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As stated in the National Language Acts, Jawi, or the Arabic script of Malay, is an alternative writing for the Malay language. Therefore, speakers of the Malay language are expected to be able to read Jawi fluently. Unfortunately, this is not the case; even those who are able to read the Qu’ran fluently, are not able to read the Jawi script fluently despite the fact that both are written in the Arabic script. Past studies have shown that many languages of the world have gone through spelling reformation, among others, to increase the literacy rate among their speech communities, and to revitalize the writing system. Thus, this conceptual paper proposes the necessary steps towards reforming the existing Jawi script. This should begin with conducting a scientific study to support previous studies that suggest that the current Jawi spelling system is complex, causing more and more speakers of the Malay avoiding to use it. This article proposes the use of a psychological-based language-processing software and the eye tracking machine to quantitatively analyse the reading process through reaction times and reading duration, fixation count, fixation duration, and visit counts. The findings can then be supported qualitatively through readers’ gaze plot dan heat maps along with verbal data obtained from retrospective interviews conducted on the participants. If data from both analyses confirm that the current Jawi spelling system results in difficulty in reading Jawi, this article proposes a spelling reformation to take place – using the spelling reformation approaches used not only by other languages of the world, but also those that were used in the reformation of previous and the current Jawi spelling system. Spelling reformation is an ongoing process and is vital not only to improve the literacy rate among speakers of particular languages, but also to revitalise their writing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic writing is one of the genres of writing which considered complex as it requires high language skills and the appropriate methodology in its production. One of the skills required is paraphrasing skills. However, paraphrasing is not an easy task especially if it involving a third language. Students may make various forms of errors in paraphrasing which need full attention, understanding, and techniques. Therefore, this study aims to identify the forms of mistakes and the weaknesses of students in making Arabic paraphrases, then, proposing method to address it. This study is a qualitative study and using samples taken from students' final coursework in the subject of Arabic for Academic (BAA4022). The corpus of the study involved 50 samples randomly selected among the students of the semester I session 2020/2021, Faculty of Major Language Studies (FPBU) and Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences (FPSK), Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM). This sample was analysed using the content analysis method. The finding shows that the main errors of students in paraphrasing are comes from the semantic aspect due to weakness in understanding the original reference text. In addition, the errors from grammatical aspects, especially in the use of al-idhofah, the use of dhamir and fi'il are consequences of the weakness in mastery of syntax and Arabic morphology. Both of these forms of weaknesses affect the quality of paraphrases made especially in the aspect of semantic completeness. Thus, this study is hoped to provide enlightenment and helps teachers and students in strengthening the quality of writing academic papers in Arabic Language through the use of accurate and correct Arabic paraphrasing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In academia, dictionaries have become a daily commodity beyond the common yet relevant uses of spelling and meaning checks. Relying on data collected from 107 EFL learners through an opinion poll in the Saudi context, this paper investigated how such learners utilize dictionaries in their English program during their university studies. Findings showed that learners use electronic and paper-based dictionaries for limited purposes beyond the spelling and meaning check. Besides surveying the dictionary type (online and paper-based), the study argues for some uses on a broader approach rather than spelling words and their meanings. It construed dictionaries as special tutors that help second language learners develop a multitude of skills, including spelling, vocabulary, grammatical usage, pronunciation, and semantic features of the target language, e.g., synonyms, antonyms, polysemy, collocations, and the like. The study theorizes the dictionary not as an add-on but as an essential language learning source of English language programs tailored to dictionary-based tasks across the curriculum to respond to sustainable language education.

The 15th Malaysian General Election (GE-15) took place on 19 November 2022 successfully. This time the general election was held a year earlier than the 5-year maturity period on 16 July 2023, which is the date of the swearing-in of members of Parliament for the 14th term. The GE-15 results show that there is a pattern of voter support based on a specific geographic location. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to analyze voter support patterns based on regional factors. Based on data analysis of the GE 2022 results, observations in the field and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings of the study show that PH continues to dominate the West Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in Sabah and Sarawak in urban and semi-urban areas with ethnic mix and Chinese majority, PN controls the East and North Coast regions as well as a small part in the West and South of Peninsular Malaysia in the rural areas of the Malay majority, namely in the East Coast Peninsular zone, namely Kelantan, Terengganu and East Pahang and Central Pahang; North of the peninsula, which is Perlis and Kedah and Penang Seberang Prai North and Central, North Perak, Central Perak; the western part of Peninsular namely North Selangor and West Selangor as well as West Melaka and South Melaka while BN remains in power in the rural areas of central Peninsular Malaysia but with a shrinking number of seats. Therefore, regional influence also affects the voting pattern and needs to be taken into account by the relevant parties to implement campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scientific paper is a required subject for final year Muamalat Diploma students at UiTMCTKD in semester 5. The Wheel of Fortune Interactive PnP Innovation Project (PWoFKi) method is used to assess students' comprehension of input for writing a scientific paper or research paper that was given in the form of a lecture during a scientific paper writing workshop held prior to students registering for this subject. This strategy was developed to encourage students to be more enthusiastic about comprehending all of the critical procedures involved in producing scientific articles without becoming bored, stiff, or passive in response to the feedback provided. The employment of (PWoFKi), which employs an intriguing gaming method, can be studied as a teaching and learning mechanism (PnP) in promoting learning delight. As a result, the goal of this study is to assess students' understanding of the appropriateness of using PWoFKi in the PnP process for the subject of Scientific Papers (IMU304), as well as to pique students' interest in the subject of Scientific Papers (IMU304), in order to improve the learning and teaching environment. A questionnaire was provided to 57 participants in a pilot research. To assess students' perceptions of implementation, data was analysed using SPSS 24 and compared to the mean score (PWoFKi). The results show that the mean score is 4.26 on a 5-point scale. This suggests that the innovation of usage (PWoFKi) in PnP topic IMU 304 can solve the problem of boredom while also making students have fun and improving their knowledge of the learning delivered. One of the games that may be used to interact and communicate for learning goals is the PWoFKi technique. The study's findings indicate that the PWoFKi method is a novel strategy in the IMU304 PnP process that can be used by any students pursuing Diploma, Degree, Masters, or Doctorate degrees in any public or private higher education institution.

This study was conducted to examine consumers' response, changes in their shopping behaviour and the effectiveness of the 'No Free Plastic Bag' campaign after almost a decade consumers were charged RM0.20 for using plastic bags. Data was collected from 122 respondents who answered an online questionnaire. The findings indicated that bringing your own shopping bag is not yet the culture in Malaysia despite that majority of consumers were aware of the campaign. Behavioural change is low as 62.3% of respondents routinely forget to bring their own shopping bags. More than half of the respondents (57.3%) are still willing to pay RM0.20 for a plastic bag. The findings of this research also revealed that consumers are too depending on retailers' green initiatives such as providing them with paper bags and boxes. Through this study, mass media plays a crucial role in disseminating information and creating environmental awareness among consumers. Many consumers voiced their support for a stricter regulation and to increase the current fee for each plastic bag purchased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the pre-GE-14, political parties in Terengganu have expressed their confidence to come to power based on current issues, government performance and leadership. In GE-14, the people have chosen to give PAS a chance to lead the Terengganu State Government. After GE-14, there was also a conflict between UMNO and PAS in the state. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to analyze the geopolitics of Terengganu in pre-GE-14, GE-14 and post GE-14. The writing of this article is based on analysis of GE 2018 results data, field observations and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers. Findings show that geopolitics or governing power based on pre-GE-14, GE-14 and post-GE-14 scenarios in Terengganu depends on the influence of voter support for political parties, the role and volume of key leaders and current issues in the state. The instability of BN Government leaders and local issues have opened up space for PAS to win the hearts of Terengganu people in GE-14. However, this rejection is seen not because of the strength of PAS but rather the weakness of BN in addressing issues that arise in the community, especially in Terengganu. Meanwhile, PH is also not seen as dominant in any part except in Kemaman and Kuala Terengganu. Post GE-14 shows PAS cooperating with UMNO to form a Muafakat Nasional (MN) on the basis of the Malay-Muslim political cooperation. For the first time in the state, the opposition in the state assembly is governmen-friendly. However, the open conflict between the main leadership of UMNO and PAS over the distribution of development allocations and the distribution of seats in the next general election will be a challenge to both political parties to maintain long-term and consistent political cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) is said to be increasingly eroded and irrelevant as the main spokesman for the Indian community in expressing the desire to the Government. MIC's defeat in the 12th general election is not only caused by the movement Hindu Rights Action Force (Hindraf) alone, but the failure of the MIC leadership who are not sensitive to the problems of the Indian community and consequently they no longer support the candidates of MIC/BN in the 2008 General Election. MIC continued to be rejected in GE-14 by winning only two parliamentary seats. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to analyze the development and performance of MIC in Malaysian geopolitics. Based on the analysis of GE 2018 results data and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings show that MIC remains a relevant role in creating political stability and prosperity in the country. MIC has contributed a lot to the progress of the country with its role as a driving force to the progress of the Indian community in the country. With high commitment and a sincere spirit of cooperation, MIC has together fostered a spirit of harmony among the people. With competent and dynamic leadership, MIC has contributed to BN in managing the country's development to a proud level of economic development. Nevertheless, the political changes that exist among the Indian community have made the MIC not or less a top choice for the Indian community. Therefore, the Government needs to take action to improve the socio-economic status of Indians and restore support to MIC/BN in the next GE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A political movement is a group and association movement to fight for something by campaigning, urging and participating in elections to gain the power to achieve what is being fought for. Political movements include groups based on leaders, associations and political parties that have leadership lines, organizations, goals of struggle and activities towards achieving the aim they strive for. Therefore, the objective of writing this article is to analyze the evolution and dynamics of geopolitical and sociopolitical of the political movement in Malaysia since before independence till present. The writing of this article uses a qualitative information interpretation approach from secondary sources, namely journal articles, academic books and conference papers based on the evolutionary theme of the political movement in Malaysia which is then analyzed based on geopolitical and sociopolitical impacts. Findings show that the geopolitics or power of the political movement is based on the state of political rulers at certain time while the socio-political of political movements show that the people's participation in political movements at certain time is based on current issues, developments of information communication technology, leadership and current socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the evolution and geopolitical and sociopolitical dynamics of the political movement in this country is very interesting to study and can be used as a guidance by all parties to create a peaceful and stable political situation of the country as well as a strategy to gain the support of voters and all parties in achieving their respective political struggles based on the provisions set by law and the Federal Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johor is known for its UMNO-born state on May 11, 1946, which has been the stronghold of UMNO in Malaysia since the first General Election (GE-1). The UMNO-led BN won GE-1 to GE-13 in the state for the state assembly by winning more than 2/3 seats. But in the 14th general election, Johor for the first time fell to the opposition party Pakatan Harapan (PH), which used the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) logo by winning 36 state seats compared to the BN (19 seats) and PAS only 1 seat. Johor politics changed again on February 26, 2020 when the PPBM (BERSATU) stepped out of the PH and formed the Perikatan Nasional (PN) along with Muafakat Nasional (MN) and a Indipendent people representative. This political dynamic is an interesting arrangement involving political strategy and art in order to gain political power either constitutional or have an interest. It is, therefore, the purpose of writing this article to analyze election politics in the GE-14 and post-GE-14. Based on the analysis of the 2018 GE results, field observations and secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings show that the victory of the BN and the defeat of the BN in the GE-14 and the post-PN PN PN victory in Johor prove that nothing is impossible who remains in politics. Indeed, political science is full of dynamics and artistry. The stronger national issues influenced the political decisions of the people of Johor, and the state and local leaders of Johor also took their turn. PH victory in GE-14 fueled by support from China and India in addition to young Malay voters and most of the First Time Voters are influenced by social media. The implication of this article is that the victorious party must exercise the responsibility of a just and trustworthy government for the good of the people while the deceased must play a role as the builder in ensuring the physical and spiritual development of the people of Johor in the eyes of all politicians in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pan Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) is the only political party in Malaysia that bears the name of Islam in Malaysia. PAS's performance in every election is seen to fluctuate in every election and often comes out the political party's alliance. GE-14 (2018) sees PAS stand alone against BN and Pakatan Harapan (PH) using the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) logo. As a result PAS remains in power in Kelantan, capturing Terengganu from the BN but is not widely accepted in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Thus, the purpose of this article is to analyze the performance and acceptability of PAS voters in the GE-14 in the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. Based on the analysis of the 2018 General Elections data, field observations and secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the study shows that PAS is difficult to gain strong support from voters in the West Coast due to voters' uncertainty over PAS's ability by taking the example of the PAS government in Kelantan causing the people of the country to continue to suffer from poverty and poor infrastructure. PAS also failed to get good support from non-Malay voters/non-Muslims because the party is seen as too extreme and less emphasis on the welfare of non-Muslims. The implication of this article is that in order to gain the support of voters in the West Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia, PAS needs to adapt its struggle and campaign strategies to simplify, showcase leadership that is beneficial to the welfare of the people and more inclusive to all races and religions throughout Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamism is a subject that continues to receive scholars’ attention. However, by referring to previous studies, the subject of Islamism has been discussed loosely due to, first, the lack of a consensus on the concept of Islamism among scholars, and second, the question of the identity of Islamism not being thoroughly explored. Thus, this paper aims to fill these gaps by focusing the discussion on the concept, idea, and framework of Islamism identity. Based on previous studies on Islamism, this paper presents its perspective on Islamism by examining these three aspects. Conceptually, Islamism is a form of manifestation of human endeavor invented by conscious Muslims to ensure that Islam can fully play a role in all aspects of life. As an idea, Islamism comprises principles and programs that encompass ideological and practical aspects, respectively. The idea of Islamism has undergone development that subsequently affected the formation of criteria for the identification of Islamist entities (whether conservative or reformist) as well as post-Islamist and nonIslamist entities. This paper may contribute to the literature by presenting a new perspective on the concept and the framework of Islamism identity that can serve as a basis for discussion in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History does not progress linearly, opening space to question discourses and power dynamics in the hierarchy between men and women simultaneously. Therefore, this paper adopts a gender approach with a specific focus on the Leadership Labyrinth coined by Eagly and Carli to dissect the challenges of women’s participation and leadership in the public sphere. The historical background is traced from the 2nd century to the 21st century, divided into phases based on significant events, with attention to leadership, participation, and influence of women. Here, a pertinent question arises: how do women, facing diverse challenges, not only become subjects of development but also choose diverse platforms and discourses to demonstrate that their parity is not singular? Women are found to exhibit their leadership abilities as early rulers, gradually constricted to supporters of movements and homemakers. Subsequently, women successfully lead organizations, advocating for equal treatment, and their voices are included in decision-making at decision making levels. By employing the approach and a research methodology aligned with the study’s objectives, this paper aims to demonstrate that often-overlooked dimensions and perceived obstacles to women’s progress can be supportive factors in enhancing their leadership positions in society. Women are seen strategizing through non-violent means and utilizing domestic spaces, in addition to public spaces. In essence, women strategically organize using capacities and spaces under their control to advocate for their rights and beliefs. The variations resulting from the applied approach showcase the richness of this historical domain in offering an alternative framework for examining women’s leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curriculum reforms at the secondary-school level in Malaysia began in 1988 and was fully implemented in 1989. Heagly and Evans define curriculum as structured experience provided by the school for the student, so the student can meet all set learning outcomes to the best of their abilities. Prior to the introduction of the Secondary School Integrated Curriculum (KBSM), many issues were identified in the secondary school curriculum that served as the benchmark for curriculum reforms in Malaysia. Based on analysis, the introduction of KBSM was closely related to the turbulent historical issues during the first three decades after independence. These issues include problems with unity, inability to produce skilled labour, and the fragile and still negligible usage of the national language. Therefore, this article analyses the historical issues closely related to the introduction of KBSM, and the individuals responsible for ensuring KBSM comes into reality. The historical method is used as the thrust of this paper. Data collection-wise, this paper uses the qualitative analysis method of archival and library research. This approach aims to gather information and analysis a variety of primary and secondary sources such as the Report of the Education Committee 1956, Report of the Education Review Committee 1960, and the Cabinet Committee Report on Review of Implementation of Education Policies 1979, along with the Curriculum Committee Meeting Minutes in 1972, 1986 and 1987. The findings confirm the three historical issues strongly influenced the thought processes that went into planning and drafting KBSM. Implication-wise, the curriculum underwent reforms, towards a shift in the field of education following these historical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involvement in community activities is one of the indicators of successful reintegration of exprisoners. Factors such as social stigma and social support are often said to influence this involvement. This paper aims to assess the relationship between social stigma, social support, and involvement in community activities among ex-prisoners. A quantitative study design using a survey method was employed. A total of 250 ex-prisoners in the Klang Valley were recruited to respond to a questionnaire consisting of three instruments: the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Social Stigma Scale, and the Community Activity Involvement Scale. The study found a significant positive relationship between social support and involvement in community activities. Conversely, there was a significant negative relationship between social stigma and involvement in community activities, as well as social support for ex-prisoners. Specific intervention programs need to be developed to reduce social stigma and enhance social support for ex-prisoners. Collaboration among all stakeholders is crucial to strategically reduce recidivism rates and ensure successful reintegration of ex-prisoners into society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focusses on the relationships and networking of journalists in the Malay Peninsula/Straits Settlement with Sumatra before Indonesia's independence. The relationship was seen from the involvement of the Sumatera community with the Malay Peninsula in printing and publication coverage and issues. During the Dutch and British occupation, the magazine and newspaper companies in Sumatra opened their agency in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits Settlement. This study uses a historical perspective by referring to current press documents and magazines. The analysis used was historical and narrative. The influence of the Sumatran media can be seen in the reports of Sumatra journalists in the Malay Peninsula. In addition, the issues of the Indonesian national movement published in newspapers and magazines also influenced the turmoil and awareness of nationalism in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits Settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of equity opportunities and development issues in South Siberut is alarmingly weak. A prime example is the secluded local community of Matotonan, which is often treated as if it is not part of Indonesian territory. This neglect is a result of various factors, including economic deterioration. In terms of its economy, education, health, politics, and infrastructure, this village lags significantly behind other villages in South Sumatera, highlighting the urgent need for intervention.The approach used in this paper is the qualitative approach. Documentary and ethnographic principles are used to attain data. In-depth interviews have also been conducted with several public figures such as sikerei, religious figures, political figures, and youths. The main issues are positive and negative impressions of the Nous relationship between the natives and the newcomers in South Siberut. What causes the peak of this conflict. Heterogeneity or diversity is the peak of this long-continuing conflict caused by economic, social, political and religious factors in South Siberut. Socio-economic inequality between the natives and the immigrant's ethnicity sets up the natives to be in marginalized circumstances. Furthermore, among immigrants, ethnicity has huge conflict potential, which is a religious and political conflict. Economic and social inequality issues are then politicized among the public, especially during elections. This issue is becoming worse to the point that it causes splits.It can be concluded that the marginalized native community's nationalism is, in fact, very fragile. They are often the target of rulers, politicians, and trade experts. They are placed in marginalized circumstances to not be able to rejoice in their independence. They live as a marginalized group to the point where their nationalism is nothing more than a fantasy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les' Copaque Production 2019 presented their latest animated film, Upin & Ipin: Keris Siamang Tunggal. Interestingly, the third film in the Upin & Ipin animation brand is not only centered around the antics of the twin siblings and their friends but is also influenced by the production team's audacity in adapting Malay folklore to propel the narrative of this film. However, the adapted Malay folklore is not merely exploited; rather, the production team has reshaped the original narrative of the Malay folklore to present a reinterpreted version seen as more refined and relevant in the current context. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze the reinterpretation of the adapted Malay folklore in the animated film Upin & Ipin: Keris Siamang Tunggal. This qualitative study will utilize the animated film Upin & Ipin: Keris Siamang Tunggal, streamed on the Netflix, as the research data. The reinterpretation of the Malay folklore detected in dialogues will be recorded and analyzed using the Adaptation Theory proposed by Brian MacFarlane (1996). The justification for selecting this theory is substantiated by one of its techniques, transposition, which discusses adaptation conducted with slight alterations. The research findings indicate that this film's production team applied the transposition technique to three Malay folklore stores: Si Tanggang, Bawang Putih Bawang Merah, and Mat Jenin, successfully presenting a reinterpretation. The implication of this study is to highlight the message of value in the reinterpretation of these Malay folklore stories, with the hope of enhancing the spirituality and human values of the audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization process in Malaysia since 1957 has significantly transformed the role of women in society. Urbanization phenomena have transformed the structure, dynamics, and traditional roles of women within the basic unit of the family. This paper examines how urbanization and social changes in the post-independence period have influenced the shift in women's roles - from traditional domestic functions to becoming key income-generators for their families. The analysis is grounded in Census data and Vital Statistics from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). A review of rapid urban growth from 1957 to 2025 indicates that urbanization has shaped a distinct pattern of increasing women's participation in the labor force and a rise in the proportion of women serving as Heads of Households. Concurrently, data shows a significant upward trend in women's enrollment in higher education (matriculation, colleges, and universities). Additionally, the data reveals a pattern of delayed marriage among working women (aged 27-29) and a tendency towards smaller nuclear family sizes. The profound changes observed between 1957 and 2025 demonstrate that the urbanization process has fundamentally reshaped the role of Malaysian women, transitioning them from traditional domestic roles to primary income-generators for their families. As women's economic roles have expanded, they require a supportive environment and appropriate policies to effectively fulfill their evolving responsibilities. This includes work-life balance initiatives, fair career opportunities, and more equitable distribution of household tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the findings of a study that has been conducted to explore the challenges of women with physical disabilities (OKU) in entrepreneurship. The scope of the exploration involves the start-up phase of the business which requires the informant to tell the experience of facing initial challenges in the business. The study was designed using a fully qualitative approach with data collection using the Focus Group Discussion method. The study location involves four Malaysian zones, namely the North, East, Central and South zones. A total of 34 physically disabled women who are traders were selected to be interviewed. The selection of informants was made purposefully by choosing the recipients of the Malaysian Social Welfare Department's launch grant. The thematic analysis carried out shows that there are three main challenges faced by informants during the phase of starting a business, namely: i- lack of access to information, ii- implications of physical disability and iii- dual role challenges. The results of the study give implications to stakeholders' efforts to improve the achievement of empowering women with physical disabilities in starting a business. In addition, this paper also discusses the scientific justification for the proposal for the construction of the Economic Empowerment Model (Entrepreneurship) for Physically Disabled Women as an output of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Riam Panjang Malay is a remote Malay community located upriver of Kapuas, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This paper discusses a sociolinguistic issue in this inner rural community, namely, the Jantuh Bebasa or language politeness. In Riam Panjang, Jantuh Bebasa is expressed through the use of verbal and non-verbal languages. The use of verbal language for politeness purposes including the choice of appropriate address terms, meanwhile bebasa through non-verbal communication is related to the attitudes or actions performed in social interactions. In terms of scope, the study of Jantuh Bebasa is focused on the choice of proper terms in concordance with social status and family strata. This paper also discusses the compound form of certain words in a politeness discourses (i.e jantuh ingka'). Analysis of face-to-face interviews and obervations of in-situ experiences found that Jantuh Bebasa in Riam Panjang is closely related with the locals' beliefs. The violation of Jantuh Bebasa can be condemned by society and may bring misfortune, that is, busung to those who violates this taboo as well as go againstto kesupan, a customary law. Hence, the older generation demands the transmission of bebasa culture to the younger generation in order to retain this great moral value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservatism is a political philosophy that tends to preserve traditions and reject drastic change. Türkiye has a long experience of political conservatism due to the Kemalists’ radical secularization. The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AK PARTİ) is an entity that recently champions political conservatism in Türkiye. Despite having many differences, Türkiye and Malaysia share similarities as progressive, modern, and democratic Muslim countries. This paper aims to discuss AK PARTİ’s political conservatism and analyze to what extent it can be made as an example for the sustainability of Islam in Malaysia. To fulfill this objective, primary and secondary sources related to AK PARTİ’s conservatism discourse have been referred to be used as the basis of analysis of lessons that can be taken for the sustainability of Islam in Malaysia. The comparative analysis method has also been used to compare the context of Türkiye and Malaysia to understand the limitations of lessons that Malaysia can learn based on the experience of conservatism in Türkiye. As a party with a conservative democratic ideology, AK PARTİ manages to uphold political conservatism within the context of modern democracy. This success results from a synthesis between the demands of conservatism and democracy. The political conservatism in Türkiye can be made as an example for Malaysia, especially in preserving Islam as the federal religion, the existence of the king institution, the Malay-Muslim identity, and the true essence of Islam as a societal-unifying force. This paper argues that in the Malaysia context, conservatism is an important political philosophy to be upheld in order to preserve the harmony and stability of the plural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphors and cultural values are two related things. Cultural values are part of human identity, and one of the ways to express them is through metaphor. Accordingly, this paper aims to study lexical metaphors concerning cultural values in Hamka's novel Di Bawah Lindungan Ka'bah. This study uses a quantitative and qualitative approach. The researchers used a quantitative approach to determine the distribution of lexical metaphors and a qualitative approach to examine the phenomenon of lexical metaphors. A total of 100 lexical metaphors from every page were collected as data for this study and analysed using the theory proposed by Newmark and Lakoff, and Johnson. Findings show that 14% of lexical metaphors are noun-noun comparisons, 32% are noun-verbs, 10% are noun-adjectives, 31% are verb-nouns, 6% are verb-adverbs, and 7% are comparisons of noun-adjectives. The metaphors contain the meaning of personification, hyperbole, and euphemism. Of the 100 lexical metaphors, 62% of the cultural values represent good values, whereas 38% represent bad values. Cultural values in various lexical metaphors are essential to educating and nurturing human legitimacy, especially in the era of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, where people must uphold human values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every leader who leads the country will definitely introduce their respective slogans to be used as a big thinking framework that will be used as a template in implementing the country's government policy. After three months as the 10th Prime Minister, Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim launched his government's slogan, Membangun Malaysia Madani, on 19 January 2023 at the Putrajaya International Convention Center (PICC). Various reactions arose from the introduction of the slogan either positive or negative. Thus, this article discusses the voter's views on the slogan "Malaysia Madani" in the 2023 State Election. This study uses quantitative methods which are questionnaires in the field, interviews and also qualitative methods which are references to secondary data which are journal articles, conference/seminar papers and related scientific books. The results of the study found that the majority of respondents had heard the term 'Malaysia Madani' but they did not fully understand the slogan. Although the term has been called PMX for a long time, that is in 1995, but the term has not been widely covered by the media and the public. Overall, voters during PRN 2023 can accept or agree with the term Madani Malaysia which has good life values. Although they agree with the good terms and values, the issue of support for leaders, governments and political parties is another matter. Therefore, in order to get strong support from the people, leaders, governments and political parties need to not only introduce, but also practice these good values in order to be an example and thus convince the voters to support them in a future election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional economic activity is one of the important elements in the Orang Asli community's way of life to secure food for a living and at the same time sustaining their customs and belief systems. However, as the global economy is revolving and becoming money-based economy, the Orang Asli community is facing a great threat. Hence, this study aims to observe the Orang Asli especially the Semelai and Semai communities' traditional economic activity and challenges in sustaining their traditional activities. Therefore, the data collection method used is survey and in-depth interview. This study finds that both Semelai and Semai community practices the same economic activity which is cash-crop economic activity and self-sufficiency. Both subgroups do have few similarities and also differences in values and belief system especially involving the traditional agriculture activity. In fact, they are at risk of food insecurity. Hence, this paper highlights the importance of preserving the traditional economic activity so the community able to gain equal access to food supplies and reclaim their rights as Orang Asli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nation-state is a sovereign state with the people have an awareness that they have something in common. There is something in common that can be seen among those who live together in the same nationstate territory based on language, customs and old traditions that are shared. In short, a nation-state is a state entity that is free from any world concept of empire. In Malaysia, the basis of nation-state building has existed since the reign of the Malay king, while the British administrative system during the colonial period had introduced Malaya to the concept of a modern nation-state. Thus, this study aims to highlight the history of the nation-state formation in Malaysia and the challenges in order to achieve the goal. This is a qualitative academic history article and the writing used the document analysis method. In addition to that, the Social Science analysis methods are also used to give a more extensive and broad writing analysis. The results of the study found that the nation-state building in the country is an ongoing process. The process has been formed through the traditional nation-state concept that existed before the British colonial era, thus the process keep developed during the colonial period and continued after the independence based on the development of as a sovereign nation-state. Until the post-independence era, the policies that the government tried to highlight continued to empower the nation-state concept to form a nation-of-intent in the country that became the objective of all independent countries. This paper is expected to give such a broad overview of the history and challenges faced by the country in its efforts to form a nation-of-intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 15th General Election (PRU), 2022 is seen to take place in a state of haste and disputes between the public and politicians, especially the opposition. However, the general election was held until it was completed without any untoward incident. Many parties expected that the results of GE-15 would result in no political party winning a simple majority, but BN was expected to win the highest number of parliamentary seats. But the GE-15 results show that PH got the highest number of parliamentary seats, followed by PN and then BN. PN managed to get support from the highest number of Malay voters, followed by BN, PH and finally GTA. Therefore, this article discusses the factors of Malay ethnic voter support for the National Alliance (PN) in the 15th General Election (GE), 2022. This study uses a qualitative method which is reference to secondary data which is journal articles, conference/seminar papers and related scientific books. The results of the study found that among the factors supporting Malay voters towards PN are the leadership of PN (PAS and BERSATU) which is seen as clean, the experience and services of PN when governing the country during the era of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the influence of PN's social media (Tik Tok). Therefore, the factors of support need to be used as a guide for subsequent political action to capture the support of Malay voters who still dominate election politics in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Public Service Announcements (PSAs) in capturing the public's attention to awareness messages is increasingly challenging due to the advancements in visual technology that have elevated audience preferences. In order to maximize attention and induce behavioral changes, the common use of fear as a visual rhetoric (RV) threat in various local campaigns, especially those involving health, has been employed. However, implementations of fear appeals lacking empirical foundations often fail to engage attention and instead motivate defensive audience responses. Fear-based RV failures are attributed to the lack of a persuasive fear model specifically tailored to negotiate with the audience's knowledge and experiences. These weaknesses are more noticeable among target audiences exhibiting specific tendencies, such as video game addiction in cases of Problematic Gaming (PG) in Malaysia. This raises questions about the suitability of fear-based RV approaches for attention-grabbing and their risk of rejection. Consequently, existing PSAs attraction strategies necessitate a more cognitively and affectively sensitive concept for the audience. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to discuss and propose the concept of Fear-Induced Visual Metaphors (FVM) as a new form of PSA RV. Choosing the best stimulus construct of MV from the typologies of Pictorial Metaphor Theory (TMB), Visual Rhetoric Theory (TRV), or Visual Structure Concept (KSV) proven effective in commercial advertising, combined with threat components from the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) fear appeal model, aims to enhance the potential for attention-grabbing. Theoretically, FVM attract the audience's attention through significantly superior cognitive and affective allure compared to standard visual or rhetoric. Conclusions from this study are expected to contribute a testable and empirically validated conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the tendency of new voters to vote for the first time in the 15th General Election (GE15). Based on the statistics released by the Election Commission (SPR), the number of new voters who voted for the first time is around 6.2 million, of which 1.3 million are between 18 and 20 years old. Since they are a group of first-time voters, the tendency of their political support could be unclearer. Many parties wonder where their political support is headed, especially in the manycornered competition involving extensive political cooperation such as Perikatan Nasional, Pakatan Harapan, Barisan Nasional, and Gerakan Tanah Air. Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the tendency of new voters during the last GE15 campaign period through an online survey. The survey was conducted openly with the target of eligible voters, and 1438 respondents have given feedback. The study results show that 91 percent of the total number of respondents will go out to vote, and they tend to choose elected representatives who have integrity and are free of corruption, do not break promises, and are highly educated. Most of the group of respondents also tend to support national political trends. From that, new voters who vote for the first time have a good intensity of political literacy. Therefore, they become the determinants of changes in the current political support unrelated to political patronage elements like previous generations. They can also be catalysts for change in society in general and the country's leadership in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature produced is intended to be shared with the readership. The production of literary works relies on the author's ideas, thoughts, ideas, and feelings which are blended using the medium of language as a delivery channel. Language functions as a communication tool in conveying knowledge, ideas, opinions, and thoughts, expressing emotions and feelings through speech, gestures or body language, writing, drawing, and gestures. Accordingly, emotion is one of the underlying elements of a literary work. This is because emotional elements in literary works not only act as a channel of communication but also color and pattern the narration in the work. Therefore, this paper will discuss the character's emotional expression as the main character's communication vehicle in Hikayat Nakhoda Muda and Hikayat Parang Puting which is used as research data for this paper. This paper will use the method of library and analyzing research data. Therefore, research on emotional expression will be explore through facial expression, voice, behavior, and touch in communication. The findings of this paper will be able to contribute to the study of emotional expression especially in literature and become a reference for the next researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halalan toyyiba is a comprehensive concept brought by Islam. According to this concept, the source of consumption must be clean and pure. Every source point, from the initial production process and methods to the final management, such as waste disposal methods, must be taken into account to meet the requirements of the halalan toyyiba. The present time sees water-based use increasingly widespread in daily life. Strictly speaking, the concept of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba in water use, such as agriculture and farming, still needs to be seriously discussed. Therefore, the issue of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba in water use is significant to study and draw up a sharia-compliant guide for the Malaysian community, especially the Muslims. This concept coincides with the country's national agenda, namely the National Halal Hub Policy. The main objective of this paper is to study the idea of halalan toyyiba in the management of domestic water in Malaysia. This paper is based on qualitative methods. Fatwa-based resources, scholarly publications, journals, and as such, will be analyzed and summarized descriptively to produce a conclusion that answers the paper's objectives. The findings show that the fundamental concept of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba regarding domestic water management in Malaysia has yet to be fully implemented. Therefore, this policy must be executed precisely in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Town is rich in its own heritage history. Royal Town destinations that apply aesthetic values and long history have offered tourism products to fans of Royal Town values or known as tourist heritage. Tourism in the Royal Town in Malaysia is seen to be under -promoted on social media and electronic media. In fact, the Royal Town are also less prominent from the aspect of definition and heritage value found in the town. The concept of the Royal Town is unique, inherited and highlights the Royal elements are poorly documented and not recorded causing the role of the Royal Town as one of the tourist attractions in Malaysia is also left behind. Therefore, differences in terms of tourist patterns also cannot be identified and highlighted as long as tourists visit selected heritage destinations. This paper aims to examine the comparison of royalscape based on the segments of student, youth and family tourists in terms of the variety of visits to Kuala Kangsar. Convenience sampling technique was used by distributing questionnaires to 500 respondents consisting of student tourists, youth and families using descriptive analysis and One -Way Anova inferential analysis. The results show that there is a comparison in the visits of the tourist segment who visit the Royal Town of Kuala Kangsar. The seven royalscape in this study were visited by all tourist segments, Next there were differences in the manner of visits by the three tourist segments. In conclusion, this paper shows a comparison of the variety of visits by tourists based on segments. This study has limited limitations to look at comparisons based on the domestic tourist segment only and does not emphasize the variety of international tourist visits. However, the findings of this study provide space for further study by looking at the variety of international tourists in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malay-Islamic hikayat texts become one of the important mediums in conveying the teachings of Islam in the Malay world, especially in the 15th century. These narrative works become a channel for the propagation of Islamic teachings, including in the aspects of morality and family. The Malay-Islamic hikayat also the focussed on the formation of the image of the pious wife, in accordance with the position of the wife as an important component to produce a happy household and family. This paper discusses the image of the pious wife which is reflected in two works of Malay-Islamic hikayat, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah. The analysis of the pious wife in this writing is reviewed from the perspective of the preaching method conceived by in the Pengkaedahan Melayu Theory by Hashim Awang. Accordingly, the discussion of this paper analyses the image of the pious wife as a preaching method especially for contemporary women. From the aspect of methodology, this study is employed qualitative approach which is divided into library method and content analysis. The study data involves two Malay-Islamic hikayat texts, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah which is contained in the Antologi Enam Hikayat edited by Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor (1989) and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah edited by Nik Afifah Nik Abdul Aziz (2017). The research found that both texts feature the value of the pious wife as outlined in Islam. Among the significant characteristics of a pious wife, are possessing a strong religious belief, obeying her husband's instructions, treating her husband like a king and being faithful to the end of her life. In conclusion, from the point of view of da'wah, the essence of these two hikayat texts in highlighting the image of the pious wife is still relevant and can be used as a guide for modern women today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malay is the national and official language of the country, while English is the language of wider communication. In addition, Mandarin and Tamil are also taught in the school as the medium of instruction. The diversity of languages in Malaysia has raised questions about people's attitudes towards the Malay language, especially non-Malays. This paper aims to investigate the use of the national language in Greater KL Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the study area because it is a cultural, economic, social, and political center that reflects the diversity of Malaysia. A total of 493 respondents were selected as the sample. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, language use of Malay in different domains. The use of language was measured based on four domains: family and friendship, media, occupation, and education. The results showed that the Malays have positive attitudes towards the Malay language in all domains, while the non-Malays (Chinese and Indian) showed a negative attitude in the domain of media and family. The study also found that highly educated respondents showed a positive attitude towards the Malay language than the non-educated. The different attitudes between Malays and non-Malays towards the Malay language are influenced by the education system. The majority of the Malays are educated in national schools that use Malay as the medium of instruction, while the Chinese and Indians are mixed due to their education in vernacular schools and national schools. Therefore, their attitude towards the Malay is relatively modest or negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of solid waste has been increase tremendously and it has been identified as one factor that contribute to the world's environmental problem. Waste pickers has been known for providing solid waste collection in various cities around the world and make an important economic contribution in reducing the burden of waste management. They are the informal workers in the solid waste sector that achieved higher recycling waste than the formal recycling system in many cities of the developing world. This paper aims to analyze the categories of waste pickers and their role in contributing to sustainable solid waste management and examine the challenges faced by these waste pickers. In this paper, a review was carried out to characterize and critically analyze the published literature on waste pickers in terms of their characteristics, contributions and challenges. The analysis of this paper proposed for re-thinking of solid waste management systems by integrating waste pickers into formal waste management program for more inclusive and sustainable solid waste management. Waste pickers have been fighting for their activities to be supported and recognized as an occupation as well as improving their working condition. The formation of waste picker cooperative might end their discrimination and exploitation. Therefore, it is about time for the local authorities, private sector, non-governmental organization as well as business operators to support and recognize the contributions made by these waste pickers which can result in sustainable development, poverty alleviation and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate response by countries worldwide to curb the spread of Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 was through the implementation of border lockdown, minimizing human movements. Malaysia launched Ops Benteng (Fortress Operation) via National Task Force (NTF) as the country faced high risk transmission through under-detected illegal movements of people across the land and maritime borders. Human trafficking and smuggling has been a great concern before the pandemic, and thus posing unprecedented challenge to the Malaysian border security agencies. This paper aims to analyze the role of security agencies involved in Ops Benteng, the extent of coordination and challenges faced by NTF while implementing the border control measures. The methods include structured interview with officials from Ministry of Defence (MINDEF), the Home Ministry (KDN), and the National Security Council (NSC). This studywill be the first in articulating duties and responsibilities, as well as cooperation between border control agencies and challenges faced in security governance structures. The author argues that the dilemma of compartmentalizing problems by the agencies working in silo and the bureaucratic hurdles that impede coordination efficiencies need to be addressed by all involved stakeholders and the implementation efficiency can be further enhanced by an integrated cooperation framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voters outside of Kelantan tends to vote for PAS compared to other political parties, even though they live in the Klang Valley. Fundamentally, the people in Klang Valley in the majority do not support PAS as the people in Kelantan. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the forms of political culture of voters outside of Kelantan which reside around Klang Valley. This research involved 403 Malay voters outside of Kelantan, aged 21 years old and above that reside at Klang Valley but still cast their vote at Kelantan. This research implemented the quantitative approach through the survey method which utilised the feedback forms. The respondents in this research were chosen through purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling method. The data for this research were analysed descriptively and through ANOVA test. The result of this research found that the political culture of voter outside of Kelantan is in the form of subjectivity. This subjective political culture refers to society accepting one sided output only without questioning what, why and how that matters happen. This shows that individual relationship with the political system is passive and behave obediently. This type of society does not questions much and accept the explanation from certain parties without investigating the authenticity of the information involved in the explanation. This type of society is usually hardcore supporters of a political party. The implication of this form of political culture cause the voters to become recklessly obedient, compliant and unable to make decisions rationally until they are considered to be in a captive state of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strait of Malacca is one of the busiest maritime Sea Lanes of Communications (SLOCs) in the world because of its importance in transporting goods. However, like any other straits, Strait of Malacca also do not escape from maritime criminal attack. As a Littoral States to Strait of Malacca, Malaysia and Indonesia have taking initiatives to improve the security in that area. This paper will attempt to explain the priorities and challenges of Malaysia and Indonesia to cooperate in the Strait of Malacca between 2016-2020. It has three objectives: namely 1) to identify maritime security threats in Strait of Malacca; 2) to analyse the priorities and challenges of the Malaysia-Indonesia maritime cooperation in the Strait of Malacca; 3) to recommend the potential of a new maritime cooperation between Malaysia-Indonesia in the Strait of Malacca. This study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from structured interviews involving informants in various professional fields that are directly involved in maritime security in the Strait of Malacca. Secondary data was collected from literature reviews based on scientific publications, theses, journal articles, and online material, such as newspaper articles. The findings of this study will show the types of maritime cooperations between Malaysia and Indonesia and the measures that taken by the authority to encounter the illegal activities that taken place in the Strait of Malacca for the future actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the ideas and thoughts of Malik Bennabi on the issue of civilization, especially the Islamic world. At the same time, this article will identify ideas that can be taken as lessons from the ‘post-al-Muwahhidun’ according to Malik Bennabi. Besides that, it also discusses the situation of Muslims after the fall of the caliphate of al-Muwahhidun which he referred to as colonisabilite who have lost ‘spirit’ and ‘idea’. This situation is described by Malik Bennabi as in a state of stagnation for a long time. This paper uses the method of content analysis through inductive and deductive forms from Malik Bennabi’s books as primary sources and other related documents. In addition, historical analysis was also conducted to strengthen the arguments and findings of the article. The study divides Malik Bennabi’s analysis of the issue of ‘civilization’ into four main lessons. First, the issue raised is that Muslims need to understand the current phase of Muslims in the context of the cycle of civilization, second; reconstructing the culture, third the importance of education, science and ideas and fourth Muslims need to respond to the call of religion. The issues raised are seen as significant and relevant to the development and situation of Muslims today. Together, it needs to be understood and internalised to regenerate the glory and strength of Islam as achieved in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses scholars’ views on Muhammad Natsir’s thoughts. He was one of the prominent political figures and thinkers since the colonial period in Indonesia. As an Indonesia nationalist and political-religious activist, he did not cooperate with the Dutch in pursuit of Indonesia’s independence. Research papers on Natsir’s thoughts and struggles are often penned by local scholars and political-religious writers from that country, including Malaysian authors. This research utilized qualitative approach by conducting analysis through the libraries in Indonesia and Malaysia. Most of the article reviews was conducted through academic study of and general reading on Natsir, especially by Mestika Zed, Deliar Noer and Nurcholis Madjid. Besides that, writing on Natsir’s thoughts and activism was also written by Malaysian scholars such as Anwar Ibrahim, Siddiq Fadhil, Fadhlullah Jamil and Sidek Baba. Hence, the findings of this article attempts to identify the views of these scholars on Natsir’s thoughts and struggles in the political-religious and Indonesian nationalism against the colonial power. This paper also discusses scholars’ views on the contradiction of his political thoughts with Sukarno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on the poetry of Sheikh Hamzah Fansuri are focused on religious and divine aspects, while the linguistic aspect has not been thoroughly explored by any scholars, especially those involving the Syair Dagang manuscript, leading to a noticeable gap in the research. This paper addresses relevant issues such as the identification of linguistic styles, manipulation of language, and the effectiveness resulting from such manipulation. This qualitative study employs literature review methods and content analysis of the manuscript Syair Dagang Adanya with catalogue number MSS 3160. The Stylistics Model by Henry Guntur Tarigan is used as the analytical framework, focusing on the comparative stylistic elements consisting of four forms, namely; (1) simile; (2) metaphor; (3) personification; and (4) anticipation. Comparative stylistic elements refer to the position of comparison and balance in poetry production. The analysis finds that Sheikh Hamzah Fansuri utilizes all four forms in his poetry. In addition to using existing similes, Sheikh Hamzah Fansuri creates new similes, introducing freshness and vigour, thereby producing additional meaning brought about by these variations. Metaphors are manipulated by placing ordinary language in a new context to enable the language to shed its usual meaning, align with new meanings, thus expanding the meaning of his poetry. The use of personification allows objects to create meaning, build atmosphere, convey messages, and expand the scope of the poetry to explore sensitive or forbidden issues. The application of the anticipation form can anticipate or predict something to broaden the scope of his poetry when presenting the realities of the present and future simultaneously, while conveying the message of his poetry. This systematic study is expected to contribute to scholarly research on the use of comparative stylistic elements in Syair Dagang Adanya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions in relation to the historical sphere in the North Borneo and Malay domain are still lacking without dealing with the aspect of piracy. In contrast to the piracy in the west, the history of piracy in this region is not only instigated by the economic and political purposes of the rulers, but also overshadowed by the sociocultural influences of the rulers, nobles, and society at that time. The Iranun, Balangingi, Bajau and Dayak Laut tribes have made a name for themselves in the history of piracy in North Borneo and the islands of Southeast Asia when they emerged as sea pirates as well as slave head-hunters who struck terror into the western sailors, traders, and administrators that they are deemed as pirates as well as criminals by the British in Malaya and North Borneo, the Spaniards in the Philippines, and the Dutch in Indonesia. In short, this paper aims to deal with the history of piracy in Tungku, North Borneo, a place that used to be the last base and centre of piracy and slave hunting activities during the Sultanate of Sulu era before it has ceased to operate during the time of the British North Borneo Company ruling North Borneo in their era administration (BNBC). This article is qualitative and historically themed. Materials and research resources were obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Archives of Sabah, Sabah State Public Library and others This article towards the reconstruction of the history of piracy in North Borneo from the domain of Malay history, besides solely looking at the western perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main aims of the Sharīʿah (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) is the protection of human life (hifz al-nafs). Advances in medical science have similar aims and have created technology to assist infertile couples to overcome their infertility. One of the technologies developed to further simplify this process is the ability to freeze excess embryos to be stored for long periods of time through cryopreservation. This technology allows infertile couples to use these embryos when they opt for treatment not only once but multiple times. Despite its benefits, the cryopreservation of embryos could bring about several legal issues. This study focuses on the legal status of cryopreserved embryos in two situations. The first is in the event of divorce between the parties and the second is in the event of death of one or both of the parties. The main concern in these two situations is does the couple have full authority to decide what happens to their embryos, even to the extent of allowing them to perish? Are cryopreserved embryos protected under the Sharīʿah? This paper analyzes the sanctity of human embryos within the Sharīʿah and legal frameworks in selected Muslim countries, with particular emphasis on issues of right to life and their potential legal repercussions on human society. In applying a comparative approach, this paper aims to shed light on the ethico-legal complexities surrounding cryopreserved human embryos under the Sharīʿah.

Purpose - The language load within mathematics test items can lead to inaccuracy in assessing Orang Asli pupils’ mathematical ability due to their struggle in comprehending the academic language. This study aims to determine the validity of using test accommodations in the form of oral academic language and oral native language when administering mathematics computation and word problem test items among the Orang Asli pupils. Methodology - By employing a quantitative approach, this study utilised random equivalent group design to examine the validity of using oral test accommodations among 334 Grade Four Orang Asli pupils. Three testlets were constructed and used in this study: written test in the academic language (WAL), oral test in the academic language (OAL), and oral test in the native language (ONL). The three testlets comprised Paper 1 and Paper 2, each consisting of 20 mathematics computation and 20-word problem test items, respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse and examine if there were differences in the mathematics performance between the three groups of tests administered to the Orang Asli pupils. Findings - The results indicated that the test scores of the pupils on the oral tests were higher compared to the written test administered to the pupils for both mathematics computation and word problem items. For computation items, the pupils performed better in the OAL testlet, followed by the ONL testlet. On the other hand, the pupils obtained the highest test scores in the ONL testlet compared to the OAL testlet for word problem items. Furthermore, the results illustrate that there is a difference in the mathematics performance of the Orang Asli pupils between the oral tests in both languages and written tests in the academic language. Significant - This study clearly shows that language plays a prominent role in affecting the Orang Asli pupils’ mathematics performance. By utilising the oral test as a promising test accommodation, this measure could help address the language barrier faced by the Orang Asli pupils in mathematics testing.

Maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah is acknowledged as one of essential foundations in determining shariah rulings. However, some contemporary fatwās continue to be issued that disregard maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, while some groups have also misunderstood it leading to misapplication. This paper will analyze the methodology employed by classical Islamic scholars in establishing the concept and principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. The analysis will compare the methods of determining maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah by Muslim scholars with current scientific research methods. This study utilizes the qualitative methodology by examining classical and modern scholarly writings. The collected data is analyzed thematically based on an inductive approach. Findings of this study demonstrate that formulating maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah concept and principles involves analyzing textual injunctions. The istiqrā’ inductive reasoning applied by Muslim scholars bears similarities with thematic analysis in modern qualitative research. Hence, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah represents the implicit objectives unifying diverse shariah rules. It holds greater epistemic certainty compared to individual scriptural proofs, being supported by multiple textual evidences across various domains of rulings. As the mafhūm(implicit meaning) of the Sharī‘ah corpus, maqāṣid guides ijtihād without compromising fundamental sharī‘ah tenets. Proper application of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah facilitates determining contemporary rulings that fulfill the objectives of sharī‘ah itself. This paper advocates grounding ijtihād and fatwās in maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah through holistic textual analysis. This enables addressing new challenges through appropriate sharī‘ah rulings while avoiding rigid legalism or unfettered rationalism.

This paper aims to evaluate the peculiarities of a mechanism utilised by the Indonesian government to conduct infrastructure development, that is, the government’s assignment of contracts to state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This mechanism differs from public procurement or public-private partnership. This paper raises three questions: (1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of employing government assignment of contracts to SOEs? (2) What should be done to prevent the disadvantages? and (3) What lessons can be learned by other countries from the Indonesian experience? This paper employs qualitative legal research. It starts by analysing public satisfaction and dissatisfaction as reflected in the news, literature and interviews. The legal causes of dissatisfaction which are basically the problematic regulations, are then analysed. Finally, the legal principles and legal concepts enshrined within the regulations are examined to seek legal solutions. The advantages of the government’s assignment of contracts to SOEs are to simplify the tender process and to enable the government to quickly provide infrastructure. Nonetheless, the private sector feels aggrieved because the regulations that dictate when a project may be contracted to an SOE are unclear, and public funding is predominantly circulated among the SOE groups. To address these problems, the government should adhere to the globally recognised principles of equality and accountability and the concepts of competitive neutrality and the right to development. The bittersweet Indonesian experiences maybe not only the refinement of the Indonesian law and policy, but also their use as food for thought for any country considering infrastructure development.

The laws in Malaysia uphold the rights of children to participate in family law proceedings, particularly in custody disputes. However, with regard to the practice of mediation (sulh) in child custody disputes, the specific legislation that highlights measures to obtain the views of children is still vague. This paper will discuss the practice of children’s participation during mediation (sulh) in child custody disputes. The study reported in this paper has also highlighted the challenges and the adequacy of legal provisions on the practice of children’s participation during mediation (sulh). The present qualitative study has adopted a library-based research method to collect information, data, and theories from selected materials, including journal articles, textbooks, statutes, and interview methods. It also discussed how children were engaged in court-directed mediation proceedings in the Syariah Court of Malaysia. It has also examined the practice of the Syariah court in accepting the voice of children in mediation regarding decision-making in child custody dispute cases. The examination focused on the relevant legislations and policies relating to children participating in mediation in the context of international legal provisions and Syariah laws. The paper further discussed the analysis of whether the rules and procedures in Malaysia are adequate to sustain children’s participation during mediation. The data were also gathered from interviews conducted with mediators or sulh officers. Finally, the study revealed that interviewing children during sulh sessions at the Syariah Court is common even though there are no clear regulations on the practice. It is suggested that a broader interpretation of the current legislation on the voice of children enables the legality of the practice of accepting children’s voices during the Majlis Sulh. Furthermore, it is recommended that a proper standard operating procedure (SOP) for obtaining children’s views during the mediation (sulh) process is also needed.

This paper discusses the theoretical influence of key audit matter and audit quality. This paper discusses a literature study method approach to explore the possible impact of key audit matters (KAMs) and audit quality. In particular, the authors believe implementing key audit matters can largely affect audit risk, going concern evaluation and audit response procedures, which in the end can influence on audit quality. Implementation of key audit matters in Indonesia began in 2022, audit firms are strongly advised to prepare better audit working papers and mitigate audit risks. This can help them consider matters that require the auditor's significant attention, which in turn is hoped can increase the flexibility and effectiveness of communication between auditees and auditors. In addition, the author recommends that regulators or audit oversight boards require the application of boards to apply key audit matters to all audit work, not just mandatory for listed companies. It is hoped that this rule will help audit companies work more carefully in dealing with audit risks, which appear to be positively related to audit quality. As far as the author knows, limited educational study has explored the possible influence of key audit matters (KAMs) on audit quality in Indonesia. Therefore, this paper reduces the research gap in the audit literature. On the other hand, this paper can be used as a foundation for developing research instruments (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, or content analysis) to grant empirical evidence.

The employment relationship is a contemporary concept compared to industrial relations. Moreover, employment relationships include employer-employee relations, institutions and power. Therefore, this study examines the literature that is in line with trends and developments from time to time about trade unions and the employment relationship. Besides, the literature on trade unions and employment relationships in the Malaysian language and scope of political science are still lacking. Thus, all papers related to the two topics including democracy was identified. This study considers both qualitative and quantitative research papers. The year limitation for this literature review is from 2001 to 2021 to see trends and developments on this topic in the last 20 years. Following on from that, this study finds that the factors of trade union membership, trade union density, organizing and recruiting, trade union challenges, union democracy, employer tactics, and the role of the State are discourses that are consistently discussed among scholars in various countries. This consistency suggests that the theme of trade unions is well established in the employment relationship literature because trade unions to this day remain seen as the most relevant actor in fighting for workers' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]