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Human parvovirus B19 (B19V), like most parvoviruses, possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which is thought to mediate endosomal escape by membrane disruption. Here, we challenge this model and find evidence for a mechanism of B19V entry mediated by the glycosphingolipid globoside without endosome disruption and retrograde transport to the Golgi. We show that B19V PLA2 activity requires specific calcium levels and pH conditions that are not optimal in endosomes. Accordingly, endosomal membrane integrity was maintained during B19V entry. Furthermore, endosomes remained intact when loaded with MS2 bacteriophage particles pseudotyped with multiple B19V PLA2 subunits, providing superior enzymatic potential compared to native B19V. In globoside knockout cells, incoming viruses are arrested in the endosomal compartment and the infection is blocked. Infection can be rescued by promoting endosomal leakage with polyethyleneimine (PEI), demonstrating the essential role of globoside in facilitating endosomal escape. Incoming virus colocalizes with Golgi markers and interfering with Golgi function blocks infection, suggesting that globoside-mediated entry involves the Golgi compartment, which provides conditions favorable for the lipolytic PLA2. Our study challenges the current model of B19V entry and identifies globoside as an essential intracellular receptor required for endosomal escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V), like most parvoviruses, possesses phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, which is thought to mediate endosomal escape by membrane disruption. Here, we challenge this model and find evidence for a mechanism of B19V entry mediated by the glycosphingolipid globoside without endosome disruption and retrograde transport to the Golgi. We show that B19V PLA2 activity requires specific calcium levels and pH conditions that are not optimal in endosomes. Accordingly, endosomal membrane integrity was maintained during B19V entry. Furthermore, endosomes remained intact when loaded with MS2 bacteriophage particles pseudotyped with multiple B19V PLA2 subunits, providing superior enzymatic potential compared to native B19V. In globoside knockout cells, incoming viruses are arrested in the endosomal compartment and the infection is blocked. Infection can be rescued by promoting endosomal leakage with polyethyleneimine (PEI), demonstrating the essential role of globoside in facilitating endosomal escape. Incoming virus colocalizes with Golgi markers and interfering with Golgi function blocks infection, suggesting that globoside-mediated entry involves the Golgi compartment, which provides conditions favorable for the lipolytic PLA2. Our study challenges the current model of B19V entry and identifies globoside as an essential intracellular receptor required for endosomal escape.

Globoside (Gb4) is considered the primary receptor of parvovirus B19 (B19V); however, its expression does not correlate well with the attachment and restricted tropism of the virus. The N terminus of VP1 (VP1u) of B19V interacts with an as-yet-unknown receptor required for virus internalization. In contrast to Gb4, the VP1u cognate receptor is expressed exclusively in cells that B19V can internalize. With the aim of clarifying the role of Gb4 as a B19V receptor, we knocked out the gene B3GalNT1 coding for the enzyme globoside synthase in UT7/Epo cells. Consequently, B3GalNT1 transcripts and Gb4 became undetectable in the knockout (KO) cells without affecting cell viability and proliferation. Unexpectedly, virus attachment, internalization, and nuclear targeting were not disturbed in the KO cells. However, NS1 transcription failed, and consequently, genome replication and capsid protein expression were abrogated. The block could be circumvented by transfection with a B19V infectious clone, indicating that Gb4 is not required after the generation of viral doublestranded DNA with resolved inverted terminal repeats. While in wild-type (WT) cells, occupation of the VP1u cognate receptor with recombinant VP1u disturbed virus binding and blocked the infection, antibodies against Gb4 had no significant effect. In a mixed population of WT and KO cells, B19V selectively infected WT cells. This study demonstrates that Gb4 does not have the expected receptor function, as it is dispensable for virus entry; however, it is essential for productive infection, explaining the resistance of the rare individuals lacking Gb4 to B19V infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A cumulative assessment of results of the past 10 years in the field of ceramide biophysics /physical chemistry is provided. • Implications of these results for the field of skin barrier research are discussed. • Little to no redundant properties of the different ceramide species can be demonstrated, despite minor chemical differences. • A new theoretical model, the tri-layer model, is introduced, based on this cumulative assortment of data. • The entropy vs. enthalpy concept explaining the physicochemical function of the skin barrier is introduced. Abstract This review is summarizing an important part of the state of the art in stratum corneum research. A complete overview on discoveries about the general biophysical and physicochemical properties of the known ceramide species' is provided. The ceramides are one of the three major components of the lipid matrix and mainly govern its properties and structure. They are shown to exhibit very little redundancy, despite the minor differences in their chemical structure. The results are discussed, compared to each other as well as the current base of knowledge. New interesting aspects and concepts are concluded or suggested. A novel interpretation of the 3-dimensional structure of the lipid matrix and its influence on the barrier function will be discussed. The most important conclusion is the presentation of a new and up to date theoretical model of the nanostructure of the short periodicity phase. The model suggests three perpendicular layers: The rigid head group region, the rigid chain region and, a liquid-like overlapping middle layer. The general principle of the skin barrier function is highlighted in regard to this structure and the ceramides biophysical and physicochemical properties. As a result of these considerations, the entropy vs. enthalpy principle is introduced, shedding light on the function as well as the effectiveness of the skin barrier. Additionally, general ideas to effectively overcome this barrier principle for dermal and transdermal delivery of actives or how to use it for specific targeting of the stratum corneum are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosphingolipids are essential biomolecules widely distributed across biological kingdoms yet remain relatively underexplored owing to both compositional and structural complexity. While the glycan head group has been the subject of most studies, there is paucity of reports on the lipid moiety, particularly the location of unsaturation. In this paper, ozone-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (OzID-MS) implemented in a traveling wave-based quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-ToF) mass spectrometer was applied to study unsaturated glycosphingolipids using shotgun approach. Resulting high resolution mass spectra facilitated the unambiguous identification of diagnostic OzID product ions. Using [M+Na] adducts of authentic standards, we observed that the long chain base and fatty acyl unsaturation had distinct reactivity with ozone. The reactivity of unsaturation in the fatty acyl chain was about 8-fold higher than that in the long chain base, which enables their straightforward differentiation. Influence of the head group, fatty acyl hydroxylation, and length of fatty acyl chain on the oxidative cleavage of double bonds was also observed. Application of this technique to bovine brain galactocerebrosides revealed co-isolated isobaric and regioisomeric species, which otherwise would be incompletely identified using contemporary collision-induced dissociation (CID) alone. These results highlight the potential of OzID-MS in glycosphingolipids research, which not only provides complementary structural information to existing CID technique but also facilitates de novo structural determination of these complex biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PUGNAc is a well-investigated inhibitor for protein- O -GlcNAcase, whereas recent investigations showed that PUGNAc had a broad range as inhibitor for cellular β-hexosaminidases. Here we report that PUGNAc treatment provokes globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) accumulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HPLC analysis and a quantitative ELISA using newly developed anti-Gb4Cer monoclonal antibody revealed that PUGNAc treatment specifically increased the expression of Gb4Cer among glycosphingolipids expressed in HUVEC. Although the effect was weaker than PUGNAc, an O -GlcNAcase selective inhibitor (Thiamet-G) treatment also increased Gb4Cer levels in HUVEC. Furthermore, both of PUGNAc and Thiamet-G treatment up-regulated the expression levels of α-1,4-galactosyltransferase/Gb3Cer synthase gene which encodes a key enzyme in Gb4Cer synthesis. These results indicate that protein- O -GlcNAcylation can regulate the expression levels of cellular Gb4Cer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human parvovirus B19 (B19) is harmful during pregnancy since it can be vertically transmitted to the developing fetus. In addition, the anti-B19 antibodies induced by B19 infection are believed to have a cytopathic role in B19 transmission; however, knowledge regarding the effects of anti-B19 antibodies during pregnancy is limited. To investigate the possible roles of anti-B19 antibodies during pregnancy, the present study examined the effects of anti-B19-VP1 unique region (VP1u), anti-B19-VP2 and anti-B19-nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies on BeWo trophoblasts. Briefly, BeWo trophoblasts were incubated with purified IgG against B19-VP1u, B19-VP2 and B19-NS1. Subsequently, the expression of surface proteins and apoptotic molecules were assessed in BeWo trophoblasts using flow cytometry, ELISA and western blotting. The expression levels of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G were significantly increased on BeWo trophoblasts treated with rabbit anti-B19-VP1u IgG, and were unchanged in those treated with rabbit anti-B19-NS1 and anti-B19-VP2 IgG, as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of globoside (P blood group antigen) and cluster of differentiation (CD)29 (β1 integrin) were significantly increased in BeWo trophoblasts treated with rabbit anti-B19-NS1 and anti-B19-VP2 IgG, whereas only CD29 was also significantly increased in cells treated with anti-B19-VP1u IgG. In addition, the number of cells at sub-G1 phase; caspase-3 activity; and the expression of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic molecules, including Fas-associated death domain protein, activated caspase-8, activated caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, cytochrome c, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 and activated caspase-9, were significantly increased in BeWo trophoblasts treated with anti-B19-VP1u and anti-B19-NS1 IgG. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that antibodies against B19 may have a crucial role in pathological processes during pregnancy. These findings may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying transmission of the B19 virus during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals whose genome encodes a wide variety of putative carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are increasingly being shown to be directed toward the cleavage of host glycans. Among these putative enzymes is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 123. Here we show that the recombinant enzyme (referred to as CpNga123) encoded by the gene cloned from C. perfringens strain ATCC 13124 (locus tag CPF_1473) is a β- N -acetylgalactosaminidase, similar to NgaP from Paenibacillus sp. TS12. Like NgaP, CpNga123 was able to cleave the terminal β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 4)-D-Gal and β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 3)-D-Gal motifs that would be found in glycosphigolipids. The X-ray crystal structure of CpNga123 revealed it to have an N-terminal β-sandwich domain and a (β/α) 8 -barrel catalytic domain with a C-terminal α-helical elaboration. The structures determined in complex with reaction products provide details of the − 1 subsite architecture, catalytic residues, and a structural change in the active site that is likely required to enable hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond by promoting engagement of the substrate by the catalytic residues. The features of the active site support the likelihood of a substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism for this enzyme. The structures of an inactive mutant of CpNga123 in complex with intact GA2 and Gb4 glycosphingolipid motifs reveal insight into aglycon recognition and suggest that the kinked or pleated conformation of GA2 caused by the β-1,4-linkage between N -acetylgalactosamine and galactose, and the accommodation of this conformation by the enzyme active site, may be responsible for greater activity on GA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is concern about the development of anemia-associated fetal hydrops associated with maternal parvovirus B19 infection. Parvovirus B19 infection occurs via the globoside (P antigen) receptor, the main glycolipid of erythroid cells, which induces apoptosis. Similar findings have been reported for the P antigen of globoside-containing placental trophoblast cells. Case description: A 32-year-old woman was infected with human parvovirus B19 at week 32 of pregnancy, and had severe anemia at week 34. At week 37, an emergency cesarean section was performed because of sudden abdominal pain and fetal bradycardia; placental abruption was found. A live male infant was delivered with no sign of fetal hydrops or fetal infection. Placental tissue was positive for parvovirus B19 according to polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical analysis using caspase-related M30 CytoDEATH monoclonal antibody revealed M30 staining of the placental villous trophoblasts. Discussion and evaluation: Placental trophoblasts and erythroid precursor cells have been reported to express globoside (P antigen), which is necessary for parvovirus B19 infectivity, and to show apoptotic activity as a result of infection. Placentas from three other pregnancies with documented abruption showed no M30 staining. Conclusion: The present case strongly suggests an association between placental abruption and apoptosis resulting from parvovirus B19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contradicts the view that intramyocellular ceramide accumulation modulate insulin resistance. Topics included are, demonstration of an inverse relationship between intramyocellular ceramide levels and insulin action on rodent studies in which ceramide levels were modulated, hypothesis challenged by proximal insulin signalling in insulin resistant muscle, and information on genetic and pharmacological perturbations of ceramide metabolism.

The article presents an insight into the role of intramyocellular ceramides, which is both sufficient and necessary for obesity-induced insulin resistance. Topics included are insulin resistance by over supply of nutrients to skeletal muscle, information on ceramides antagonize insulin signaling by blocking activation of the anabolic enzyme, and prediction of severity of insulin resistance in man through tissue ceramide levels.

Adipose tissue dysfunction is an important determinant of obesity-associated, lipid-induced metabolic complications. Ceramides are well-known mediators of lipid-induced insulin resistance in peripheral organs such as muscle. DEGS1 is the desaturase catalyzing the last step in the main ceramide biosynthetic pathway. Functional suppression of DEGS1 activity results in substantial changes in ceramide species likely to affect fundamental biological functions such as oxidative stress, cell survival, and proliferation. Here, we show that degs1 expression is specifically decreased in the adipose tissue of obese patients and murine models of genetic and nutritional obesity. Moreover, loss-of-function experiments using pharmacological or genetic ablation of DEGS1 in preadipocytes prevented adipogenesis and decreased lipid accumulation. This was associated with elevated oxidative stress, cellular death, and blockage of the cell cycle. These effects were coupled with increased dihydroceramide content. Finally, we validated in vivo that pharmacological inhibition of DEGS1 impairs adipocyte differentiation. These data identify DEGS1 as a new potential target to restore adipose tissue function and prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease is a monogenic X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by α-galactosidase A (αGalA) deficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy through administration of the missing αGalA is currently the only accepted therapeutic option. However, this treatment is connected to high costs, has ill-defined indication criteria and its efficacy is controversially discussed. Our aim was to explore the possibility of a novel targeted substrate reduction therapy for Fabry disease. Owing to the fact that αGalA-deficient humans and mice accumulate the same glycosphingolipids (i.e. globosides, galabiosylceramide and isoglobosides), αGalA-deficient mice were crossed with mice deficient in enzymes synthesizing these classes of glycosphingolipids (i.e. globotrihexosylceramide and isoglobotrihexosylceramide synthase, respectively). Functional heart and kidney tests were performed together with an extensive biochemical analysis of urine and serum in aged mice. Lysosomal storage was assessed by thin layer chromatography and electron microscopy. We showed that depletion of globosides was sufficient to fully abolish the storage of glycosphingolipids in heart, kidney and liver and was paralleled by a complete restoration of lysosomal morphology in these organs. In contrast, in dorsal root ganglia, a depletion of both globosides and isoglobosides was necessary to fully counteract the lysosomal storage. The deficiency in globosides and/or isoglobosides did not cause any adverse effects. We conclude that substrate reduction therapy through inhibition of the synthesis of globosides and isoglobosides represents a valuable therapeutic option for Fabry disease, all the more as globosides and isoglobosides seem to be dispensable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Studies have suggested that the glycosphingolipid globoside (Gb4Cer) is a receptor for human parvovirus B19. Virus-like particles bind to Gb4Cer on thin-layer chromatograms, but a direct interaction between the virus and lipid membrane-associated Gb4Cer has been debated. Here, we characterized the binding of parvovirus B19 VP1/VP2 virus-like particles to glycosphingolipids (i) on thin-layer chromatograms (TLCs) and (ii) incorporated into supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) acting as cell-membrane mimics. The binding specificities of parvovirus B19 determined in the two systems were in good agreement; the VLP recognized both Gb4Cer and the Forssman glycosphingolipid on TLCs and in SLBs compatible with the role of Gb4Cer as a receptor for this virus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The VP1 unique region (VP1u) of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is the immunodominant part of the viral capsid. Originally inaccessible, the VP1u becomes exposed upon primary attachment to the globoside receptor. To study the function of the exposed VP1u in B19V uptake, we expressed this region as a recombinant protein. Here, we report that purified recombinant VP1u binds and is internalized in UT7/Epo cells. By means of truncations and specific antibodies, we identified the most N-terminal amino acid residues of VP1u as the essential region for binding and internalization. Furthermore, the recombinant VP1u was able to block B19V uptake, suggesting that the protein and the virus undertake the same internalization pathway. Assays with different erythroid and nonerythroid cell lines showed that the N-terminal VP1u binding was restricted to a few cell lines of the erythroid lineage, which were also the only cells that allowed B19V internalization and infection. These results together indicate that the N-terminal region of VP1u is responsible for the internalization of the virus and that the interacting receptor is restricted to B19V-susceptible cells. The highly selective uptake mechanism represents a novel determinant of the tropism and pathogenesis of B19V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood-group antigens, such as those containing fucose and bearing the ABO(H)- and Lewis-type determinants expressed on the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids, and also on unconjugated free oligosaccharides in human milk and other secretions, are associated with various biological functions. We have previously shown the utility of negative-ion electrospay ionization tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation (ESI-CID-MS/MS) for typing of Lewis (Le) determinants, for example, Lea, Lex, Leb, and Ley on neutral and sialylated oligosaccharide chains. In the present report, we extended the strategy to characterization of blood-group A-, B-, and H-determinants on type 1 and type 2 and also on type 4 globoside chains to provide a high sensitivity method for typing of all the major blood-group antigens, including the A, B, H, Lea, Lex, Leb, and Ley determinants, present in oligosaccharides. Using the principles established, we identified two minor unknown oligosaccharide components present in the products of enzymatic synthesis by bacterial fermentation. We also demonstrated that the unique fragmentations derived from the D- and 0,2A-type cleavages observed in ESI-CID-MS/MS, which are important for assigning blood-group and chain types, only occur under the negative-ion conditions for reducing sugars but not for reduced alditols or under positive-ion conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report two children, born from consanguineous parents, who presented with early-onset refractory epilepsy associated with psychomotor delay, failure to thrive, blindness and deafness. Polarographic and spectrophotometric analyses in fibroblasts and liver revealed a respiratory chain (RC) dysfunction. Surprisingly, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the GM3 synthase gene by using exome sequencing. GM3 synthase catalyzes the formation of GM3 ganglioside from lactosylceramide, which is the first step in the synthesis of complex ganglioside species. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the complete absence of GM3 ganglioside and its biosynthetic derivatives was associated with an upregulation of the alternative globoside pathway in fibroblasts. The accumulation of Gb3 and Gb4 globosides likely has a role in RC dysfunction and in the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential leading to apoptosis, which we observed in fibroblasts. We show for the first time that GM3 synthase deficiency, responsible for early-onset epilepsy syndrome, leads to a secondary RC dysfunction. Our study highlights the role of secondary mitochondrial disorders that can interfere with the diagnosis and the evolution of other metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare polyagglutinable NOR erythrocytes contain three unique globoside (Gb4Cer) derivatives, NOR1, NORint, and NOR2, in which Gal(α1-4), GalNAc(β1-3)Gal(α1-4), and Gal(α1-4)GalNAc(β1-3)Gal(α1-4), respectively, are linked to the terminal GalNAc residue of Gb4Cer. NOR1 and NOR2, which both terminate with a Gal(α1-4)GalNAc- sequence, react with anti-NOR antibodies commonly present in human sera. While searching for an enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of Gal(α1-4)GalNAc, we identified a mutation in the A4GALT gene encoding Gb3/CD77 synthase (α1,4-galactosyltransferase). Fourteen NOR-positive donors were heterozygous for the C>G mutation at position 631 of the open reading frame of the A4GALT gene, whereas 495 NOR-negative donors were homozygous for C at this position. The enzyme encoded by the mutated gene contains glutamic acid instead of glutamine at position 211 (substitution Q211E). To determine whether this mutation could change the enzyme specificity, we transfected a teratocarcinoma cell line (2102Ep) with vectors encoding the consensus Gb3/CD77 synthase and Gb3/CD77 synthase with Glu at position 211. The cellular glycolipids produced by these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, high-performance thinlayer chromatography, enzymatic degradation, and MALDITOF mass spectrometry. Cells transfected with either vector expressed the P1 blood group antigen, which was absent from untransfected cells. Cells transfected with the vector encoding the Gb3/CD77 synthase with Glu at position 211 expressed both P1 and NOR antigens. Collectively, these results suggest that the C631G mutation alters the acceptor specificity of Gb3/CD77 synthase, rendering it able to catalyze synthesis of the Gal(α1- 4)Gal and Gal(α1-4)GalNAc moieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognition of endogenous lipid Ag(s) on CDld is required for the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Isoglobotrihexosylcer-amide (iGb3) has been implicated as this endogenous selecting ligand and recently suggested to control overstimulation and deletion of iNKT cells in ogalactosidase A-deficient (&agr;GalA-/-) mice (human Fabry disease), which accumulate isoglobosides and globosides. However, the presence and function of iGb3 in murine thymus remained controversial. In this study, we generate a globotrihexosylcer-amide (Gb3)-synthase-deficient (Gb3S-/-) mouse and show that in thymi of &agr;GalA-/- /Gb3S-/- double-knockout mice, which store isoglobosides but no globosides, minute amounts of iGb3 can be detected by HPLC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that iGb3 deficiency does not only fail to impact selection of iNKT cells, in terms of frequency and absolute numbers, but also does not alter the distribution of the TCR CDR 3 of iNKT cells. Analyzing multiple gene-targeted mouse strains, we demonstrate that globoside, rather than iGb3, storage is the major cause for reduced iNKT cell frequencies and defective Ag presentation in &agr;GalA-/- mice. Finally, we show that correction of globoside storage in &agr;GalA-/- mice by crossing them with Gb3S-/- normalizes iNKT cell frequencies and dendritic cell (DC) function. We conclude that, although detectable in murine thymus in &agr;GalA-/-/Gb3S-/- mice, iGb3 does not influence either the development of iNKT cells or their interaction with peripheral DCs. Moreover, in &agr;GalA-/- mice, it is the Gb3 storage that is responsible for the decreased iNKT cell numbers and impeded Ag presentation on DCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Globoside (Gb4), a globo-series glycosphingolipid (GSL), has been characterized as a stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA), and is highly expressed during embryogenesis as well as in cancer tissues. However, the functional role and molecular mechanism of Gb4 are so far unknown. Methods: GSLs were preferentially inhibited by treatment with D-threo-1-ethylenedioxyphenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol (EtDO-P4), a nanomolar inhibitor of GSL synthesis, in two carcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and MCF7. The effect of EtDO-P4 was examined by MTT assay, FACS, wound assay, western blotting, and RTK array analysis. The functional role of Gb4 was determined by the exogenous addition of various GSLs, and an assay utilizing GSL-coated latex beads. Results: Both cell lines contained higher levels of neutral GSLs than of sialic acid-containing GSLs. Gb4 was one of the major neutral GSLs. The depletion of total GSLs caused significant reduction of cell proliferation, but had less effect on cell apoptosis or motility. EtDO-P4 treatment also suppressed activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-induced ERK pathway and various receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The reduced activation of ERK was restored by the exogenous addition of Gb4, but not by the addition of gangliosides (GM1, GM2, GM3, and GD1a). The GSL-coated bead assay indicated that Gb4 forms a complex with EGFR, but not with other RTKs. Taken together, Gb4 promotes activation of EGFR-induced ERK signaling through direct interaction with EGFR. General significance: A globo-series GSL, Gb4, promotes EGFR-induced MAPK signaling, resulting in cancer cell proliferation. These findings suggest a possible application of Gb4 in cancer diagnostics and drug targeting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tamio Yamakawa isolated a glycosphingolipid from horse erythrocyte membrane, named it hematoside, and reported the results in Journal of Biochemistry. This was the first paper to report that glycosphingolipids are located in the cell membrane. He also isolated a glycosphingolipid, globoside, from human erythrocytes and demonstrated for the first time that ABO blood group antigens are glycosphingolipids in the erythrocytes. He reported the correct chemical structure of sulfatide, and found seminolipid, which is unexpectedly a glyceroglycolipid, as the major glycolipid of mammalian testis and spermatozoa. He started and developed the research of glycolipid biochemistry and established the basis for the further development of glycobiology. He published most of his original work in Journal of Biochemistry and made great efforts to improve review process of the journal as an editor-in-chief. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Binding specificities of mouse macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin 1 (MGL1/CD301a) and 2 (MGL2/CD301b) toward various oligosaccharides were compared by frontal affinity chromatography. MGL1 preferentially bound oligosaccharides containing LewisX (LeX) trisaccharides among 111 oligosaccharides tested, whereas MGL2 preferentially bound globoside Gb4. The important amino acids for the preferential bindings were investigated by pair-wise site-directed mutagenesis at positions 61, 89, 97, 100, 110–113, 115, 124, and 125 in the soluble recombinant carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) prepared in Escherichia coli and purified with galactose-Sepharose. Mutations of Val, Ala, Thr, and Phe at positions 61, 89, 111 and 125 on MGL1 CRD caused reductions in LeX binding. Mutations of MGL2 CRD at Leu, Arg, Arg, and Tyr at positions 61, 89, 115 and 125 were implicated in the preference for β-GalNAc. LeX binding was observed with MGL2 mutants of Arg89Ala and Arg89Ala/Ser111Thr. MGL1 mutants of Ala89Arg and Ala89Arg/Pro115Arg showed β-GalNAc bindings. Molecular modeling illustrated potential direct molecular interactions of Leu61, Arg89, and His109 in MGL2 CRD with GalNAc. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report the novel pattern of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expressed by two disease-associated nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strains, 1268 and 1200. The strains express the common structural motifs of H. influenzae; globotetraose [β-d-Gal pNAc-(1→3)-α-d-Gal p-(1→4)-β-d-Gal p-(1→4)-β-d-Glc p] and its truncated versions globoside [α-d-Gal p-(1→4)-β-d-Gal p-(1→4)-β-d-Glc p] and lactose [β-d-Gal p-(1→4)-β-d-Glc p] linked to the terminal heptose (HepIII) and the corresponding structures with an α-d-Glc p as the reducing sugar linked to the middle heptose (HepII) in the same LPS molecule. Previously these motifs had been found linked only to either the proximal heptose (HepI) or HepIII of the triheptosyl inner-core moietyl-α-d-Hep p-(1→2)-[ PEtn→6]-l-α-d-Hep p-(1→3)-l-α-d-Hep p-(1→5)-[ PPEtn→4]-α-Kdo-(2→6)-lipid A. This novel finding was obtained by structural studies of LPS using NMR techniques and ESI-MS on O-deacylated LPS and core oligosaccharide material, as well as electrospray ionization-multiple-step tandem mass spectrometry on permethylated dephosphorylated oligosaccharide material. A lpsA mutant of strain 1268 expressed LPS of reduced complexity that facilitated unambiguous structural determination. Using capillary electrophoresis-ESI-MS/MS we identified sialylated glycoforms that included sialyllactose as an extension from HepII, this is a further novel finding for H. influenzae LPS. In addition, each LPS was found to carry phosphocholine and O-linked glycine. Nontypeable H. influenzae strain 1200 expressed identical LPS structures to 1268 with the difference that strain 1200 LPS had acetates substituting HepIII, whereas strain 1268 LPS has glycine at the same position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The glycosphingolipid globoside (globotetraosylceramide, Gb4Cer) has been proposed to be the cellular receptor of human parvovirus B19. Quantitative measurements of the binding of parvovirus B19 to Gb4Cer were performed to explore the molecular basis of the virus tropism. Solid-phase assays with fluorescence-labeled liposomes or 125iodine-labeled empty capsids were used to characterize the specificity of binding. In addition, surface plasmon resonance on lipid layers, as well as isothermal titration microcalorimetry, was utilized for real-time analysis of the virus–receptor interaction. These studies did not confirm binding of Gb4Cer to recombinant B19 VP2 capsids, suggesting that Gb4Cer does not function on its own as the cellular receptor of human parvovirus B19, but might be involved in a more complex recognition event. The biochemical results were further confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy image reconstructions at 10 Å resolution, in which the structures of empty capsids were compared with empty capsids incubated with Gb4Cer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Surface plasmon resonance with an alkane L1 chip was used to investigate the binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, carrying adhesion receptors, to globotetraosylceramide (globoside; GbO4). The immobilization of globoside was reproducible and resulted in a stable globoside layer on the L1 chip. The data indicated that the globoside-immobilized L1 chip could be used for studying interactions with live or chemically fixed E. coli. The results indicated that the dissociation time was significantly reduced in glutaraldehyde-fixed E. coli as compared to living cells. Overall, the report demonstrates the significance of the L1 chip in terms of sensitivity, specificity, handling, and speed when studying globoside/E. coli interactions. This model may assist in screening for compounds that can inhibit the binding of uropathogenic E. coli to glycolipid ligands on target cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Pregnant women acutely infected with human parvovirus B19 (B19) may transmit the virus to the developing fetus. The mechanism whereby the virus interacts with the placenta is unknown. It is known that globoside receptor is required for successful infection of the target cells, which are the highly undifferentiated, actively dividing colony and burst-form units of the erythroid series. Globoside is present on trophoblast cells which have intimate contact with maternal blood, and may therefore serve as a potential route for B19 transmission into the fetal compartment. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether B19 VP2 capsids could bind to villous trophoblast cells in vitro and whether globoside was involved. Methods: Binding of B19 VP2 empty capsid to first-trimester villous trophoblast cells was assessed by multiple approaches, including ICC using either biotinylated B19 VP2 empty capsid or unlabeled B19 VP2 empty capsid. Quantification of viral binding involved I 125 -labeled B19 VP2 empty capsid. Competition studies included excess unlabeled empty capsids or pretreatment with globoside-specific IgM antibody. Results: Linear binding of B19 VP2 capsid to purified villous trophoblast cells in vitro was clearly demonstrated (R 2  = 0.9524). Competition studies revealed specificity of I 125 -labeled B19 VP2 capsid binding to villous trophoblast cells when pretreatment with either 60-fold excess unlabeled B19 capsid or globoside-specific IgM antibody took place. The results illustrated B19's ability to bind in a specific manner to globoside-containing villous trophoblast cells. Conclusion: We speculate that the globoside present on trophoblast cells may play a role in viral binding in vivo , which may facilitate B19 transmission across the maternal-fetal interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Fabry disease (FD), α-galactosidaseA deficiency leads to the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3), triggering a pathologic cascade that causes progressive damage to multiple organs, including the heart. Disease heterogeneity and lack of meaningful short term clinical endpoints are the major obstacles in managing patients with FD. While disease onset occurs in early childhood, the diagnosis is typically made only after life-threatening cardiac, renal or cerebrovascular complications in the fourth to fifth decade of life. Therefore, clinically significant markers are necessary for early detection of specific organ involvement and monitoring FD progression. In current study, 80 patients with FD (33M:50F -80 yr, mean age: 36 yr) were seen between 2010-2018. 25 patients (13 M:12F 3-72 yr, mean age: 51 yr) were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy (LVPWd (cm)>1.0 and/or LVMI (g/m2) (M)> 81 and (F)>61), and 7 to have severe cardiac disease (LVPWd>1.5 and LVMI (M)>91 and (F)>69). Three females with mild/moderate involvement had extensive cardiac fibrosis. Median treatment duration was 10 years among the treated (19/25). All but one with severe cardiac disease, were treated for 10 years or more. Glycolipid biomarkers, plasma lyso-GL3, plasma GL3 and urine GL3, and cardiac specific markers, high-sensitive troponins, BNP and Galectin 3 levels were compared to organ involvement. Plasma lyso-GL3 was found to be significantly higher in the cohort with severe cardiac involvement (p=0.0086). This difference was more prominent in females (p=0.0025). Troponin I and Troponin T were significantly elevated in all patients with Fabry related cardiomyopathy (p<0.0001, p=0.0062 respectively). BNP was elevated in patients with severe cardiomyopathy (p<0.0001). This information is important clinically because it shows that organ damage continues despite intervention later in FD. Disease progression once triggered, continues even in patients under long-term therapy. Early treatment in FD is critical to prevent irreversible end organ damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), saposin B deficiency (SAPB) and mucolipidosis II (MLII) are disorders caused by enzyme deficiencies leading to accumulation of ceramide trihexosides and/or sulfatides in tissues and increased excretion in urine. Ceramide trihexosides and sulfatides are extracted in chloroform from urine using a simple extraction method (modified from Alharbi et al, 2016) and analyzed in both positive mode for ceramide trihexosides and negative mode for sulfatides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Validation included specimens from confirmed patients affected with Fabry disease (N=16 males N=11 females), MLD (N=23), MSD (N=7), SAPB (N=2) and MLII (N=5). Fabry disease has a specific ceramide trihexoside profile pattern without presence of sulfatides. Overlapping sulfatide profiles, without ceramide trihexosides, for MLD and MSD can be confirmed by glucosaminoglycan analysis. SAPB has both the ceramide trihexoside profile pattern similar to Fabry disease and the sulfatide profile pattern similar to MLD and MSD, but reduced peak intensities. Overlapping profiles to MLII, which can have both ceramide trihexosides and sulfatides as well, can be confirmed by oligosaccharide analysis. To further delineate profile patterns, peak ratios to respective internal standards in positive and negative modes (N=30) are analyzed using a custom-made automated post-analytical multivariate pattern recognition software, Collaborative Laboratory Integrated Reports (CLIR https://clir.mayo.edu). This software generates additional ratios (N=248) between the analyte/IS ratios to aid in reliable pattern recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease is a lysosomal metabolic disorder with X-linked inheritance caused by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase which leads to accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in various organs. Clinical features of Fabry disease are renal, cardiac and CNS involvement. However, precise cellular pathogenesis in Fabry disease is still unknown. The iPS technology may be useful for the understanding of pathogenetic mechanism of lysosomal storage disease including Fabry disease. The generation of iPS cells generally have been carried out by the use of Sendai virus vector or episomal vector, but these technologies need the environmental attention and equipment for handling viruses. Therefore, we focused on RNA-reprogramming procedure. Skin fibroblasts from control and Fabry disease were transfected with reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, cMyc, Nanog, Lin28), interferon factors (B18, E3, K3), RNA and microRNA and formed iPS colonies were obtained after several cell passages and surveyed for morphological and biochemical studies. Using this method, no virus is used and feeder cells are not required, and also iPS cells can be efficiently obtained in a short period of time. Using this method, the iPS cells were successfully established from healthy human skin fibroblasts and skin fibroblasts derived from three Fabry male sibling patients in same family. Expression of surface markers and undifferentiated markers in these iPS cells showed positive, demonstrated by immunostaining and RT-PCR. Generated iPS cells from these Fabry patients were confirmed as iPS cells by various pluripotency markers. Our RNA reprograming procedure to generate iPS cells could be more widely used for understanding of pathogenetic mechanism of various lysosomal diseases including Fabry disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) resulting from mutations in the gene encoding for α-galactosidase A (GLA). It is characterised by the abnormal accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids (GSL), predominantly Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in the lysosomes of multiple cell types including vascular endothelial cells. It is associated with early-onset stroke, cardiomyopathy, and progression to end-stage renal failure. We examined the therapeutic efficacy of GLA gene therapy in Fabry mice using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors, directed by the liver-specific promoter (FRE1). In this study, we showed that a single intravenous (IV) injection of rAAV8-FRE1-GLAco (2x1012 vg/kg) achieved supraphysiological levels of plasma GLA activity up to 1061-fold of normal with concomitant correction of lysosomal storage pathology in multiple key organs in a Fabry mouse model. Animals injected with our novel codon-optimised ("GLAco") GLA construct exhibited a rapid elevation in plasma GLA activity levels reaching a peak level by 4 weeks post-injection, and this level of expression was maintained for the duration of the study (14 weeks). Furthermore, mass spectrometry (LC-MC/MS) analysis of GSL extract from different tissues provided proof of exposure and storage clearance in various key organs, which is indicative of metabolic cross-correction of liver-derived GLA enzyme. Gb3 levels in the plasma were reduced by 91% (p=0.008) in the kidney by 64% (p=0.045) in the heart by 98% (p<0.0001) in the spleen by 97% (p<0.0001) and in the liver by 99% (p=0.0075) relative to age matched untreated controls. Following a similar trend, Lyso-Gb3 in the plasma were also reduced by 98% (p<0.0001) normalising to that of wild type levels. Gb3 clearance was also supported by electron microscopy data. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence that our liver-directed AAV-mediated gene therapy approach holds considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of Fabry disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents argument to support the hypothesis that ceramides mediate skeletal muscle insulin resistance. The topics discussed are insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin mediated by ceramidase activation, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis, and the relationship between ceramides and insulin sensitivity.

The article presents a discussion on the role of ceramides in insulin resistance. The topics included are positive associations between muscle and liver ceramides with insulin resistance, display of downregulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) by insulin resistant patients sometimes, and research that support the promise of ceramide reduction as an insulin sensitizing therapeutic approach.

Four glycosphingolipids were isolated from rabbit aorta, plasma, and red blood cells. They were identified, by thin-layer chromatography and by quantitative analysis of hexose and fatty acid, as cerebroside, diglycosyl ceramide, triglycosyl ceramide, and globoside. The rabbits had been maintained on a normal diet or on one of three high cholesterol diets for 180 days. The quantities of the glycosphingolipids and their fatty acid distributions were determined, and comparisons were made between the control and experimental animals. Aorta and plasma glycosphingolipids were more affected by the high cholesterol diets than were those from red blood cells. The effects on aorta and plasma glycosphingolipids were similar. The amount of cerebroside was increased in aorta and plasma in all animals in the experimental groups. The amount was also increased in red blood cells in rabbits from two of the experimental groups. The average fatty acid chain length was greater in the lipids from the experimental animals than in those from the control animals for all measured glycosphingolipids from aorta. The average chain length was also greater in cerebrosides from the experimental animals from all three tissues. Probably the most notable differences in the experimental animals were the increased 24:1/24:0 ratios and the increased concentrations of 24:2. These increases occurred in nearly all samples from plasma and aorta, but not in red blood cells. There was also an increase of total unsaturated fatty acids in aorta cerebrosides from the experimental animals. Except for the increase in 24:2, lard generally caused more deviation from normal than did cottonseed oil when the level of cholesterol in the diet was 1%.

A method is described for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of four neutral glycosyl ceramides from human plasma and erythrocytes. Total lipids extracted from 50 ml of plasma or packed erythrocytes were separated by silicic acid chromatography into neutral lipids, a fraction of mixed glycolipids that was eluted with acetone-methanol 9:1, and phospholipids. After mild alkali-catalyzed methanolysis to remove contaminants from the crude fraction of glycolipids, individual glycosyl ceramides were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The oligosaccharide portions of these lipids were characterized by cleavage with methanolic hydrogen chloride and gas chromatography of the O-trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides. It was possible to study the composition of the carbohydrate and sphingolipid base fractions in the same gas chromatographic analysis. With mannitol as an internal standard for gas chromatographic estimation of glucose, concentrations of each of the glycosyl ceramides were determined with a precision of about 10%.Recoveries of the lipids from plasma varied with the complexity of the oligosaccharide moiety and ranged from 94% with glucosyl ceramide to 71% with globoside. Concentrations of the four glycosyl ceramides in plasma and in erythrocytes were determined for samples from young, healthy males. Amounts of glycolipid as low as 0.1 μmole can be determined conveniently by this procedure.

The galactose oxidase–sodium borohydride method was used to specifically label the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine of three glycosphingolipids, Gm2-ganglioside, asialo-Gm2-ganglioside, and globoside. All of the compounds showed a minimum of 95% radiopurity, and generally more than 90% of the total radioactivity was located in the terminal galactosamine moiety. Globoside and asialo-Gm2-ganglioside were labeled to high specific activities comparable with those of the sphingolipids with a terminal galactose moiety, labeled with the same procedure. These labeled compounds were well suited as substrates for the study of specific sphingolipid N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Gm2-ganglioside, however, was a poor substrate for galactose oxidase, and its specific activity was only a small percentage of the others. Furthermore, because of the low specific activity of the galactosamine moiety, it was necessary to pretreat Gm2-ganglioside with unlabeled sodium borohydride to reduce the nonspecific labeling of other portions of the molecule. The use of labeled sodium borohydride of a very high specific activity may yield specifically labeled Gm2-ganglioside suitable for metabolic studies. Thus, the method is useful for labeling not only terminal galactose but also terminal N-acetylgalactosamine of glycosphingolipids.

Analyses have been made of glycosphingolipids from visceral organs and brain of a patient with an unusual lipid storage disorder diagnosed initially as classical Tay-Sachs disease. Levels of the lipids from fresh-frozen sections of gray and white matter, kidney, spleen, liver, and heart from this patient were compared with those of normal juvenile controls, and the fatty acid composition of accumulated glycosphingolipids was compared with reference compounds. This patient was found to have abnormally high concentrations of a globoside in liver, kidney, and spleen, asialo GM2 ganglioside in brain and liver, and GM2 ganglioside in the brain. On the basis of these findings along with the clinical manifestations of Tay-Sachs disease with visceral involvement (hepatosplenomegaly) and demonstration of total deficiency of both A and B components of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity, this glycosphingolipidosis is the same as two previously reported cases of GM2 gangliosidosis with globoside accumulation and total β-N-acetylhexosaminidase deficiency.

Concentrations of four neutral glycosyl ceramides were determined in plasma and erythrocytes from nine hemizygous patients with Fabry's disease (a hereditary glycolipid lipidosis), from the sister of one of the patients, and from the heterozygous mother of another one. The concentration of a trihexosyl ceramide, galactosylgalactosylglucosyl ceramide, was elevated in plasma from the patients about threefold above the normal mean level, and the amount of this lipid was also increased in plasma from the two female relatives. The concentrations of glucosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide in plasma were slightly less than normal in the affected males, while globoside or a similar tetrahexosyl ceramide was slightly higher than normal. All but one of the Fabry patients had significantly less globoside in the red cells, as compared with the normal range, although the red cell concentration of trihexosyl ceramide was normal in all of the patients.Thus the concentration of the lipid that accumulates in the tissues in Fabry's disease is elevated in plasma but not in red cells, whereas in Gaucher's disease the accumulating lipid (glucosyl ceramide) is elevated in both plasma and red cells.