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This paper examines the implications of the General Assembly's failure to adopt a resolution on the International Law Commission's Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms (“Draft Conclusions”) during its seventy-seventh session. While the non-decision does not affect the legal status of the Draft Conclusions, it raises questions about its reception and the underlying reasons for the lack of resolution adoption. The inclusion of an Annex with a non-exhaustive list, particularly addressing the right to self-determination, led to opposition from a subset of States. Despite the strong pedigree of the norms in the Annex, dissenting voices, primarily questioning the status of certain norms, played a pivotal role in the non-decision. This paper contends that the dissenters' success in preventing the adoption of a resolution could prompt the International Law Commission to exercise greater caution in its future work. The Commission may become more inclined to avoid addressing sensitive issues, potentially leading to a tendency to seek the lowest common denominator in its outputs. The analysis delves into the potential impact on the Commission's approach and the broader implications for the development and acceptance of peremptory norms of general international law.

Syariah compliance is the essence of any Islamic finance transactions and Islamic wealth management instrument whereby this aspect must be clearly reflected in the relevant legal documentation. This is in line with the recommendation to write contracts as suggested in the Qur’an, although the recommendations are in debt contracts, but they are used in the context of Islamic financing and wealth management to avoid future conflicts or disputes. However, it is observed that not all the legal practitioners and industry players are well versed with the drafting and intricacies pertaining to Islamic Syariah financing and wealth management contracts. Due to major defects in the contractual documents which are supposed to be binding aqad between parties, the transactions may be rendered invalid in the eye of law and unenforceable. Further, the legal documentation should not only address the Syariah compliance but also tackle issues relating to conflict of laws and enforceability under other applicable civil legislations. This issue needs to be addressed to ensure that this aspect of wealth management can be developed further in the Islamic financial sector. Hence, this paper discusses the main elements to constitute valid and enforceable Islamic financing and Islamic wealth management contracts. Besides, this paper also examines the approaches adopted by the Malaysian courts in dealing with defective and void Syariah contracts. At the end of this paper, some suggestions are made to provide remedies for rectification of the defective Islamic finance and wealth management contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, prison is not merely a place for offenders to serve sentencing. Rather it becomes an institution that carry a responsibility to rehabilitate, assist and educate the offenders to be a well-disciplined and responsible person when they return back to the society. In the Malaysian context, the rehabilitation process for the criminal offenders is one of the main agendas of the government in the efforts to reduce the crimes rate. The government through the Transformation Plan has emphasized the importance of improving the rehabilitation program not only inside the prison, but also implement various rehabilitation program outside the prison with the aim to prepare the offenders with life after they were released from the prison. This paper engages qualitative method. It refers to the documents relating to Rehabilitation Module, as well as conducts interview with the experts. It focuses on rehabilitation programmes outside prison that have been employed against the Syariah criminal offenders by the Malaysian Prison Department. The paper is significant as it highlights the experience of the Prison Department in developing and implementing rehabilitation module for the offenders outside the prison. The finding of the paper suggests that the development of the rehabilitation module for the Syariah Offender who are serving sentencing outside the prison are just and balance, which covers various aspect ranging from physical, mental, attitude, akhlak and spiritual. However, the implementation of rehabilitation programmes outside prison for Syariah offenders may need to be reviewed on its relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the discussions on the application of Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) in transforming and developing better human capital have been regarded as an important issue towards the society. For Malaysians, it is not a secluded issue anymore. As proactive steps, a positive action should be taken in blending the application of Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) with the National Education Philosophy, as it is a major framework in the formation of holistic and competitive human capital globally. The main objective of this paper’s study is to examine the concept of the Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql), the scope of the National Education Philosophy, as well as the application of these concepts and scope in the educational system in Malaysia. The conceptual and qualitative methodologies of study shall be used in conducting a study on this paper. It will also cover comprehensive studies on these two main thrusts to identify the extent of the harmonization process in empowering and enhancing the future generation. It will also review the level of the application and influence towards the National Education Philosophy and the impact of education reforms based on the Islamic principles in Malaysia. In conclusion, it can be asserted that the concept of the Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) has become among the main and important pulses in shaping, empowering and enhancing the development of the educational system in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) which has a tendency towards Islam, but secular concurrently raises a question: what is the identity of the AKP? To date, this question is still being debated although generally, AKP has frequently been denoted as a party with an Islamic aspiration. Hence, this paper aims to revisit the identity of the AKP based on the framework of Islamic political movement. This paper fully adopted library research by examining sources related to the scope of the discussion. Ideologically, AKP makes conservative democracy as its ideology by harmonizing between conservative and liberal democratic values. The party also adheres to the secularism discourse although it meets almost all the characteristics of Islamic political movement for the Turkish context. Besides, it was found that the AKP has sided to religious interests in few issues. At the same time, AKP also has been resisted by military as the guardian of secular principle. This paper argues that the AKP is a party of its own identity, where it upholds the liberal version of secularism and tends to create an accommodative atmosphere for free religious practice. Finally, this paper offers some recommendations that can be considered for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is the main thrust in forming students' personal personal morality and it is an imperative asset in Islam. Perfect learning will produce people with high moral values and character. Therefore, several social learning factors influence student morale and personality. This paper aimed to discuss social learning based on Islamic perspectives and factors that can influence students' morality and personality development. This study used the library research methodology by analysing and discussing the content of the text. Documents analysed consists of journal and articles review on the akhlak and moral. Thematic analysed is used to identify elements of the akhlak and moral. This paper found that social learning factors identified to have a pertinent impression on student morale are teachers, parents, peers, school environment, community environment and mass media. Consequently, is concluded that the social learning factors attempt to implement Islamic values education towards creating a good human personality that emphasizes confidence and obedience to Allah SWT. Furthermore, this study had a significant impact on MOE, teacher and parents in effectively implementing the Islamic values education so that the goal of producing the young and righteous believers can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, the government has been focusing on building unity among multi-racial communities. This is being taken seriously through the implementation of several key policies such as the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the National Cultural Policy. The goal of both policies is to create an ambitious National Unity. One of the elements contained in the National Cultural Policy relates to sports activities. Through sports activities, the government believes that it can foster inter-racial relations, in addition to fostering common sense and at the same time stimulating the spirit of nationalism among societies. However, it should be noted that the scope of sports activities is too broad to explore. In addition, studies about it have received little attention from local scholars, although they are widely reported. Because of this, it is important to choose the main aspects of sports activities to be the topic of discussion. Therefore, this paper focuses on the existence of a group of football supporters who call themselves Ultras Malaya. Since 2007, the involvement of Ultras Malaya has shown a lot of light that the sport of football is capable of bridging race relations. It has been shown by the attitude of the group. To see these things, it is very important to go back to the history of the establishment of Ultras Malaya and also require that the aspect of uniqueness displayed by Ultras Malaya that can be used as a medium for integration platrorm. This paper uses a qualitative approach. While primary data were obtained based on interviews with the Ultras Malaya coordinator, apart from the direct involvement of the authors in the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the existence of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in Sabah and its achievements in the General Elections (GE) from 1986 to 2018. Thus, the historical research design is used by examining newspapers, election reports and interviews. Respondents chosen for the interview are individuals who have been directly involved in early political movements of PAS to provide a new narrative of Sabah political landscape. The results showed that the existence of PAS in Sabah and its achievements in election results were inconsistent and showed a decrease despite a slight overall national increment during the 2008 and 2013 general elections. During these elections, UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) and PKR (The People's Justice Party) showed vertical increment, whereas PAS has shown horizontal and unchanged election results. The lack of political dynamism and direction as well as poor reconciliation with other dominant political parties at the state or national level were two of major issues surrounding PAS that made it difficult to win the election. It is hoped that this paper will guide political leaders from Malaysian Peninsula who wish to extend their party to Sabah as well as setting the party's direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the development of trade economic activity among the Malay community in Perak until the beginning of the British arrival in 1874. The Malay community is often associated only with the subsistence economic activities of agriculture and fisheries as meeting their basic needs without regard to other economic interests. This paper to prove that trade is also an important economic activity for the Malay community in Perak beginning as early as the Gangga Nagara in Perak. The writing is based on references to the old Perak state manuscript, the Misa Melayu and through a literature review of other scholars' writings. From the time of the early government until the arrival of the British, there has been ample evidence that the Malay community in Perak has made trade a major activity. In addition to the government and officials involved in these trading activities, other community members are also actively involved in trading activities starting from subsistence until they become suppliers of merchandise. The economic activity of trade also led to the advent of the various descendants of the Malay people from the Malay World, almost all of which began by conducting business and trade activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of waqf in Higher Education Institutions is currently being discussed. Waqf has proven to be an effective instrument in higher education financing. However, waqf funds need to be optimized to ensure the sustainability of waqf itself. Therefore, all related parties should seek alternatives and solutions to ensure the sustainability of waqf. The first objective of this paper is to examine the management of waqf in higher education institution with a case study at University College Bestari (UCB), Terengganu, Malaysia. Secondly, to analyze issues of waqf sustainability and methods used by UCB in ensuring the sustainability of their waqf. This study is qualitative, data was obtained through library research and involving in-depth interviews of two respondents. Data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings have found that, the method used to sustain the waqf funds in UCB is by transparent management of assets through entrepreneurship activities for optimum benefit. The entrepreneurship activities are in the livestock, agriculture and business sectors. Another program is the development of entrepreneurship center within its campus. Besides, the formulation of a teaching and learning curriculum that included entrepreneurship elements was also conducted to ensure that the students have basic entrepreneurial skills. This paper proves that waqf and entrepreneurship are inseparable. The synergies between waqf and entrepreneurship are important as an alternative to the sustainability of waqf itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-service teacher training programs offer opportunities for teachers in both public and private schools to enhance their professional skills, particularly in the areas of required teaching skills, supplementary subject content knowledge, and teaching pedagogy. The lack of availability of in-service teacher training programs for teachers within the education system has undesirable consequences, particularly regarding the delivery of quality education to learners in public and private schools in the Zambezi region, Namibia. This paper discusses the perspectives of Agricultural science teachers on the need for in-service teacher training. To achieve the objectives of this paper, crucial data were collected from Agricultural science teachers in the Zambezi region through face-to-face interviews. Twelve Agricultural science teachers (comprising six from urban schools and six from semi-urban schools) were interviewed using face-to-face interview guides. The study revealed that the in-service teacher training programs attended by Agricultural science teachers were relevant to their teaching roles. Furthermore, the study emphasized that to maintain the relevance of in-service teacher training programs, components such as practical activities, projects, investigations, and subject content knowledge should be the focus, in order to continually enhance the capacities of Agricultural science teachers. The study recommends that the regional education directorate in the Zambezi region establish a policy for continuous in-service teacher training programs, including them in their annual financial plan, to improve teacher performance in the region. Lastly, to ensure the success of in-service teacher training programs, they should be conducted on an ongoing basis.

Nowadays, there are various forms of actions and provocations that are against the culture and values of patriotism among the Malaysian community, especially school leaders who are said to be unpatriotic. This paper focuses on the awareness of religious school leaders which consists of Religious Secondary Schools (SMA), Government Religious Aid Schools (SABK) regarding the level of knowledge of religious school leaders regarding the knowledge of patriotism. The problem of lack of awareness of the value of patriotism will certainly challenge and prevent the application, nurturing of values and the spirit of patriotism as an element in the formation of a harmonious and united Malaysian nation. A total of 263 religious school leaders in Malaysia were involved in this study. The results of this study were obtained through a questionnaire that was analyzed descriptively. The overall measurement of the instrument, which is the concept of patriotism and patriotism in the constitution, which is the main construct to assess the level of knowledge of religious school leaders regarding patriotism. The results of this study show that the religious school leadership's awareness of the value of patriotism is high. The level of school leaders' awareness of patriotism in the constitution is also high and shows that religious school leaders who are patriotic are capable of being an intermediary factor or agent of change towards the bond of community unity and students of various ethnicities in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current crisis as a result of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic is the biggest challenge that requires an immediate and best response. To expand the fiscal space, the taxation system plays a very important role in addressing the revenue shortfall by the government. It is better to combat tax evasion, including illegal financial flows through a non transparent tax system such as the current consumption taxation system in Malaysia, namely the Sales Tax and Service Tax (SST). In this paper, we use the general equilibrium model (CGE) to examine the broader macroeconomic impact on the reimplementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was found that imposing GST at a lower rate of four per cent was able to generate high government revenue and contributed about three per cent increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and succeeded in increasing the level of investment. Similarly, the GST rate of six percent for the next 10 years can give more impact on government revenue. The comparison between SST and GST can be seen significantly in Malaysian macroeconomic instruments. In this spotlight, the idea of reimplementation of GST is to upgrade the government tax collection mechanism and reduce the national deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International legal developments may have an impact on the formulation of laws and policies in a country. In terms of criminal law, for example, there are international calls for some municipal laws to be revised. Among them is a call to repeal the law prohibiting attempted suicide and the death penalty. This abolition step is said to be required to ensure the welfare of modern society. However, the government must carefully investigate this matter while keeping the context of the country in mind. Furthermore, some international laws may be incompatible with Shariah. In dealing with this issue, the government may apply the siyāsah syar‘iyyah approach in making decisions and considering appropriate actions. The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept and elements of siyāsah syar‘iyyah, particularly in the context of criminal law implementation. Then, its application in dealing with issues pertaining to attempted suicide and death penalty legislation in Malaysia is discussed. Thematic and comparative analysis methods were used in the study. The study finds that the government has extensive powers in enforcing policies and laws relevant to current needs, particularly regarding the crime of takzir. However, there are certain guidelines to ensure that the actions taken by the government is fair (siyāsah ‘ādilah) and in accordance with shariah. In Malaysian context, it is discovered that the process of reviewing the related laws takes into account the current reality (fiqh alwaqi’), considers the public interest (maṣlaḥah) and harm (mafasadah) (fiqh al-muwāzanat) and deliberates the priorities (fiqh al-awlāwiyyat), all which are elements of siyasah syar’iyyah. Thus, it is hoped that future government actions will benefit the people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern guardianship system is derived from the common law. This guardianship system prioritises the doctrine of parens patriae which means that the courts are allowed to intervene to take care of the interests of those who are unable to care for themselves, such as children and adults through the appointment of guardians. Although Malaysia still does not have specific laws for elderly guardianship, various developments and advances in laws related to the elderly guardianship have taken place in other countries. In line with that, this paper will analyse the legal framework with regards to elderly guardianship system in three selected countries, namely the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan. These three countries were chosen on the grounds of their long histories and well-established system at present. Apart from that, legal reforms have always been carried out to safeguard this group. To achieve the objectives outlined qualitative approach of content analysis. It was discovered that although guardianship laws in the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan do not specifically aimed at the elderly, the legal mechanisms that exist in all these jurisdictions have benefited the elderly. The elderlies who are without mental capacity to manage themselves and property, are protected by laws that can be considered comprehensive and robust in all three jurisdictions. This is evidenced by the application of adults guardianship system’s statistic for the elderly. The elderly are included in the category of adults with incapacity and they are the largest group under these guardianship laws. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant authorities should take the effort in integrating the different approaches applied in these three jurisdictions to come out with a comprehensive legal mechanism for elderly guardianship in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current trend of modernisation has acted as a trigger for an increase in cybercrime rates in Malaysia. Because of the convenience and sophistication of electronic gadgets, these instruments have gained their own significance, particularly in offering input and vital hints as a form of evidence in court proceedings. Nonetheless, the introduction of electronics as evidence, particularly in cybercrime cases, has become a hot topic among legal practitioners as a result of various issues related to the acceptance of electronic evidence, such as relevancy and admissibility issues, issues arising from the definitions of documents produced by a computer, issues arising from legal provisions that regulate this evidence, and so on. As a result, this research was conducted to learn more about the admissibility, relevancy, and proof of cybercrime in court, as well as associated legal rules, to identify and analyse the legal challenges resulting from this evidence, and to give solutions to the problems. To ensure the success of this investigation, a doctrinal qualitative method was adopted. In-depth references have been made to primary and secondary sources such as legal legislation, court cases, legal publications, and papers. Historical, analytical, and critical methodologies were used to examine the gathered data. In summary, our analysis discovered that sections 90A, 90B, 90C, and 114A of the Evidence Act 1950 are the primary sources of legislation that allow electronic evidence to be submitted in court. This evidence, however, may only be offered and accepted if the notions of relevancy and admissibility are fulfilled first. The legitimacy, correctness, and security of electronic evidence must first be guaranteed before this evidence is recognised by the court, and a clear interpretation of the document provided by the computer must be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the knowledge related to Tarannum al-Qur'an and highlights the definition of Tarannum al-Qur'an, the history of the Tarannum development, the Tarannum streams and its types. This research approach is a qualitative study, where the research methodology used in this writing is a content analysis and unstructured interview. The main references for this study are the book of Tarannum al-Qur'an and the articles related to Tarannum al-Qur'an. This paper aims to see the similarities and differences of opinion between two Tarannum books regarding to the characteristics of each Tarannum. Then, this study analyzes the elements that are the characteristics of each Tarannum types with the experts and as a result of the content analysis, the elements are arranged and calssified into a table in the findings of the study. The initial survey was conducted by briefly interviewing the reciters (qari) regarding to the method or technique in reciting Tarannum. Findings show that the practiced on reciting Tarannum al-Qur’an recited by the reciters in Malaysia was based on Tarannum songs and does not emphasize the meaning of the verses of the Qur'an due to several factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bukit Bunuh was discovered through a special project for mapping the new archaeological and paleoenvironmental sites around the Lenggong area in 2001. Bukit Bunuh is an open Paleolithic site with 3 km2 . Dating at Bukit Bunuh involves two main studies which are archeology and geology. This dating is done using chronometric methods such as OSL, FT, ESR, K-Ar, U-Pb and 40Ar)39Ar. OSL dating was done in an archaeological study at Bukit Bunuh which gave an age of 490,000-500,000; 270,000-320,000; 40,000 dan 30,000 years ago. This dating technique was performed on the in-situ cultural layer in the excavation trench that took place in 2001, 2003, 2008 and 2010. However, according to studies the age range for the OSL dating technique is around 450,000 years ago. Dating for geological studies has been done on the impact rocks in Bukit Bunuh to determine the age of the meteorite impact that has occurred in the area. Dating via the FT method of stone tools in suevite rocks gives a date of about 1.83 million years ago. However, some other methods used such as ESR, K-Ar, U-Pb and 40Ar)39Ar have given a different age and much older which is around ~ 305 to 1.34 million years ago which shows the age of bedrock in the study area such as Triassic Granite rock. Yet the findings of stone tools in the suevit have suggested that the age of the meteorite impact that occurred at Bukit Bunuh is unlikely to be older than the Quaternary period. Therefore, this paper will examine the issues and problems that occur in the study of dating, especially for the effective age range of the dating technique used in addition to the constraints faced by the dating technique. The successful dating will fill the age gap and contribute to the prehistoric chronology of the Bukit Bunuh Paleolithic Complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year Malaysia loses a very valuable workforce due to the family conflicts faced by young married women. Many studies have found that young working mothers have difficulty balancing between work and family (Delina & Raya, 2013; Pradhan, 2016; Boushey, 2016). There are various factors that drive the phenomenon. Other factors that also contribute to this problem are the inadequate provision in terms of appropriate facilities, services, and infrastructure to support the needs of women in achieving work-life balance. Life and work balance is important to increase the happiness as well as the quality of life of their families, and in turn, influence their productivity and creativity in work. A better support system will provide many options for women to choose to remain in the employment sector despite having to take care of children and manage their family life. Therefore, this paper will discuss the barriers that contribute to the problem of achieving a work-life balance for working women in Kedah. The method of this study is the interview. The study involved respondents among administrative staff and support staff in the public sector. The importance of the study is, will be able to help the important parties such as policymakers, administrators, and public agencies as well as implementers to obtain information on the views of women in Kedah in the context of their work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain at a glance the administration and implementation of Islamic law during the period of Brooke's reign in Sarawak. This study uses a historiographical approach that is historical writing, principles or methods of historical writing and works or results of writing related to Islamic law in Sarawak during the reign of Brooke. The historiographic research approach used in this study went through four steps, namely; heuristic; source criticism; interpretation; and historiography. The problems answered in this paper are related to the administration and existence of Islamic jurisprudence throughout the period of Brooke’s reign. Manuscripts, notes of Brooke and notes of British officials from the West relating to Islamic jurisprudence in Sarawak during Brooke's reign were collected, critiqued and interpreted to produce a new historiography of the development of Islamic jurisprudence in the state of Sarawak. All information obtained from historical materials is crosschecked or audit trail to test the validity of the information. Inductive and deductive analysis approaches are used in the content analysis of historical materials to give meaning to the historical facts found. This study successfully explains the administration and implementation of Islamic law from the beginning of the reign of James Brooke until the last Rajah Brooke in Sarawak. The historical materials also managed to prove that the administration and implementation of Islamic law is the result of the legacy of the governments in Sarawak before the appointment of James Brooke as Governor of Sarawak in 1841. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sultanate of Johor emerged as a maritime trade civilization, centred along the Johor River around the 16th and 17th century CE. Its administrative centre shifted to the Riau-Lingga islands in the next century, and returned to the mainland state of Johor in the late 19th century. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the sultanate of Johor emerged as a great Malay empire, a respected political entity and centre of international trade. However, these aspects should be seen as moving in line with the intellectual apogee of the Johor people. Therefore, the objective of this article is to prove that throughout the 16th and 18th centuries, the sultanate of Johor also became a centre of development of literature, language and culture. Many intellectuals emerged in Johor. The second objective is to discuss the multi-genre literary scene in Johor. Beginning with the two great Malay works, Sulalatus Salatin by Tun Sri Lanang and the Hikayat Hang Tuah, the Johor intelligentsia produced various literary works (history, literature, language, religion, statecraft, fiction, and so on) in the following centuries. Respected members of the intelligentsia produced greatly intellectual works, such as Raja Haji Ahmad, Raja Ali Haji, Raja Khalid Hitam, Raja Ali Kelana, Muhammad Ibrahim Munshi, Muhammad Salleh Perang, Muhammad Said Sulaiman and many others. This paper focuses on writtings and intellectuality in fields of history, literature and language. This study uses the qualitative method in history, especially focusing on library research. This study proves that Johor society is highly prolific in the flowering of literary and intellectual activities. This situation was also in line with the development of printing and associational activities, thus providing the intellectuality of Johor throughout time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper seeks to investigate the ominous meaning of the paragraph Exodus 4: 24-26, which seems to refer to an ancient religious ritual, apparently Midianite, pointing out the discrepancies that it presents in relation to the set of accounts of the Pentateuch referring to the figure of Moses. From there, he wonders about the Divinity, Zipora (as wife-priestess) and the role of circumcision within a kind of ritual marriage imposed by the bloodstain, which is both the ritual of begetting the Hero and the ritual containment of the fury of the Divine. There is also a review of other meanings that mark the "destiny" of Moses in relation to how it is presented in the Old Testament writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of various interpretations relating the current situation to the content of hadith al-fitan wa al-malahim has become a phenomenon among the public and experts in the field. Discussion among the public regarding this matter has gone viral whenever new issues ranging from politics, social, economic as well as cosmology, and medical issues appear to have a connection with certain hadith of the Prophet. However, discussion without a proper understanding of the methodology in dealing with hadith of al-fitan wa al-malahim could lead to a serious misunderstanding of the hadith. Besides, some people tend to create predictions of the time of al-Qiyamahbasede on their understanding of current issues and the hadith. This paper attempt to briefly describe the basic methodology in dealing with the hadith of al-fitan wa al-malahim, and further elaborate the chronology of major sign of the al-Qiyamah where correct understanding of the major events of al-Qiyamah could help in avoiding false prediction of the time of al-Qiyamah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to identify Al-Fatihah recitation level and Solat obligation among diploma, degree, and dual-degree students in engineering-based programme in one of technical based public university. Data collection was made by assigning individual task of university compulsory subject called Soft Skills. 712 Muslim students were involved in this research among 1165 registered students using purposive sampling technique. All task and evaluation process via e-learning portal. Qualitative approach namely content analysis followed by quantitative method namely descriptive analysis, oneway ANOVA, and Pearson correlation test were used to answer research question and hypothesis testing. As a result, there are significant different of Al-Fatihah recitation level and solat obligation among group. The correlation test show that there is significant correlation among the variable. The discussion assumes that cognitive and thinking level, personal and family background are the vital factors of analysis output. As a research contribution, the implication and further research was stated at the end of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With many university students receiving formal financial education, more individual have become significant understanding on their own money management. As a result, they able to successfully manage their own tuition fees, cost of living and entertainment without their parents' guidance. This paper explored financial understanding of undergraduates at Academy of Islamic Studies University of Malaya (APIUM). Specifically, this paper investigated their demographic profiles and its relationship with their understanding on zakāh, takaful and free-interest loans offered by Islamic financial institutions. In addition, this paper also investigated on their spending behaviour. Characteristics such as field of study, source of education funds, education financing and their spending priority were examined to determine the main drivers behind the receiving of zakāh, subscribing monthly takaful, engaging in interest-based loans as well as their spending behavior. We assumed that financial literacy defined by OECD has become our underlying framework for this paper. Findings indicated that undergraduates with full sponsored by their family have different view about receiving zakāh funds, subscribing takaful, engaging in free-interest loan, and spending on entertainment cost. It is expected that this study would be expanded to more undergraduates who come from rich family backgrounds. It is expected that this study may help university to develop appropriate program of financial education suitable for undergraduates of various demographic profiles including those who come from rich family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ṣukūk emerged in the last two decades as a noteworthy contender for conventional bonds. Their wider appeal for Muslim populations around the world led to more issuers preferring to issuing ̋ukūk over conventional bonds. This is the case for most countries in the Islamic World, but not Kuwait, despite it being a world-renowned pioneer and hub for innovation and creativity in Islamic Finance and Shariah-compliant capital markets. This study examines the legal and regulatory framework for ̋ukūk in the State of Kuwait after giving a brief history of its development. Through qualitative analysis of news sources, country reports, and academic papers, this study attempts to identify the major challenges and hurdles facing the development of ̋ukūk despite the illustrious track record of the Islamic Finance industry in Kuwait. As per the study, the most notable challenges and hurdles are in relation to the benchmark yield curve, public awareness, and listing of ̋ukūk. The study concludes by suggesting possible solutions which all require a higher level of coordination between government entities and relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are highly inquisitive. This will naturally lead them to explore and discover the world around them which is fundamental to the development of science learning. Early Science Learning is seen to have the potential to inculcate the development of children's social-emotional competence because as the children explore science together with their friends, they will also build social-emotional skills such as understanding the importance of rules, learning to wait for their turn, listening to instructions, cooperating with others, helping other people, identifying and understanding differences in one's feelings. This paper was written with the aim to explore how Early Science Learning can affect children's social-emotional competency in a positive manner. In particular, this paper examines the potential of activities and science process skills in promoting social and emotional competencies. Based on the systematic literature review that was done, the author lists and explains five elements of Early Science-Learning that influences preschool childrens' social and emotional competence. They are: i) active participation opportunities; ii) social interaction opportunities; iii) the role of teachers; iv) learning environment and v) meaningful experiences. These elements are found to have positive potential impact in enhancing the social and emotional competencies of preschool children and can be considered to be implemented in the public and private preschools in Malaysia. It is hoped that this systematic literature review paper will expand the perspective and understanding of the implementation of Social and Emotional Education across the early childhood education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inception is a science-fiction action film directed by Christopher Nolan. The film is primarily concerned with dreams and reality. This film raises a question that hovers among the philosophers of mind i.e. are dreams conscious experiences that occur during sleep? The debates on the relationship between consciousness and dreams have been discussed for centuries. For example, in the history of Western philosophy, the prominent Greek philosopher Aristotle first discussed the topic in his work entitled On Dreams. However, from the context of Islamic philosophy, Fazlur Rahman emphasizes that al-Ghazali is the earliest Muslim thinker who uses dreams to prove the objective existence or ontological existence of things which regards to the end of human souls, also known as eschatology. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyse major themes of the Inception parallel to al-Ghazali's views on dreams. Using research design based on content analysis and data collection through document analysis, this paper presents four key themes in Inception that can be compared to al-Ghazali's thought which are reality of death, reality of illness, scepticism, and imagination. In general, this paper analyses the film and al-Ghazali's thought by dividing the discussion into two: ontology and epistemology. Theoretically, the findings of this paper contribute to the relevance of al-Ghazali's thought from the aspect of ontology and epistemology in comprehending a film that contains such philosophical elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law of tort is one of the private law that plays an important role in the environmental management of the highlands. Accordingly, this paper reviews the law of tort focusing on negligence in matters related to the environmental management of the highlands. This paper also identifies cases and actions related to the environmental management of the highlands through the law of tort focusing on negligence in Malaysia. Finally, this paper discusses the above-mentioned laws as instruments for the well-being of the highlands environment is protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of sustainability governance is strongly emphasizes the integration of community cooperation in ensuring environmental well-being, including the coastal zone environment In this framework, the law plays an important role in the realization of an integrated community. Law of Tort is one of the many private laws that play a significant role in protecting the environment including the coastal zone environmental heritage. This role can lead to sustainable development within the framework of sustainable governance. This law of tort can be divided into several sections including aspects of private nuisance, negligence, trespass and strict liability. In this regard, this paper focuses specifically on the application of the law of tort focusing on the aspects of private nuisance in matters pertaining to the protection of the coastal zone environment. This paper also identifies cases and actions related to the protection of the coastal zone environment through the law of tort focusing on the private nuisance aspects in Malaysia. Finally, this paper discusses the above-mentioned laws as instruments for the protection of the coastal environmental heritage within the framework of sustainable governance towards sustainable development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the achievements of Professor Dr Joni Tamkin Borhan in producing scientific publications. He was a Professor in Islamic economics at the Department of Shariah and Economics, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya. His publication patterns in various forms such as books, journal articles and others are discussed in this article, as well as the use of language and his kinds of collaboration with other writers' figures in the production of scientific works. Prior to that, this paper explains brief biodata about himself, his contributions in academic and also his involvement in community. The data was collected from his own UM-Expert database before he passed away. This database is used to share with others of his academic activities and also used as evaluation for his achievements by UM. In addition, interviews with his wife were also conducted for additional information and confirmation of some relevant facts. In conclusion, he was an active professor in the field of scientific publications and did contribute greatly either directly as an academician or through hi role as advisor to financial institutions in the country. This paper proofs that he is a good example of other academicians especially in the field of Islamic studies and Islamic economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of Malaysia has issued the National Women's Policy (NWP) which was first formulated in 1989 and is still in continuation to the year 2020. Among the goals of the NWP, is the equal partnership between women and men in acquiring and controlling resources or opportunities in participation and enjoying development benefits. This is an excellent opportunity to enhance women participation in all economic sectors in developing Malaysia. This paper attempts to draw the coherence of this effort with the principles of al Siyāsah al Syarciyyah which calls for good governance, collective participation, and actions based on the contemporary needs of human beings. This paper also highlights a case study on the Islamic banking sector, by examining women’s appointment on the board of directors and Shariah Committee board as part of participation of women in the decision-making process in the sector. Data is taken from the annual reports of 16 Islamic banking institutions listed by Bank Negara Malaysia from the year 2012 to 2018. Whilst Malaysia's expertise in the Islamic banking sector is internationally recognized and referred to, this study reveals the minimal achievement of female participation in decision-making process throughout the selected years of study, below the required target of 30%. The outcome of this paper suggests a more participative role of women in the sector and the potentials in their intellectual and leadership capacity to contribute in the sector. This will be in line with the general spirit of Siyasah Syari’yyah for good governance, inclusivity and future sustainability development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: There are two stages in the trial of shariah criminal cases related to the application of the degree of evidence, namely at the end of the prosecution case and the defense case. There is an ambiguity in the provision of laws with regards to the burden of proof at the end of prosecution case. This paper aims to analyze the prima facie application of the degree of proof at the end of the prosecution case in the shariah criminal justice. Besides, this paper aims to identify the factors of the prima facie application in the shariah criminal cases in the country. Methodology: Data were obtained through documentation materials such as statutes, reported cases and unreported cases. Six experienced shariah law practitioners including four shariah judges, a shariah prosecutor and a shariah lawyer were interviewed to obtain their view and clarifications. The data were analyzed using a critical and analytical content analysis approach. Findings: The study found that prima facie used in the shariah criminal cases was inappropriate and inaccurate as the meaning of prima facie has never been clearly clarified by shariah law. Contributions: The findings of this study are useful in guiding shariah law practitioners so that a degree of proof that is in accordance with shariah principles can be applied at the end of the criminal prosecution stage to replace prima facie application in accordance with the legal requirements and the spirit of the principles of shariah criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of financial capital is the main problem faced by the smallholder palm oil farmers (Pekebun Kecil Sawit Persendirian, PKSP) in order to increase the productivity of palm oil. Although there are six Islamic banking institutions that provide micro credit for the farmers, this product however does not get a good response from the farmers especially among the PKSP. In order to dismantle the factors of the PKSP having less interest to take up the micro credit from Islamic banking institutions, this paper employed Al-Ghazali's concept of intention to achieve two research objectives. In regards to the first objective, this research analyses the effects of behaviour towards Islamic micro credit, obstacle factor, and the benefit of perception on the intention to use Islamic micro credit. In regards to the second objective, this research analyses the effects of obstacle factor and the benefit of perception on the behaviour towards Islamic micro credit. This research was conducted at the district of Hilir Perak, Malaysia involving 362 PKSP to understand this phenomenon. The research data were obtained from a questionnaire which was analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). It was found that the obstacle factor and behaviour towards Islamic micro credit influence the intention to use Islamic micro credit, while the benefit of perception was found to be insignificant in influencing the intention. This paper also found that the behaviour towards Islamic micro credit is developed and influenced by the benefit of perception. It can be concluded that the PKSP are less interested to take up the Islamic micro credit for agricultural purpose because the features of micro credit product offered by the Islamic banking institutions are less attractive and not competitive. In this case, this paper recommended the Islamic banking institutions to improvise their micro credit product offerings and develop strategic relationship with other industrial players to reduce business risk and eventually offer a competitive micro credit product in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues the perception that the distribution of rewards and incentives for researchers is not synchronous within academic wide values. Researchers are of the opinion that their work is not appropriately recognized by policy makers and is used as an alternative source of information. Consequently, this perception by researchers may tend to create animosity by researchers towards policy makers as dissertations, theses and published research articles accumulate dust in university and community library shelves. The evidence -based approach in policymaking and decision-making is adopted in this paper. The purpose of this research paper is to identify the significance and ways in which those who receive research funding could find ways of ploughing back into the communities they serve by working in collaboration with the policy formulators and the department of education in the articulation and implementation of policy initiatives. This is a conceptual article where research articles were used to formulate the argument presented in this article. My informed opinion is that when government education agencies do not heed the warnings of researchers, they not only fail to plan, but they end up planning to fail. This is because of the existing universal gap between research, policy formulation and implementation. For the nexus to exist indeed there must be meaningful and effective implementation of policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet harassment, also known as cyberbullying, is a form of verbal harassment aimed at harassing, humiliating or threatening a victim using negative words or the spreading of false information and fake materials such as images or videos that will tarnish a victim's self-image. Cyberbullying is a global problem that has negative impacts, especially among teenagers, who are the main users of social media. The present paper aims to discuss how impoliteness strategies in virtual conversation can lead to cyberbullying. The article begins with discussions of previous cyberbullying incidents that have gained international coverage around the world. In addition, the paper also discusses a study that looked into the impoliteness strategies among Malaysian youngsters when interacting on Facebook. A series of interviews and observations were conducted involving a group of Malaysian youngsters. With a corpus of 324, 362 words gathered from naturally occurring conversation on Facebook engaged by 120 participants in a 12-month period, the entire data were quantitatively analysed using Content Analysis as well as the theory of Impoliteness offered by Culpeper (1996). The results of the study indicated a common practice of impoliteness communication strategies among youngsters in Malaysia. The summary of previous international cases, along with the discussions of the research findings have provided an overview cyberbullying scenario among youngsters in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrest and prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim have attracted the international media interest, which led to the issue being hotly discussed at the Parliament of Malaysia in response to the provocative reports. This circumstance has raised concerns to the Malaysian government as reports published by the international media were often taken out of the actual context, distorted, and misrepresented the real situation. This paper will discuss the international media propaganda and its impact on Malaysia in the case of Anwar Ibrahim's arrest and prosecution. International media reported regard to Anwar's status; was Anwar Ibrahim guilty as charged by the government of Malaysian or merely a victim of political conspiracy as claimed in their provocative reports, specifically as discussed in the Parliament of Malaysia. This article used historical research methods through analysis of primary and secondary data. The interview method also used to further enhance the validation of this paper. The finding showed, among the international media found propagating the issue were the Washington Post, the New York Times, The Times, CNN, CNBC, Asiaweek, and the Far East Economic Review who had published provocative reports on the Malaysian government and its judicial system, the police, cabinet members and Supreme Council of UMNO. Also, International media propaganda was found to have raised Malaysia's resentment and affected Malaysia's economic development, particularly the tourism sectors, through their reports, which renders the notion that Malaysia is an unstable and unsafe country to be visited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the role of newspaper reports by the New York Times and Washington Post on the anti-palm oil campaign on Malaysia-U.S trade relations concerning anti-palm oil campaign. The campaign was initiated by the American Soybean Association (ASA), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) and the National Heart Savers Association (NHSA), with the support of newspaper reports mainly from the New York Times and Washington Post. This paper posits that the campaign published by the newspapers affected the Malaysia-U.S trading relationship, in particular, in relation to palm oil imports and exports. The historical research method was employed for this study analyses both primary and secondary data. In addition, interviews were conducted to validate the findings. This study is crucial in filling the gap in the literature on the anti-palm oil campaign published in newspapers and its impact on Malaysia-U.S. relations. At present, the anti-palm oil campaign remains on the agenda of developed countries and other international green peace groups. The Malaysian government has remained as an active player in promoting the palm oil industry in the U.S. and European countries. This research demonstrates that newspaper reports influenced members of the U.S. Congress to propose a bill on the labeling of tropical oils. Palm oil is seen as a source of saturated fats, which poses a health risk. Newspaper reports were also used as evidence to garner support for the bill in Congress. This anti-oil palm campaign led to a decline in Malaysian palm oil exports to the U.S. These newspaper reports led to tensions in Malaysia, and the anti-palm oil campaign is perceived as an "act of war in a foreign country". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the results of the documentation study carried out on traditional pottery in the collection of Kelantan State Museum Corporation in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Among the potteries recorded were Belangga, Bekas Bara, Periuk Kukusan, Buyung, Geluk and Gunut Beras - all originated from Kampung Mambong in Kuala Krai, Kelantan. One of the unique types of pottery found in this museum was the traditional pottery stove. In terms of decoration, this pottery has similarity with pottery made at Kampung Mambong. However, based on the museum's records and the author's interviews with the museum staff, the pottery stove does not originate from Kampung Mambong. This has given rise to some issues and questions regarding the origin of the pottery stove. Apart from discussion on the documentation of traditional pottery, this paper will recommend several approaches that can be used by researchers in future to determine the origin of traditional pottery stove in Kelantan State Museum Corporation and its relationship with pottery tradition at Kampung Mambong in Kuala Krai, Kelantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the pattern of space in which the B40 community lives in the Klang Valley to understand the social meaning of domestic space design. This study focuses on interpreting spatial relationships in terms of social logic to objectify the subjective spatial patterns in the development of domestic space. Based on mathematical methods using the technique of spatial syntax, this paper analyzes the social structure of how the space in a particular house is integrated or separated, which is a strong predictor of how busy or quiet the connected spaces are in the spatial system. The value of integration is key in this study to interpret domestic space and to show how domestic space functions socially at the collective level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malaysian government has decided that vaccination provided since the early 1950s is free and intended to protect children. However, the responsibility to provide complete immunization for children is still an option given to parents or guardians and is not mandatory. Furthermore, the emergence of anti-vaccine movement was even more bold in spreading misconceptions about vaccination needs to society, especially parents. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the legal issues arising in the context of childhood vaccines and the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysia. The key points to be addressed are the requirement of childhood vaccinations, the existence of anti-vaccine movement and the control over the dissemination of false information in Malaysia. The research design of pure legal research which is qualitative in nature has been applied. The data sources consist of primary sources which are statutory provisions and court cases as well as secondary sources such as textbooks and journals. The collected data were analyzed by applying the content analysis and the critical analysis methods. The research outcome indicates that specific research on the anti-vaccine movement and its precautionary measures in Malaysian legal context were lacking in the past. Therefore, the authors propose that a detailed study to be carried out by focusing on the solution for legal issues arising from the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysian law perspective. The authors expect that the legal research conducted based on such recommendation will contribute new and significant knowledge, especially relating to legal measure to control the anti-vaccine movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research interest in the field of green marketing and waste management can be demonstrated through the published literature on the topic. However, there is a paucity of extensive and systematic research focusing on the evolution of this discipline in terms of its citation work. The main objective of this study is to explore the status of scholarly works on green marketing and waste management through a bibliometric citation and networking analysis of papers published from 2012 to 2021. The data was extracted from the Web of Science (WOS) utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysed (PRISMA) review process. The VOSviewer software was used to visualize the networking linkages. The findings of descriptive analysis showed that publications and citations related to green marketing and waste management are highest in 2021. Likewise, the networking analysis showed that the Science of the Total Environment journal has the highest citation counts, while Wan Yinfeng, Wang Junshi, Xu Guoping and Yi Huang are the authors with the highest citation counts, respectively. The findings also uncovered Sinosteel Wuhan Safety & Environmental Protection Research Institute (WSEPRI) as the most cited institution. Co-authorship and co-occurrence analysis were also found to provide significant discoveries. This study offers future scholars’ knowledge on the analysis of cited journals, papers, authors, institutions, and countries in the same field. Overall, the study serves as a guide for journal editorial boards on the growth among authors and networking opportunities in the field of green marketing and waste management, especially at the international level.

The present paper discusses an age-old craft practised in India named Pattu weaving. This weaving technique is based on the extra weft weave design. Along with the ground warp and weft, few extra bright colored yarns are used in this technique to weave beautiful motifs on the fabric during the weaving process. The craft follows the sustainable way of fabric manufacturing as the fabrics are made on the handloom and follow the traditional ways for pre-weaving process also. The craft becomes more relevant in the present scenario considering the fact that for the last few decades unsustainable practices have increased drastically due to the imbalance of demand and supply, scarcity of natural resources, advent of unsustainable technologies among the other factors. While traditionally, sustainable practices were an integral part of the lifestyle of human beings and balanced the eco-system of the earth. One of the ways for balancing the natural energy consumption is utilization of all natural resources wisely by reinventing traditional craft practices. Hence, the present study focuses on the materials, tools, techniques and processes used in the Pattu weaving craft. PASTLE analysis of the craft has also been done to understand the opportunity and challenges of the craft. Along with this, a comparative analysis of the traditional and contemporary raw materials, techniques, motifs, colour range and application of the craft have also been covered in this paper. For this study, the primary research is based on the information that was collected during Craft Research Documentation activity funded by the Ministry of Textiles, India. Data from Secondary research has also been added to strengthen the analysis.

Purpose – There is an absence of systematic review papers in the achievement motivation theories literature. In terms of current research trends, English learning motivation is gaining attention as a determiner of success in FLA. Hence, this review aims to trace the trends in the empirical studies on achievement motivation theories and tools, ranging from 1970 to 2022. Methodology – With a focus on theories, diversity of research participants, and practical ELT-related issues addressed by previous researchers, this paper applied the PRISMA Systematic Review Protocol to offer a comprehensive synthesis of 91 empirical studies on theories of achievement motivation. Findings – The majority of the published studies were from China and Iran. There was also a large number of studies conducted on tertiary-level learners. Structural equation modelling was found to be the most widely used analysis. In addition, technology-assisted learning is the current trend in achievement motivation research. Significance – This paper offers new insights into the existing achievement motivation literature and identifies the research gaps. This study recommends more studies on expectancy-value theory including in-depth qualitative studies involving culturally diverse populations and experimental research to develop more effective pedagogical approaches and expand the current understanding of achievement motivation.

Cash waqf is a form of contemporary waqf that has great potential in the modern world. In Indonesia, despite its potential of 180 trillion per year, cash waqf collection, management, and distribution are not optimal. Nonetheless, the infrastructure sector in Indonesia faces obstacles, particularly in terms of funding. The innovation of the CWLFRA (Cash Waqf Linked DINFRA) model is, therefore, a solution to these two issues, as the proposed model is the result of an integration between efforts to optimize cash waqf and infrastructure financing via the Infrastructure Investment Fund (DINFRA). In this CWL-FRA innovation, waqf funds will be allocated to the mauquf 'alaih from the profits of infrastructure investment funds, which will become a source of long-term usable assets. As a result, the purpose of this academic paper is to develop a model capable of bolstering the ecosystem of Islamic social financial institutions and maximizing the potential achievement of cash waqf in Indonesia as a means of implementing sustainable finance and an effective instrument in reviving national economy through infrastructure development. In addition, this study seeks to determine the viability of the potential for developing the productivity of cash waqf in an effort to increase the effectiveness of achieving cash waqf to support economic sustainability with infrastructure potential. Nine respondents representing academicians and expert practitioners from both the waqf and infrastructure sectors filled out questionnaires to collect data. According to the results of the Delphi test, all respondents believed that there was a relationship between the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) indicators, indicating that this model is implementable. Moreover, based on the level of agreement of respondents, this model has the potential to contribute positively to national economic recovery, become a sustainable source of social funds, optimize the potential of waqf in Indonesia, strengthen the ecosystem of waqf social finance institutions, and improve the quality of management and maintenance of Indonesia's infrastructure. These findings demonstrate that integrating financial waqf with existing public infrastructure could positively affect the sustainability of national economic development. The novel aspect of this paper is the proposed cash waqf management system, which can serve as a useful reference for policymakers and waqf institutions seeking to develop a more effective waqf concept in terms of collection, administration, and distribution. Consequently, this study aims to demonstrate the potential for cash waqf, which can be integrated with DINFRA's product through the innovation of the CWL-FRA model, to become an investment instrument and offer a diversity of options to the waqf community.

ABSTRACT Translated text (TT) is characteristically simpler than non-translated (NTT) authentic text in terms of its lexicon, syntax, and style. It is still not clear what causes this phenomenon, and scholars continue to debate the issue. The traditional lexical metrics that are implemented in the simplification literature are often criticised as unreliable and lacking cognitive grounding. Moreover, being predominantly product-oriented, they cannot tell us how (or why) simplification happens. This paper addresses this limitation in the literature and proposes a paradigm that uses complexity-based measures adopted from Phonology and Cognitive Psychology. Calculations are run on a corpus of 100 translated and non-translated article abstracts drawn from five academic disciplines. Statistical analyses reveal significant differences between TTs and NTTs. The paper discusses the implications of these results and concludes that a cognition-informed approach is a key to demystifying simplification. Keywords: linguistic complexity; simplification; phonological complexity; neighbourhood density, phonotactic probability

The anthropomorphism remains one of the most contested topics in current Sunni theological discourse between Ash’arites and the Salafis. The polemic is mainly based on how one should interpret anthropomorphic expressions found in certain religious texts. This paper aims at explicating al-Ghazālī’s method in dealing with the ambiguous hadiths on divine attributes (the ṣifāt hadiths) by examining his thought in various of his printed works. Library research with analytic methodology has been applied. The study finds that al-Ghazālī actively used ta’wīl (metaphorical interpretation) to appropriate the understanding of hadith message according to the principle of divine unity (tawḥīd) and transcendence (tanzīh). This attitude is a perpetuation of his moderate position toward absolute truth derived from both revelation and reason. Therefore, it is seen that al-Ghazālī’s advocation of ta’wīl is always accompanied by his criticism against Mu’tazilite’s rationalism and Hanbalite’s literalism. Despite his acceptance of ta’wīl, al-Ghazālī stipulates that the interpretation method should be used with moderation. It is not for everyone but is only for elite of religious scholars who has sharp mind and high level of spirituality that enables them to comprehend the prophetic message accurately. In contrast to popular opinion, al-Ghazālī maintains his positive reception of ta‘wil in his last theological work namely Iljām al-‘Awām ‘an‘ Ilm al-Kalām. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Look East Policy (LEP) was implemented in 1982 with two main objectives. First, efforts to improve skills, competencies, knowledge, and apply positive values from Japan and Korea in work ethic. Second, it aims to improve productivity and quality. This paper discusses the impacts of the second wave of LEP, which is assumed to be mutually beneficial between Japan-Malaysia and the first wave, which weighs more on Malaysia. This study has collected primary data using intensive interview techniques and focus groups with a total number of informants of thirteen (13) people who have direct experience with the implementation of LEP. These qualitative data were analyzed using the construction of themes due to frequency and similarity of meaning on cultural and work ethic questions. Policy cycle theory is applied to evaluate the success of LEP's implementation in achieving its objectives. The results show that in addition to work ethic, cultural factors and practices of reasonable values of Japanese society and loyalty to the employer, are common practices that strengthen the quality of work. The study results prove that LEP is less successful in adapting the work culture fully into Malaysians. Nevertheless, LEP has succeeded in making structural changes with various systematic practices in the workplace, such as 5S practices, Quality Control (TQM), time recording systems, and name tags. Meanwhile the Second Wave of DPT shows cooperation efforts as well as 'spill over' Malaysia-Japan relations which has a positive impact on neighboring countries in the Southeast Asian region. This study is able to prove the implementation of LEP in Malaysia until now is still relevant because LEP not only brings benefits to Malaysia, but also Japan and other countries at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Program TunasNiaga is a program for the development of human capital by inculcating awareness about the importance of entrepreneurship in the national economyto secondary school students. This program does not only provide knowledge and entrepreneurial skills to students, but also help them to make career transition after completing the program and theirstudies. Thus, this paper aims to measure the knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of secondary school students who have participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. This study chose quantitative methods using instruments to measure the level of knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of students. In addition, an unstructured interview method is used to find out the problems faced by studentsand methods of solving the problems when they participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. A total of 379 students who participated in the Program Tunas Niaga in theState of Terengganu wereinvolved in this study. The study found that students agreed they have gained the knowledge and skills of entrepreneurship after joining Program Tunas Niaga. Results of the ANOVA post hoc Tukey test also found significant differences, with regards to the entrepreneurial knowledge, between students whose fathers are working in government and private sectors. In addition, the study also found that there are a few schools thatare not actively running the program and a few participants failed to attend the program because they were busy withother assignments. These problems would not nourish the potential and talents of students as they faced difficulties to participate in the activities of the Program Tunas Niaga. It is hoped that this study will be able to stimulate the organizers of the Tunas Niaga Program and its movers to play a more active role in conducting school entrepreneurial activities so that students can do work to produce economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are often viewed as negative phenomena as they threaten human beings and other life on earth. Although researchers scientifically explained this phenomenon, people still relate it to God’s role. Discussions from physical or scientific studies, as well as metaphysical and theological views, are essential to gain a deeper understanding. Geology examines earthquakes scientifically, including the causes, effects, and earthquake-prone places, while religion perceives it is caused by the power of God (Supreme Being) that determines everything. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the comparative analysis of earthquakes from both Islamic and Christian perspectives using a qualitative method concerning the Quran, tafsir al-Quran, Bible, biblical exegesis, and secondary literature relevant to both religions and geology. Although earthquakes are broadly studied in both faiths, researchers are less interested in doing in-depth comparative analysis of many features. This paper is a comparative study and reveals the similarities and differences of earthquakes in seven areas: earthquakes in the scriptures, religious views, historical earthquakes, current earthquakes, future earthquakes, religious coping, and earthquake geological facts in scriptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]