Design, application, and integration of paper-based sensors with the Internet of Things

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are simple, convenient, and portable devices that can detect selected substances and quickly display results. PADs are being adopted at increasing rates for use in an expanding array of fields including biochemistry, drug test assaying, and environmental analysis. Compared with traditional analytical methodology, PADs provide several advantages including the following: (1) the capacity for easy mass production; (2) portability; (3) low cost; and (4) small sample volume requirements. These features position PADs as significantly useful tools in rural areas and developing countries, where sophisticated laboratories are limited. In addition to these advantages, PADs offer great potential for integration with the Internet and new artificial intelligence technology. Integrating what may be called “lab-on-a-paper” technology with the Internet of Things offers new opportunities for individuals, in the lab, in the field, and even at home, to carry out advanced examinations and analyses of a variety of things including point-of-care health diagnostics, health status, and environmental quality. In this way, PADs can significantly improve quality of life for a great number of people.