drug interaction with flucloxacillin, leading to a decrease in efficacy. Despite adjustments in medication, the man experienced a recurrence of staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and ultimately passed away. The case highlights the complexities of managing multiple medications and the potential risks of drug interactions in patients with comorbid conditions. [Extracted from the article]

A 65-year-old man experienced hypocalcaemia while being treated with denosumab for osteoporosis, hydrocortisone for hypopituitarism, and esomeprazole for Helicobacter pylori infection. He had a history of craniopharyngioma, hypopituitarism, and osteoporosis, and was initially admitted to the hospital for osteoporosis treatment. After receiving denosumab, he developed hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia, which were eventually corrected with calcium supplements. Despite a rechallenge with denosumab six months later, he again experienced hypocalcaemia, leading to treatment with calcium supplements and discharge on alfacalcidol and calcium-carbonate. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at National Taiwan University Hospital focused on a case of autosomal dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) caused by a novel mutation in the AQP2 gene. The study examined a 9-month-old male who presented with symptoms of vomiting, dehydration, and mild hypernatremia. The patient was diagnosed with NDI and also found to have eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Genetic testing revealed a previously unreported deletion in the AQP2 gene, which was determined to be pathogenic and inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The study provides a detailed clinical description of the patient's condition and compares it to other family members, as well as reviewing existing literature on autosomal dominant NDI caused by AQP2 mutations. [Extracted from the article]

A study from Lima, Peru has reported on a case of Fanconi syndrome induced by ifosfamide in a 16-year-old male patient with femur osteosarcoma. The patient experienced symptoms such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, polyuria, glycosuria, and proteinuria. The management of the condition focused on controlling the internal environment and using potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics. The research suggests that patients receiving ifosfamide should be regularly monitored for kidney function and internal environment to detect potential complications. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for compositions and methods involving engineered deubiquitinases, which are enzymes that play a role in regulating cellular processes. These processes are important for the survival and function of cells, and disruptions can lead to various diseases, including cystic fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias. The patent describes a vector that encodes a recombinant engineered deubiquitinase, which includes a catalytic unit and a protein binder that specifically binds to a target substrate protein. This technology has potential applications in personalized medicine, gene therapy, and combating infectious diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued to Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York for compositions and methods involving engineered deubiquitinases. These deubiquitinases are specialized proteins that can modify the process of ubiquitination, which plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes. The patent describes the use of these engineered deubiquitinases in probing and understanding various cellular processes, including those related to cancer, cystic fibrosis, ion channels, and viral infections. The invention has potential applications in personalized medicine, gene therapy, and the development of treatments for rare diseases. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research on diabetes insipidus, a condition that can occur after surgery for pituitary macroadenoma. The researchers hypothesized that using indocyanine green (ICG) dye during surgery would reduce complications. A study was conducted with 34 patients, randomly assigned to receive ICG or be in the control group. The results showed that the use of ICG did not have significant benefits in reducing complications. Further research with a larger sample size is needed. [Extracted from the article]

The API Innovation Center (APIIC) has received $14 million in funding from the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response's Center for Industrial Base Management and Supply Chain. This funding will support the development and domestic production of three critical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used in the treatment of asthma, diabetes, and anxiety disorders. The goal is to strengthen the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain and address national health security risks, as a significant portion of the nation's top 100 generic medicines currently rely on foreign manufacturers. APIIC will lead the development and production of these APIs, which have been chosen based on their vital role in healthcare and history of shortages. [Extracted from the article]

A 52-year-old woman developed myelosuppression while undergoing treatment for recurrent multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. She received chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, etoposide, prednisone, and vindesine, which led to a localized infection. The infection was successfully treated, and the woman achieved a partial response to the chemotherapy. She then underwent maintenance chemotherapy and experienced grade-II myelosuppression, which was resolved with treatment using filgrastim. [Extracted from the article]

A case report published in Reactions Weekly describes a 69-year-old man who developed hypophysitis with central diabetes insipidus after receiving the AZD-1222 vaccine. The man experienced symptoms of excessive thirst and urination two weeks after his second vaccination. Tests revealed central diabetes insipidus and mild prolactinemia, and an MRI showed signs of hypophysitis. The patient was treated with desmopressin, which successfully normalized his fluid intake, sodium levels, and urinary volume. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) provides new insights into Wolfram syndrome, a rare childhood disease characterized by diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, blindness, deafness, neurodegeneration, and early death. The study focused on the role of oligodendroglia, a type of cell in the nervous system, in the development of optic neuropathy in Wolfram syndrome. The researchers found that oligodendroglia functions were largely preserved in mouse and patient-derived models of Wolfram syndrome, suggesting that the primary cause of the disease may lie elsewhere. Further investigation into neurons and neuron-oligodendroglia interactions is needed for potential future treatments. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted at the Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences in Uttar Pradesh, India, has examined the prevalence and clinical course of water and electrolyte disturbances (WEDs) following transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery (TSS). The study found that WEDs are a common occurrence in the postoperative period, which can lead to prolonged hospital stays and readmissions, although they are rarely life-threatening. The research identified predictive factors for the occurrence of WEDs, such as apoplexy and duration of surgery. The study emphasizes the importance of timely follow-up and early diagnosis of new hormone deficiencies in postoperative care. [Extracted from the article]

Patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and central diabetes insipidus (CDI) have a higher burden of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) involvement compared with patients who have AAV but not CDI, [...]

A 39-year-old patient developed diabetes insipidus renalis during treatment with off-label inhalation sedative therapy with sevoflurane. The patient was admitted with COVID-19 and received various treatments, including IV dexamethasone and supportive therapy with morphine. After experiencing increased serum sodium concentrations and excessive diuresis, the patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus renalis secondary to sevoflurane. Treatment with sevoflurane was discontinued, and the patient was successfully managed with other medications, eventually recovering and being transferred to neurological rehabilitation. [Extracted from the article]

Two case reports were presented involving infants who experienced adverse reactions or lack of efficacy while being treated with desmopressin for central diabetes insipidus or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In the first case, a 2-month-old girl with holoprosencephaly and corpus callosum agenesis developed oedema and an increase in cardiac enzymes after receiving desmopressin. In the second case, a 2-month-old boy with suspected diabetes insipidus did not show improvement with desmopressin and was later diagnosed with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with a genetic mutation. Both infants were discharged in stable condition after receiving appropriate treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the University of Cadi Ayyad in Marrakech, Morocco discusses the rare occurrence of abscessed craniopharyngiomas, which are tumors affecting children and adults. The report focuses on a case of a 10-year-old girl who had an abscessed craniopharyngioma, which was successfully treated with surgery and antibiotics. The researchers emphasize the importance of a thorough patient history and clinical-radiological correlation for accurate diagnosis. This research provides valuable insights into the management of this challenging condition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Bicetre Hospital in Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France, focused on diabetes insipidus, a disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis, regulation, or renal action of antidiuretic hormone. The study proposed renaming diabetes insipidus to avoid confusion with diabetes mellitus. The most common form of diabetes insipidus, caused by dysfunction of the neurohypophysis, would be called "vasopressin deficiency," while the rarer form, linked to renal vasopressin resistance, would be called "vasopressin resistance." The study also discussed the challenges in distinguishing diabetes insipidus from primary polydipsia and the treatment options available. The researchers suggested the possibility of using stimulation of oxytocin to identify alterations in oxytocin synthesis as a new test for confirming deficiencies in patients with diabetes insipidus. [Extracted from the article]

A case report published in Reactions Weekly describes a 39-year-old woman who experienced a lack of efficacy and exacerbation of diabetes insipidus during treatment with oxytocin, methylergometrine, and hydrocortisone. The woman received these medications for postpartum vaginal bleeding prophylaxis and adrenal insufficiency. Despite the treatment, she experienced significant postpartum bleeding and developed symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Further investigations revealed that she had Sheehan's syndrome with central diabetes insipidus, and she required long-term hormone replacement therapy. [Extracted from the article]

A 34-year-old woman experienced a rebound effect in the form of worsening headaches while being treated with dexamethasone for pituitary apoplexy. She also did not respond well to azathioprine treatment for the same condition. The woman had a history of primary hypothyroidism and initially saw improvement in her headaches with dexamethasone, but they worsened after completing treatment. She was later diagnosed with pituitary apoplexy and received prednisone, which improved her symptoms. However, treatment with azathioprine did not have the desired effect, as MRI findings showed no change in the pituitary mass. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a study on Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WS1), an inherited condition characterized by childhood-onset diabetes mellitus and progressive optic nerve atrophy. The study focuses on the impact of specific mutations in the WFS1 gene on the pathophysiological alterations in WS1 patients. The researchers used bioinformatic analysis, RNA sequencing, and patient-derived induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to investigate alternative splicing events and the resulting isoforms in pancreatic beta cells. They found that certain isoforms sustained the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in beta cells, while others led to apoptosis. The study highlights the importance of understanding the molecular basis of genotype-phenotype relationships in WS1 to improve clinical outcomes for patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at University Hospital Pisana in Pisa, Italy, has examined Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS1), a rare autosomal recessive neurological disorder. WS1 is characterized by diabetes insipidus, early-onset non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. The disease also presents with neuropsychiatric symptoms, urinary tract alterations, and endocrinological disorders. WS1 is caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene, which produces wolframin, a protein that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. Unfortunately, there are currently no specific drugs available for the treatment of WS1. The study aims to improve understanding of the disease's pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic approaches to enhance patients' quality of life and life expectancy. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Oradea in Romania have published a case report and review on Wolfram syndrome type I, a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and sensorineural deafness. The study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to improve outcomes for patients with this complex syndrome. The researchers presented a case of a 28-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy, and genetic testing confirmed the presence of pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene, which is associated with Wolfram syndrome. The study concludes that genetic testing not only confirms diagnosis but also guides clinical management and informs genetic counseling for affected families. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Connecticut Children's Medical Center in Farmington, Connecticut, has found that central sleep apnea is a serious but uncommon feature of Wolfram syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. Wolfram syndrome is characterized by diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy, and additional symptoms may include hearing impairment, central diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, delayed puberty, neurogenic bladder, cerebellar ataxia, and psychiatric disorders. The study reported on an adolescent with Wolfram syndrome who exhibited severe central sleep apnea during polysomnography testing. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

A 41-year-old man developed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) while being treated with lithium for schizophrenia. He had been receiving lithium treatment for 10 years and had a history of polydipsia. The man experienced seizures and his sodium levels decreased, indicating hyponatremia. After being diagnosed with NDI secondary to lithium therapy, he was treated with sodium-chloride, glucose, and desmopressin. His sodium levels stabilized, but he continued to have excessive urine output. Additional doses of desmopressin improved his condition. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Tartu has shed light on Wolfram syndrome, a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the WFS1 or CISD2 gene. The study focused on the impact of impaired ER Ca2+ handling on mitochondrial function and neuronal health in Wolfram syndrome. The researchers found that the loss of ER Ca2+ content and impaired ER-mitochondrial contact sites in affected neurons led to decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and inhibited mitochondrial ATP production, resulting in compromised neuronal health. The study also identified potential pharmacological targets and compounds that could restore Ca2+ homeostasis, enhance mitochondrial function, and improve neuronal health. [Extracted from the article]

A 59-year-old man experienced transient diabetes insipidus (tDI) after discontinuing vasopressin. The man had a history of papillary thyroid cancer and was admitted to the ICU with a large neck mass and acute respiratory distress. He received vasopressin for 5 days and after discontinuation, his urine output significantly increased and his serum sodium levels rose. Treatment included enteral free water and electrolyte replenishment, and within 24 hours, his urine output and sodium levels returned to normal. It was concluded that the tDI was a result of vasopressin withdrawal. [Extracted from the article]

A 25-year-old woman experienced intense and pulsatile headaches while being treated with desmopressin for central diabetes insipidus. She initially presented with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, intense headache, and visual disturbances. After being diagnosed with CID, she began treatment with desmopressin but was lost to follow-up. When she returned to the hospital 22 months later, she was admitted for evaluation of persistent daily headaches. Her desmopressin dosage was reduced, and she had a positive response, although the outcome is not specified. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Maryland focused on the clinical management of unremitting nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI). The study found that the standard medical therapy for DI, which includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diuretics, low dietary solute and protein, and high water intake, can improve symptoms but does not fully address the urine-concentrating defect. The researchers described the challenges faced in managing a patient with nephrogenic DI who only partially responded to standard therapy, resulting in a negative impact on the patient's quality of life. This research has been peer-reviewed and is available for further reading in the journal Clinical Nephrology. [Extracted from the article]

A 69-year-old woman experienced various toxicities as a result of lithium toxicity for bipolar disorder. She developed encephalopathy, acute kidney injury, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and QT interval prolongation. The woman had a history of bipolar disorder and was also diabetic and hypertensive. She received treatment with lithium, as well as other medications. She underwent haemodialysis and received treatment for her symptoms, eventually experiencing resolution of all symptoms and being discharged without any neurological deficits. [Extracted from the article]

A 53-year-old woman developed acute lithium poisoning leading to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus during treatment for bipolar disorder. She had been receiving lithium for 14 years along with other medications for her condition. After experiencing symptoms such as confusion and muscle rigidity, she was diagnosed with acute lithium poisoning and severe renal failure. Treatment involved stopping lithium and sodium valproate, and administering potassium and amiloride. Her condition improved after a week, and she resumed taking sodium valproate alone once her renal function and electrolytes normalized. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study published by a researcher at the Institute of Mental Health explores the case of a 10-year-old girl with Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WS1). WS1 is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by diabetes insipidus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. This particular case presented with obsessive-compulsive disorder, which was successfully managed with fluvoxamine, followed by the manifestation of excessive daytime sleepiness, diagnosed as narcolepsy type 2. The study highlights the importance of screening for neuropsychiatric phenotypes and sleep-related disorders in WS1 for effective clinical management and improved quality of life. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Umm Al-Qura University discusses findings on Wolfram syndrome, a genetic neurological condition. The report describes the first instance of Wolfram syndrome in a Saudi family, which presented with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and a powder-like cataract, among other unusual ophthalmological findings. The case involved a 27-year-old Saudi woman who was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at the age of 8 and later developed bilateral optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and hearing loss. The research emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for improved survival rates and quality of life. [Extracted from the article]