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The article informs that the American Standards Association (ASA) approved on February 27, 1950 the American Standard Method for Determining Residual Thiosulfate and tetrathionate in Processed Photographic Papers sponsored by the Optical Society of America. The ASA classification is Z38.8.25-1950, and the UDC 77.023. The Standard contained in an eight page leaflet may be secured from the American Standards Association Inc., 70 East 45th Street, New York 17, New York, at a cost of $0.35 (thirty-five cents). From the same source a free list of all standards approved to date, including 142 dealing with photography, is available.

This article focuses on papers discussed at the round table meeting on "the teaching of elementary economics" on December 30, 1949, at New York. Since the movement toward a general course in the social sciences seems to one essential it would be useful at this stage to collate the experiences of the hundred institutions now engaged in offering such a course. Fortunately both the American Economic Association and the American Political Science Association are engaged in a survey of this field by questionnaire and interviews. It is already clear, however, that the general course can be expected to follow no set formula. Its content and emphasis will vary from college to college with the abilities, interests, and philosophies of the staff members, and with the financial resources of the institution. One do not consider such diversity unfortunate. It is fragmentation and compartmentalization which are making the teaching of the social sciences increasingly ineffective in the light of social integration today. The closest integration will continue to recognize the infinite diversity contained in the fundamental unity of society.

The article reports on conversion clause in the United States. American monetary history is full of strange happenings and queer events beginning with the resolution of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690 explaining the issue of the first paper money. It referred to "the sundry considerable debts" which had been contracted "for maintaining their Majesties" interests against hostile invasions of their French and Indian enemies," the actual fact being that the colony had sent an expedition against Quebec in the expectation that plunder would pay the costs thereof. It is true that the highest prices at which the five-twenty bonds sold on the New York market never exceeded 14 points above par in 1864 and 12 points above in 1865, whereas at the same time the premiums on gold were in the ranges 77-85 and 98-105, respectively. In the years following the war the gap between the premium on the bonds and on gold steadily narrowed. By late 1869 the gap had disappeared and from 1870 on the advantage clearly lay with the bonds, their market premium over par persistently exceeding the gold premium. Senator John Sherman pointed out on the floor of the Senate, March 6, 1876, that even the government's 5 per cent bonds had been "at par with gold for the past five years" while the greenbacks had been "from 6 to 22 per cent below gold."

Reports the summary of position papers on tax inequity proposals submitted by the Special Committee on Pension & Profit Sharing of Tax Section of New York State Bar Association. Proposal of changes in the Internal Revenue Code; Imposition of fixed formula for profit-sharing plans; Effect of the statutory change proposed by the Cabinet Committee.

Focuses on the provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code on commercial paper, bank deposits and letters of credit in the United States. Liabilities of a drawee bank; Applicability of clearing house rules; Responsibility of depository, cashing and collecting banks.

Presents a preliminary announcement of program schedules for the Eighty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association on December 27-30, 1973 in New York.

President of the American Sociological Society Louis Wirth is planning for a Section on Contributed Papers for the next annual meeting that is to be held in New York from December 28 to 30, December, 1947. Although this Section is particularly de- signed for those younger members of the Society, including graduate students, who have not yet had an opportunity to appear on the pro- gram in other sections, contributions from other members of the Society will be welcome. Since this Committee is working closely with the Committee on Research, it is being urged that members who have completed research papers suitable for oral presentation and which do not fall within the scope of other Sections be offered for consideration in the Section on Contributed Papers.

This article presents the program for the annual convention of the American Catholic Sociological Society in New York City from August 31 to September 2, 1960.

Presents several queries on topics and issues related to art and literature. Search for the original source of a quotation on exchanging babies for a pound of tea; Symbolic meaning of the points in the crown of the Statue of Liberty; Information on the process of making cut and embossed paper scenes.

This article focuses on the court ruling given in Beverly Cocktail Lounge Inc. v. Emerald Vending Machine Inc. case. Commencement of or service of notice of intention to arbitrate is no longer a special proceeding in New York and thus a party moving to stay arbitration cannot have an extension of time by relying upon Sec. 2103 CPLR permitting addition of three days where service of papers is made upon an attorney in a pending action. The court stated: "This provision was intended to change the prior law so that the arbitration would not take on the character of a judicial proceeding until the first application arising out of it is made to the court." In this case no such application was made; the other party merely served a notice of intention to arbitrate.

The article presents information on the program of the Eight Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America held in New York City from May 18 to 21, 1960. As part of the meeting, the symposium titled Optimization on Chemical Reactors was held at New York University. John Happel served as chairman of the symposium. There were many papers presented during the meeting. A. V. Butterworth and P.C. Hayes presented their paper which discusses the use of mathematical predictors in a distribution system. Other topics discussed at the meeting include linear programming, strategic planning, and production planning.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to classify and differentiate between the processes that result in teeth lacking dental pulp is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the First District Dental Society of the State of New York held in New York City on February 2, 1920.

The article presents information on the Eight Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America held in New York City from May 18 to 21, 1960. As part of the meeting, the symposium titled Optimization on Chemical Reactors was held at New York University. There were many other sessions held discussing various topics including inventory control theory, reliability theory, financial management applications and operations research. Max A. Woodbury of New York University served as chairman of the meeting.

The article focuses on the seventy fourth annual meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in New York from 27 to 29, 1961. Executive Committee dinner meeting will be held on December 26, 1961 at 6:00 p.m. On December 27, 1961 there would be a seminar on systems of economic accounts and analysis for urban region. Edgar D. Hoover of Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association would be the chairperson of the seminar. Discussants would include — Meredith B. Givens of Institute of Public Administration and Frederick T. Moore of The Rand Corp. Seminar on rural poverty and national policy would be held at 2:30 P.M. on December 29, 1961. Professor William H. Nichols of Vanderblit University would be the chairperson for the seminar. Papers to be discussed in the seminar include — "Economic Security for Agricultural Labor," by Louis Levine, "Relation of the Low Income Farm Problem to Major National Economic Problems," by Leonard P. Hendrix. Discussants include — professor Leonard P. Adams of Cornell University and John G. McNeely of Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.

For many years, the accounting professionals in the U.S. have recognized the need for the preparation required by accountancy students in the field of auditing, and conceived the idea of the link between theory and practice as a business clinic where students might work among the records of actual transactions. In 1914, Robert H. Montgomery, a professor at the Columbia University, New York City obtained a number of sets of used account books which formed the basis for the course of study which has been given since 1915, termed as the Auditing Laboratory. From time to time since, additional records have been obtained until at the present time there are approximately 100 workable sets of books of greatly diversified activities. Questions and problems, to be solved only by an actual examination of the books and other records, provide the basis of the student's work. This gives him a practical working test under conditions which very closely correspond to those met in actual practice. All through the work done by the student, the preparation and care of his work papers are carefully watched and criticized; the preparation of audit programs and the proper filing of work papers in the permanent and current files for the different engagements are also stressed. The Auditing Laboratory contains labor saving devices, such as adding and other computing machines, slide rule, etc., etc., in the legitimate use of which the student is urged to become adept.

This article offers information on a meeting of the First District Dental Society of the State of New York held in New York City on February 7, 1921. Transcripts of two research papers read at the conference are presented, "Preventive dentistry in the public school system," by M. M. Bluhm, and "The public health problem," by E. Briggs Riblet. Also included is a discussion of the papers by several members of the organization present for their reading.

This article offers a transcript of a roundtable discussion between several attendees at a meeting of the First District Dental Society of New York held on February 2, 1920. The discussion is in regards to a paper by Doctor Clarence J. Grieves presented at the meeting, titled "Classification of Teeth the Diseased Pulps and Apices of Which Are Related to Infective Focal and Systemic Sequelae." It is noted that the paper is also published in the journal.

Information is presented about several papers discussed at the American Marketing Association Conference held in December 1949 in New York City. Topics include consumer research, marketing research, and sales management. The event featured presentations by Darrell B. Lewis from New York University and Philip Salisbury, editor of "Sales Management" magazine.

The purpose of this paper is to quantify supply and demand functions for the Euro-dollar deposits borrowed by New York banks from their own foreign branches. Reduced form equations are estimated from weekly data covering the period 1966-68 and tested by predicting the first seven months of 1969. All data are from the Federal Reserve Bulletin, except where noted otherwise, and are denominated in millions of dollars or per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of authors on the article "Evaluating the Adequacy of Airport Parking Lots," by F.V. Hurst which appear in the November 1955 issue of the periodical. This paper deals with a useful and interesting problem what number of parking spaces is required to cope adequately with the maximum inventory of parked cars? Here adequate and inventory are used as defined in the paper. The primary defect of this paper is the author's use of the methods of decision theory. The author associates a risk function with parking adequacy. He then indicates that, for the Port of New York Authority, yield per dollar invested can be maximized by having inadequate parking facilities.

This article reports on the convention of the American Sociological Association. The article further refers to a sociologist who is so much a part of normal society that today one of the stores is tendering a fashion show for his wife to indicate her status equal to the wife of doctor, politician or any other example of social adjustment to be found at a convention in New York. According to the author, the paper presented at the convention can only represent a tiny sample of all the chaff that is annually struck up by this vast communal threshing crew. People owe many of these papers to the broad tolerance of the American academic community which apparently approved and even financed them without one man in a supervisory position having the discourtesy to suggest that the matter under study was self-evident. There seems also to be developing a sociology within sociology which promises much. Its best sample is a paper which indicates that persons who fail to answer sociological questionnaires by mail come from homes where their parents habitually beat them.

Highlights a national convention on speech education to be held at the Hotel McAlpin in New York City in December 1925. Various sessions to be featured at the conference; Papers to be presented.

Information about the First District Dental Society of New York is presented. Details are provided about the Dental Society activities which took place during the 1928-1929, including monthly meetings. A plan for the publication of First District Dental Society meeting proceedings submitted by the Board of Directors is also included.

This paper proposes a method for cost-effectiveness studies of civil engineering works and illustrates it by an example of its application to an urban systems problem. This approach tries to bridge the dichotomy of objectives that often exists between the policy levels of government and the engineering agencies, and that leads to frequent impasses for implementation. The process first broadens the traditional terms of reference for public-works design, which are usually governed by engineering standards only tenuously related to the multiple objectives of a facility. Second, a procedure is suggested for generating alternative configurations for the system and its components. Finally, a means is presented for exploring alternative time-phased strategies of development. The paper presents a case study of the application of this approach to the planning and design of New York City's Third City Water Supply Tunnel, and discusses its lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a note of a few relevant events from the economic fields. It first corrects an error occurred in the June 1955 issue of "The American Economic Review," whereby the name of the nominee for president of the American Economic Association was mistaken as Edwin E. White for Professor Edwin E. Witte. The next note is a preliminary announcement of the program for the Sixty-Eight Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in New York City, on December 28-30, 1955. Nearly half of the sessions of the program for this year will be centered upon the economic growth of the United States, that is, on the problem of keeping the United States economy moving onward and upward. It further notices on the The first congress of the International Economic Association, to be held in Rome, Italy, from September 6-11, 1956. The next note is on International Committee for Social Sciences Documentation, which was created at the end of 1950 as a result of meetings of experts convened by UNESCO to coordinate and improve existing bibliographic instruments for the social sciences, and the creation of new instruments in this area.

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The article presents information on the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Sociological Association to be held on December 4 and 5, 1943 at Hotel McAlpin, New York City. Papers on social research to be presented at the meeting are: "A Controlled Analysis of the Relationship of Guided Participation in Extra-curricular Activities to the Scholastic Achievement and Social Adjustment of College Students," by Reuben Hill, University of South Dakota, "Techniques of Social Reform: An Analysis of the Dry Movement," by Alfred McClung Lee, Wayne University, and "Reliability of the Idea-Centered Question in Interview Schedules," by Morton B. King, Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Papers will be followed by open discussion. Papers on Sociometry to be presented at the meeting are: "What Level of Living Indexes Measure," by Margaret Jarman Hagood and Louis J. Ducoff, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and "Some Regional Variations in Levels and Standards of Living," by Edgar A. Schuler, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The research reported in this paper studied 240 rural youths in four central New York high schools. It investigated (1) the relationship between value orientations and the education and occupation choice-making process, and (2) the structural antecedents of those value orientations. Choice making was classified in two levels: aspirations and plans. An instrument was constructed which aimed at ranking individuals on a latent continuum for each of twelve values. The findings support the general hypothesis that in the education and occupation decision process there is a relationship between an individual's value orientations and the choice that an individual makes from among the alternatives available. The findings further suggest that the influence of values on choices decreases as freedom of opportunity is restricted by the bonds of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the basis of selecting science learning materials in the elementary level in New York City. It explains on the eagerness of adults and children to learn about and make use of new scientific developments. It focuses on the need for science learning materials on the elementary level to make the pursuit of science by young people. It provides information on the potentialities of using science learning materials by youngsters in the elementary level.

The paper attempts to define some of the critical problems relating to agents' compensation—from the standpoints of the insurance companies, policyholders, regulatory bodies and the agents themselves. The provisions, purpose and implications of Section 213 of the New York expense limitation law are reviewed. The impact of various new agents' financing plans and patterns of agents' compensation (i.e., renewal commissions, vesting provisions, service fees) is explored. Particular attention is focused on the problem of inadequate service, orphaned policyholders and related agents' compensation. A study of New England Life agents' Income levels by years of service is set forth. Compensation problems in certain special markets (Minimum Deposit, Pension Trust, Tax-Sheltered Annuities, Split-Life, Mutual Funds, Salary Savings, Variable Life) are reviewed. The paper concludes with some thoughts regarding possible changes in the Ordinary agency distribution system of the future, particularly as it relates to the ‘expanded financial services’ concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) that was held on May 18-21, 1967 at Bolton Landing, New York. The conference was divided into fifteen formal sessions and three round tables. The new format also consists a presentation program of the best papers from a recent AAPOR competition for graduate students. In addition to the informative meetings, numerous social events were also organized. Also, the AAPOR Award of 1967 for distinguished achievement in the field of public opinion was presented to Hans Zeisel, a social researcher. Some of the topics on which papers were presented at the conference are: variations in the application of theory to attitude and opinion research; interviewing: special situations and problems; polling and the political process; socio-medical research in sensitive areas; predicting purchasing behavior: alchemy or science? and; computer-assisted analysis of survey data.

The article presents information on the seventeenth annual conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) held from May 17 to 20, 1962 at the Hotel Sagamore in Lake George, New York. The entire conference was dedicated to the memory of Samuel A. Stouffer. At a special general session, Stouffer's former colleagues, Clyde W. Hart, Philip M Hauser, and Herbert H. Hyman, discussed his recently published collected papers, "Social Research to Test Ideas." The conference was organized into eleven formal sessions in addition to the nine round-table meetings. John W. Riley, delivered his presidential address at the annual banquet. At that time also, the newly created AAPOR Award was presented to Angus Campbell of the University of Michigan. The article also presents abstracts that were prepared by the authors of papers presented at the formal sessions. Summaries of the discussion that took place at round-table meetings and at sonic of the formal sessions were written by their chairmen or by persons whom they designated.

One of the greatest events in accounting history was the International Congress on Accounting, held in New York during the week of September 9, 1929. Despite the variation in laws governing accountancy and in the forms in which accounting practice is conducts, a remarkable unanimity was recognized by everybody as existing in the problems faced by the profession throughout the world. There are two views rather definitely set professional auditing over against social economics; they contrast shareholder's desire for information concerning the remainders of original investments with managers' desires for information concerning the intricate details of profit making. To apply reproduction costs to the balance sheet would place the statement, therefore, in conflict with prudence and the sound principle of realized profit only. But on the other hand, the author points out, to apply only past costs in cost accounting would be to deprive the management of current information very necessary to proper market judgment, for competition is going to be most felt from those who most recently bought in the market and thus have secured a tangible new base for their pricing policy.

This paper presents seasonal patterns of conception in New York City and discusses the implications of these patterns. It is intended to investigate variations by month of conception of factors associated with pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the role of the Jews in New York City's mayoralty election of 1917 in order to validate the concept of a pacifist Jewish vote. There were four mayoral candidate in the 1971 election, incumbent Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, Judge John F. Hylan, William M. Bennett, and Morris Hillquit. Hillquit represented the radical and pacifist Jews and many non-radical and non-pacifist Jews opposed him. His defeat in the election reflects the fact that there is no such thing as a pacifist Jewish vote.

The article assess the accomplishments of seven International Congresses of Accountants held to date. The first congress held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri sponsored by the Federation of Societies of Public Accountants in the U.S., must be attributed to George Wilkinson, an Illinois certified professional accountant (CPA) who was born in England, but spent his professional life in the U.S. The 1904 Congress was an ambitious event for the American accounting profession. It was held when The American Association of Public Accountants had a membership of only 140 scattered over 15 states, of whom 81 held CPA certificates. The Third International Congress was held in New York City in September 1929. Joseph E. Sterrett and F. van Dien, presidents of the earlier congress, served as Honorary Presidents, while Robert H. Montgomery held the role of President of the 1929 sessions. The 1952 Congress, convened in London, England, included about 80 CPAs from the United States. It exercised a constructive influence on international finance and commerce, and stimulated avid discussion and subsequent research on fluctuating price levels in relation to accounts, accounting requirements for issues of capital, the accountant in industry, the accountant in practice and in public service, and the incidence of taxation.

Attitudes toward the liberalized abortion law in New York State were assessed among obstetrician-gynecologists in the state. This paper presents findings on various issues and relates them to a number of variables. In general, the New York State practitioners were found to favor the new law and to take a rather liberal view of some critical social issues involved in abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the present position of family health workers who were trained and worked at a neighborhood health center during the past five years. Problems initially anticipated for such workers did not materialize but others have emerged: lack of self-esteem, lack of upward and lateral mobility, inadequate evaluation of the validity of their training and role, and to some extent paternalism. These are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to examine the effects of five years of regular prophylactic treatments administered to employees of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company on the oral bacteria in the mouth is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the American Academy of Periodontology held in New York City on May 9, 1921.

The article presents Stanley W. Black's response to commentary from John J. Valentini and Lacy H. Hunt III about his article "An Econometric Study of Euro-Dollar Borrowing by New York Banks and the Rate of Interest on Eurodollars," which appeared in the March, 1971 edition of the "Journal of Finance." Black defends his use of ordinary least squares to estimate parameters in his model by noting the estimates are for reduced form equations. He also defends his use of a time trend in both his supply and demand equations.

Highlights the meeting in Syracuse, New York. Emphasis of the meeting on polar exploration; Attendees; Programs and activities.

The article presents the book "Educational Reading Guide for Partially Seeing Children," by Lorraine Galisdorfer. The book lists numerous large-type books in all areas published from 1953 to 1955. It is the only complete reading guide of books, printed in large type, purposely designed for readers with limited vision. The compilation of a complete biography compiled by the author may be obtained from Henry Stewart Inc., publisher of the book, in Buffalo, New York.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium sponsored by the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory of the State College at Buffalo, New York on the ecological problems faced by Great Lakes is presented. Topics include the biology, physical and chemical limnology, meteorology, thermal studies, geology and remote sensing. The symposium featured environmentalist and limnologist and other scientist that discusses options to reconstruct the ecological balance of the Great Lake.

The article examines the demand for New York State Mutual Savings Bank deposits during the period 1960-1969. Monthly and quarterly levels and changes in savings deposits are regressed against personal income, the rate paid on savings accounts, and the rate available form AAA-rated bonds. The authors discuss their results, and use the regression coefficients to compare actual savings for the first quarter of 1970 with those predicted by their model. In this instance, the "level" equations performed better than the "change" equations.

The article profiles William Jay, a judge from Westchester County, New York, who contributed toward international peace. Though Jay did not participate in the organized peace movement during the first decades of its existence, he had done thinking, research and private writing on the subject. In 1845, he addressed the annual meeting of the American Peace Society in Boston, Massachusetts. His address was also widely distributed and read. Some of Jay's works include "War and Peace," and "Review of the Mexican War."

Efforts at educational reform between 1890 and 1930 in New York were more successful in medicine than in law. This paper considers influences favoring medical reform: a rapid introduction of new knowledge and techniques; a national, even international competition for medical esteem; a visible need for expensive instructional facilities; a solid connection of schools of medicine with universities; a strong professional association; and several other forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a response to a critique on the sampling method utilized in a study regarding the effect of ownership types on the performance characteristics of stock and mutual life insurance companies in the U.S. The sample is longitudinal rather than cross-sectional; it is the years 1952 through 1966, which were selected from a population of all years, past and future, in which stocks and mutual life insurance companies operated under New York regulations. Companies with less than fifteen years of operations prior to 1952 were excluded from the sample, because new and old life insurance companies cannot be compared in the financial dimensions which were most appropriated for the purposes of the study. Similarly, three atypical companies were deleted from the sample, because these firms were neither comparable nor in competition with other stock and mutual life insurance companies. The stock-mutual study was not a statistical exercise, but an effort to provide insight into an issue of considerable importance--the effect of different ownership forms on the performance of business activities. In a wider sphere, it can be said with some assurance that the prime determinants of economic efficiency are market and property rights--the effects of centralization or decentralization of market decisions and the distributional effects associated with different forms of ownership.

This paper discusses a program developed to train and utilize community health workers to screen, treat, and follow up Harlem area residents with stroke, hypertension, and related illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the response of social settlements to the Great Depression of 1930s. During the depression of the 1930s, only settlements in New York City and Chicago continued the reform activities of the Progressive Era. A social settlement, Chicago Commons, held the first hearing, and many people connected with settlement houses were also deeply involved in the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment. Outside New York City and Chicago, virtually no settlement took part in social action to improve economic conditions. The major professional social work organization in the 1930s was the American Association of Social Work. Some of the differences in cities that did and did not have a Community Chest were reflected in attitudes toward various New Deal measures. Until the Social Security Act was passed in August 1935, the New Deal had provided only temporary relief programs, formed in response to the drastic conditions of the depression. The Social Security Act marked a turning point.