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Bu yazıda İzmirli İsmail Hakkı’nın (1869-1946) Mehmed Said Hatiboğlu arşivinde bulunan bir mektubu neşredilmiştir. 29.6.1939 tarihli mektup Burdur Müftüsü Mehmet Re’fet Efendi’nin (1879-1945) iki talebesine hitaben kaleme alınmıştır. İzmirli’nin yazdıklarından, Mehmet Re’fet Efendi’nin kendisinden İbn Ḥazm’ın (ö. 456/1064) el-Muḥallā isimli eserinin ribā bahsinin tercümesini talep ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. İsmail Hakkı, meşguliyeti dolayısıyla bu isteği yerine getiremeyeceğini ifade etmekle birlikte mektubunda İbn Ḥazm’ın Ebū Ḥanīfe’ye (ö. 150/767) ve Hanefīlere yönelttiği eleştirileri değerlendirmiştir. Bu çalışmada bir reddiye hüviyetinde olan mektup, atıf yapılan ayet, hadis ve kaynaklar tahric edilerek yayınlanmıştır.

Through an analysis of the Google case, this article shows the need to rethink the critical approach in the field of media and information literacy (MIL), by introducing two little-used theoretical currents: the ethno-semiotic approach and the political economy of communication. The combination of these two approaches provides the keys to understanding contemporary issues and dealing with new live questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and Plectranthus glandulosus leaves were extracted by steam distillation and analysed by GC-MS, and their effects on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus were tested at five levels (i.e 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/l) using SMKY agar medium. The main components of O. gratissimum were thymol (47.7%) and -terpinene (14.3%) whereas those of P. glandulosus were represented by -terpinene (30.8%) and terpinolene (25.2%). After 8 days of incubation on essential oil-supplemented medium, growth of A. flavus was totally inhibited by 800 mg/l of O. gratissimum essential oil and by 1000 mg/l of P. glandulosus essential oil. The effect of essential oils on aflatoxin B1 synthesis was evaluated in SMKY broth. The medium supplemented with different essential oil concentrations, was inoculated with A. flavus mycelium and incubated at 25 °C. At 2, 4, 6 and 8 days, aflatoxin B1 concentrations in the supernatant were estimated using Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results showed that aflatoxin B1 synthesis was inhibited by 1000 mg/l of both essential oils of O. gratissimum and P. glandulosus after 8 days of incubation. Results obtained in the present study indicate the possibility of exploiting O. gratissimum and P. glandulosus essential oils in the fight against strains of A. flavus responsible for biodeterioration of stored food products.

Cette grande création sacrée est définie comme une transition entre la parole et la musique, encadrée en ce qui concerne la forme et le choix par le compositeur Viorel Munteanu dans la tonalité mineure. Le début et la fin de cette composition donnent de la couleur et appliquent l'imagerie et la triade de cette oeuvre. La ligne mélodique contient une écriture syllabique, avec un style des stichères de la musique byzantine, mais avec très peu d'éléments mélismatiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the classroom and during college classes, philologists-to-be learn translating and interpreting from foreign languages into their mother tongue (version in French) and from their mother tongue into foreign languages (thème). Certainly, they do numerous errors which result mostly from: i) lack of understanding of text components, ii) literal translation of idioms, iii) linguistic and cultural incompetence, extreme as far as C language and civilisation are concerned (C stands for different than A, language of the original, and B, language of the translation). Unfortunately, a lot of so-called basic errors emerge in published works translated. In this paper, abundant examples of ridiculous mistakes in tranlsations of books from Romance languages (Romanian included) and English into Polish are quoted and discussed. Some books published can be called festivals of translational incompetence. High school or college students do still learn their job, so teachers and lecturers should point out their mistakes, but they should not be ironic nor deride at student’s work. Students are vulnerable persons, teachers may not discourage them with being venomous. On the other side, printed translations peppered with comical errors are shame and scandal in the family. The author postulates mocking them without mercy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gemigaya petroglyphs, in the area of Nakhichevan, are very important historical monuments. They are the only known ones of the ancient periods, dated from the IVth to the Ist millennium, and they constitute the main source for the scientific study of the creation and evolution of art in that area. The Noah’s myth attests the development of close relations with the civilization centers of the Near East at that time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The primitive religious view of tribes in Azerbaijan Bronze Age was in close connection with nature. Fire rituals had taken the main place in ancient people’s belief. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The psychopathology of the development considers the child as a being, which is the actor as much as the product of his development. This development thus depends on the characteristics. So this work proposes to study the relations being able to exist between the mental health and the development. We retained the variables age and sex like personal criteria and the socio-economic and school environment like environmental variable. Two groups of old children from 6 to 11 years constitute our population: the first sample is composed of 100 children coming from a social background “ragbag environment”, the second gather 109 children resulting from underprivileged districts.To evaluate their mental health, we used a new computerized questionnaire, the Interactive Dominique, developed by Valla in Quebec. Based on the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV, this self-evaluative instrument allows to classify interiorized and the exteriorized disorders.The results revealed significant differences in mental health between the two populations observed. The group “ragbag environment” seems to have a better psychic development than that of underprivileged environment, which present more problems of adaptation. Then the data indicate a prevalence of the disorders interiorized for the two groups. The age and the sex also exploit a part of the appearance of the disorders. The exteriorized disorders are more characteristic of the behaviors of the boys than of the girls, and more frequent at the older subjects; whereas the interiorized disorders are detected in greater number at the young subjects and have a female preponderance.The Interactive Dominique seems to be an interesting test for it is the only instrument, which allows a self-evaluation of the child’s psychic development. Although the clinical evaluation remains essential, it can however facilitate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. – Emergency contraception pill (ECP) has recently become available in France without prescription since 1999. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge, attitudes toward, and use of ECP.Patients and methods. – A national sample of 1639 women were interviewed by telephone randomly selected from the telephone directory. After sending a letter to each household to minimize the number of refusals, finally 397 eligible women aged 18–44 years accepted to answer.Results. – Seventy-one percent of women know ECP and 9% had ever used ECP. ECP users were younger, more often single, but no important difference was found with education level, religion and knowledge of ECP between users and non-users. Only 25% of the women knew the exact correct time for using it (within 72 h following an unprotected sex). ECP users had more sexual partners in their life (12 vs. 4, P < 0.05) and 27% vs. 8%, had a previous history of sexual transmitted disease (P < 0.01). ECP users had a different contraceptive profile than non-users; they used less effective methods but the frequency of contraception use was found to be higher. Finally, over 1 year, the percentage of potential ECP users can be estimated at 13% considering women who had reported problems with condom use, forgot their pill once or more.Discussion and conclusion. – ECP users are different from non-users, but all women are concerned and should receive increased education on ECP use. Making ECP more easily available in population may reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objectives of the study were to assess lifetime prevalence of specific anxiety disorders, and their age of onset relative to that of the Eating Disorder (ED), in a French sample of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) or Bulimia Nervosa (BN).Method. – We assessed frequencies of seven anxiety disorders and childhood historyof separation anxiety disorder among 63 subjects with a current DSM-IV diagnosis of an ED, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).Results. – Eighty three of subjects with AN and 71% of those with BN had at least one lifetime diagnosis of an anxiety disorder. By far, the most frequent was social phobia (55% of the anorexics and 59% of the bulimics). When present, the comorbid anxiety disorder had predated the onset of the ED in 75% of subjects with AN, and 88% of subjects with BN.Conclusion. – Our results are consistent with those of studies conducted in other countries, and show that an anxiety disorder frequently pre-exists to an ED. This has to be taken in consideration for successful treatment of patients with AN or BN. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Total lipid fatty acid composition was investigated in brain hemispheres of male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), compared with normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) used as controls. Both strains were suckled by adoptive Wistar mothers, and then fed a standard diet after weaning. No difference was observed between the two hemispheres of WKY killed either at 10 or 30 days. In SHR killed at 10 days, the two hemispheres showed differences, SHR left hemispheres exhibiting greater fatty acid composition changes than those of WKY, phenomenon that toned down at 30 days. Hence, SHR pups showed a different total lipid fatty acid composition of their brain hemispheres when compared with their WKY controls, though the two strains received the same diet. Genetically programmed hypertension might be, directly or not, involved in these changes. To cite this article: J.-L. Savelli et al., C. R. Biologies 326 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several authors have already observed the dyschronic growth between Neanderthals and modern Humans permanent teeth but they never quantified it. Dental maturation is the best and mostly used way to evaluate precisely the decease age of Neanderthals. We thus present here an extensive study realised with deciduous and immature permanent Neanderthals teeth, which lead us to propose a new mode! Of dental maturation allowing to estimate their age without using the classical modern populations dental growth tables. We propose two methods, one using two mathematical formulas, the other one using a new table, which permits to directly obtain the age of a Neanderthal from his deciduous and permanent teeth degree of maturation data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The site of Saint-Prest is located in a karstic depression opened in the upper part of a slope of the Eure Valley. This depression is first filled by periglacial alluvial sands and gravels of the river Eure (very high terrace), then covered by a clayey sand where the interglacial fauna has been found. Above there are two formations: periglacial sands and cailloutis deriving from the plateau-deposits and a sandy loess. This complex older than 800 Kyr, restricted to the depression, is covered by saalian and weichselian loesses. Many papers have been written about the fossiliferous site of Saint-Prest since its discovery one and and half century ago: its age is not far from the upper boundary of the Villafranchian period, and some scholars thought to recognize in it numerous trails of activity from an early man ancestor. A new analysis of the fauna shows that 11 mammalian species are actually present: the Deperet's Mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis depereti COPPENS and BEDEN; the evoluted form of the Etruscan Rhino Dicerorhinus etruscus brachycephalus (SCHROEDER), GUE´RIN; the Stenon's Horse Equus stenonis COCCHI; the Carnute Elk Alces carnutorum (LAUGEL); the Verticornis Deer Praemegaceros verticornis (DAWKINS); a large relative to the Red Deer, Cervus sp. 1 cf. elaphus LINNE´; a small relative to a specifically undetermined Fallow Deer, Cervidae sp. 2 aff. Dama sp.; the Forest Bison Bison schoetensacki FREUDENBERG; the large European Hippo Hippopotamus major CUVIER; the Boisvillette's giant Beaver Trogontherium cuvieri boisvilletti (LAUGEL); the Short-faced Hyeana Pachycrocuta brevirostris (AYMARD). The mammoth is the most common species (174 remains), followed by the Rhino (21 remains) and the forest Bison, other Mammals being always less than 10 remains each. Saint-Prest is the type-locality for three of these taxa, the mammoth, the Elk and the Giant Beaver. Such a fauna allows us to date the site from the MNQ 20 standardzone, with an absolute age of roughly 1 My. The mammalian community of Saint-Prest clearly indicates an open forest landscape under a temperate wet climate, near a river (Eure). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Therapeutical decisions in case of unsuccessful late child wish in a woman aged more than 35, must take into account several issues. In a context where time cannot be considered as “therapeutical” in the sense that the probability of onset of a pregnancy per cycle can not increase with time, the moment of check-up for infertility can be fixed at 6 months of sexual intercourse, assumed to be possibly fecundant. The assessment of ovarian age allows to formulate a double prognosis, that of therapeutical efficacy for obtaining onset of pregnancy and that of the quality of possible conceptus. The choice of treatment from the etiological check-up will not go from the simplest to the more sophisticated as is done for younger women. This is an important issue since the remaining time of possible fertility is short. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Legal limits to assisted reproduction technologies are rather blurred. The law of July 1994 only says that people must be “in age of procreation”; medical opposable reference only says that infertility exploration must begin before 45 years. The guide of good practice in ART writes that over 37 only women with normal ovarian reserve must be included in ART programs. So physicians have to fix their own limits, according to success rate and this limit is often 42–43 years for women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Charcoal remains, evidence of ancient fire, have been discovered in the dolines of the asylvatic or deforested sub Mediterranean area, from the ‘Grands Causses’. First 14C AMS dating on Pinus cf. sylvestris charcoal, cover the period 4805–2990 yr BP. This testifies to the development of a pine forest in the transition Middle–Late Holocene. The existence of several phases of fires, affecting the forests in the northwestern areas of the Causse during the second part of the Holocene is also proved. The origin of present-day herbaceous vegetation seems to date back to the Bronze Age. To cite this article: D. Quile&grave;s et al., C. R. Palevol 1 (2002) 59–65. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

When dental remains are not available, estimation of age at death of children depends on the state of maturation of the skeleton, in particular for fossil children. In this study, age of fusion of anterior and posterior intra-occipital synchondroses (respectively SIOA and SIOP) and foramen magnum shape, related with synchondroses fusion, are studied on a sample of known age and sex. Reliability of these two synchondroses as indicators of the age at death of children as well as the phylogenetic value of foramen magnum shape is discussed. To cite this article: H. Coqueugniot, J.-M. Le Minor, C. R. Palevol 1 (2002) 35–42. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite numerous studies, the age-related risk of genetic defects in the offspring remains poorly understood. It is clear that the frequency at birth of some mendelian disorders is related to advanced paternal age, but this relationship is heterogeneous and varies from one disorder to another. Similarly, it has been proposed that among commonly observed birth defects, a subgroup of cases may be due to new unrecognized dominant mutations of paternal origin. Finally, despite many years of enquiry, increasing maternal age remains the only incontrovertible factor associated with human aneuploidy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]