Search

Until now, the technique was thought to work only on molecules with no more than about five atoms. A powerful x-ray source leaves that limit in the dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical industry is substituting x-ray sources for cesium-based blood irradiators. Other industries are also exploring alternative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists are employing x rays, electrons, and neutrons to decipher and disable the molecular machinery of the novel coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if the discovery is never confirmed, the method it uses may spawn a new generation of exoplanet searches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on an x-ray tomographic technique developed by Claire Donnelly and Laura Heyderman and their colleagues which offers a finer view of 3D magnetization structures. Topics include vortices and magnetic structures, the combination of ptychography and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and emergence of new magnetic technologies with better performance. The relationship between magnetic structure and materials structure is discussed.

The layered anode emits bright, directed beams without the need for mirrors or large-scale accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the generation of coherent x rays using ultrashort laser pulses. Information on the process of high-harmonic generation; Limitations of phase-matched high-harmonic generation compared with conventional nonlinear optics; Capability of Role of quasi-phase matching in enhancing the frequency conversion signal; Potential applications of high-order harmonics.

Provides information on the contribution of physicist Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel to the medical use of x-rays. Background on the discovery of x-ray by Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen; Information on the experiment of Becquerel on radioactivity; Discoveries of Marie and Pierre Curie in chemistry and radiology; Efforts of Curie to care for the wounded during the Great War.

Reports that phase-sensitive x-ray imaging techniques are beginning to find use in industrial and scientific applications. Benefit of clinical and biological studies from the development of phase-sensitive techniques; Discussion on x-ray interferometry; Information on diffraction-enhanced imaging; Background on phase-contrast radiography.

My postdoc was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) as part of a program to attract foreigners to Japan. Alexei Kojevnikov's recently published book is titled I The Copenhagen Network: The Birth of Quantum Mechanics from a Postdoctoral Perspective. i [1] During the period that Kojevnikov focuses on, 1920 to 1929, the postdoc had not achieved its subsequent status as an established career stage. "Separated from their research and scientific cohorts, these young scientists will have difficulty resuming their previous career paths."[2] What connects the quantum postdocs of the 1920s, my postdoc of the 1980s, and the postdocs of COVID-19?. [Extracted from the article]

Discusses fundamental contributions to an understanding of the universe occasioned by the discovery of x-rays. Early detections of x-rays from beyond the Earth's atmosphere; Experimental confirmation of the existence of black holes; Measurement of fundamental neutron-star parameters; Discovery of compact objects in several supernova remnants; X-ray observations of galaxy clusters.

Discusses the applications of x-rays in medical research. Development of noninvasive imaging techniques; Formation of planar x-ray images; Fundamental limitation in conventional planar x-ray imaging; Digital imaging methods; Therapeutic uses of x- rays; Applications of x-ray computed tomography information; High-technology medicine using x-rays.

Discusses the applications of x-rays in molecular biophysics. Insights into biological processes derived from x-ray studies on DNA; Basis of the x-ray physics used in biology; Fundamental principles of x-ray diffraction; Crystallographic structure determinations for biological macromolecules; Basic principles of structure; Developments in macromolecular structure studies.

Discusses the applications of x-rays in condensed matter physics. Significant role played by x-rays; Laying of the foundation for x-ray crystallography; Birth of x-ray spectroscopy; Trends in imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy; Detection of ine lastically scattered photons; Advantages of synchrotron radiation sources over traditional x-ray sources. INSET: Undulator synchrotron radiation..

Traces the developments that led to physicist, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen's discovery of x-rays. Beginning of the era of atomic physics; Speculation about Rontgen's views and motivation; Development of cathode ray tubes; Accidental discovery of the ra ys; Fears regarding the implications of the discovery; Uproar over the discovery of x-rays.

Describes advances in synchrotron radiation, x-ray lasers, and x-ray optics that permit new studies in the life and physical sciences at spatial resolutions of hundreds of angstroms. Requisite tools of thin windows, high-resolution lenses, optical coatings, lasers, and undulators that generate x-rays of high brightness and interesting coherence properties; Need for bright sources of soft x-rays; Soft-x-ray lasers; More.

Looks at the efforts in many countries to build new synchrotron radiation facilities. `Third generation' facilities; Wiggler and undulator devices; Hard X-ray sources; Soft X-ray sources; Other synchrotron radiation facilities. INSET: Will usershave to pay fees?.

Discusses a model based on the emissions and behavior of the most prevalent material in the universe leads one to view the world as active and rapidly changing, and helps one analyze the development of its components. Details of the x-ray and y-ray regions of the model; Relation between the visual and plasma universe. INSET: Structure of Saturn's rings..

Reports on major developments in sources, optics and detectors for soft x-rays to help biologists realize the goal of high-resolution imaging of biological materials in their natural, even living, state. Description of three techniques that dominate submicron biological imaging; Limitations of the various imaging techniques; Early history of x-ray microscopy; Possibility of future systems. INSET: Early history of x-ray microscopy..

Examines the renaissance of atomic physics. Development of research tools; Role of x rays in the development of modern physics; Emission of electromagnetic radiation by relativistic electrons.

Scientists in fields ranging from condensed-matter physics to biochemistry are taking advantage of the natural temporal structure of the high-intensity X-rays emitted by sources of synchrotron radiation. References.

Focuses on the development of medical imaging systems in the 20th century. Invention of the thermionic cathode; Implications of the use of image intensifiers; Role of medical imaging systems; Projection X-ray systems.

Focuses on the characteristics of x rays emanating from synchrotron radiation sources. Significance to condensed-matter theory; Advantages of synchrotron radiation; Arrangements of neighboring atoms.

The article "Sarah Frances Whiting and the "photography of the invisible" ( I Physics Today i , August 2020, page 26) was fascinating. I offer a different interpretation of Whiting's notes on an x-ray photography experiment that was "executed with a 6 in. coil" - the induction coil used to supply high voltage to the Crookes tube that produced the x rays. In the nomenclature of the day, the maximum voltage of an induction coil was measured in inches, referring to the maximum length of air-discharge spark it could make, the most reliable way to measure high voltage at the time. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes how researcher Franz Pfeiffer and colleagues at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland have demonstrated a way of doing dark-field imaging with hard x-rays from an ordinary laboratory source in most hospitals. The researchers employed a pair of interferometer gratings fabricated by Christian David of the PSI group. Then, they covered the focus of the x-ray beam with a coarser third grating that imposed a vertically striated modulation.

Being both hydrophilic and hydrophobic makes opsins and other membrane proteins hard to crystallize. Unable to make crystals of opsin, Wald turned instead to crustacyanin, the pigment in lobster shell. Although crustacyanin resembles rhodopsin in that it consists of a protein wrapper and astaxanthin, a vitamin-A-like molecule, it is not a membrane protein. [Extracted from the article]

Provides information on the x-ray background (XRB) observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in the northern Hubble Deep Field. Historical background of XRB; Information on active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the XRB; X-ray emission of AGN of the sort found by ROSAT satellite; Analysis of the XRB. INSET: SCUBA, Star Formation, and the X-Ray Background.

Presents several products for scientific application. Features of Digital Instruments Inc. Nanoscope I; Capability of microfocus portable X-ray sources from Kevex Corp.; Application of a series of heavy-duty linear translation tables from Ambrit.

Focuses on the import of the European synchrotron radiation ring. Selection of the site for installation; Introduction of the 5.6-Ge V Doris ring; Insertion of undulator and wiggler sources of hard x-ray beams.

The article offers information on the x-ray vision of the Austrian scanning transmission electron microscope (ASTEM). The x rays in ASTEM come from atoms relaxing after core electrons get ejected. It says that analyzing material interfaces and impurities in semiconductor devices and examining nanoplasmonics are among the anticipated applications of ASTEM. Ferdinand Hofer of the Austrian Center for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis adds that it can be used to study biomaterials.

Focuses on the use of x-ray beams in studying the atomic-scale dynamics of random distributions of matter. Examination of speckle pattern of x-rays diffracted from Fe3Al; Delicate balance achieved between beam coherence and beam flux; Limited coherent x-ray fluxes.

Reports on the Advanced Photon Source (APS) third-generation hard x-ray synchrotron light source at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. Time table; Collaborative access teams; Financial aspects; Applications. INSET: Collaborative access teams..

This article features the high-power rotating anode x-ray source of dual-port design from Nicolet Analytical Instruments. This product provides 18 kilowatt of continuous power for high-flux diffraction experiments. Standard operation gives the user dual-port capability with either two-vertical-line or two-spot focusing diffractometers. The system can also be configured for high-brilliance operation with a cathode assembly 0.1 X 1 millimeter in size. The rotating anode has a microprocessor controller to monitor system status and regulate operation of the generator. The system is compatible with Nicolet horizontal 2-, 3- and 4-circle goniometers, and it accomodates Nicolet's tuneable x-ray mirrors for use in microdiffraction experiments, For experiments on rapidly decaying crystals, the rotating anode can be used with a Nicolet area detector, providing what Nicolet describes as the fastest commercially available factory-integrated system for collecting x-ray diffraction data. Horizontal goniometers equipped with position-sensitive detectors can also be employed for high speed polycrystalline data collection.

The article reports on the new synchrotron light source called Alba, which is regarded to be a state-of-the-art science facility, in Spain. It notes that the first seven beamlines of Alba will be a mixture of soft and hard x-rays for studying crystallography and absorption. Among the noted specialized instruments that are planned for Alba are an instrument that will analyze the fluorescence's energy and direction and the cryogenic soft-x-ray microscope.

The article discusses a method used by University of Colorado graduate student Mark Siemens for studying phonon dispersion in a crystal. His approach involves measuring the diffraction of soft x rays from a laser-heated grating of nickel lines grown on a sapphire substrate, and was reported at a conference on lasers and electro-optics held in May, 2008 in San Jose, California.

The article reports on scientific findings related to x-rays. Physicists using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory have spread out a beam of x-rays into a rainbow of colors with the help of an asymmetrically cut crystal, whose atomic planes are not parallel to the crystal surface. The diffracted x-ray beam is spread out prismatically into its component wavelengths. The technique can lead to very-high-resolution x-ray spectrometers and to a compression of x-ray pulses.

The article focuses on the findings of a report released by the U.S. National Research Council on the funding needed by atomic, molecular and optical (AMO) as it faces six scientific challenges. The six challenges that need support are new methods to measure the nature of space and time with high precision, the new field of coherent quantum gases, the development of new x-ray free-electron lasers and other high-intensity and short-wavelength sources, ultrafast quantum control, atom-by-atom control of quantum structures and new approaches to quantum computing and communication.

The article discusses a research on fast x-ray pictures of sand jets, based on a study by J. R. Royer et al. that was published in a 2005 issue of the journal Natural Physics. It offers information on the use by researchers of high-speed video to view the splashdown and resulting jets. Information on the reduction of gas pressure toward a vacuum is also presented.

Discusses research being done on how axions produced at the Sun interact with a laboratory magnetic field to back-convert into x-rays. Reference to a study by K. Zioutas and colleagues, published in a 2005 issue of "Physical Review Letters"; Experiment conducted through the CERN Axial Solar Telescope; Limit on the axion-photon interaction strength.

Reports that the x-ray satellite ROSAT was destroyed on November 3, 1998. Information on the satellite; Details on the defects.

Reports that scientists at the University of Michigan have successfully converted 800 nm laser light into 17-32 nm x rays. Description of experiments conducted in this research; Factors hampering the production of x rays by the harmonic conversion process; Results of this research.

Reports on the construction of X-Ray Holograms with atomic resolution by two independent teams to be used by crystallographers. Description of the Hungarian Method; German team creation of a hologram of hemanite the reversal of the Hungarian method; How this method generated holograms with less aberrations.