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Анализируется использование тропа относительности Секстом Эмпириком. Поднимается проблема возможного агностицизма главного представителя пирронизма и предлагаются аргументы и основания, которые показывают способ отведения данного возражения. Основой интерпретации является так называемая диалектическая стратегия, с помощью которой Секст мог описать свое непропозициональное использование норм и аргументов, которые были им заимствованы у догматических философов и использованы против них самих., The goal of Sextus Empiricus' philosophy implies achieving the tranquility of soul (ataraxia), which is reached through investigation of scientific and philosophical beliefs. Sceptic comes to conclusion, Sextus says, that conflicting beliefs have equal persuasiveness, which allows him to suspend judgement about truth and falsity of any issues under investigation. At the same time Sextus uses powerful arguments of negative dogmatic nature, what provides reasons to some scholars to contend Sextus' insincerity and inconsistency. Indeed, we come to strange results, undertaking analysis of the Relativity Mode. If we reconstruct arguments, contained in the Mode, we can see that the main premise of the Mode is an assumption that relative knowledge of the things is not the proper one, for it cannot reveal their real nature. For the being of things in themselves is assumed as absolute and not relative one. Every relative predicate then does not reveal the real properties of the things in themselves. Assuming this, one should certain conclude that things are incomprehensible, which means in its turn taking agnosticism. However this takes no place in Sextus' case -at the end of every Mode he declares necessity of suspending judgement. This issue raises the main problem of this paper. I argue that Sextus has sufficient means to refute those hasty charges sketched above. So it is proposed an apologetic interpretation based on so called «dialectical strategy», which can be traced to Socrates and which was inherited by Sextus through Arcesilaus. It consists in hypothetical assuming premises and deduction rules of opponents (dogmati-cists), and revealing internal contradictions of their accounts. As example of such strategy could be taken a special way of skeptical speaking, which is described by «phainestai rule» (K. Vogt). According to this rule the pyrrhonian sceptic makes no statements, but just utters about his perceptions and mental states. It means that the sceptic have a special skeptical propositional attitude, according to which he makes no truth claims but he is just reasoning from the dogmatist's point of view. Thus we reach a point that the sceptic doesn't argue truth of premises and deduction rules, and thereby is not committed to their conclusions. This shows why the sceptic isn't entitled to claim agnosticism as consequence of his reasoning. However this interpretation calls an account of isosthenia in question, which I'll undertake in the following paper.

Рассматривается романная тетралогия Томаса Манна «Иосиф и его братья». Проводится сопоставление романов тетралогии с образцами жанра эмигрантского романа, созданными писателями, покинувшими Германию после событий 1933 г. (Э.М. Ремарк, Л. Фейхтвангер, К. Манн). Учитываются такие аспекты романной поэтики, как пространственная организация, сюжет, типология героев. Обосновывается принадлежность тетралогии Т. Манна к жанровой периферии немецкого эмигрантского романа., Data for study for the paper is Thomas Mann's tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers finished in the American exile in 1943. T. Mann's work is considered to belong to different genres, namely myth novel, historical novel, anti-totalitarian Bildungsroman. In the paper it is compared with the main examples of German exile novel created by exile writers E.M. Remarque, L. Feuchtwanger, K. Mann. The exile novel is a genre where space organization plays an extraordinary important role. Two main kinds of space worldview presented in Joseph novels are considered in the article. The bearers of the first one are Jacob and his relatives and the bearers of the second one are Egyptians. The sacred centre of Jacob's world is the Luz hill, and Canaan is considered to be a sacral territory. Secular territories are located around it. As for Egypt, it is outskirts having the same axiological meaning as the underworld. Egyptians' worldview is an axiological inverse of Jacob's one because they accept Egypt as a sacral territory and Canaan as a barbarian country. The authors of the German exile novel also simulate two worldviews which are axiologically opposite. The author refers to them as "Nazi space" and "exile space" because their bearers are Nazi characters and emigrant characters respectively. Yuri Lot-man offered such a criterion for constructing the typology of literary characters as their relation to space. Using this criterion in studying the German exile novel enables to define Nazi and emigrant characters as bearers of opposite worldviews and to analyze the situation of choice appearing in every emigrant's life. Emigrants can either accept the axiology of the exile space where the central zone is a "dark" world and outskirt is a sacral rational territory or suffer from being far from their motherland. Emigrant characters from the first group start a new life in one of the outskirt countries while characters from the second group mostly die. A similar self-determination act must be held by Th. Mann's Joseph who accepts Egypt as "his" country and sacral territory. Joseph's moving to outskirt is shown as a symbolic death and a new birth; the same can be found in E.M. Remarque's, L. Feuchtwanger's and K. Mann's exile novels. That is why Th. Mann's Joseph can be defined as an emigrant character and Joseph and His Brothers as belonging to the genre periphery of the German exile novel. The tetralogy novels are not thematically related to the events of the 1930s-1940s. But they were a reaction to these events, being created as a "humanistic project". Though Th. Mann used an Old Testament plot he documented the emigrant view in his work, a bearer of which he also was.

На материалах Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Государственного архива Хабаровского края впервые в отечественной историографии исследуется история разработки и последующей реализации проекта организации обороны низовьев и устья р. Амур в 1906-1914 гг. Изучены решения Особого Совещания при СГО и проблемы их практической реализации. Введены в научный оборот и проанализированы данные о визите в 1911 г. в Приамурский военный округ военного министра В.А. Сухомлинова, принятых им в Николаевске решениях об изменении планов строительства Николаевской крепости, характеристике Амурской речной флотилии., This paper continues to present the results of a study devoted to the elaboration and discussion the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, prepared by the experts of the War and Navy Ministry, in the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council. It explains the reasons why most part of it was never implemented. Using sources from the NA RF and NAKR, this paper first examines the history of the elaboration and the following implementation of this defence project in 1906-1914. The decisions of the Special Consultation of the State Defence Council and problems of their practical implementation are analysed. Only one part of the project was implemented in 1911. It was the plan of creating the Amur River flotilla. However, it was greatly sequestered by the reason of financial problems. Not only the absence of money inhibited the creating of the ground defence, but also the gaps in regional geography and some debatable issues of fortifications construction. The War Minister of the Russian Empire V.A. Sukhom-linov saw all this during his visit to the Nikolayevsk Fortress in May 1911. He made a conference of all the leaders of the Priamur-skiy Military District, and the plan of the "immobile defence" was curtailed and reconsidered. The slow implementation of this plan continued until the outbreak of World War I and went along with the military-geographical and topographical investigation of the Lower Amur region. The results of it were very useful in the Soviet Union time, on the new level of the defence building in the Russian Far East. Therefore, despite the heavy blunders in the infrastructure organisation, the Amur River flotilla, which already existed by the time of V.A. Sukhomlinov's visit, became the foundation of the Amur defence. The idea of "mobile" defence was so prosperous, that the flotilla not only took an active part in World War II, in the time of the Manchu operation of 1945, but also continues its service today. The archival materials about the complex defence project of the Lower Amur and its mouth, the visit of V.A. Sukhom-linov and decisions that he made in Nikolayevsk about the changes in the building plans of the Nikolayevsk Fortress, the Amur River flotilla assessment and the descriptions of the absence the providing infrastructure are first published.

Рассматриваются основные особенности, связанные с проведением автороведческой экспертизы текстов протокола допроса. Исследуются юридические требования к составлению документов данного жанра и вызванные ими трудности определения границ авторского текста и разделения двух авторов. Рассматриваются стилевые и жанровые особенности протокола допроса и их роль в атрибуции протокола. На основе изучения обширного эмпирического материала разрабатывается методика анализа текстов данного жанра., The paper aims to clarify basic characteristics of interview memo authorship examination. The object of research is the memo of interview and its characteristics that determine the complexity of authorship examination. The paper attempts to develop a procedure for interview memo authorship examination. The paper has an introduction and 5 parts: "The Authorial Text Borders", "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation", "Binary Authorship", "Relevant Characteristics System", "Authorship Examination Algorithm". The paper is addressed to those working in the field of forensic linguistics and of problems of authorship examination. The introduction tells about the importance of knowing genre traits for reasoned authorship attribution. The first part familiarizes readers with legal requirements to the form and content of the memo of interview. The basis of the following research is a conclusion that only the descriptive part of the interview memo is authorship analyzable. In the part "Genre and Authorial Traits Demarcation" the most important characteristics of the interview memo genre are described. The third part is devoted to the problem of two authors coexistence in the text of the memo of interview. The first author is the interviewee, the second is the interviewer. Of particular interest is an attempt to distinguish text elements of the two authors. The part "Relevant Characteristics System" is devoted to the analysis of the traditional authorship examination method. It is established that lexical-phraseological, stylistic and syntactical linguistic levels are most appropriate for interview memo authorship examination. The last part of the paper, "Authorship Examination Algorithm", generalizes the results of the research and proposes a series of steps of interview memo authorship examination. In the conclusion the author again speaks about special aspects of interview memo authorship examination and notes a necessity to find a new basis for the analysis of texts of this genre. The paper is illustrated with two tables. The firs table illustrates the essay to distinguish text elements of the first and of the second authors. The second table expresses steps of interview memo authorship examination. The article contains a list of references.

Рассматривается вопрос о редакторской деятельности Ф. Сологуба в издательстве «Всемирная литература» (1918-1924). Подробно освещена работа над «Избранными сочинениями Ги де Мопассана», для которых Сологуб выступил не только как переводчик, но и как редактор, автор примечаний и вступительных статей. Проанализированы принципы, по которым работало издательство, пытаясь изменить саму форму работы переводчиков и редакторов по подготовке книг., The paper discusses the work of F. Sologub in the publishing house "Vsemirnaya literatura", organized in 1918. The aim of this paper is to review the editorial principles of the writer and their changes in the course by cooperation. Sologub's work as editor has not previously been a subject of research; the introductory articles by the writer have not been the subject of a separate study. Using the comparative method, the author traces the evolution of the editorial principles of the writer. In "Vsemirnaya Literatura", Sologub was the editor, compiler, author of commentaries and introductory articles for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana [Selected Works of G. de Maupassant]. Archival studies showed that Sologub prepared six volumes; however, only two of them were published (Bel Ami, Strong as Death). They became the main research material, along with previously unknown documents (Maupassant's Lunnyi svet i drugie rasskazy [Moonlight and Other Short Stories] from Sologub's private library which preserved marginalia and allowed tracing the process of editing, and the unpublished "Preface" to the two volumes of Rasskazy Mopassana [Short Stories of Maupassant] stored in the archive of the writer). Until 1918 Sologub had written three introductory articles to the books of translations: his own translations of poems by P. Verlaine, the novel translated by An. Chebotarevskaya and a note for Polnoe sobranie sochineniyMopassana [Complete Works of G. de Maupassant]. These brief notes by Sologub about the authors or the works were an expression of the subjective attitude of the writer towards the object, they disclosed his own views on issues raised in the novel or on the work of the author. "Vsemirnaya Literatura" had specific requirements for introductory articles. Instructions sent to the editors are a detailed plan of what the preface should contain and how it should be structured. Sologub wrote his introductory article for Izbrannye proizvedeniya G. de Mopassana following this plan. However, the evolution of the principles of editorial work by Sologub did not satisfy the reviewer of the book, N.O. Lerner. He gave a negative review and pointed to the source in one of the articles -Complete Works of G. de Maupassant in French (ed. by L. Conard). The review of this publication and its comparison with the content of Sologub's introductory articles shows that the informative part of the preface is completely taken from this source. However, when writing articles, Sologub did not abandon his principles of writing. It is most evident in Sologub's article to his translation of the novel Strong as Death. Comparing the introductory articles of the two periods of the writer, i.e. before 1918 and during the existence of "Vsemirnaya Literatura", the author comes to a conclusion that Sologub, who, at first glance, completely changed an approach to work, managed to save his characteristic manner, i.e. expressed his vision of the works by Maupassant at a professional level.

Описываются методологические основания выбора психокоррекционных и психотерапевтических методик для работы с пациентами кардиологического профиля до и после коронарного шунтирования. Исследованы и описаны особенности когнитивно-эмоциональной сферы пациентов с нарушениями по типу «лобного» синдрома. С учетом нейропсихологической симптоматики и специфики эмоционально-волевой сферы данной категории пациентов предложен комплекс методик, базирующийся на техниках и приемах когнитивно-бихевиорального подхода психотерапии и методах программированного обучения больных с «лобным» синдромом Л.С. Цветковой и восстановления планирования речевого высказывания М.К. Шохор-Троцкой. В предлагаемом комплексе выделено три блока по формированию и закреплению определенных психологических навыков: рационально-поведенческий, прогностический, когнитивно-коммуникативный., This article describes the methodological bases of the choice of psychocorrectional and psycho-therapeutic techniques in working with cardiological patients before and after coronary bypass surgery. The features of the cognitive-emotional sphere of patients with frontal lobe syndrome are presented. A clinical psychologist action algorithm for the diagnosis and prevention of behavioral and psycho-emotional disorders in patients preparing for surgery was worked out. The article highlights the "targets" of psychocorrectional exposure with the aim to overcome patients' "frontal" dysfunctions and to restore cognitive functions after coronary bypass surgery. In the paper we present a list of existing and most commonly used therapeutic approaches when working with patients suffering from somatic diseases. The paper describes a number of physiological mechanisms which patients with anxiety or depressive disorders may encounter. To prevent the influence of a negative stress response on the cardiovascular system we suggested to use the problem-oriented approach, in particular, the method of the rational-emotive therapy by A. Ellis. The techniques of this approach, unlike other types of psychotherapy, prevent the patient from coming back to the traumatic situation. The advantages of the rational-behavioral therapy were presented, where the main aim is to change the irrational patient's settings and to produce the optimal behavior during the preparation for the surgery. Taking into account neuropsychological symptoms and the specificity of emotional and volitional aspects of this category of patients, the complex of methods based on techniques and methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches was chosen including the methods of programmed training for patients with frontal lobe syndrome by L.S. Tsvetkova, and the recovery method of verbal planning by M.K. Shokhor-Trotsky. The scheme of psychological support of patients before and after coronary bypass surgery was developed. In the proposed complex we identified 3 blocks allocated for the formation and consolidation of certain psychological skills: rational-behavioral, predictive, and cognitive-communicative. Positive changes in the psychological sphere by using this methodical complex are expected, such as: reducing attention deficiency; enhancing voice and task oriented behavioral activity; reducing anxiety; actualization of time perspective. The complex of psychotherapeutic methods is oriented to improve the quality of life and to form the patient's personal responsibility for the treatment, which could become the basis for the psychological preparation for the surgery and for the rehabilitation in the postoperative period.

Показана история Ярославского Демидовского юридического лицея в 1900-1914 гг. Дается характеристика учебного процесса и сословного состава учащихся, анализируются квалификация и материальное положение профессорско-преподавательского состава. Отмечены расцвет регионального высшего образования в 1900-1904 и 1908-1913 гг. и упадок 1905-1907 гг., связанный с революцией. Рассматривается студенческое движение в период первой российской революции. Описан вывод о влиянии общероссийских процессов на региональное образование. Подчеркнуто, что Ярославский Демидовский юридический лицей в исследуемое время играл важную роль в системе высшего образования Российской империи., The article is devoted to the study of the history of a higher education institution Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum at the beginning of the 20th century. The aim of the article is to analyze the trends in the development of regional higher education in this chronological framework by the example of the Demidov Lyceum. The study mainly used archival materials clerical work documentation and statistical sources. The paper describes the student movement, which was a response to the events of January 9, 1905. The students joined the demonstrations of the workers, and refused to study before the introduction of the country's representative form of government. Russian higher education institutions, including Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum, stopped working for about 9 months, until the first of September, 1906. After these events, in the 1906-1907 academic year, higher school students from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other universities expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement joined the numbers of the Yaroslavl Lyceum students. Student unrest stopped after 1907. At the beginning of the century, a significant democratization of education occurred. Analysis of the statistical data leads to a conclusion that there was classless education in the Demidov Lyceum in the prewar period, that more than 50% of its students paid for their education, that there was a scholarship program and a clear predominance of the dominant religion Orthodoxy. The paper also provides a detailed list of the Lyceum teaching staff and administration who worked at the beginning of the 20th century, reports information about their education, salary and title. Famous lawyers such as Professor S.M. Shpilevsky, a known Russian historian of law and archaeologist, Professor V.M. Gordon, an outstanding expert in civil law, Professor I.Ya. Gurlyand, Doctor of Police Law, in the future one of the closest staff of ministers P.A. Stolypin and B.V. Sturmer, E.N. Berendts, the largest expert in Finnish law in the country, the future senator of the Provisional Government and Minister of Justice in the government of the Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky in the Ukraine, Professor L.S. Tal, the initiator of the study of labor law as a since, and others worked in the lyceum. The author comes to a general conclusion that Yaroslavl Demidov Juridical Lyceum played an important role in the system of domestic higher school, and was one of the centers of legal education. Despite the short-dated decline during the First Russian Revolution in 1905-1907, the regional higher education in the Russian Empire flourished at the beginning of the 20th century, at both the national and the regional levels.

Рассматривается история внедрения новой для Забайкальского региона административно-управленческой схемы провинции. Освещены основные сведения об учреждении, устройстве и компетенции канцелярии и воеводы Удинской провинции. Сделан вывод, что политика обустройства сибирских окраин Российской империи не только не носила инновационного характера с целью развития региона, но даже не адаптировалась к местным социально-экономическим, географическим, этническим, климатическим и прочим особенностям., The article discusses the history of the introduction of the province as an administration and management scheme new for the Transbaikal cross-border region. To manage the new territorial unit the Provincial Office was established, headed by the governor, subordinate to the governor of Irkutsk. The aim of the work is to highlight the basic information about the institution, the structure and the competence of the administrative body of Udinsk Province the Office and the magistrate. The author uses archive, previously unpublished material stored in the regional archive to examine the Office personnel, the main directions of its activities, the structure of divisions and their competence. The paper gives a brief historiography of the study of the topic which indicates its insufficient study. The paper describes the progress of the formation of the province and its administration system. The author identifies the main functions of the provincial authorities: administrative, fiscal, judicial, police and land management functions. According to the author, the few employees of the Provincial Office were not enough for the effective management of the region. All Transbaikal administration scheme is briefly discussed, from commissioners managing individual divisions to peasant self-government in the form of hut clerks. The archive materials indicate numerous abuses by the administrative officials of the province, but due to the small number of staff even convicted officials could again take part in managing the region. This situation often gave rise to open public protests and provoked riots. The establishment of the province in the Transbaikal region, therefore, is the first attempt to make administration of the distant cross-border region autonomous. Despite the fact that for the European Russian the provincial administration system was outdated and had been canceled, for the border regions of Russia bordering this scheme was new. The author concludes that the policy of resettling the Siberian outskirts of the Russian Empire neither was innovative for the development of the region, nor adapted to the local socio-economic, geographic, ethnic, climatic and other features. Besides, the implemented scheme did not undergo any significant changes and amendments based on the experience of its functioning. The province lasted for less than ten years and was abolished, according to the author, because of its complete inconsistency with the local conditions and the actual worthlessness of the scheme as a whole.

Рассматривается вопрос об оказании экономической и военной помощи правительству Чан Кайши со стороны США в разгаре антияпонской войны, его влиянии на различные аспекты американо-китайских отношений. Отмечается рост значимости данного вопроса по мере приближения разгрома Японии, обусловленный ролью сотрудничества двух стран в планах Ф. Рузвельта по поводу мирного переустройства на Дальнем Востоке. Выявлено наличие острых разногласий по проблеме оказания помощи между США и Китаем, а также внутри американского руководства, проанализированы способы их преодоления., This paper examines the impact of the problems associated with the provision of US military and economic aid to the Chiang Kai-shek Government on the condition of US-China relations during a turning point of World War II, when China's leadership made a stake on the conduct of hostilities mainly due to the US economic, military, and technical assistance. Throughout the period under review, the Chinese government tried to put pressure on the Roosevelt administration with the aim of increasing the supply of modern weapons, military equipment, and other goods. However, the Japanese occupation of almost all of Burma, which had been the last land bridge linking China to the outside world until 1942, created tremendous barriers to the delivery of US aid and actually meant blockade of the Chiang Kai-shek government-controlled provinces of China. The result was a steady decline in the US supply throughout 1942 causing some worsening of relations between the US and China. Nevertheless, Roosevelt and Chiang Kai-shek continued to actively discuss issues of US-Chinese cooperation in the economic field in the aftermath of the war in the Far East. Related issues were studied very carefully by the Chinese government which planned a large-scale modernization of the national economy in the postwar years and desperately needed to attract foreign, and in the first place American business. China's leadership counted on the interest of the US business community in the extraction of profits from the economic cooperation with China. It was America's paramount concern to establish control over the potentially far-reaching and highly promising Chinese market. It was also expected in Washington that the American support aimed at the post-war reconstruction of China was able to perform a decisive role in overcoming its backwardness and modernization of the Chinese political system. The relevance of the issue is determined by China's importance to the Allied strategy at the beginning of the war, the value of US-Chinese cooperation in the calculations of Franklin D. Roosevelt administration concerning post-war reconstruction of East Asia. The aim of this paper is a comprehensive examination of the problems of economic and military cooperation between China and the United States. Methodological foundations are the principles of historicism, objectivity, and causality. The novelty of the work is determined by using a considerable amount of historical evidence, not involved in the work of Soviet and Russian researchers previously, in a comprehensive study of the economic, political, and military ties between the US and China in the most difficult war years. The author comes to a conclusion that there were discrepancies between the two countries that made the existence of different, often conflicting positions on issues of interaction with the Chiang Kai-shek government in the economic field within the American establishment almost inevitable.

Выявляются подходы англо-американских и немецких исследователей к изучению истории массовых крестьянских переселений в Азиатскую Россию в дореволюционный период. Установлено, что работам западных авторов, опубликованным в первой половине XX в., присущи объективизм, использование «универсальных теорий» (колонизации, модернизации), стремление рассмотреть историю крестьянских миграций в общеевропейском и глобальном контексте. Во второй половине XX начале XXI в. исследователи сосредоточились на изучении особенностей крестьянских миграций в условиях «сибирского фронти-ра». Наряду с разнообразием теоретико-методологических подходов для рассматриваемого исследовательского направления характерна широкая палитра оценок переселенческого движения, от преимущественно критических в начале XX в. до преимущественно положительных в современной историографии., The aim of the paper is to present a comprehensive historiographical analysis of the works of Anglo-American and German authors who studied the history of mass peasant migration to Siberia and Far East during the post-reform era. Since the late XIX century up to the present the Western researchers have shown a great interest in the progress and results of the mass peasant resettlements beyond the Ural. In their numerous publications they used new theoretical and methodological approaches, made some valuable observations and conclusions. However, the majority of their publications have been neglected by the Soviet and contemporary Russian scholars. The present paper is meant to fill this gap, so it has the following tasks: to determine the range of relevant issues addressed by Western researchers; to delineate the main periods in the history of studying the peasant migration to Siberia; to characterize main theoretical and methodological approaches used by Western scholars; to evaluate their contribution to this field of research. The author notes that Anglo-American and German researchers considered the mass peasant migrations along with the construction of Trans-Siberian railroad as significant factors ensuring a stronger Russia's presence in Asia. In their works the agrarian history of Russia and Siberia is analyzed in the global context, while the Russian peasantry's way of life is viewed as part of the global peasant culture. In the late XIX mid-XX centuries the Englishand German-language scholars used an objectivist approach and "universal theories" of colonization (K. Wiedenfeld, W. Klumberg, H.-Y. Seraphim) and modernization (D. Treadgold). They retrieved their data from a limited amount of available sources which was offset partially by the widespread use of the works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet specialists. As the international scientific cooperation increased, Western scholars increasingly used documentary materials from the central and local archives of the USSR and Russia. In the second half of the XX early XXI centuries one of the main distinguishing features of Siberian studies in the West was an extensive use of the "frontier" theory (D. Treadgold, D. Kazmer, A. Kappeler). A contemporary German researcher E.-M. Stolberg attempted at summarizing various theoretical approaches representing the cultural history of Siberia within the political and socioeconomic frameworks, thus contributing to the development of the "frontier" theory, trans-regional and trans-cultural history. The author comes to conclusion that over the last century Western researchers demonstrated a variety of opinions: from the mostly negative attitudes in the early XX century to the mostly positive ones in the contemporary historiography. While admitting failures in implementation of some governmental measures and specific situation in Southern and Eastern Siberia or in the Far East, contemporary authors tend to write about the migrations' positive impact on the social and economic development of Asian Russia. Focusing on the specifics of situation in Siberia they often underestimate the results of governmental policy aimed at unification of social groups and creation of a "big Russian nation" in Asia. However some historians (St. Marks, A. Wood and others) urge their colleagues not to exaggerate the success of "modernization" or specifics of the Siberian frontier. Such approach along with the use of a traditional theory of "colonization" resembles evaluations and forecasts made by the researchers at the beginning of the XX century.

Исследуются материалы о ходе второго Мараморош-Сиготского процесса 1913-1914 гг., которые печатались на страницах иркутской газеты «Сибирь». Периодическое издание достаточно объективно представляло сведения, обращало внимание на главные причины православного движения. Особенно подробно освещены слушания свидетелей и обвиняемых. Журналисты приходят к выводу, что большинство свидетелей делали признание под давлением полиции и жандармерии. Находим также урывки из выступления прокурора, судьи и адвокатов. Газета является важным источником по истории православной церкви в Закарпатье., The purpose of this paper is to overview the content and the context of notes on the history of the Second Maramorosh Sighet Trial (1913-1914) published in the Irkutsk newspaper Sibir' [Siberia]. In the study, the author analyzed newspaper articles published from late December 1913 to early March 1914. The author proves for the first time in the historiography that the newspaper objectively reported on the progress of the Trial, focusing on the causes of the Orthodox movement, methods of carrying out pre-trial investigation, violence by the police and gendarmerie. The author showed that most of the defendants and witnesses refused to testify, claiming their innocence. On the basis of the research, the author highlighted the main issues raised at the Trial. These include cooperation with Russia, anti-state and anti-Uniate propaganda and illegal distribution of literature. Particular attention is paid to the questioning and testimony of the main defendants: Kabaljuk, Vorobchuk, Petrovci, Palkaninets. It was found that most of the arrested farmers were poor, little versed in political matters and had no education. The main reasons for the Orthodox movement were the socio-economic and religious factors which are demonstrated on the set of examples in the paper. The position of witnesses who supported the prosecution is shown. The author comes to a conclusion that they were an interested party and the operational part of the population of different settlements. Contacts of the leader of the Orthodox movement A. Kabaljuk with Count V. Bobrinsky, Gerovski brothers, representatives of Russian and Athos monasteries is shown as well. The position of various Austrian and Hungarian newspapers on the issue of the Trial is shown in the paper and the author highlighted that it was not straightforward. A separate list of farmers sentenced to various prison sentences and fines is presented. The public opinion reaction of Austria-Hungary, Russia and other countries on the verdict is analyzed as well. The author concludes that this source plays an important role in the study of Transcarpathian Church History of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the repressions of the peasants did not stop the Orthodox movement. The subsequent history of Transcarpathia indicates the geographical expansion of the Orthodox movement.

В статье показано существование различных исследовательских позиций в трактовке графического дизайна, что объясняется сложной системой общекулътурных функций, которые выполняют объекты дизайн-графики. Автор показывает необходимость теоретико-понятийного изучения графического дизайна в контексте его исторического самоопределения. Обосновывается идея о том, что визуальный дизайн как искусство графики начиная со второй половины XX в. замещается коммуникационным дизайном, целью которого является обеспечение эффективных коммуникаций, а не создание выразительных графических форм., The paper shows the existence of various research strategies for graphic design treatment, determined by the emergence of new culture-related functions that graphic design objects fulfil. Academic descriptive definitions of graphic design identifying its subject areas are considered in the paper and the objects typologies are brought forward. Grounds are given for the necessity of graphic design theoretical and conceptual study, as well as for the necessity of identifying its essential characteristics in the context of historical self-determination. In this regard, the paper examines the stages of graphic design development, starting with the 1920s. Graphic design emerged as visual, painting and drawing techniques having been extensively included in its toolset. Visual ingenuity, expressiveness of the graphical forms presented in the creative work of graphic artists became the "goal" of their design projects. It is noted that at all times when the visual expression is put forward as the goal of the design project, its objects are evaluated with due regard for aesthetic qualities. The paper studies how the ideas of the graphic design role in public life changed historically. A comparative analysis of the visual constituent role in design projects of the XX-XXI centuries is carried out. The idea of visual design as a graphics art being replaced by communication design from the 2nd half of the XX century onward is substantiated. Functionality, simplicity, clarity serve as the fundamental characteristics of communication design. For this reason, the creation of expressive graphic forms is not an end in itself but is just a means of organizing effective mass communication. Concurrently, graphic design has not lost its dual nature. 0n the one hand, it is deeply related to art. 0n the other hand, the design principles used in graphic design distinguish it from art. Changes connected with the ones in the graphic design problem field today result in new criteria being established for assessing the quality of design developments and professional competence of the designer. It is also noted that professional graphic designers have two opposing viewpoints concerning the designer's role in the communication process. According to one of them, the designer carries out "transportation", "transfer" of understandable, useful, interesting information, showing neutral attitude towards its content. The other standpoint "announces itself" today ito an increasing degree: when choosing expressive means, the designer's social responsibility towards the consumers should be of priority rather than commercial interest of marketing.

Цикличность процессов развития на основе интеграции и дезинтеграции характерна для открытых систем различной природы, включая социально-экономические. Нефинансовый сектор корпоративной экономики рассматривается в качестве открытой системы, специфика процессов производства продуктов в которой характеризует ее как среду, способную к воспроизводству интеграционных процессов. Выявлены факторы воспроизводственной природы корпоративной интеграции в нефинансовом секторе экономики, к каковым относятся влияние трансформаций состояний внешнего окружения бизнеса, человеческий фактор и изменение состояний и возможностей компаний на соответствующих этапах их жизненного цикла., This paper is devoted to the development of open systems that can have evolutionary reproduction character in conditions of constantly changing characteristics of an external environment. Integration processes are objective tendencies in development. Integration processes in the corporate sphere have the reproduction nature. Authors note that the development of national and global economic systems stimulated by corporate integration generates formation of external operating conditions, new for enterprises, that stimulates new waves of integration or disintegration. Achievement of the initial purposes of integration, including achievement of a certain economic power of corporation, can become a disaggregation factor by means of separate productions allocation for a further increment of business efficiency and competitiveness. The analysis shows that modern economic literature leds to the conclusion that recurrence of processes of merges and absorption is considered by them only as result of external influence of development of the related systems. The question of the nature (factor) of reproduction processes in the corporate sphere isn't studied enough. The article considers the problems of the nature of reproduction's type of corporate integration in non-financial sector of economy. The paper presents the author's interpretation of the corporations life cycle which is admitted conditionally infinite that is generated by change of phases of integration and disintegration.

This paper is about the pragmatic notion of truth, according to which what we believe in the ideal limit of inquiry is true. Hence, it refers to the dynamics of belief and thus to theoretical rationality. Thereby, truth and rationality are inexorably entangled; neither can be explained without the other. The paper intends to make plausible that this entanglement may be developed into rigorous and fruitful theory. published

В статье приведен впервые составленный перечень публикаций Е. Ф. Корша в журнале «Библиотека для чтения». Подробно рассмотрены его переводы литературных произведений, опубликованные в этом журнале: повесть «Страсть на двух различных ступенях общества» (Э. Бульвер-Литтон); статья «Английские романы-путешествия», в которую входят переводы «Матросский набор в Англии» (М. Скотт) и «Бал на острове Барбадосе» (Ф. Марриет); перевод стихотворения «Нас семеро» (в составе статьи об У. Вор-дсворте), а также ряд переводов, авторство подлинников которых не удалось определить: «Англичане в чужих краях», «Графиня из простых. Сцены образованного света», «Замок Эльмир. Очерки ирландских нравов», «Мой братец Вася»., The paper describes the translations by Evgeny Fedorovich Korsch 1834-1842 in the journal Biblioteka dlya chteniya [Library for Reading]. E.F. Korsch (1809-1897) participated in the publication of many well-known newspapers and journals, he was an authoritative editor. But, unfortunately, his personality and activities are forgotten at the moment, and require a study to establish the overall picture of Russian literature and publishing processes of the 1830s-1850s and the role E.F. Korsch played. The paper lists translations of literary works (7); analytical articles, reviews (9); prose translations of "intermediate" genres (5). Then more details on translations of literary works are given: the novel Strast' na dvuh razlichnyh stupenyakh obshchestva [Passion at two different levels of society] (E. Bulwer-Lytton); the article "Angliyskie romany-puteshestviya", which includes translations of Matrosskiy nabor v Anglii [Sailor's set in England] (M. Scott) and Bal na ostrove Barbadose [Ball on the island of Barbados] (F. Marryat); the translation of the poem "We are seven" (W. Wordsworth). At the end of this paper the author considers translations of E.F. Korsch, whose original authorship could not be determined. All the originals were taken from the English monthly journals New Monthly Magazine and Blackwood's Magazine. These are such works as Anglichane v chuzhikh krayakh [The British in foreign lands], Grafinya iz prostykh. Stseny obrazovannogo sveta [A Countess from the simple. Scenes of educated society], ZamokEl'mir. Ocherki irlandskikh nravov [Elmir Castle. Sketches of Irish manners], Moy bratets Vasya [My brother Vasya]. The considered publications suggest that the contribution of E.F. Korsch to the development of the journal Biblioteka dlya chteniya was significant. These publications reflect the interest of the reader community, they helped to form the taste of readers and were a reaction to the most recent developments in the literary process of the time.

Приведены описание и фотографии для определения фрагментов насекомых, поедаемых Vespertilio murinus L. (Chiroptera). Впервые на территории равнинного Среднего Зауралья изучен рацион этого вида. В составе рациона нами отмечены насекомые 8 отрядов: Diptera (Nematocera, Brachycera), Trichoptera, Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae), Homoptera (Cicadinea, Aphidina), Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera (Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae) и представители кл. Arachnida (Acari). Самые высокие частоты встречаемости и обилия отмечены для Diptera (Nematocera), Coleoptera и Homoptera (Cicadinea). Выявленный состав рациона Vespertilio murinus L. сходен с рационом вида на территории Европы и России, но имеются различия в численном соотношении пищевых групп., Studies of bats diet are of scientific and practical interest. But in the vast territory of Russia such studies are rare. Therefore, we study the diet structure of the background and highly plastic bat species in the Middle Urals Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). The aim of the research was to study the species diet structure and to create an atlas qualifier of prey fragments, using a digital stereo microscope. We collected the material in Skorodumskoye village (Irbit district of Sverdlovsk region, 57°36N, 62°52'E) on the 11th and 16th July, 2012. We studied bat diet analyzing bat droppings. After collecting droppings, the bats were set free. In the laboratory, we selected 5-10 excrements of the close size and form for each individual. Each dropping (sample) was placed on a glass slide in a drop of glycerol. To determine and to count, the residues of arthropods were uniformly distributed on the glass surface (14 cm2 area), graph paper marked up into squares of 1 cm2 was placed under the slide. To create a photo collection of the residues we photographed the most characteristic elements, using the stereo microscope "Olympus SZ61" 2x-4x magnification (2x front lens and 10x eyepieces). Totally, 80 samples were analyzed. For quantitative estimation of the residues we calculated the relative occurrence and abundance of various arthropod taxa. The relative occurrence is the share of samples with the taxon residues in the total number of samples (for each individual). Relative abundance is the share of squares (1 cm2) with the taxon residues in the total number of squares of all found taxa (for each individual). The paper describes fragments of arthropods eaten by V. murinus, and gives photos for identification. Fragments of arthropods found in the droppings were from