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Gillmore and Stallings criticize Nedler and Sebera's paper in terms of the experimental design, statistical analysis, and data errors in the report. I am responding because responsibility for the research design and analysis of the project in question was mine. To provide some context: Mrs. Nedler was responsible for developing the Early Childhood program reported on in the paper. She was assisted by a staff of about 12 professionals, including three teachers. Mrs. Sebera's responsibility was for testing and other data-gathering functions called for in an evaluation design developed by the Research and Evaluation Division, Southwest Educational Developmental Laboratory (SEDL), which I directed. That R&E staff included about 25 professionals, four of whom were statisticians. In October 1962 the R&E division published a complete evaluation report, wherein the project was described and results were reported. Neither Mrs. Nedler nor Mrs. Sebera has responsibility for the evaluation design, analysis, or report, although both were involved. However, Nedler and Sebera (hereafter, N & S) based the article in question on their own experiences and knowledge of the evaluation design and analysis described in the October 1969 report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of cohabitation among college students and focuses on characteristics of students who have cohabited in comparison with those who have not. Data were gathered in interviews with a random sample of 291 students at Arizona State University in 1971-72. The data indicated that 29 percent of the males and 18 per cent of the females were currently cohabiting or had cohabited. Family characteristics examined failed to differentiate between cohabiters and noncohabiters. Personal characteristics which tended to distinguish the two groups were in the areas of religion, life style, and drug use. Cohabiters, compared to noncohabiters, were less apt to attend church, were more likely to identify with a liberal life style, and more apt to be drug users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age specific divorce rates for the United States as a whole are not available. This paper is an attempt to develop estimates of age specific incidence of divorce for the U.S. female population employing regression analyses. Certain correction factors are suggested to make the estimates built on a world divorce situation basis correspond to the American situation. Results derived in the paper reveal that the divorce curve for U.S. females is L-shaped in form. The age group below 20 years had the highest incidence of divorce (43 per 1000) followed by the age group 20 to 24 (33 per 1000) in 1969, while in 1960 these incidences were 33 per 1000 and 23 per 1000, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles the assumption that as a country with a joint family system modernizes, the result will be the decline of the Joint family in terms of the property relations among fathers, sons and brothers. There are two important aspects of a Joint family in India: household composition and property held in common. Urbanization and education have not yet resulted in decreasing levels of Joint household participation in India. Legally, though, the Joint family is defined as those holding property in common. It was found that urbanization and education (a) have not increased the proportion of sons who separate their property from their fathers before his death, but (b) are associated with a significant increase in shared property among brothers. Neglecting the property aspect of Joint family life in survey literature may have falsely led to the conclusion that education and urbanization will preclude the cooperation of brothers and other relatives in using family property to its full economic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the existing literature by conceptualizing lifetime marital experience in the form of a summary flowchart. The flowchart approach highlights the longitudinal dimension and captures the dynamics of lifetime marital experience which are absent from previous research based on census data and vital statistics records. We illustrate the application of this model through a secondary analysis of data collected in a study of applicants for Social Security disability benefits. In addition, we outline several research questions which the flowchart model generates and indicate some methodological problems the researcher will face when using the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. Electronic FHR-monitoring is, like monitoring of the heart in adults, combined with artefacts. In the fetus interpretation of artefacts and diagnosis of cardiac disease are facilitated, if the filtered R-wave is presented simultaneously with FHR. Changes in rate depending on artefacts can be misinterpreted with commercial instrumentations as depending on 'fetal distress' which can be avoided with the equipment described in this paper. Filter properties and further reduction of noise are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author comments on methodologies in social psychological work proposed by participants of the roundtable discussion conducted by the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issue in the U.S. The techniques of surveying, has had exceptional use in solving the practical problems encountered in administrative work. With regards to the dynamics of face-to-face human groups, the clinical approach to social psychological problems was appropriate in that the former isolation between social psychologists and clinicians has been breaking down. The author suggested that there are no really unique methods in the field.

This paper examines sex and class differences in the style and circumstances of parental discipline of the child. Specifically, we have focused on Melvin Kohn's suggestive hypothesis that white-collar parents stress the development of internal standards of conduct in their children and thus are more likely to discipline the child on the basis of their interpretation of the child's motives for a particular act: while blue-collar parents are more likely to react on the basis of the consequences of the child's behavior. Our findings, based on a sample of 210 Washington State couples, support this hypothesis. We found a greater difference in the responses of white-collar parents toward their child when he "accidentally breaks something " versus when he "intentionally disobeys," than there was for blue-collar parents. Other class and sex differences in the parental response to the child were also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the research of John F. Klein, Gene P. Calvert, T. Neal Garland, and Margaret M. Paloma (1969) concerning the use of marriage and family theory in U.S. journal articles during the years 1962-1968. This paper continues the Klein and colleagues' assessment with a second analysis of the data, including the number and type of articles for several countries. The study found that a major part of British literature was empirical. Japanese literature was mostly theoretical-empirical and used an institutional framework. The appendix contains a list of publications from Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Socialist Republic.

The article presents a study about the use analysis of quadrat data in plants. This paper focuses on the point quadrat records applied in the study of vegetation. Interest in computers for the analysis of patterns in vegetation have been rising for the past years to look for data in the absence or presence of species in quadrat. They can be recorded conveniently and associations in plant communities are observed. Methods of analysis in botanical communities are described. Four methods in analization of plant quadrat are presented and explained.

This paper offers a look at patterns in methods of social inquiry or research as of September 1950. Apart from pure economics and some political science, the social sciences today proceed, like the natural sciences, at least partly inductively. All the inquiries use some statistical methods as against purely literary statements. This is not due to sheer perversity or exhibitionism, but to scientific necessity--the necessity, in short, of summarizing the main general trends among a wide variety of observed findings. The chief substitute of the social sciences for experiment is statistical strategy. Both in the natural and the realistic social sciences, the narrower and the more intensive the study and the less the variability of behaviour under study, the less statistics need come into it. Variability is reduced by experimenting under laboratory conditions and thus isolating the factors, but the alternative strategy is statistical and isolates the factors at issue by selection of numerically stable conditions or by control of variations. A further common feature of the social research pattern and the feature which, in spite of its great importance, has escaped attention is that of comprehensiveness. The lack of attention to this rule of discipline has been due largely to the inordinate attention bestowed upon the practical devices for random sampling.

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The article presents studies which attempt to extend the previous work on social perception, in two main respects. They are primarily concerned with the interpersonal relationship which exists between the perceiver and the perceivee, and secondly, they deal with the phenomena of interpersonal perception. Data about living persons have been utilized as the basic stimuli of perception. The research discussed in this article is based on the assumption that the interpersonal relationship can be considered as a unit for purposes of research. The relationship can be studied by means of interpersonal perception methods if some methodological assumptions are made. The assumption which has perhaps been most widely accepted holds that a person will react to his environment in terms of how he perceives it. However, by "environment" it is usually meant people, especially those on whom the individual depends for gratification of his physical and emotional needs. The particular dimension with which the paper deals with is a by- product of prediction. The degree of similarity or difference which one person assumes to exist between himself and another is a matter of interest. It is hypothesized that this tendency to see another person as similar to oneself will have important consequences to the interpersonal relationship.

A five-item powerlessness scale was administered to two samples of ever-married women ages 15-44: Guamanians encountered in island-wide public health clinics, and U.S. white and black women interviewed at home in low income census tracts of 17cities. Powerlessness directly correlated with parity in all but U.S. black women when simultaneously controlling for age, education, husband's occupation and family income. There were no differences in powerlessness among all users, users of different methods, and non-users of contraception. The data do not support the notion that female powerlessness leads to high fertility through non-use of contraception, but are compatible with the hypothesis that high parity generates female powerlessness in some populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the 13th Seminar on Family Research and its focus on the family life cycle as a social system. The conference, organized by the International Sociological Association's Committee on Family Research and the Centre d'Ethnologie Francaise, was held in Paris, France in September 1973. Four themes prevailed: changes in family cycle in Europe since the 18th century, social stratification and urban-rural differences, family life cycle theory, and research methods in social science.

Occlusion of all or parts of any of the three separate capillary systems supplying the organ of Corti and its related tissues could result in different audiometric symptoms; however, little is known about the functional relationship between these capillaries and the tissues, so a series of experiments has been carried out to provide some data. Sometime ago we reported an experiment that demonstrated a different role for the capillaries of the stria vascularis than for those underlying the osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. These latter capillaries care for the immediate demands of the organ of Corti. Probably the greatest handicap to more complete research has been the inability to observe the cells, spaces, and capillaries of the organ of Corti in the living state. This paper describes an approach to the inner ear of the guinea pig that provides a view of the sensory area without injuring essential capillaries. By means of a surgical approach to the round window a bit of bony promontory is removed to expose the basilar membrane. Removal of the stapes allows light from a cool fiber optics source to reflect from the walls of the vestibule to reveal the cells and spaces of the organ of Corti. Under this direct visualization, electrodes to monitor dc resting potentials or to measure oxygen concentrations are placed in the extracellular spaces. A motion picture shows the technique. Experiments that determined the boundaries of the organ of Corti fluids and capillaries that provide oxygen to these spaces and subsequently to the sensory cells are reviewed. The tectorial membrane seals the fluids of the organ of Corti spaces including the inner sulcus from endolymph, and the spiral vessels provide oxygen to these fluids. Occlusion of the spiral capillaries causes a relatively rapid degeneration of the organ of Corti in that region, whereas occlusion to capillaries of the spiral ligament and its structures may produce altered function of the organ of Corti and perhaps its degeneration over a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a brief description of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of extracranial arteriovenous fistulas. These fistulas may be either acquired or congenital in origin. Their natural history is one of progression which can result in severe hemodynamic changes. Extracranial arteriovenous fistulas usually occur between the terminal branches of the external carotid artery and the lateral sinus or jugular venous systems. The most common symptom, pulsatile tinnitus, can often be decreased by common carotid artery compression unless there is a significant contribution from the vertebral arterial system. Selective arteriography utilizing subtraction technique is the most important diagnostic study. The recommended treatment is complete surgical excision of the fistula and ligation of all feeding vessels. The recurrence rate is higher with the other methods of control, such as simple ligation, irradiation, injection of sclerosing agents and embolization. Two patients with congenital arteriovenous fistulas are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the non-academic aspects of peace research in solving peace problems. It relates that the effectivity of a peace research relies on its abillity to go beyond the academic constraints and work towards expansion through deprofessionalization. Moreover, it discusses several approaches in evaluating peace actions strategies relative to peace research, which include involvement in the action group, explicit identification of the goals, prioritization of the goals, and establishment of a broad research design.

The article reports on the illustrative materials and equipments for the presentation of the study on the clothing preferences of children. The stimulus variables were presented as an interview questionnaire with accompanying illustrations from which the subjects were asked to make their selections. The most visible method of presenting illustrative material for such a study would be the use of actual garments in various hues, brightness levels, saturation levels, styles, and others. An alternative method would be the use of an artist's illustrations of the actual garments.

The article focuses on the challenges to the improvement of science education research in the U. S. It points out a few major difficulties with the present research efforts being done. It also tries to define good research, suggests possible ways of producing good research and examines alternative proposals for improving research in science education. The technical difficulties with present research are presented, including poor research design, improper statistical procedures, untenable assumptions, and ungeneralizability of hypotheses being tested.

The article discusses the problem of preparing the design for science education research. The author will attempt to give some observations from based on his own experience. He outlines approaches for the preparation of a research document and propose some factors which seem important in getting design and pattern into a work of research in science education. These factors may be helpful to those who are planning research in this area. According to the author research worker in the area of science education must not only have perspective and background within his chosen field, he must also be familiar with broad pattern of research study in other areas of curriculum.

This article presents a response to criticisms on a research which evaluated the acceptability of three normative methods in insurance decision making. The authors of this article agree and so stated in their research that knowledge of the best act could affect a subject's rating of each normative method according to the specific criteria. It is interesting to note, however, that a subject's over-all view of the acceptability of a method did not automatically determine his ratings on specific criteria. For instance, subjects' ratings of the utility method varied to a considerable extent on the different criteria. As a result, the utility method compared more favorably with the other two methods according to some criteria than on an over-all basis.

The article cites a study which concentrates on a simplification of the general design problem of comparing one specified information system, an information structure, with an alternative. The author states that the review of the literature indicates that research methodology for this question is incomplete, especially with respect to empirical verification of hypotheses, with respect to the development of empirical measures of the usefulness of changes in the information system, and with respect to inclusion of the real decision maker into the analysis. He explains that a main purpose of this study is to develop and carry out empirical means of measuring and comparing the effects of changing the design of an information system.

The article presents commentary and criticism on the report "Term Structures of Corporate Bond Yields as a Function of Risk of Default," by Ramon E. Johnson, included within the issue. The conditions of macroeconomic and financial theory are described, highlighting methodological disorder between several prominent researchers. The results of Johnson's report are then addressed within the context of established a priori theoretical constructions. Questions are raised regarding the raw data used to derive the curves demonstrated within Johnson's report. However, positive conclusions and calls for further extensions are also provided.

Comments on a research which evaluated the acceptability of the three normative methods in insurance decision making. Preference for the best act under each normative method; Analysis of variance of the data presented; Implications of the weaknesses of the research design for insurance decision making.

The article focuses on a study which discusses the internal versus external attribution of task performance as a function of locus of control, initial confidence, and success-failure outcome. The internal-external control construct (I-E) is conceptualized as a generalized expectancy related to a person's belief concerning the locus of causality for events. The utility of the I-E construct in predicting the direction of blame assignment has been tested directly several times. The notion that internals would attribute blame for either success or failure to internal sources and that externals would tend to blame success or failure to external sources was not empirically validated. Internals tended to attribute responsibility for success to their ability, a stable internal source, while externals tended to attribute responsibility for success to good luck, a variable external source. Under failure, the opposite but non-significant trend was found. Internals tended to be more external in their attribution for failure than were externals.

This study reports patterns of self-disclosure of male college seniors to each parent, siblings, and closest male and female friends. The 62 males were randomly selected from the senior class of an Ivy League college. Having filled out a 56-item self-disclosure questionnaire, the students were interviewed about their motivation for disclosure and reserve. The results bear upon generational, kinship and sex patterns of communication. Some findings are consistent with earlier studies on self-disclosure, whereas others appear to reflect some recent changes in male-female relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a hypothesis concerning matrimonial and residential choices of men in Yaounde, Cameroun. The emergence of monogamous nuclear families reflects modern aspirations or ends and/or lack of resources or means. Plural marriage is associated with traditional ends, but always traditional means. Topics are research methods used in this study, ethnic isolation, characteristics of monogamous and polygamous city dwellers and their homes, ecological correlations, educational attainment, and housing status.

From Australian data an investigation is made of the ages at which children leave home, and the socioeconomic and demographic variables which influence these. Particular emphasis is given to the differences in experience between sons and daughters, and between children who leave home for marriage and those who leave for other reasons. Overall, daughters leave home when about two years younger than sons, and a higher proportion of daughters leave home for marriage than for other reasons compared with sons. For each sex, the average age at leaving home is youngest when the reason for leaving is education or a job, and oldest when the reason is marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on intrafamily power relations, obtained by observing the interaction of husband-wife-child groups during a laboratory problem-solving session, are related to ratings of marital happiness. Families above the median in husband-to-wife power tend to be high in marital happiness, but no difference in marital happiness was found when families with low- and high-power wives were compared. High parent-to-child power was associated with high marital happiness, but high child-to-parent power was associated with low marital happiness. The findings are interpreted as reflecting stresses which occur as the power structure of the family changes from its present hierarchical form to a more equalitarian form. However, since low husband power was found to be associated with low problem-solving ability, part of the low happiness ratings of families with low-power husbands probably reflects dissatisfaction with the low competence rather than the low power of the husband. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 440 adult couples, some with and some without accompanying children, were observed in eight different kinds of public places. Couples with children were observed to touch, talk, and smile less at one another. The smiling effect may be an artifact of situations in which adults travel without children or of the kinds of adults who travel in situations where children are absent. But it seems clear that children are disruptive of adult touching and talking. This disruption may mean that couples with children experience reduced reward levels and less adequate communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 160 college students from eight different colleges was solicited and tested. Using Kohlberg's method of assessing cognitive moral development and questions about premarital sexual attitudes, the present study discovered a strong relationship between these variables. Subjects with low levels of cognitive moral development chose either traditional morality, the double standard, or permissiveness without affection standard. Those with a moderate degree of cognitive moral development chose permissiveness with affection. Those with a high level of cognitive moral development chose a nonexploitive permissiveness without affection standard. The formulation of premarital sexual standards was discussed and theoretical implications were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration of the statuses through which a woman passes en route to becoming a female family head suggested four components behind the 1940-1970 increase of 1,749,000 mothers aged 15-44 heading a family with a child. Changes in the probability that a mother at risk will form a separate family, rather than living as the child or other relative of a family head, is one component. Population growth, changes in fertility patterns and marital stability are the remaining three components. When applied to ever-married and never-married women it was found that about 36 per cent of the total increase in the number of female family heads was due to the increasing propensity of women at risk of headship to form separate families. A growing population of women aged 15-44, net of other factors, accounted for 17 percent of the increase: population growth in combination with the propensity component explained 68 per cent of the total increase in numbers of female family heads. The decline of childlessness among the married and rising illegitimacy among the never-married was related to about 13 per cent of the total increase, net of other components: in combination with the first two factors these three components explain about 90 per cent of the increase. Declining marital stability, independent of other components, accounts for only 3 per cent of the total increase. There is little difference in the relative importance of components between white and nonwhite populations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research designed to investigate vasectomy attitude has studied men who had already obtained the operation and has identified these men's post-operative sexual and psychosocial adjustments or lack of them together with the relation of these factors to verbalized attitudes. In contrast, the present research studied potential vasectomees, men who have not yet had the vasectomy, and investigated these men's attitude as regards (1) the organization of their expectancy beliefs about vasectomy, and (2) the structural relationships between their attitude and expectancy beliefs. The analysis made identified (1) an organization of expectancy beliefs into six clusters, and (J) the key belief determinants of attitude. These results' theoretical implications and their practical implications to the screening and counseling of prospective vasectomies were then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Moynihan Report has been extensively criticized on both methodological and substantive issues. One interesting aspect of the Moynihan Report which has not been investigated further is the relationship between yearly fluctuations in the unemployment rate and the rate of marital instability. This relationship ceased to exist in nonwhites in the early 196O's. Examination of comparable data on whites reveals a similar trend: fluctuations in unemployment and marital instability are related in the 1950's but not in the 1960's. A number of possible explanations are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responses of a probability sample of 216 undergraduates to items measuring attitudes toward seven family issues were utilized to form a Conventionality Index(CI), the dependent variable. Independent variables categorized as demographic, value, and interaction variables were then cross-tabulated with the CI. As predicted, interaction variables were most significantly and strongly related to the conventionality of students' attitudes toward the family. A stepwise multiple regression indicated that the students' identification with parents, political views, and religiosity were the best predictors of their CI scores. The results are related to Farber's theory' of the orderly replacement of family culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study conducted by self-administered questionnaire on a sequential sample of 81 male and 97 female patients attending a hospital V.D. clinic. From socialization theory a relationship is hypothesized between sex-saliency of family and peer group context and level of sexual activity. The hypothesis is confirmed in the case of family context, but the relationship is shown to be curvilinear in the case of the peer group-individuals with unusually high levels of sexual activity are less likely to have been exposed to a sex-salient peer group environment. It is suggested that for these individuals the mass media are an important source of role model behavior. Peer group has a greater impact than family in determining level of sexual activity. Suggestions are made for modification of the theoretical model and for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated 98 undergraduate college couples on the relationship between potential conflict in engagement and perceptual distortion of the intended mate. On the basis of an empathy questionnaire, it was found that the number of disagreements were related to the number of errors in prediction. This was interpreted to mean that a block in communication was taking place where disagreements and errors were high, and free communication was taking place where disagreements and errors were low. Categories of "idealist," "realist," and "pessimist" couples were defined using the empathy questionnaire. A comparison of idealistic and realistic couples suggested that idealistic couples had scores equal to or higher than realistic couples on a standard test of "engagement adjustment." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data front the 1965 National Fertility Study we examine the differential infertility by whether a woman's first marriage was terminated by divorce or death of spouse, or whether it was still intact at the time of interview. For women 25 to 54 in1965 we find: (1) controlling for age and race differentials women whose first marriage was terminated by divorce have .14 children fewer than those who remain in intact first marriages; (2) this is an understatement of the overall differential infertility since women who have experienced divorce have an earlier age at marriage and thus higher fertility. When we take this fact into account the fertility deficit is about 0.6 children; (3) about one-half of the remaining differential is attributable to the higher incidence of childlessness among the divorced; (4) the fertility deficit is reduced to about 0.1 children when we control for months of "exposure" spent in a married state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sibling interaction is a very prevalent form of behavior, it has received relatively little attention by sociologists. The topic is important as one aspect of family behavior and for the effects of the interaction on socialization and other dimensions of family interaction, such as husband-wife relations. The present study analyzes data from over 8000 subjects on sibling affect as related to sex of subject and sibling, age of subject (junior or senior high), older versus younger sibling, and family size. Females are more likely to have high affect toward siblings than males, the same-sex sibling is preferred, affect is higher, on the average, toward older than younger siblings, it decreases with age, and is stronger in two-child families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter to the editor discusses an error in the suicide rates that were in an article by Rico-Velasco and Mynko, "Suicide and Marital Status: A Changing Relationship?".

The article discusses on styles on research reporting the author observed in the "Journal of Research in Science Teaching." The author describes that researchers use three styles in research reporting: 1) conclusions as truth, where hypotheses are presented such that the reader might assume it to be "true" 2) conclusions as findings, where findings are reported but not conclusions and 3) conclusions as trivia, over-qualifying the statement of the conclusions. He points out that one of the major problems facing science teachers and students of science education is the misperception of the scientific endeavor.

The article presents the study which discusses the personal and impersonal methods of recruitment for social research. The two recruitment methods, personal and impersonal, were used in a policy-oriented study on the effects of day care on children and their families. These were also contrasted in terms of efficiency, dropout rate, types of people recruited, and ethical considerations. It suggests that social researchers must use first the impersonal method before they would use the personal approach if they need to apply the second approach.

The article discusses the national survey conducted in determining priorities in ocean science study as identified by the community of oceanographers. The study was conducted under the assumption that if priorities in any subject are to be set, there should be strong input into the priority decisions by persons active in the field. The study was solicited by questionnaire which are based on ocean science topics taught in introductory ocean science courses. The results of the study and other relevant information regarding the study are also presented.

Explores factors associated with the sampling procedures in the field studies of organizations. Development of information on organizational life using a method of data cumulation; Selection of the representative sample; Permission from organizations to engage in research; Participation of employees to the research; Difference between data pooling and literature reviews.

The article discusses that survey research methods provide the only means to collect and analyze information for a wide range of purposes of both scholarly research and policy making for nation-building. This notion is recognized by scholars, government officials, and commercial interests in the developing countries. It also provides an overview of the major issues involved in conducting a survey or a research in the developing countries. The analysis of materials has three types of bias including sampling, measurement, and interviewer bias.

The central topic of this article is the selection and training of interviewers, supervisors and research technicians. Problems pertaining to critical points at which they may affect the results of opinion research in India, sources of available interviewers, problems and advantages that are associated with particular kinds of interviewer personnel and the reason for lack of specialization of research personnel, are generally are discussed in brief. Most of the problems Indian researchers face are not in any sense peculiar to the Indian situation, but many are greatly accentuated there. As in India, the person who does opinion interviewing singly and professionally as his or her occupation is an extreme rarity. On the contrary, Indian research organizations are staffed by a handful of jacks of many trades' supplemented by part time field assistants.

In this article, the author discusses survey technique and polling procedure as methods in social science research. The survey method is an approach in which field workers or interviewers obtain quantitative data in the study on people outside of the experimental laboratory. It differs from the opinion poll in two ways: it employs a different type of field of staff and interviewing technique, and research design. However, the pool is weakest in obtaining data through the single question. The survey method, while utilizing the verbal responses of the subject often seeks to obtain data from all available sources. The author suggested that it is essential to raise sights on the resources devoted to scientific social research in comparison to the investment made in natural science.

The article investigates the significance of phytosociological methods in ecological investigations. The research focuses on the factors that are essential in assessing the value of the phytosociological systems including Braun-Blanquet system, the nature of the vegetation unit and of variation between units and the classification of vegetation. Results of the study show that the advantages of these methodologies fall under the personal, descriptive and ecological categories. It is proven that the study of ecology provides an idea of the general variation of vegetation in terms of habitat and helps indicate which floristic differences are linked with particular changes in habitat.

The article reports on the formulation of a method to describe the appearance of vegetation communities through symbols in Northern Australia. The method has been discovered to be an accurate, convenient and rapid method for recording observations on plant communities. It alters the variation in the structure of a community and the variation in floristics to be adequately recorded. Moreover, the method has been tested to be a reliable system of recording voluminous data for consequent collation and analysis.