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The article explores the paper currency during the French revolution of Siege of Lyon which took place in France between August 9 and October 9, 1793. It provides a background of the revolution which split between 1790 and 1793 where revolutionary groups vied with royalist establishment. It notes the 400 livres, the largest denomination produced during the period including the 25 sous, 50 sous and 20 livres which all printed uniface on heavy off-white paper with ornamental black borders.

The article offers information on the history and evolution of turbo codes in France. It mentions that researchers spend 45 years to search for these codes and it was only in 1193 that Robert Gallager and Claude Shannon developed the turbo codes, a set of codes that achieve date rates close to the theoretical limits of Shannon. It mentions that after several decades of neglect, the code found its practical use in the transmission of satellite television and wireless data.

A biography of French spy, diplomat, and soldier Chevalier Charles Geneviève Louis Auguste André Timothée D'Eon de Beaumont, born in 1728, is presented. It comments on his service in the French secret diplomacy system Le Secret du Roi, noting that he dressed as a woman for espionage purposes. The author considers D'Eon's postings in Russia and in England and examines his rivalry with Comte Claude Louis François Régnier de Guerchy. The controversy of D'Eon's anatomical sex is also explored.

A biography is presented for Scottish economist and speculator John Law. He was born in 1671 in Edinburgh, Scotland, moved to London, England after the death of his father, and fled to the continent after a fatal duel in 1694. He traveled throughout Europe and garnered a substantial fortune with risky investments and gambling. He published "Money and Trade Considered" in 1704, created the Company of the West to finance French colonization of North America, and died in Venice, Italy in 1729.

Provides instructions on marquetry. Popularity of marquetry among the upper classes in 18th-century France; List of materials; Procedure for marquetry.

The article offers information on the war of Charolais, France between 1477-1478. Topics discussed include research papers on war in the library of Saint-Berain-sous-Sanvignes, France, gratifications of officers, troops of French Emperor Louis XI in the war, fortress during the war and history of Burgundy, France.

The third volume of the memoirs of the Baron de Vitrolles is not inferior in interest to the first two volumes. It opens at Vincennes, France. The old castle brought to mind the young Due d'Enghien. Vitrolles had known of him, had seen him in all the bloom of youth. The fate of the Due d'Enghien was before Vitrolles. He was left alone, without any news. After a few days the papers were sent to him. He learned that he was excepted from the general amnesty given by Napoleon Bonaparte, and waited quietly for events. He was preparing for death, and looked through the bars of his prison on the sky and on the country, as if every day would be his last.

The article discusses American journalist and humanitarian Varian Fry who was active in Marseille, France between 1940 and 1941. Working for the US Emergency Rescue Committee, Fry oversaw the emigration of nearly 2000 artists, writers, musicians and intellectuals targeted by the Nazis of occupied France during the Vichy Regime of World War II. He worked with the consulates of the U.S., Cuba, and Mexico, as well as with local police, sailors, and dock workers, to find safe routes of passage for refugees.

The article discusses The British League of Help for the Devastated Areas of France, established as a philanthropic society after World War I with an aim of aiding areas of Northern France rebuild after experiencing extensive war damage. The charitable organization was begun under the guidance of Lilias, Countess Bathurst, owner of the newspaper "The Morning Post," with patronage of politicians such as Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Sir Winston Churchill. Under the program, British towns and cities adopted French counterparts to directly aid in their efforts to rebuild infrastructure such as schools, homes, and water supplies.

This article describes economic conditions in France during the early part of the 18th century. King Louis XIV's government was hindered by inefficient tax collections, heavy military expenditures and an increasing debt. Currency manipulation also contributed to a recession in 1709. Economic problems plagued France for decades contributing to the French Revolution.

Analyzes what might have happened if French Emperor Napoleon had actually landed in Great Britain in 1803-1805. Purpose of the diplomacy shown by Napoleon during the period; Plan of the British troops in the event of a landing by the French army in Kent, England; Possible diplomatic consequences of a French landing and first victory.

Explores relations between Great Britain and France under the direction of the liberal foreign policy of Lord Palmerston during the Second Empire of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte III in the 19th century. Reasons for the success of Louis-Napoleon in winning overseas support; Incident most dangerous to the French-British relations; Reaction of the French public to the annexation of France of Nice and Savoy in 1860.

The article focuses on the periodical "The Nation" and its coverage of world events throughout its publication. Topics include the terrorist attack on the offices of the periodical "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris, France in 2015, race relations in the U.S., and the film "The Battle of Algiers." Information is provided on the magazine's coverage of U.S. and world politics.

Looks at how the people's armies of the French Revolution and developments thereafter affected citizens and soldiers in France and Germany from 1789 to 1939. History of Franco-German relations; Compulsory conscription based on the so-called `canton system.'

Discusses how new scholarship is affecting historians' views of a 15th-century triangle of power and diplomacy in Northern Europe. Political and familial relationships between France, Burgundy and England following the signing of the Treaty of Troyes; Impact on royal power in England and France; Overview of several leading works on the subject.

Explores the history of reading by focusing on the story Jean Ranson, an 18th-century merchant from La Rochelle, France. Personal background of Ranson; Correspondences of Ranson with the Societe typographique de Neuchatel; Types of books owned by Ranson; Interest of Ranson in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Books written by Rousseau; Ranson's references to Rousseau with remarks on his own life; Favorite topic of Ranson.

The article focuses on the implications of students' revolt against the administration of French government under Charles de Gaulle. It states that rebellion of students and France's workers has caused France Prime Minister Georges Pompidou to declare that the rebels intend to destroy the nation and the foundations of free society. It indicates that the revolt has turned out to be one of the most humiliating moments and greatest challenge of de Gaulle's career.

The article discusses French prime minister Pierre Mendès-France's promise to get peace in Indo-China in 30 days. In just two weeks as prime minister, Mendès-France has already made France to abandon some parts of the Red River Delta peacefully. However, French allies have warned Mendès-France against attempts to change the European Defence Community (EDC).

Compiègne is the place where Napoleon III passed his hunting season. But it has a history, not feudal, communal and episcopal like the other cities, but royal and even pontifical. Kings were chosen, crowned, poisoned and buried, royal matches made, royal brides received, royal marriages celebrated there. Queens divorced there and mistresses substituted for queens. The States-General have been held and treaties concluded there. But with all this history the two ancient churches and the Hotel-de-ville are better worth seeing than the seat of the court, the château, a heavy edifice of the time of Louis XV.

The article focuses on the conference that took place between Great Britain's Prime Minister Edward Heath and the President of France Georges Pompidou in Elyse Palace in Paris, France on the issue of common market. In the conference Heath stated that Europe must grow steadily together in unity and Great Britain should become a part of that unity by entering into the common market. He also assured Pompidou that Great Britain would place the economic interests of the market above other issues.

The article focuses on art collector Gertrude Stein and her relationship with painter Pablo Ruiz Picasso. It is stated that while Stein considered Picasso as her spiritual brother, in 1909, Picasso created a parody of Baroque ceiling painting as a homage to the former. Stein, who started her collection with Picasso's painting "Young Girl with Basket of Flowers," had the largest collection of the painter's works in France. It is stated that the 27 Rue de Fleurus flat located in Paris, France, which Stein shared with her brother Leo Stein till 1913 had the best collection of works of several writers and artists. It is reported that after the deaths of Leo and Gertrude, an exhibition was conducted by Museum of Modern Art in New York City, which included 110 paintings of Picasso.

The article reports on the resignation of former French President Charles de Gaulle in the wake of a referendum vote against his policies. It notes that workmen had moved his artifacts and files from the Elysee Palace. It further states that presidential communication lines to Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises were cut and the other trappings of his office to which he was entitled along with a 35,000 U.S. dollars pension had evaporated.

The article discusses the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, in which the U.S. acquired much of the modern Midwestern U.S. from France. It examines the diplomats involved, including Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe for the U.S. and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and François Barbé-Marbois for France. The author also considers the French experiences in attempting to suppress the 1791-1804 revolution in Haiti, then known as St. Domingo, and comments on the roles of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson and French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

A literary criticism of the French Encyclopedia of 1751 is presented, examining its editors Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It comments on the publication of the Encyclopedia as an important development in the history scientific inquiry and the freedom of thought. The author comments on royal and religious protests, D'Alembert's resignation from the project, and the contributions by philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The article explores the field of art in France during 1848, a period notable for the overthrow of the restoration monarchy of King Louis Philippe. It considers tensions within the Académie des Beaux-Arts of the Institut de France between the schools of Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Political and social caricatures by artists such as Honore Daumier and J. J. Grandville appearing in the periodicals "La Caricature" and "Le Charivari" edited by Charles Philipon are discussed. Notable artists and schools of art considered include Eugene Delacroix, the Barbizon School, and Gustave Courbet.

The article discusses several sources of modern business principles and practice. Literary works documenting business conditions and practices in France at the end of the seventeenth century are discussed, with primary focus given to "The Perfect Businessman" by Jacques Savary. Savary presents a detailed description of the textile industry, wholesale merchandising, and its role in the physical distribution of goods. Emphasis is given to the distinction between the wholesale and retail trade and the developing role of the commercial agent.

Examines the conduct of divorces in various civilization. Requisites for divorce in the Yucatan; Bulgarian lawyers' treatment of divorce as something within the province of priests, rabbi or a missionary; Details of the divorce law of Reno, Nevada; Description of divorces in Paris, France; Opposition of priests and lawyers to the concept of divorce; Gap between the divorce law and the actual practice of divorce in the U.S.; Divorce laws enforced in various states; States prohibiting the practice.

The article discusses a paper by Vincent Bignon of the Bank of France and Cecilia García-Peñalosa of the Aix-Marseille School of Economics on the impact on the demography of France of the late-19th-century Méline protectionist tariff on grain with a focus on the alleged reduction in human capital and education caused thereby.

The article traces the history of the tapestry industry of the town of Aubusson in France. Topics discussed include the challenges associated with tapestry-making, the artists credited with reviving the tapestry industry of the town in the 20th century, including Jean Lurçat, and the implication of the planned opening of the International Centre of Tapestry at the end of 2015 for the town's tapestry industry.

The article presents a chronological history of pâtisseries in Paris, France as of June 2014. In 1779, Pierre-Jean Bernard expanded the Maison Bernard grocery store that sold such products as sugared almonds, jams and pastries. Also cited are the establishment by Georges Lecoeur of the À la Mère de Famille store in 1907, and the take over by Serge Neveu of the store in mid-1980s.

The article discusses an 1813 French law permitting French emperor Napoleon to seize and sell French village common land. According to the article, the law was passed in an attempt to pay debts incurred by Napoleon during his Russian military campaign in the early 19th century. The article states that the law enabled France to seize lands that were leased to individuals, and that the lands would be sold at auction. According to the article, the law remained intact until April 26, 1816. The article discusses the impact of the laws on the French middle class and peasant class.

The article talks about stamp collecting or philately, which is the activity of collecting postage stamps. It states that stamp collecting started when a school-teacher in Paris, France required her student to get examples of different postage stamps to enhance their study of geography. It notes that the word philately came from two Greek words meaning the love of stamps.

The article focuses on the Tour de France, the bicycle race that takes place in France every year. The race calls for a 164-mile stage from Chamonix to St.-Etienne. After following the Tour from beginning to end, the author concludes that the event is not just a sports event but is also a social, patriotic, political and semi-religious gathering. In the 1966 Tour, Lucien Aimar won the event while Dutchman Jan Janssen placed second.

The article discusses the impact of the visit of former French President, General Charles de Gaulle to Ireland on the country's tourism industry. According to the Dublin, Ireland-based Irish Tourist Board, the visit of Gaulle, coupled with the publicity of his visit, has resulted in several million of dollars in additional revenue to the country. It cites as example the increasing popularity of The Heron Cove, a third-rate hotel where de Gaulle stayed during the first weeks of his vacation.

The article presents information on the book "Demosthenes: With Extracts From his Orations, etc.," by L. Brédif. So much honest, hard work has been put into this book by both author and translator that one cannot help sincerely regretting that the product is not more worthy of commendation. It abounds in illustrations and parallels, mostly from Roman and French history and literature, and in quotations from orators contemporary with Demosthenes. But, after all, the book will be of little use to any one desiring to get a clear and true idea of the man and his policy.

This article presents information about the book "Gambetta," by Paul Deschanel. No doubt one is to understand that France, symbolized in Gambetta, labored heroically to prevent the loss of Alsace and Lorraine, that France, symbolized in Gambetta, has never for a moment forgotten her lost children, that France, symbolized in Gambetta, has at last achieved what she has with unclouded vision so long been preparing herself to achieve. The first part of the book is more convincing than the last. This is partly due to the fact that the historical setting is more manageable.

The article presents information on the book "Dupleix," by Col. Malleson. The career of Joseph Francis Dupleix is one of singular interest. He was a man of remarkable gifts, and gave abundant proof of them. But the only part of his work that was permanent was that by which his enemies profiled. His own life was a lamentable failure; his efforts on behalf of France, which repaid him with such stupid ingratitude, serve only to constitute a striking instance of what some one has called "the might-have-beens" of history. He strove to create, and for a moment seemed to have created, a great French dominion in the East. Had he been better supported, India might have become French instead of English, and the history of two great states and an enormous territory have taken a wholly different turn.

An essay about the history of the guitar, as well as the guitarists in France. The author claims that the guitar is second to the piano in terms of popularity in the country as of October 1998. He also cites the music conservatoire in every municipality or commune in France where students are taught how to play various instruments. He also cites the annual music fairs in the country.

It was impressive to hear again the rebuke of Consul Lucius Aemilius to the amateur strategists of his time. There are, however, other stories. One story refers to events of 773 A.D. It is reported by medieval historians such as Anastasius, Frodoard, Agnellus Ravennatis, and the Chronicler of Moissiac. According to this story, Charlemagne, having dismissed all hope of forcing the Chiuse and not suspecting that there might be another way for invading Italy, had made up his mind to return the next day to France, when a deacon, called Martin, arrived in the camp of the Franks. This man taught Charlemagne a secret mountain pass to outflank the fortresses and to descend into Italy.

Focuses on Garry Davis, who left the U.S. for Paris, France. Historical importance of Davis.