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Enzyme use has provided boost to the technoeconomics of many industrial processes. In this chapter, we summarize different cellulase-based industrial processes for preparation of paper, pulp, brewing products, and different foods. This review presents a brief chemistry and mechanism of cellulose degradation by the cellulase enzyme. Also, cellulase production abilities of many microbial species have been addressed in this chapter. Cellulase plays a major role in production of good-quality paper and pulp. It’s used to debark the biomass and to remove lignocellulosic part. This enzyme also has application in recycling of used paper by deinking and biobleaching. Cellulase enhances freeness and drainage ability of the fibers without compromising the brightness of the fibers. In brewing industry, cellulase in combination of other enzymes is used to extract the more sugar for better-quality alcohol production. Cellulases have a wide range of potential applications in food and beverage processing, production of fruit and vegetable juices, and improvement of methods for extraction, clarification, and stabilization.

A simple cellulosic (C6H10O5)n substance, paper has many applications in addition to its use in writing, painting, and packaging. Papers have long been used in analytical chemistry; however, recently, their use in the development of cheaper portable sensors and energy storage devices has been explored. These paper-based environmental sensing devices are providing faster and simpler contaminant detection, along with the removal of sample storage and transportation. In addition to chemical pollutant detectors, the paper-based sensors are also being developed for the gases and volatile compounds. Such paper-based sensors will be very useful in rapid detection of toxic gases during any emergency. . These easy and cheap paper-based devices will be very useful for the developing countries, where environmental pollution concentration is very high and the sophisticated analytical laboratories are not easily accessible. Along with the exponentially increasing in pollution level, our energy demands have also increased by the same pace. Modern-day electronic devices and electric vehicles need robust energy storage devices, and our conventional batteries are not efficient for it. Therefore the supercapacitor has emerged as a solution to this problem; it is a rechargeable, high energy density and quick-release energy storage device, and the use of paper in its development let it to be used in deformable electronic devices.

With the objective to obtain more sustainable production processes, the biorefinery network is integrated with traditional pulp and paper industries. A systematic framework with computer-aided tools consisting of synthesis, design and innovation stages has been applied to determine the biorefinery-integrated pulping process. An integrated network of succinic acid production and black liquor gasification for dimethyl ether (DME) production linked to an existing Soda pulping process is identified as the best option for increased profit, which also reduces pollutant emissions through integration of innovative CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) steps to form the biorefinery-integrated-Soda-pulping network (BIS). This paper aims at also designing a sustainable biorefinery-integrated-Kraft-pulping network (BIK). Three integration scenarios are considered for further study: (I) the production of gasification-based dimethyl ether (DME); (II) the coproduction of DME and succinic acid (SA); and (III) the co-production of DME and SA coupled with CCU. The best scenario is found to be Scenario II, which exhibits the best economic performance with 74% increase in profit compared to the conventional process. Scenario III achieves the highest energy efficiency at 39% and improved environmental performance, a 65% reduction of CO2 emission compared to the conventional process, with only 0.7% profit reduction. The BIK option shows improved performance in terms of economic and environmental improvements compared to the BIS network, confirming that the integrated biorefinery network can transform the conventional Kraft pulping process to a more sustainable process with increased profit.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is becoming a worldwide threat due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains. There is a general consensus about the potential implications of the use of antibiotics in livestock on the onset of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), mainly through meat consumption. However, the ever-increasing use of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) in agriculture may also contribute significantly to the non-accounted exposure to antibiotics, ARB, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This position paper aims at evaluating the current knowledge concerning the occurrence of antibiotics, ARBs, and ARGs in edible parts of different common crops irrigated with RWW. We will discuss which regulations on the use of RWW may contribute to the minimization of the prevalence of these contaminants in crops, and provide recommendations on how to minimize the impact of these practices., The authors would like to acknowledge the COST Action ES1403 NEREUS “New and emerging challenges and opportunities in wastewater reuse”, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.eu) for enabling the collaboration among the authors of the paper.

Interest in water treatment by electrochemical methods has grown in recent years. Electrochemical oxidation has been applied particularly successfully to degrade different organic pollutants and disinfect drinking water. This study summarizes the effectiveness of the electrochemical oxidation technique in inactivating different primary biofilm forming paper mill bacteria as well as sulfide and organic material in pulp and paper mill wastewater in laboratory-scale batch experiments. Three different electrodes, boron-doped diamond (BDD), mixed metal oxide (MMO), and PbO2, were employed as anodes. The impact on inactivation efficiency of parameters such as current density and initial pH or chloride concentration of synthetic paper machine water was studied. The electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry with MMO, BDD, and PbO2 electrodes in synthetic paper mill water as also with MMO and stainless steel electrodes with biocides. Some suggestions on the formation of different oxidants and oxidation mechanisms were also presented during the treatment. Aerobic paper mill bacteria species (Deinococcus geothermalis, Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis, and Meiothermus silvanus) were inactivated effectively (>2 log) at MMO electrodes by current density of 50 mA/cm2 and the time taken was 3 min. Increasing current density and initial chloride concentration of paper mill water increased the inactivation rate of D. geothermalis. The inactivation order of different bacteria species was M. silvanus > P. taiwanensis > D. geothermalis. It was observed that inactivation was mainly due to the electrochemically generated chlorine/hypochlorite from chloride present in the water and also residual disinfection by chlorine/hypochlorite occurred. In real paper mill effluent treatment, sulfide oxidation was effective with all the different initial concentrations (almost 100% reduction, current density 42.9 mA/cm2) and also anaerobic bacteria inactivation was observed (almost 90% reduction by chloride concentration of 164 mg/L and current density of 42.9 mA/cm2 in 5 min). Organic material removal was not as effective when comparing with other tested techniques, probably due to the relatively low treatment times. Cyclic voltammograms in synthetic paper mill water with stainless steel electrode showed that H2O2 could be degraded to radicals during the cathodic runs. This emphasizes strong potential of combined electrochemical treatment with this biocide in bacteria inactivation in paper mill environments. The results of the experiments showed that electrochemical oxidation could be used in paper mill waters for planktonic bacteria removal. Applying this technique together with some biocides can enhance the oxidation process, keeping the paper mill pipelines clean of slime formed by bacteria. Electrochemical oxidation is also a promising preliminary or tertiary treatment process in pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment, especially against refractory organic compounds which cannot be removed by biological processes.

Biosensors are promising tools in several areas such as clinical diagnosis, food analyses, environment monitoring, and in other fields, where rapid and reliable analyses are needed. Today they are represented on the market worldwide by an increasing number of paper-based electrodes working in these areas. Paper-based electrodes for glucose monitoring have been commercially available for about 25 years. Apart from glucose monitoring by using paper-based electrodes, commercials tests are now available for metabolites, human chorionic gonadotrophin, C-reactive protein, troponin, myoglobin, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A and B, streptococcus A, Helicobacter pylori, adenovirus and rotavirus, malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis A/B/C, and cancer biomarkers measurements in human fluids. Other application points of these paper-based commercial tests are food, environment, and biothreat applications. Such tests are successfully applied in home, office, hospitals, and clinics. In this chapter, the commercial tests used for clinical, food, environmental, and biothreat analyses in global market are reviewed and the specific features of these tests are summarized.

Paper-based sensing platforms are one of the most powerful tools for point-of-care diagnostics. The ease of use while ensuring low production costs of such devices is the key for paper-based technologies to find their way to a successful commercialization. Thus, all steps in the analytical process chain from sample interface, sample preparation, signal amplification to signal transduction and data analysis have to be integrated in a single diagnostic platform. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview on recent developments towards integrated paper-based platforms in academia and industry. Herein, innovative solutions are discussed with respect to their sampling methods such as invasive and non-invasive approaches. We also address the requirements and challenges for the sampling and analysis of the different body fluids. Finally, we present our views about the future perspectives, challenges, and opportunities of the integrated paper-based devices.

This chapter highlights the importance of anaerobic digestion in pulp and paper mill waste (PPMW) treatment. Due to increasing environmental concerns and strict laws about the effluents from industries, it becomes imperative to use such a technology. PPMW contains a vast amount of organic contaminants that are recalcitrant. Postaerobic treatment, a considerable amount of sludge is generated, and to cope up with this, anaerobic digestion, which results in much-reduced sludge volumes, is one of the best methods. Anaerobic digestion of PPMW offers additional benefits through the generation of renewable value-added bioproducts such as biogas, biomethane, biohydrogen, and biofertilizer, along with the treatment of waste. The present chapter describes the importance of anaerobic treatment of PPMW for both sludge and wastewater and the simultaneous generation of value-added products. In the end, the various challenges associated with anaerobic treatment and their mitigation strategies are also discussed.

Current US health policy through the Office of the National Coordinator (ONC) of health information technology (Health IT) of the Department of Health and Human Services ( http://www.healthit.gov/ ) indicates that the standard practice for biomedical engineering (BME) roles in health care will include managing and dealing with comprehensive medical device interoperability with electronic health records. A recent workforce forecast from the US Department of Labor predicts that the United States will have a workforce of 25,000 biomedical engineers by 2022, and another 60,000 technicians and 100,000 related IT staff. This White Paper addresses the limited amount of appropriate curriculum and hands-on laboratory resources among the 87 US university-based BME programs to prepare the field to manage medical device interoperability and fully engage our current workforce for the transitions occurring today. We conclude that the field is not ready for this challenge, but some leading universities have begun this transition. We are ready to assist in this development.

Paper and pulp industries consume huge amount of resources like wood and water every year and creates large amounts of solid wastes and waste water that have to be treated. Different forms of wastes are produced such as particle, solid, gas, and water during paper production. The developed wastes are usually not treated properly and waste water is mostly allowed to mix with water resources like river. So identification of some suitable methodologies to treat these wastes in an environmental-friendly way and to extract the energy from these wastes is the need of the day. This chapter focuses on the history of paper making, paper making methodologies, forms of waste generated along with their sources, and characteristics followed by the techniques for converting these wastes into useful energy. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and biodiesel production methodologies for converting paper mill wastes into energy are discussed and it is found that anaerobic digestion is a commonly used method for wastewater, whereas incineration is for solid wastes. The possibility of producing biofuels from these wastes was also found as feasible.

Publisher Summary Recovered paper, or waste paper, can come from a number of different sources, including internally at the paper mill. A number of different terms are used to indicate when in the life cycle of the paper that it is returned for recycling. Recovered paper collection is done in a number of different ways, depending on the type of paper being collected and the source of the paper. In general, preconsumer recycled paper is easier to collect as it tends to be concentrated in specific manufacturing locations and also tends to be much more homogeneous. These collections, often of the form of cuttings, trimmings and over issues, are typically baled and packaged directly at the collection site with little additional processing needed. Paper recycling is a key raw material for the papermaking process, representing a significant portion of the fiber used. However, because of the degradation of the fibers through the papermaking and recycling process, the limit to the amount of paper being recycled is slowly being approached. In addition, there are a number of grades of paper that are currently not recycled and will not be in the foreseeable future. This is particularly true for such personal care products such as toweling and tissue. Future improvements in recycling will need to deal mainly with the fiber quality issues.

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are simple, convenient, and portable devices that can detect selected substances and quickly display results. PADs are being adopted at increasing rates for use in an expanding array of fields including biochemistry, drug test assaying, and environmental analysis. Compared with traditional analytical methodology, PADs provide several advantages including the following: (1) the capacity for easy mass production; (2) portability; (3) low cost; and (4) small sample volume requirements. These features position PADs as significantly useful tools in rural areas and developing countries, where sophisticated laboratories are limited. In addition to these advantages, PADs offer great potential for integration with the Internet and new artificial intelligence technology. Integrating what may be called “lab-on-a-paper” technology with the Internet of Things offers new opportunities for individuals, in the lab, in the field, and even at home, to carry out advanced examinations and analyses of a variety of things including point-of-care health diagnostics, health status, and environmental quality. In this way, PADs can significantly improve quality of life for a great number of people.

Objective: Registries are important data sources for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but reporting of how they are used may be inadequate. The objective was to describe the current adequacy of reporting of RCTs using registries. Study Design and Setting: We used a database of trials using registries from a scoping review supporting the development of the 2021 CONSORT extension for Trials Conducted Using Cohorts and Routinely Collected Data (CONSORT-ROUTINE). Reporting completeness of 13 CONSORT-ROUTINE items was assessed. Results: We assessed reports of 47 RCTs that used a registry, published between 2011 and 2018. Of the 13 CONSORT-ROUTINE items, 6 were adequately reported in at least half of reports (2 in at least 80%). The 7 other items were related to routinely collected data source eligibility (32% adequate), data linkage (8% adequate), validation and completeness of data used for outcome assessment (8% adequate), validation and completeness of data used for participant recruitment (0% adequate), participant flow (9% adequate), registry funding (6% adequate) and interpretation of results in consideration of registry use (25% adequate). Conclusion: Reporting of trials using registries was often poor, particularly details on data linkage and quality. Better reporting is needed for appropriate interpretation of the results of these trials. Keywords: registries, CONSORT, CONSORT-ROUTINE, randomised controlled trials, reporting guideline, routinely collected data Running Title: Completeness and Transparency of Reporting of RCTs using Registries

Water appears to play several essential roles during manufacture of paper. The quality of fresh water entering a paper machine system can affect both process efficiency and paper quality, contributing to, or being responsible for, various problems. About 85% of the water used in the pulp and paper industry is used for processing, ultimately producing large volumes of contaminated wastewater. All processing cycles in paper production are connected directly or indirectly by water loops. The objectives of the water circuit system are to offer the required volume rate and quality of water for each consumer and to treat and/or bleed out water containing detrimental substances. Water circuits with loop designs and circuit closure are presented in this chapter.

In pulp and paper production black liquor is burnt to recover base chemicals and to generate electricity and steam which is e.g. used in papermaking machines. In the event of paper tearing excess steam has to be condensed usually. We propose a latent thermal energy system to recover that energy and re-use it in the papermaking machines. A storage model was developed and experimentally verified by a lab-scale prototype. For the specific process, we designed a tube-bundle storage using thermally conductive HDPE as PCM and show that up to 30 MWh can be recovered per day. Finally, we describe the potential of storages to improve energy generation and efficiency in plants.

Recently, the research and development of novel antimicrobial food packaging paper have been accrued a considerable attention due to their ultimate advantages namely contain food in a cost-effective way that satisfies industry requirements and consumer desires, maintains food safety, and minimizes environmental impact also to increase the shelf life of foodstuff. These unique food packaging papers can be prepared through different materials such as synthetic polymers, nature or bio-polymers owing to their numerous properties. Therefore, in order to enhance the biological properties particularly the antimicrobial activity against the most pathogenic bacteria and biodegradability of the packaging material, the polymeric matrix can be reinforced with different fillers mainly biofiber, clay and agriculture biomass. Herein, this chapter book reviews the different classes of food packaging paper and their roles, manufacturing, applications and also the effects of antimicrobial agents on the final properties of packaging papers. The major aim of this review was to highlight the effect of several antibacterial agents on final mechanical and biological properties of biomass- based composites and nanocomposites materials. This chapter is divided into three parts, the first one is dedicated to the classifications and roles of food packaging systems, the second part is devoted to the manufacturing of packaging paper based on agriculture biomass, the third part concern the applications of these materials and the side effect of the antibacterial agents on their properties. From the results obtained in this research work, we can conclude that the agricultural biomass can be used to manufacture food packaging by several techniques mostly pulp manufacturing processes. Also, the mechanical and antibacterial properties of these materials can enhanced by the addition of divers antibacterial agents.

As society develops, the number of published research articles raises. Besides, the pressure to publish has been increased because the competitiveness between researchers working on similar topics. Although this increment is desirable, it leads to multiple issues. At a reader level, insurmountable barriers to keep up with the state of the art appear. From a publisher perspective, it is a very demanding task to determine which research articles are worth publishing. Automatizing these tasks appears as a core solution. In the case of readers, a previous evaluation of articles would simplify the filtering process. As for publishers, they could perform preliminary selections or estimate the reviewing effort. This paper presents Medical Evaluator System for Scientific Interoperability (MESSI) system to overcome all these issues. It is able to evaluate the novelty and reliability of health-related texts. The novelty calculation is based on previously acquired knowledge after processing more than 500,000 papers. The reliability estimation is based on the reputations of similar articles calculated based on previously defined metrics. Multiple experiments have been addressed to illustrate the viability of the proposal. The obtained results show a good performance that encourage to continue evolving the system. S1751157721000596

Measures for reduction of water consumption in pulp and paper mills are presented in this chapter. These include: in-pulp mill water conservation, modification of pulping and bleaching processes, separation of process and nonprocess waters, process modification, improvement in quality and management of paper machine wastewater, and system closure and integration of water systems/application of pinch technology.

The pulp and paper industry in the global market and a basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process are presented in this chapter.

Since the Second World War, the pulp and paper industry has become one of the most important industries in the world based on its economic benefits. Unfortunately, it is usually associated with high water usage and high electricity expenditure. Currently, pulp and paper mills are faced with various challenges forcing them to follow stringent environmental regulations and adopt sustainable waste management strategies as well as utilizing best available technologies to treat the effluent. While the discharge of hazardous effluent is certainly a growing concern, the pulp and paper industry is making great progress in reducing the quantity of wastewater it expends along with the amount of hazardous materials found in the effluent. This chapter provides a brief overview of waste generation and management in pulp and paper mills, and it also discusses the combined novel and conventional aerobic effluent treatment methods.

The activated sludge process is the most common treatment for pulp and paper mill effluents. Process modelling is a powerful tool to increase the knowledge of wastewater treatment plants, with the benefits, for instance, of reducing costs and time for making decisions on process improvement. Frequently, ASM models are used to describe the pulp and paper mill effluents treatment. These types of effluents usually have low nutrients contents, which affect the biomass growth and in consequence, the process efficiency. In this work, a mathematical model which includes the dynamic influence of adding nutrients to the aerobic stage of a paper mill industry is retrieved, identified, calibrated and validated, in order to gain knowledge on the process for efficiency, in which the nutrients (ammonium phosphate) are added by an auxiliary inflow. Due to practical purposes, the developed model considers only seven out of nineteen biological processes in the ASM2. To get a reliable mathematical model for the process, we followed a five-step methodology that includes: (a) problem definition, (b) experimental data obtainment, (c) model construction (d) model calibration and (d) linear error propagation for uncertainty analysis. The reduced ASM2 contains 31 parameters that were calibrated by a non-linear regression with real data plant. This step was applied to four operational scenarios, with and without variation of the KLa parameter, as well as with and without effluent recirculation of the clarifier. The results show that the reduced ASM2, developed here, shows good responses that can be identified to the real process. Therefore, it can be used confidently for operational decisions for improvement of the process.

The pulp and paper industry uses large volumes of water. Much water is lost to evaporation during production resulting in high demand for fresh water. The industry has made steady progress over the past three decades in reducing its relative water footprint. A growing market for equipment and services in pulp and paper water and wastewater treatment is seen. In this chapter water usage and consumption are presented. Water consumption standards are also presented.

This chapter describes an electrochemical detection method on a paper device. First, a mixture of paracetamol (PA) and its degradation product 4-aminophenol (4-AP) is chromatographically separated and then detected as analyte on the same device. General information on measuring 4-AP in PA samples and a description of electrochemical detection on paper are provided in the background section. The following sections cover topics related to the design of a paper microfluidic device, the chemicals and materials required, and the hazards associated with this experiment. The experimental section includes a step-by-step procedure for device fabrication and electrochemical measurements. Additional notes that may help instructors and students are also highlighted in addition to assessment questions to determine students’ knowledge and understanding of the experiment. The references at the end of the chapter may be helpful for further reading.

A large variety of external treatment technologies—primary treatment, secondary treatment [aerated lagoon, activated sludge moving bed bioreactor (MBR), biofiltration, anaerobic treatment], and tertiary treatment—being used for pulp and paper mill effluents are presented in this chapter. The comparison of the treatment efficiencies for different wastewater treatments is also presented.

Flexible and wearable electronics have recently attracted increasing attention, because they can open up new possibilities for next-generation portable devices. Cellulose paper serves various purposes in daily life, including in writing, printing, wrapping, and packaging applications. Since paper materials are sustainable, mass produced, inexpensive, biocompatible, recyclable, lightweight, and flexible, the use of paper has recently been extended to flexible electronic applications. In this chapter, we describe cellulose-based flexible paper electronics. Wood-derived cellulose pulp or nanocellulose is composited with conductive nanomaterials such as silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The as-prepared paper composites are successfully applied as transparent conductive paper, paper antenna, paper sensor, and paper supercapacitor. These paper devices demonstrated both high device performance and flexibility compared with the state-of-the-art polymer-based flexible devices. Our findings provide a promising route to realize green and flexible paper electronics.

Large material usage and high production cost restrict the widespread use of solar cells in our society as a clean energy source. A feasible way toward inexpensive solar cells is root in our ability to fabricate solar cells on cheap substrates as the substrate represents 25%–60% of total material costs in current solar cells. Recent efforts to develop solar cells on low cost, flexible, renewable, biodegradable, and versatile paper have rendered encouraging and intriguing results. Paper can not only be taken as a promising substrate to support various solar cells, but also can act as functional elements such as light management layer to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. The following sections summarize up-to-date progress on the solar cells fabricated on both common and emerging paper substrates and identify the major challenges for paper solar cells that need to be overcome before they can move from the laboratory to industry. Among these reports, a highest 6.7% PCE to date for solar cells on common paper is reported. Paper solar cells demonstrated their potential application in low-cost and disposable paper electronics as a power source. Possible applications include gadgets, product tracking, smart parcels, security identification, and copy protect.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world with very high capital investments. Over 400 million metric tons of paper and cardboard are produced worldwide every year, with China being responsible for around one-quarter of the total production. Global pulp and paper production and consumption are presented in this chapter.

Pulp and paper mills are highly complex and integrate many different process areas. Processing options and the type of wood processed are often determined by the final product. A basic overview of pulp and paper manufacturing process, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources, and energy requirements in various pulp and paper processing steps are presented in this chapter.

The paper and packaging industry is an important part of the global economy and plays a critical role in the world economy. Cellulase, a complex enzyme produced by a number of microorganisms, has tremendous potential application in the pulp and paper industry. Cellulase contributes 10% of the worldwide industrial enzyme demand, and there is tremendous potential for cellulase biotechnology in pulp and paper manufacturing to grow steadily commercially, and to give rise to new possibilities. Cellulase, xylanase, laccase, and lipase are the most important enzymes that can be used in the pulp and paper processes. This prospective study aims to enhance the understanding of the most important advanced uses of cellulases for providing benefits to the pulp and paper industry in various areas like increased pulp yield, improved fiber properties, enhanced paper recycling, reduced processing and environmental problems, and energy efficiency.

Chemical additives used in papermaking fall into three groups—general (commodity) and two classes of specialty chemicals—process and functional. Process chemicals are used to optimize the production process by increasing machine speed, runnability, providing deposit control and reducing steam consumption. Retention aids, defoamers, fixative agents, biocides, and defoamers/antifoam additives are some typical examples of process chemicals. Functional chemicals directly affect paper quality and paper properties—color, water repellency, strength, printability, etc. Typical examples of such functional chemicals are dyes, coating binders, and strength and sizing additives. The boundary between process and functional chemicals is not very definite as process chemicals may either significantly influence performance of functional chemicals and/or affect sheet properties directly. About 90% of all chemical additives belong to functional additives. The remaining 10% are process chemicals, with retention aids (including fixatives, coagulants, flocculants and microparticles) representing the biggest and most important part. The in-depth and thorough coverage of chemical additives in the pulp and paper industry are presented. Various sections deal with pulping chemicals, bleaching chemicals, process chemicals, functional chemicals, pigments for fillers, coating pigments, aluminum, starch, chemicals used in paper recycling, and chemicals used for stickies control and tissue and towels.

The type of paper coated using chemical with the intension of changing color when exposed to heat is called thermal paper. The great advantage of thermal printing at its present state of development is its low cost and high reliability with regard to the instrument and the thermal paper. This study presents the manufacture and application of thermal paper. Also, the article describes the thermal paper based on color formers and the types of thermal paper. The thermal paper is use for thermal printers and copiers, mostly in lightweight or cheap devices like credit card terminals, cash registers, and adding machines.

The art, science, and technology of papermaking may be traced to 200 BC in China. Papermaking has played an important role in cultures all over the world and has evolved from simply pouring pounded pulp onto a fabric screen into the modern technology used today. This article traces the evolution of papermaking, the growth of paper technology, the variation in papermaking techniques, and reviews the economic and social reasons behind these changes.

Papermaking deposits can be classified as being organic, inorganic, or microbiological. Most paper machine deposits contain a combination of some or all of these major component types. Although inorganic deposits tend to be more of a problem in the stock and flow-piping systems of the paper mill, organic deposits tend to be more problematic in the headbox, wet end, and press section of the paper machine. These contaminants form tacky deposits that can plug forming fabrics and wet press felts. Microorganisms in paper mill systems take two forms: planktonic and sessile. Planktonic organisms do not readily cause problems in the system; however, in the sessile form, these same organisms can become problematic. Inorganic and organic deposits offer a readily available food source for sessile organisms, which attach themselves to deposit surfaces. Several of these organisms classified as slime formers are able to secrete a protective polysaccharide coating around themselves known as biofilm. The slime formers, in combination with inorganic and organic process additives and contaminants, can form deposits that coat process equipment and create sheet quality and runnability problems. In addition to slime formers, anaerobic bacteria can form under deposits. The most common type of anaerobic bacteria found in paper mills is sulfate-reducing bacteria, which is capable of converting sulfate in the system to highly corrosive hydrogen sulfide.

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with very high capital investments. The world's total paper production amounted to 403 million tons in 2013. The majority of manufacturing facilities in the paper industry are integrated. Most paper mills begin with wood chipping at the front end, followed by pulping, bleaching, papermaking, and recycling of post consumer products. The paper and paperboard industry in the global market and general aspects of pulp and papermaking processes are presented.

Nowadays, the paper industry is moving toward more sustainable or environmentally friendly processes. As a result, most modern paper mills are operating a closed loop process water system that operates under neutral or alkaline conditions with an increased consumption of recycled fibers as raw material. Currently more than 50% of the produced paper and board is derived from recycled fibers. These changes have resulted in an increasing number of problems resulting from slime deposits caused by an increase in microbiological activity. The paper machine loops and general aspects of paper making are presented.

The process to be applied to recovered paper to meet the quality requirements of recycled pulp is determined by the grade of the recovered paper and the demands of the final product. Roughly half of the total recovered papers are recycled for the production of case materials, mainly from old corrugated carton (OCC). Besides these brown recovered paper grades, white recovered paper grades, and some high-quality grades, are reused in newsprint, tissue and other graphic paper grades and in whip top layers of packaging papers, so these have to be deinked. Mixed recovered paper grades are used with OCC and for grey solid board layers and thus are not deinked. Deinking lines are more complex than OCC recycling lines. This is because in addition to the re-pulping and contaminant removal process steps, the pulp has to be deinked, and optionally bleached to achieve high brightness. Removing inks that are difficult to deink, like flexo prints and some digital prints, and ‘stickies’ from pressure-sensitive adhesives, are currently the main challenges in the field of deinking. Some examples of typical recycling and deinking lines for different applications – newsprint, fine paper, tissue, market pulp and packaging paper – are presented in this chapter.

Disturbance Management is a major issue in process industries like the pulp and paper (P&P) case and is mostly performed in the execution/control level. That approach is confined to the amendment of plans sent by upper levels and can thus be problematic. This paper moves towards the integration of planning and control, starting from the planning’s point of view. The application of Simulation-Optimization (S-O) allows considering uncertainty, but keeping a deterministic tractable optimization model. Indeed, it is the simulation model that incorporates more complex elements such as stochastic variables, as well as integrates (with more or less detail) the execution/control behaviour. In this work, we present a case study of a P&P mill, focusing on the two most critical production resources (the digester and the paper machine). The feedback obtained by simulating their interaction is used to adjust the slacks introduced in the intermediate tank. In this way, we are able to generate plans that are not only optimized concerning company’s indicators, but also robust against disturbances.

The coagulation-flocculation method has been used to treat pulp and paper mill wastewater. Single-coagulant, single-flocculant, and coagulant–flocculant processes have been investigated. Treatment efficiency was studied taking into consideration various effects such as pH, type and dosage of coagulant and flocculant, settling characteristics, and water recovery. Alum and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were used as coagulants. Nine cationic and anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) of various molecular weights and charge densities were chosen as flocculants. For the single coagulant, both alum of dosage 1000 mg/l and PACl of dosage 500 mg/l achieved higher than 90% treatment efficiency in turbidity reduction, TSS removal, and COD reduction. From the nine PAM flocculants studied, 5 mg/l of the cationic polyacrylamide, Organopol 5415, with high molecular weight and low-charge density produced the best flocculation efficiency: 95% turbidity reduction, 98% TSS removal, and 93% COD reduction. The sludge volume index (SVI) was 14 ml/g. For the coagulation–flocculation process, alum showed better treatment efficiency than PACl when combined with Organopol 5415. The results showed 99.7% turbidity reduction, 99.5% TSS removal, and 95.6% COD reduction, with an SVI of 37 ml/g and a settling time of 12 seconds. A pilot scale study gave very similar results. The water recovery from the process was 96.3%.

The use of secondary fibre in virgin fibre affects the papermaking process in many ways. Machine runnability is negatively affected unless proper measures are taken to address potential problems. Sheet properties, appearance and performance may also be affected. The presence of secondary fibres can increase the dirt count, the number of holes in the sheet and cause picking on the lump-breaker, breaker stacks and calendar depending on the efficiency of the cleaning and screening systems. Recycled fibre sheets also tend to be weaker than virgin fibre paper. Brightness, colour and opacity may also be affected. With proper consideration of the recycled fibre quality and the capabilities of the paper machine, the transition to recycled fibre can be a smooth one, with little negative impact on paper machine runnability.

This paper provides tutorial introductions to Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and the concept of hardware compilation - the translation of a high-level programming language directly into a hardware design. As an illustration, a simple stepper motor control program is presented. The research aims of the sensor validation programme are described, and the benefits of using hardware compilation techniques are presented. This leads on in the conclusion of the paper to a more general discussion of the interaction between research and technology, and in particular the influence of information technology upon control engineering.

There is a significant opportunity now for investors to build, own, and operate biorefineries at existing pulp and paper sites that will work synergistically and economically for the pulp and paper mill owner and the biorefinery owner. The pulp and paper industry is the world’s largest nonfood biomass collection system. The pulp and paper industry is a mature industry producing low-margin commodity products. But it has the ideal infrastructure, experience, and resources to capitalize on the strategic interest in renewable fuels via the biorefinery. Industry leaders, investors, policy-makers, and others are now beginning to better understand the vital role to be played by biorefineries as we move from a fossil fuel-based energy economy toward a bio-based one. When properly located and operated, the potential of an integrated forest biorefinery is expected to be huge: a very attractive and synergistic business opportunity for both the colocated pulp and paper mill and the biorefinery itself. Biorefineries are a key pathway to our biofuture, displacing fossil fuels and supplying clean, renewable, and carbon neutral energy. Biorefineries fit very well at pulp and paper mills because of their inherent ability to gather and process biomass and create energy from biomass.

This chapter describes the mass and energy requirements of pulp and paper processes in general, and specifically the Kraft process, which is the dominant pulping process as well as the most intensive steam user. The strong interactions between water and heat networks in pulp and paper mills are discussed. Water in pulp and paper processes is used for dilution, washing, cooling and heating, and is the main heat transporter and dissipator in pulp and paper processes. Approaches to increasing energy efficiency in existing mills are presented. Results show that there is a heat-savings potential of approximately 15–30% in typical existing mills. Finally, trends in Process Integration techniques in the pulp and paper industry are presented.

A systematic review into the literature surrounding industrial carbon capture has been performed, with a particular focus on costs per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The authors have reviewed 250 research articles in order to extract data regarding industrial CCS, focusing on four main carbon-emitting industries; the iron and steel industry, the refining industry, the pulp and paper industry and the cement industry. Only 25 costs were returned as part of the search, and across the four industries they suggested that the cost of carbon capture on industries after conversion to 2013 US Dollars is $20-140 per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The highest costs were found using amine scrubbing, the most mature technology, with other less mature technologies reporting lower costs, for example, calcium looping applied to the cement industry was reported to have costs of in the range of $20-75 per tonne avoided, with the only lower costs reported being in the pulp and paper industry reported between $16 and $35. However, the paucity of costing data increases the uncertainty surrounding industrial CCS, meaning that more economic data are required before any conclusive decisions can be made.

Low-cost easy-to-use paper testing devices such as strips for pH, pregnancy, or diabetes testing have been commercially available for years. Recently, using advances from microfluidics, researchers have enhanced these tools and developed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD). These ‘lab-on-paper’ devices are capable of achieving complex and precise qualitative and quantitative measurements of a wider array of biochemicals inexpensively. This chapter explores the current methods for low-cost assays in paper-based microfluidic devices. It summarizes device fabrication, performance, and reliability, as well as the techniques and progress achieved in detection with examples of applications to explain how they represent a promising platform for biochemical sensing. Finally, it presents the current limitations and a few perspectival trends.