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Efforts in preserving the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) obligate the hadith scholars to filter narrations attributed to the Prophet (PBUH), including those on his biography. These efforts have given birth to a methodology used to criticise the narrations since the days of the companions. However, applying the methodology to narrations pertaining to the biography of the Prophet (PBUH) or the sīrah has been a challenging task given the multitude of narrations that do not meet the criteria of acceptance by the muḥaddithun that infiltrate the knowledge of sīrah. Thus, this paper aims to scrutinise the methods of criticising hadiths employed by hadith scholars and the application of these methods on the works on sīrah. A qualitative study was conducted by collecting data from the major works on hadiths and sīrah. The finding demonstrates that the muḥaddithun’s critiques of the sīrah narrations are based on the critiques on sanad and matan. In applying the method, it is imperative to be murunah. This is done by placing each narration at its correct position by prioritising authentic and ḥasan hadiths, in addition to being tasahul on the permissible aspects based on the prescribed discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging in the agricultural sector is Islamic demand. Rasulullah PBUH's suggestion clearly emphasizes the importance of this sector in prospering the greenery of this earth. This article collected several hadiths related to agriculture that explain the benefits of agriculture from the perspective of alsunnah and its management, agriculture as an economic driver and the challenges of implementing al-sunnah recommendations in the era of globalization. Besides, this article also highlights some Islamic scholars who made significant contributions in the field of agriculture, namely al-Dinawari, Ibn Sina, Ibn Sidah, Ibn al-Rumiyyah and Ibn al-Baitar. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the collected study text. The main objective of this paper is to list the hadiths related to agricultural incentives as well as to present to the community that Islam since the heyday of Islamic civilization has emphasized the aspect of agriculture as one of the main sources of economy. Therefore, it is hoped that this article can contribute to the replenishment of human capital in the agricultural sector. This is further strengthened by the recommendations of the Malaysian government which places great emphasis on the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of Education 5.0 aims to strengthen the use of technology to inculcate values into students’ lives. This is seen as an opportunity to explore how moral values are applied in line with the goals of education in Malaysia.The inculcation of moral values through education will enable the students to internalise the values and this brings a good impact on their lives. . However, annual statistics have shown the decline in the moral values in Malaysia. Thus, this concept paper discusses the notion of Education 5.0 in the Malaysian education context and the importance of moral values in education 5.0. This study employed a qualitative method by analysing documents related to moral values as well as the Education 5.0 guideline book. The data were managed by ATLAS.ti 8 software. The themes revolve around the importance of moral values application in education and they include; the goals of the National Philosophy of Education; the formation of a society that is good, moral and has an identity as well as; religious demands. This study's findings are significant to be used as a guide to ensure that the elements of moral values are not neglected in line with the advancement of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to analyze the hadith texts which have been misinterpreted by various extremist groups to justify their terrorist acts. There were several narrations in the hadith that mention extremist acts in the past, such as the beheading of Abu Jahal by Ibn Mas'ud, the burning of enemies alive by Caliph Ali, and the presentation of the beheaded head of al-Aswad al-'Ansi to the Prophet PBUH. Unfortunately, these narrations were manipulated by extremist groups as their arguments to justify their extremist acts, without examining in depth the reasons why they occurred. This article aims to investigate the legitimacy of the stories, and find justification for the actions if they actually occurred. This paper uses qualitative research methodology by discussing hadith scholars' views and their interpretations of the jihad texts. The findings of the study show the extremist groups' dependency on the literal meaning of the hadith texts, and ignoring the context of the hadith. They also depend on weak hadiths that have been rejected by hadith scholars. Finally, this study outlines various ideas and suggestions to overcome confusion due to the misinterpretation of hadith texts by extremist groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among messages brought by Islam is to guide people to be able to choose between issues which are right and wrong, including halal and haram on food consumed. Food is the primary need of every human being. However, any food to be consumed should be in safe condition and does not harm the health. Based on Islamic perspective, safe food is the halal substance, how to process and slaughter, and how to get. As a predominantly Muslim country, the government of Indonesia is responsible for maintaining halal food products. This has been stated in Surah al-Maidah verse 88, al-Mu'minun verse 51, al- Baqarah verse 172, 168 and various sayings (hadis) of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Halal product is important and has become a trend and grow into the market needs. It affects and changes the symbol of quality assurance and lifestyle choices. This paper aims to show that Islam is very particular in terms of consuming good and hygienic food (Halalan Thayyiban). Among the findings of the paper are it shows that Islamic religion's instruction has never been different from any medical theories. Allah SWT has explained the virtues due to consuming the lawful (halal) and warned those who consume the unlawful (haram). To ensure that the product is halal, it is necessary for the government to be involved in enforcing the producers of preparing or making foods, managing markets, and conducting a series of halal tests, in order to get the halal certificate before selling the products. In Indonesia, there are stages to get halal certificate, among others: the submission of an application to LPPOM-MUI, auditing the documents, reviewing the location, and receiving result of the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misyar marriage can be defined as a legal or formal marriage contract between a man and a woman, with the condition that the spouse give up one, two or several of their rights by their own free will. This paper will analyse the concept of misyar marriage, and the reason for its re-emergence today. This paper will discuss the Shariah scholars' perspectives relating to this issue, the comparison between misyar marriage with other banned marriage such as nikah mut'ah and nikah al-Muhallil. Thus, this study will be able to resolve the confusion of this type of marriage whether it is in accordance with Islamic law or otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the beads: total 216 beads, in the form of shapes, colors, size, weight and its transparences. In archeological context, beads is a small artifact the contribute and important role in the reconstruction of local cultural history. Beads found in any site does not emerge on its own, but it has their own function and purpose. The writing of this paper, mainly focus on glass beads. The beads are found a Trench I in Pulau Kelumpang which was found by writer during his researched in 1989. The result of this analysis shows in it own form: size and weight, although they are from same material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of ngalai ritual in Kota Belud, Sabah. The main objective of this discussion is to document the traditional performance which is present still among older generation the west coast Sabah Bajau. The paper was written based on field work carried out at Sembirai village, Kota Belud for a month. The interview was conducted among the healers related to the abstinences and the materials used during the ceremony. Therefore, this study explores the ngalai as a ritualistic performance for healing that revolves the relationship between behaviour and culture. This healing ritual is performed because it is believed that there are conflicts between human nature and the invisible world. These conflicts in turn raises the 'ire' of supernatural beings. As a result, humans are exposed to diseases that are incurable by modern medicine. The ngalai ritual is believed to be an alternative to such adverse circumstances. Ngalai seen as a treatment for physical and spiritual diseases suffered by the human body. The Kota Belud Bajaus also believe this to be a way to persuade the spirits around them to refrain from causing bringing catastrophe to individuals and the entire of society. Therefore, culture and belief system of the Bajau play an important role in the way they perceive their health, behavior and responses to the diseases and treatment. This ritual specifically demonstrates the use and the practice as part of the traditional medicine culture that is also practiced among other societies in Malaysia, such as the healing of ritual main puteri/teri in Kelantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of communist-inspired organization in Sarawak during 1941s' indicated the beginning of communist movement in Sarawak and the spreading of communist ideology toward civilians. It was believed, the communist influences spread to Sarawak through the border when 1 000 of youths went to Kalimantan for military training. Consequently, the First Division of Sarawak have to endure communist terrorism for the first time in August, 1952. This incident triggered the government to implement psychology warfare as a part of counter measure of thwarting subversive activities particularly by communist. Therefore, this article attempt to discuss about the psychology warfare as a measure taken to encounter communist activities. This paper had concluded, the implementation of psychology warfare had succeeded in suppressing the communist movement in First Division of Sarawak. Thus, in completing this paper, a few primer sources including reports and documents had been used namely the resident office, district office, colonial office, foreign colonial office and secondary sources have been able to address the issues making such study became feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socialization agents are the main factors that determine gay behaviours. However, which socialization agent is the most dominant is still a question mark in influencing gay sexual orientation. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to examine the dominant socialization agents in influencing gaysexual orientation. This study uses a qualitative study design using a phenomenological approach. A total of 10 informants were selected as the study sample using the snowball method. The data in this study were obtained by using in-depth interviews. The results of the study found that there are three main socialization agents that influence gay sexual orientation which are family, peers, and mass media. All of these socializing agents in turn create a self-concept of gay sexual orientation and ultimately form an inner self-awareness as a homosexual. In conclusion, socialization agents exert a direct influence on gay behaviours found in modern society today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live below water in the initiative of small island development goals (SIDGs) 2014 is poorly studied from the perspective of the Bajau-Laut community in Southeast Asia especially in environmental sociology studies. This paper seeks to investigate the two community's knowledge of marine conservation zone rules as a social control shaper. A case study approach through semi-structured interview data collection technique was implemented by involving 20 informants. The study was conducted among Bajau-Laut communities in Tun Sakaran Marine Park (Sabah, Malaysia) and Wakatobi National Park (Southeast Sulawesi, indonesia). Although living under different marine park administration, the communities in both areas have a similar concern about sustainable fishing practices. Thematic analysis techniques through theme categorization based on authority and everyday defined interpretations was applied to describe the differences in social reality of the communities. The findings indicate that the communities in both countries have two distinct social realities when it comes to the interpretation of conservation zone rules. In terms of authority defined, both communities are aware of the role of the marine park agency structure in enforcing conservation zone rules as a social control tool to curb unsustainable fishing practices. Meanwhile, from an everyday defined standpoint, the social interaction between the communities creates different understandings on the implementation of conservation zone system rules covering fishing zones, prohibited zones, and general use zones that are at a moderate level. These findings are important for improved policy and practices of marine park management in respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common belief that Islam and pacifism are incompatible. Using a traditionalist approach to religious issues, this paper seeks to construct arguments for the opposite. It argues that Islam and pacifism can be harmonised and made compatible at three levels: international, national and individual. Based on the arguments put forth, the paper asserts that the issue of pacifism should not be restricted to issue of halal (permissible) i.e. upholding commandment of jihad versus absolute haram (forbidden) i.e. denial of jihad obligation. Instead, it is an issue where disagreement is permissible and the principle of ‘agreeing-to-disagree’ like many other religious issues can be upheld by all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the function of arbitration at Patani Muslim Religious Committee Council (PMRCC) and offers mediation mechanisms as an alternative way of solving the matrimonial disputes among the Muslims in the Malay-Muslims majority areas. Conceptually, dispute resolution is being recognized as an effective way in the field of adjudication in Islamic law. Although there have been attempts to implement dispute resolution mechanisms in the Muslim Religious Committee Councils (MRCCs), no attempt so far has been made to upgrade them. To a large extent, dispute resolution has been implemented gradually since the beginning of the establishment of the councils. This paper intends to investigate the current trend and the future direction for the implementation of dispute resolution in PMRCC by exploring the available alternatives to the continued pursuit of the process of dispute resolution in PMRCC while at the same time strengthening the existing structures. Finally, the author will provide some suggestions as to how dispute resolution in PMRCC might operate. The author will also highlight the strength and weaknesses of arbitration under Thai civil law with a view toward a better legal provision for arbitration.

Islamic banking is witnessing a significant increase in worldwide demand for its products alongside the increased interest in Sharīʿah governance, which is an essential means of ensuring that the products and activities of Islamic banking institutions fully comply with Sharīʿah (Islamic law), meet customer needs, and increase their competitiveness in both local and international markets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Sharīʿah governance practices in Saudi Arabian banks and also ‎examine the level of adherence to Sharīʿah governance principles, institutional ‎frameworks, regulatory standards, and procedures within Saudi banks. This paper ‎employs a descriptive analysis approach, while the data were collected through a ‎questionnaire survey from 95 members of Sharīʿah advisory boards, Sharīʿah groups, and Sharīʿah governance committees ‎in 11 banks operating in Saudi Arabia. A regression analysis was performed to estimate relationships between the level of compliance and commitment to Sharīʿah governance in Saudi banks as a dependent variable, and the implementation of Sharīʿah governance, its dimensions, and the availability of implementing procedures of Sharīʿah governance as independent variables. The findings confirm the existence of variations between banks at ‎the level of implementing Sharīʿah governance principles and standards. The dimensions ‎of Sharīʿah governance received varying levels of attention in the banks, with ‎organizational structure ranking first, followed by the dimensions of responsibility and ‎disclosure, and finally, control, auditing, and accountability. The study reveals ‎disparities in the implementation levels of Sharīʿah governance between banks with full-fledged Sharīʿah compliance and conventional banks that offer Islamic windows. ‎Additionally, the study indicates differences in the adequacy of implementing ‎procedures for Sharīʿahgovernance principles and standards in both types of Saudi banks, attributed ‎to variations in bank size, product type, and organizational structure. The results of ‎the regression analysis demonstrate that the ‎implementation of Sharīʿah governance dimensions and the availability of implementing ‎procedures have a statistically positive effect on the level of commitment to Islamic banking and Sharīʿah governance. The paper suggests a necessity for training personnel in Islamic ‎banking, activating the role of Sharīʿah compliance units, and developing the ‎Sharīʿah governance framework in Islamic banking operations in Saudi Arabia.

This paper attempts to illustrate the primacy of the Shari’a-compliant murabaha transaction as a means of inconvertibility loss recovery by Islamic political risk insurers. In practical terms, the risk most likely to occur in an underdeveloped Muslim country is the risk of the local currency becoming inconvertible because of a certain action or inaction by the authorities of the host country which is the destination of an export trade transaction, or a foreign direct investment covered under a political risk insurance policy. The political risk insurance (PRI) operator most concerned with the subject of this paper is the Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit (ICIEC), a member of the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Group. Where the PRI operator is established within the auspices of a lending agency which lends in local currency, and provided that the necessary legal arrangements are in place, the PRI’s local currency holdings could be passed on to the lending agency in the host country and the foreign currency equivalent thereof paid over to the PRI operator at its head office. In countries where a lender is not extending local currency financing and a speedy economic recovery is not expected, an attractive alternative for a PRI operator, as the authors argue, is the utilization of the local currency in murabaha transactions. PRI operators’ apprehension about the risk of inconvertibility finds expression in denial of the inconvertibility coverage altogether. Where this is not the case, a PRI operator may impose recovery ceilings, demand the expiry of extended waiting periods, as well as compliance with a variety of other conditions prior to recovery. This paper argues that such measures are self-defeating. A Shari’a-compliant PRI operator is necessarily established to provide coverage against commercial and non-commercial risks in poor Muslim countries. To deny or restrict inconvertibility risk coverage in such countries is unacceptable. Murabaha is a panacea for currency inconvertibility: it is the most popular form of Islamic financing in the world, it is easy to structure, and its profits are almost certainly rewarding. While the risk of non-payment of the price by overseas buyers of Muslim country exports is minimal, risks associated with murabahacould be further minimized by means of export credit insurance coverage by local export promotion agencies.

In facing the current global health issue of Covid-19 pandemic, the practice of social work using group methods has become very limited. The need for group work that involves meeting with group members becomes very challenging because the nature of group meeting should be avoided due it can pose a risk of Covid-19 infection. This paper discusses the challenges faced by social workers when using online medium as new norms working with group. This preliminary study used document analysis method. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The study data involved 20 fieldwork report documents by a total of 20 social workers who attended the Postgraduate Diploma in Social Work (DPSKS) program and had conducted group work for 7 weeks online. The group of clients they handle involved 20 groups of final age teenagers who are studying at a local university students. The total number of respondents was 94 people The data of this study were then analyzed using document analysis techniques. The results of the study shown that five main issues that were challenges when performing group online were; (i) unclear reaction of group members (ii) longer rapport (iii) technical problems (iv) lack of cohesion among group members, and(v) challenges of social workers coping. The creativity of social workers is highly recommended so that the implementation of group work can be maximized even if it is not like a face-to-face session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysian society, the taboo topic pregnancy out of wedlock is believed as an immoral action. As the unwed mothers' situation could bring shame and disgrace to the family; thus, they tend to send them to the shelter homes to hide their pregnancy from others. This paper aims to explore the situation that cause circumstances of conception pregnancy out of wedlock and the family reactions among the unwed mothers living in the shelter homes. The investigation was based on the interviews with 31 informants selected through purposive sampling. The verbatim of the interviews had been analyzed according to Cresswell 's phenomenology approach with influenced by open and axial coding. In addition, it involved the combination mixed and matched between descriptive coding, emotion coding and values coding. The result shows there are four types of situations that cause pregnancy out of wedlock: raped, sexual abuse, false pretenses and love. Whilst there were three ways of families got to know about the pregnancy by themselves, professional and outsider. Family reactions were varying; lodge a police report, accepted the pregnancy and did not plan to get the unwed mothers married, a spur-of-the-moment marriage, sad, abusive behavior and isolation. Some families continue the support the unwed mothers via phone calls, visit and sending them food and daily use items, whilst some families refusing to give support at all. The findings are crucial for the family and professional helping profession such as social worker to improvise the interventions to fulfill the needs of unwed mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the spreading of world wide's COVID-19 pandemic are significant and noticeable. The economic downturn and the impact on health have had a huge impact on the human life. Both direct and indirect effects of the outbreak have profound implications, including mental health. This situation imperils the psychological well-being of individual due to feel uncertainty, insecurity and anxiety and isolation. In this review paper, mindfulness approaches that can be learned by any individuals to manage stress in order to cope with their psychological issues during pandemic of COVID-19 such as mindfulness techniques. Application of mindfulness technique can be taught online through psychological first aid (psychological first aid) in tele-mental health services. The tele-mental health services' user is encouraged to practice mindfulness technique by engaging in the self-dialogue while applying the mindfulness-training exercises that have been learned through psychological first aid. This approaches able to coordinate the higher mental function to calm an individual to the state of relaxation. This action will help the person in taking an advantage during the implementation of movement control order to maintain optimum health by self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will approach the development of Alor Setar as a commercial centre in the era between 1735-1909. Within this context, the advancement of this city will be plotted from the aspect of the commercial activities being conducted as well as the factors that triggered the growth of a better and rapid-growing Alor Setar. This study uses the qualitative measurement which involves the collection and data analysis from primary sources obtained from the National Archive of Malaysia such as letters sent by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa to Francis Light, Reminders from the Rulers of Kedah, Sultan Abdul Hamid's Letters and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. The outcome of this study shows that since the year of 1735, when Alor Setar began its operation as the state administration centre, the city had become the hub for local people and also foreigners. Within this period of time, there was evidence of hasty trading activities between Alor Setar and foreign traders from Penang, India and China. Among the commodities being merchandised were food supplies namely rice, farm animals and woods. The consequence of these transactions provided a large sum of income to Kedah state. In addition, the commercial activities in Alor Setar had been enhanced with the presence of trading emporiums which allotted stores selling assorted items, for example the pawn shop, textile stores and groceries stores. The existence of Alor Setar as a rapid-growing commercial centre was contributed by several factors such as the effectiveness of administration, the efficiency of town safety control, the sophistication of the communication and transportation system, the competency of health control system and also the presence of town port. These indeed have become the undeniably alluring attractions for traders to pursue their trading business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are an important political socialization agent in assisting the process of fostering ethnic unity among students. At primary school level, teachers act as influential political socialization agents in nurturing awareness of students at their early age on the importance of ethnic unity especially in the context of a multi-ethnic society in Malaysia. However, the process of fostering ethnic unity in Malaysia generally, and at the primary school level in particular, is still faced with various challenges and obstacles. Hence, this paper discusses the barriers to the role of teachers as effective political socialization agents from the aspect of school administration practices in shaping ethnic unity at the primary school level. The data collection process for this study was carried out through focus group discussions method involving 16 Malay, Chinese and Indian teachers from National School (SK), The Chinese National Type School (SJKC) and Tamil (SJKT) in Petaling district, Selangor. The results found that there are three factors of administrative practices that hinder teachers in playing a role as agents of ethnic unity that can affect the process of fostering the values of unity in a school. First, teacher separation system throught double-session schooling system; second, grouping of teachers in teacher's office by subject; and thirdly, the focus more on syllabus than other aspects such as ethnic unity in school. This study found that these three factors contribute to the existence of ethnic gaps among teachers, but also at the same time become an obstacle to the role of teachers as effective agents of ethnic unity in schools. Hence, the school should pay attention to this issue and raise awareness of all school members on the importance of ethnic unity in the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retention phase is fundamental in orthodontic treatment. Around 70% of patients are subjected to relapse postorthodontic treatment. The risk of relapse can be minimized by prescribing a retainer suitable to a patient's pre-treatment clinical condition and based on retention characteristics of retainers. When removable retainers are prescribed, responsibility of maintaining tooth stability lies on patients. Recent idea has been proposed that removable retainer should be worn indefinitely in order to maintain the treatment result. Therefore, the understanding of retention characteristics of removable retainers is important for promoting patient compliance and satisfaction. This article focuses on reviewing the use of removable retainers in relation to preferences among clinicians, patient acceptability, effectiveness, compliance, as well as retention regimes. An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and Scopus database. The search was performed up to June 2020 using a variety of keywords including orthodontic retainers, Hawley, vacuum formed and retention. Among the 248 publications that were initially searched, total of 56 publications were finally included. Twenty-seven were observational (6 prospective; 16 cross-sectional, 4 retrospective, and 1 case series), fourteen experimental, fourteen review articles, and one opinion piece. Although quite a number of reviews on removable retainers were available, several significant papers have been published recently. Furthermore, a guideline on retention regime is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qurʾān is recited by Muslims using different variations. The differences in the recitation require a separate printing of the Qurʾān copies (mushafs) that match the recitation of each riwayah. Observation on these mushafs found that the differences occur not only in terms of reading variations but also in scripts (rasm), signs (dhabt), determination of verses (fawasil), determination of divisions (tahzib), as well assigns related to stop and continue recitation (waqf and ibtida'). Insensitivity to these differences can cause a misperception that there are errors and mistakes in the mushaf, which is the holy book of Muslims. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to identify the differences between the mushafs in terms of the sign (dhabt) and make a comparison in the matter between the mushafs. This study utilised the qualitative method using observation, analysis and comparison on the mushafs of the Qurʾān and books that are considered as main references in the science of dhabt of Qurʾān. Among the important findings of this study are differences in the aspect of dhabt, which include differences in nuqat al-i’jam involving three letters namely nun, fa and qaf. Differences also occur in nuqat al-i’rab, including the signs of dhammah, tanwin, sukun, the signs of idgham naqis, hamzah wasal and lam alif. This matter occurs due to differences in sources and practices between the schools of masyariqah and magharibah in the placement of signs in the Qurʾān. If the differences are unrecognised, they may lead to the presumption of errors in the printing of the Qurʾān. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is written to examine and narrate the existence of several monuments in Kota Melawati, Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor. The monuments' existence in Kota Melawati could be seen as a tourist attraction and a monument with a historical story, signifying the existence of the Selangor Sultanate and elements of Selangor colonization. Therefore, the historical research methodology in this writing depends on primary and secondary sources and field studies to collect data to ensure accurate and appropriate information. Among the monuments found in Kota Melawati are Batu Hampar, Busut Melawati, Tangga Seratus, Meriam Tiga Sederet and Lighthouse. Behind the existence of these monuments in Kota Melawati, each has its own story related to the colonial government, diplomatic and political anecdote, and the story of wars that creates rich history related to the existence of the state of Selangor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the philosophy of the story and its implicit meaning in the megalithic rocks that are abundant in Luak Tanah Mengandung, Negeri Sembilan, that covers an area of Ulu Muar, Jempol, Terachi, Inas and Gunung Pasir. The theory of "Teksdealisme", which Mana Sikana popularized, was applied, emphasizing the principles of presence, collision, reinforcement and superiority. This study uses written materials in the library such as books, journals or seminar papers. The study's objective is to understand the philosophy of the story and the meaning behind the megalith in Luak Tanah Mengandung. It also aims to identify the influence of the philosophy of the story and meaning of the megalith on the customs, culture and heritage of the Luak Tanah Mengandung community and suggest efforts for the conservation and preservation of the megalith. The stories and meanings analyzed are the history, customs, culture, and heritage behind the narrative of megalithic rocks. On the other hand, the study also analyzed the narration by selected local figures to understand the story behind these megaliths. It was realized that the community would preserve the stone if they knew and understood its significance, symbolizing pride and identity. This study can also guide all parties that the stone will always be preserved if the community knows the history, culture and heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah belongs to the Ottoman Empire has been introduced in Johor, Malaysia during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1908). The book was brought to the Johor Government in 1893 during the reign of Johor’s Sultan Abu Bakar (1862-1895) in its Arabic language and it was translated later into Malay language and Jawi script during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim (1895-1959) in 1913. The translation was done by the Mufti of Johor and it is known as the Majalah Ahkam Johor. The book is a legal reference comprises the civil matters of muamalat, for example sale and purchase, rent and hibah, besides of containing court proceedings too. There are previous studies which affirmed that the Majalah Ahkam Johor was rarely used as a reference in court due to the expansion of colonial British in Malaya. The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyse the challenges of the use of the book in Johor and the obstacles in it’s implementation. The methodology of this study is based on qualitative design with historical research approach and document analysis from primary and contemporary data. The findings of this study shows that the use of the Majalah Ahkam Johor at the court level faced obstacles due to the British administration policy of interfering with the state legal and judicial system. Furthermore, the introduction of British law led to the abandonment of the use of Majalah Ahkam Johor as a reference on Islamic matters in Johor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MakeX robotics competition is one of the largest robotics competitions in Malaysia, involving participants from primary and secondary schools. The organization of this competition is unique compared to other robotics competitions, where the contestants will be given training and workshops on the basics of assembling and programming robots, as well as basic strategies for completing the tasks of the competition. Crystal UKM, as co-organizer of the competition, is responsible with providing training to competition participants, which ranging from 7 to 17 years old. In providing an effective module for this year's contestants, Crystal UKM has developed a unique mentoring program involving second and third year undergraduate students, from Electrical and Electronic Engineering programme. These undergraduate students, in addition to providing technical training, they also play a role in maximizing the potential and developing the skills of the participants, to enhance the performance of the participants, as well as to increase the competitiveness amongst the participants. This paper focuses on the role and perspective of students as mentors of contestants and examines the effectiveness of this mentoring program in enhancing the soft skills of students involved as mentors. The success of the Malaysian team won the gold medal at the international MakeX robotic competition in Guangzhou, China recently, and the achievement of two other teams in the top 20, demonstrates the effectiveness of the staging program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In line with the government's aspiration to stimulate our national economic growth and reduce unemployment rate in Malaysia, various efforts have been intensified to enhance the participation of SMEs entrepreneurs in the e-Commerce world. However, the involvement of SMEs entrepreneurs in this digital commerce still looks less exciting. Internet facilities are not optimally used by SMEs to explore new markets through business and digital marketing. This proves that SMEs behavioural acceptance is still low and not in line with Government aspirations. The successful implementation of intentions and actual behaviour is driven by positive attitudes, social support and a good behavioural control. By relying on the Model of Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour (DTPB) and empirical observations through library research methodology, this concept paper reviews the strengths of each determinant in more detail in order to predict the acceptance behaviour. The discussion found that the SMEs intention and actual behaviour towards e-Commerce usage are encourage by factor of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control which is based on sub factors beliefs of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, trustworthiness, interpersonal influence, external influence, self-efficacy and facilitating conditions. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will help academic and practical field to understand these phenomena as well as provided guidance for the policymakers in reviewing e-Commerce ecosystem and mechanism to further expand SMEs participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of Palestinian problems began with the Sykes-Picot Agreement signed in May 1916 which has placed Palestinians under British control. The impact of this agreement has opened the door of mass immigration from all over the world to Palestine. This crisis has led to a Muslimbased political movement, the Ikhwan Muslimin (IM), has been involved in this problem. In this regard, this paper will discuss the influence of Hassan al-Banna's thinking on the formation of IM's political orientation on this issue from 1931 to 1949. Using historical approaches, analysis of the discussion is based on the use of primarily primary sources of British documents and, in addition, using other secondary sources to support the discussion of this paper. The findings show that the influence of al-Banna's thinking is a major factor that has led to IM's political orientation in the issue of Palestinian problems. IM's participation in the issue of Palestine began by sending protests, organizing fundraising, holding a conference on Palestine, demonstrating and joining the Palestinian War in 1948 in an effort to help liberate Palestine from Israel's occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the characteristics of a Muslim Malay woman as portrayed in the novel titled ‘Diary of a Nurse’ by Aminah Mokhtar from the perspective of Feminism Talbiah. The concept of Feminism Talbiah integrates Elaine Showalter’s notion of Feminism and Yusuf al-Qardhawi’s thoughts of Muslim women. Talbiah means a total surrender to Allah SWT. Tauhid is an essential element of a Muslim Malay woman who engages in total surrender to Allah SWT in terms of her personality, psychology, spiritual and other aspects of life. Textual analysis of the novel reveals that the main character, who is a Muslim Malay woman named Siti Munirah, holds the concept of talbiah as reflected in her obedience to Allah SWT. This paper concludes the character of Siti Munirah is developed based on the element of tauhid, which is the element neglected in the western feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooperative benefits its members through dividends, rebates or subscriptions discount and bonus shares. These benefits can only be applied if the cooperative can be managed efficiently and effectively. Efficiency studies are mostly conducted in developed countries and only a few has been carried out in developing countries such as Malaysia. This paper reviews past studies on the efficiency of cooperative management in Malaysia. Literature analysis was carried out to assess the appraisal methods on the efficiency of cooperative management and similar business organizations. It is found that the studies on cooperatives mostly focus on the cooperative performance. These assessment and efforts to enhance the efficiency of cooperative management are largely done by the Malaysian Cooperative Commission (SKM) and some of the academic researchers. The evaluation of the management efficiency is based on several aspects such as finance (economy), social and socio-economic. As a private business organization, cooperative management efficiency can also be estimated on the basis of financial and non-financial aspects such as social values, management functions and the relationships between cooperative members. This paper argues that social values and economic aspect need to be considered for a more comprehensive assessment of the cooperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious conflict is a controversial subject in a multicultural country. This issue happens regularly in Malaysia especially in a country which recognized Islam as its official religion. There are many ways dealing with religious conflict in Islam. One of them is co-existence approach (fiqh al-ta'ayusy). The objective of this paper is to explain the co-existence approach (fiqh al-ta'ayusy) as a way to promote harmony and to cope with religious conflicts. The study is based on previous literatures and it has been adapted to suit Malaysia's religious conflict. Findings showed that the co-existence approach in Islam is divided into three namely inter religious dialogue, preaching of Islam and acceptance of other religions. Besides that, this approach must maintain the dignity of Islam and at the same time treating non-Muslims with respect and universal values. The acceptance of other religions however, must not include the religious pillars such as faith and worship. This is crucial in order to ensure the harmony of interaction without eliminating Islam like what has been propagated by the pluralists. Thus, this paper will explain on the Islamic approaches of interacting and communicating with non-Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quran is a scripture that was revealed in the last 15 centuries. Each letter, word, verse and sura contains a perfect and beautiful pattern. Each pattern in the Quran has significant meaning to be studied. Generally, the study of the Quranic pattern has been carried out. However, there is no specific study of the word-based pattern in the Quran especially the word basar. Furthermore, existing Quranic translations have not taken into account the contextual meaning of a word in their translation. Hence, this study aims to examine the basar word pattern in surah al-Isra', analyze the meaning of the word basar and classify it based on the thematic approach. This paper is a conceptual work paper using qualitative methods and content analysis methods based on the thematic approach. The findings of the study show that there are 8 repetitions of the word basar in surah al-Isra'. The finding of this study also found that each word basar has different meanings based on the derivation and the contextual meaning of each verse. Such special understanding should be examined more broadly on the words contained in the Quran, especially the existing Quranic translations do not take this approach in their translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies wood as a material for construction in the Bujang Valley and makes comparison with other regional settlements such as Yarang and Takuapa in Thailand together with Batujaya in Java. Wood has many uses in construction and is useful to determine whether there existed a technological relationship between the studied sites. This study is important as there has been no study on the usage of wood for construction in early port sites of Southeast Asia. Given that wood is a material that disintegrates easily and that most of the studied sites have already been disturbed, previous writings by archaeologists were consulted to gain a picture about the usage of wood. The period when wood was used was determined from the work of archaeologists. Wooden artefacts were not found in the Bujang Valley but is believed to have been used from the second to the fifteenth century CE based on the use of other, more resilient construction materials. Wood was used in Yarang and Takuapa but the period has not been determined accurately. At Batujaya, it was used from the fifth to tenth century CE. The ways in which wood was used cannot be determined accurately and this suggests that there was no technological transfer between the respective sites. It is suggested here that this study be conducted at other protohistoric port sites in Southeast Asia to give a more complete picture of the type of technologies that existed during the protohistoric period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kedah is a state with a history in the agricultural sector, such as rice and cassava production, since before the arrival of the British. However, the rubber started to be brought in after the British intervention in 1909, prompting many European and Chinese investors to open rubber plantations on a large scale. Until the beginning of the Second World War in 1941, the production of rubber cultivation overgrew. This paper aims to investigate the extent of the role and contribution of the Chinese in the Kedah rubber plantation sector from 1909 to 1941. This research highlights the method of content analysis as a key data collection method on the history of the Chinese in Kedah through The National Archives of Malaysia for data analysis on the function and contribution of the rubber cultivation field. The results of the study found that the Chinese were involved in developing the rubber plantation sector since the beginning rubber was introduced in 1909. Besides, they are also entrepreneurs and owners of rubber plantations. Up to 1930, the acreage of rubber plantations owned by the Chinese in Kedah exceeds another race such as Malay and India. Chinese workers were also brought in to further boost the rubber plantation sector. The Chinese also established associations among rubber entrepreneurs to look after the welfare of each other. Subsequently, several policies involving rubber cultivation were introduced by the British such as the introduction of ownership licenses and the sale of rubber. As a result, the significant involvement of the Chinese in the rubber plantation sector has increased the economic output of the state of Kedah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holy book of Qur'an is a book that has the perfection of all aspects either in terms of its meaning or its reading rules. The Qur'an is still maintained and guided by all Muslims in the world until now. Besides of having a high language, the beauty of the Qur'an can also be seen in terms of its reading rules that known as the rules of tajwid. The beauty of reading Qur'an can be seen when there is a combination of the sound of Qur'anic alphabet that be read according to the correct reading rules. However, the division of tajwid rules that need to be applied in the reading of the Qur'an is so widespread. In learning tajwid, the classification of each rules is divided into several parts. Each of these rules also shows the different process and ways of reading them even though they are classified in a same category of rule. So that, this paper is made to discuss about one part of the rule involving the nasal sound (quiescent nun and nunation) exists in the Qur'an words. The main purpose of this paper is to show the relevance of the existence of the assimilation process in tajwid rules with other speech languages in Malaysia such as Malay and English. This assimilation process is a process of merging a sound into the sound of a consonant that comes after it. This nasal assimilation process seen in the tajwid rules that affected the way how to pronounce Qur'an words in certain rules. For instance Idgham Bila al-Ghunnah, Idgham Maal Ghunnah, Ikhfa' Hakiki, Izhar Halqi, and Iqlab. Thus, this paper is hoped to help the reader to recognize the assimilation process in these three parts differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community is a dynamic concept which always changed and constructed through primitive and virtual form. The construction community is a direct impact due to the development of technology and the internet as well as the urbanization processes. Scholars who discuss and argue about community concept are Emile Durkheim, Ferdinand Tonnies and Robert Redfield as well as some other figures. Among the concepts that impressed and had a big impact in measuring the community was the concept introduced by Ferdinand Tonnies, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft is a situation that refers to a real community while Gesellschaft refers to community changes described by the concept of society associated with organizations and associations to create a new community of communities based on organizational strength within the community. In some circumstances, scholars associate it with neo-Gemeinschaft. This paper attempts to highlight the concept of community, debate about it and receive a response from paper presenters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are gentle and loving creatures because of their subtle feelings. Women which symbolised like a crooked ribs do not mean a weaknesses, but is actually a complementing. Women play an important role in shaping the future of the country. Women also have a great responsibility in the formation and development of families and Muslim societies. Therefore, negative responses to women need to be. However, to be a perfect woman in Islam, women should be led by men because that is the advantage that Allah has bestowed upon men as the privilege of caring is bestowed upon women. In general, this paper discusses the understanding of the role of women in a family institution in the Islamic perspective. In addition, this paper also explains the role of women in a family institution. The outcome of this discussion can help further enhance understanding and create awareness of every woman about the role that should be done in the family institution in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of the Islamic religion, thus the woman can improve every weaknesses inherent in each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on defining Islamic oriented film, an idea introduced by Naim Ahmad. This is an alternative idea conceptualized by Naim Ahmad to pave a more scholarly way in defining an Islamic film. Given that the concept of an Islamic oriented film is new - still less scrupulously described by scholars -, the aim of this paper is to demystify and therefore systematize the definitions and principles involved in defining an Islamic oriented film. This is because Naim Ahmad himself provides no clear principles of his concept. To elucidate this concept further, two films from Indonesia entitled Perempuan Berkalung Sorban (2009) and Ayat-ayat Cinta (2008) were purposely selected. The female character was chosen as the focus of the textual analysis. This analysis is framed by Prophetic Social Theory, a theory pioneered by Kuntowijoyo around the 1980s. The theory is based on the holy Quran through the verse-110 from Surah Ali 'Imran. It has three principles, which are Humanization, Liberation and Transcendence. However, this paper focuses only on the principle of Humanization. The findings indicate that both films contain Humanization principle as communicated via the female characters. This shows that the theory used in this study can contribute towards defining Islamic oriented film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of One Person Company (OPC) has revolutionized the concept of Company operations around the world. Many countries have witnessed significant growth in their economy and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) as a result of the development of OPC. The concept of OPC received much reception because it allows one person to operate a company that has a corporate personality distinct from him. This paper is a comparative study of OPC practices in Asia and Europe with focus on legal entity, incorporation procedure, minimum share capital, appointment of a nominee and conversion of OPC. By using the doctrinal data gathering approach, the researchers examine the relevant journals, articles, books, papers, and Internet sources with a view to achieve the objective of the study. In choosing the sample States, the article further uses the GDPs as a yardstick for selecting the participating countries. The reason for adopting the GDP as the criterion is because it provides an economic snapshot of a nation which is used to calculate the size of an economy and its growth rate. The findings of the research paper reveal that the economies around the world were boosted since the inception of the OPCs. Countries like the United Kingdom, Singapore and China witnessed 3.5 percent growth in their economy since inception of OPCs. Establishing and operating Businesses have become easy because the single shareholder need not go through the tedious process of documentations, getting minimum requirements for partners as is applicable for other forms of company operations.

The positive acceptance of cryptocurrency by the public indicates their interest and enthusiasm for cryptocurrency. Nevertheless, the regulatory overlay related to cryptocurrency is still at its infancy level, posing challenges to its estate administration upon the death of the owner of a cryptocurrency, which will lead to its disappearance and loss as it becomes impossible to be inherited. Hence, in light of this undesirable possibility, this paper aims to analyze the legal and Shariah issues on the estate administration of cryptocurrency from the perspectives of Malaysian laws and Shariah. This paper examined doctrinal research by examining relevant legal provisions, Shariah rulings, fatwa, cases, and non-legal literature on estate administration. This paper concludes that there is a lacuna in the estate administration of cryptocurrency as its regulatory framework is still new and evolving. Therefore, the legal and Shariah issues highlighted in this paper may provide some important policy implications for regulators and policymakers to fulfil the lacuna in the estate administration of cryptocurrency in Malaysia.

Studies on poverty have found that monetary scarcity can affect cognitive functioning and decision-making abilities. This is because, individuals who are poor, who experience monetary scarcity, can be easily triggered by budgetary issues and increased cognitive load as a result of having to constantly think about financial issues that eventually affect their ability to make effective decisions. Behavioural studies have found how increased cognitive load impedes cognitive performance and often becomes a significant factor that affects decision-making abilities. However, it is still unclear how cognitive load as a result of scarcity hinders cognitive performance, and what neural processing systems are being affected. Although there are behavioural differences between scarce mind and the non-scarce, the differences in neurobiological processes remain unexplored. Understanding specific neural correlates associated with monetary scarcity will facilitate in identifying how scarcity can impede specific neurocognitive processes. One way to measure neurobiological activity is by using electroencephalography (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs), which is capable of capturing intrinsic neuro-temporal activities. This paper highlights the importance of investigating the neurobiological basis of how poverty affects cognitive performance. Understanding behaviors related specific neural activities will help to facilitate in developing effective intervention programs that can be targeted to improve decision-making abilities for the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suhaid language is spoken in Seberuang and Suhaid river basins, Western Kalimantan (Indonesia). This language exhibited its uniqueness with the C+h (consonant + glottal fricative) sound system, which is similar to the aspirated occlusive voice. This aspirated occlusive is derived from the deletion of /É™/ in the penultimate syllable position. Since in Suhaid, r is correspondence to /h/, the C+h form will formed after the deletion of schwa. This paper discusses the existence of the aspirated occlusive voice from the perspective of Optimality phonology. This study has consolidated that this theory is a practicable approach to explain the generation of two different output after the deletion of schwa. This study found that in a disyllabic input, this deletion of schwa has lead to a floating mora which later being attached to immediate vowel and formed a vowel lengthening. On the other hand, for the trisyllabic input, the floating mora will attach to the onset nearby and produce a geminate consonant. This consonant later will undergo the process of degemination, segmental coalescence and eventually appeares as a breathy voiced in the output. Based on analysis, the *GEM (NO GEMINATE) and *COMPLEX ONSET (no more than one segment may associate to any one syllabic constituent) constraints played crucial role in terms of constraint satisfaction and violation. All the candidates with geminate consonant will be ruled out as fatal violation since *GEM dominates the other contraints in the constraint hierarchy. *COMPLEX ONSET on the other hand is an additional constraint that play specific roles to generate dwisyllabic output (from trisyllabic input). This constraint (as well as other constraints) will eliminates all the /C+h/ candidates and the candidate with breathy voice which fully satisfies the given constraint is the optimal candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of national ethos as a medium for building a nation state is less debated among the scholars. Hence, this article will examine the perspective of building a nation-state from the national ethos point of view as a dimension that needs to be carefully studied in shaping the formation of a nation. National ethos refers to the character, attitude, ethics, personality and confidence in the matters that can describe the characteristics of the spirit which shared by members of society. With the existence of a national ethos in the individuals, it can reflect the sentiments of nationhood that centered on the national platform. Accordingly, this paper is specifically applies the definition of national ethos as a unique characteristics of the local community that binds one individual with another individual, and that binds the individuals to the state. These unique characteristics encompass four main dimensions namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities. The unique characteristics of the national ethos become the main medium in the building process of a multi-ethnic Malaysian nation. The community who often get the attention when debating on the process of nation-building are the youth groups. This is because they are the backbone of the nation in the future. The successful of developing the youth groups is the main benchmark for the success of a nation-state development in the future. This study found that the four main dimensions, namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities have formed a strong bond between individuals and other individuals, and between individuals and the country, especially among the youths being studied. Therefore, in realizing the building of the Malaysian nation-state, the national ethos has become a medium that needs to be nurtured in every individuals, especially the youth groups who are still searching for their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ensuring the agricultural sector remains competitive, the government has introduced fertilizer subsidy schemes to farmers. The objectives of this scheme are to help ease the burden of farmers as well as to optimize agricultural yields, especially for the paddy, rubber and oil palm sectors. However, there is still a leak in the distribution of fertilizer scheme which has caused the loss of millions of ringgit to the country. This is a commercial crime that needs to be eradicated immediately because it involves issues of integrity, corruption and breach of trust. Thus, this paper discusses the factors of malpractice and analyzes the relevant legal provisions on the issue of leakage of fertilizer subsidy scheme descriptively. The leakage problem needs to be addressed immediately in ensuring that fertilizer subsidy schemes can be delivered to farmers smoothly. The distribution of fertilizer schemes needs to be managed transparently in accordance with the law and give benefit to farmers in achieving more lucrative returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Happiness is a goal that is always sought by humans. Happiness is closely related to the human heart or soul, from peace, tranquility, or even satisfaction with oneself in life. This paper aims to reveal the concept of happiness in the perspective of Ibnul Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah. In this study, the authors used descriptive and analytical methods. After going through in-depth research, the author found three important conclusions. First, it relates to things that can affect the state of the heart and soul, and which are often sought by most people, namely 1) external happiness, in the form of wealth, power, fame. 2) physical or body, in the form of health and strength. 3) true happiness, namely useful 'ilm and the fruit from it is in the form of practice. Second, it relates to the sign of a person's happiness, namely 1) When he gets a favor, he will be grateful for the favor by using it in a way that is pleasing to Allah. 2) If he gets a disaster, he will always be patient. 3) When he commits a sin, he will immediately repent to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala. Third, the key to getting these three things, namely the knowledge inherited by the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam and its practice. Faith, piety, cleanliness of heart, peace of heart and soul, are the fruits of 'ilm and also the practice of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of anthropology has introduced the term polytheism which refers to belief and worship of more than one god or deity. Man from the beginning of his existence has interacted with nature, admiring some beings they considered special and possessing extraordinary powers. This situation encourages some people to believe in polytheism, which is to worship various gods or deities in addition to Allah SWT. Historical records show that polytheism existed long before the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The question is, how does the Quran describe polytheism? Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the description of polytheism in the Quran, especially about the history, form, factors and types of polytheism. This is a qualitative research applying the method of content analysis to the text of Quranic verses. The results of the study show that the Quran contains socio-historical data on polytheism of past generations, in addition to criticism and prohibition of any form of worshipping gods and deities other than Allah SWT. In conclusion, the Quran discusses not only Shariah, but also covers the field of anthropology and socio-cultural universals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sabah, the megalithic heritage-based tourism products are less popular than natural-based tourism products. This paper aims to reveal a prospect of megalithic heritage-based archeotourism products found in Long Pasia. The existence of megalithic sites in Long Pasia is the heritage of the Lundayeh people. Yet the condition of these sites is derelict and requires serious attention from various parties for conservation and preservation purposes. Since 2005, several megalithic sites have been studied and documented by researchers and students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in collaboration with the National Heritage Department, Kuala Lumpur. The study was based on field survey methods, and site documentation on selected sites. The results of the study found that megalithic sites in Long Pasia have potential for archeotourism purposes. This study is important as a knowledge reference on the existence of megalithic heritage sites in Long Pasia, and a guide for the purpose of developing archeotourism in Long Pasia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roof Crown of the mosque is a 3D ornament designed in various shapes and sizes. Roof Crown has its own unique characteristics that have a basic rectangle, pyramid-shaped, terraced, and have angle decoration. However, the uniqueness of the mosque's rooftop crown is now threatened and its numbers are dwindling due to the fact that some of the people who do not accept and say that this decoration is not in the mosque building due to reasons which do not adhere to Islamic teachings. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to be mapping the location of the roof crown of mosque and the typological classification of the crown design found on the crown roof of the mosque in Malacca. The research method used to achieve this objective is to use qualitative methods involving library and field studies as well as using typology of analysis. This study was conducted in all districts in the State of Malacca namely Jasin, Central Malacca and Alor Gajah. The research was carried out in 360 ° visual documentation using DJI Phantom 3 Standard Dron technology to get detailed roof crown design as well as Google Maps application to map the location of the mosque. The use of Adobe Illustrator also helped to create a visual illustration of a mosque's crowning crown in Malacca. The results of this study have found that 38 traditional mosques still have a rooftop crown in Malacca. The results of this study have identified several types of design typologies that have been featured in the design of a mosque roof crown in Malacca. The findings of this study are expected to keep the crown jewel of the mosque still in use in the mosque building as an art decoration that represents the identity of the local Muslim community, especially in Malacca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the strategies in gathering mangrove molluscs of the prehistoric societies in Sabah by observing the gathering activity of mangrove molluscs among the Bajau people in Tuaran, Sabah. Participant observations and interviews that were conducted with the Bajau fishermen in Kampung Tambalang Laut Laya-Laya revealed that the strategies applied to gather molluscs in mangrove swamps are based on tides. Despite having one main species targeted, which is mud clams (Geloina expansa), other molluscan species coincidentally found are also gathered as supplements. Through comparison with the species of molluscs found in archaeological sites in Sabah, it can be interpreted that the strategies applied by the Bajau people in Tuaran to gather mangrove molluscs were possibly more or less applied by the prehistoric societies in Sabah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]