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Textbooks are considered as the predominant classroom resource by most K-9 teachers. In particular, several studies have found that teachers in Taiwan are extremely anxious about challenging textual authority. As a result, their teaching is centered on textbooks. Even now educational policy in Taiwan is calling on the use of multiple-texts as supplementary materials along with designated textbooks, teachers still find it difficult to bring themselves to use alternative textbooks. In contrast, American teachers are given more autonomy to decide teaching materials as well as evaluation processes and formats. Yet, their accountability needs to be monitored. This is also the main reason the NCLB law calls for improvement of the teacher quality in the U.S. In the present paper, the author contends that due to different interpretations of "curriculum," "textbooks," and "evaluations" in different cultures, we need to learn from each other. However, the key elements for successful teaching in both countries are allowing specialists to exercise autonomy and empowering teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, from foreign communication's position, takes search engine into communication perspective, and gives it doctrinal concern. After analyzed the importance of search engine's recommended function, paper list the sample of it, especially those search results related with P. R. China and United States of America, to testify paper's viewpoints - - that is, United States of America has had the trace in employs search engine's recommended function to guide international voice. Then, paper, also, reasoning whether search engine's recommended function can work in guiding international voice. Finally, paper reinforces the importance of search engine in foreign communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hassler Whitney is one of the most influential mathematicians in the 20th century. With an analysis based on the classification of primary sources, this paper discusses Whitney's work on graph theory before he switched to topology. It reviews his great contributions to planar graph, Hamiltonian circuits in planar graphs, chromatic polynomials and matroid theory, which was founded by Whitney in his paper entitled “On the abstract properties of linear dependence” in 1935. The results show that these contributions are closely related to the four-color conjecture. He made many theoretical achievements derived from it even though he didn't succeed. And his legacies have a great impact on the development of modern graph theory. A prime characteristic of Whitney's mathematical work is the search for inner reasons (SIR) for phenomena. And another one is the thought infiltration of topology into graph theory, which has significantly influenced graph theory and topology. It is expected to be beneficial for understanding Whitney's academic achievements in all aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asserts that existing studies on US Internet companies in China fail to acknowledge that technology is developed in a political economic context; that laws are drafted to consolidate the dominant groups; that nation-states are not the only primary actors in international negotiation; and that commercial information is valuable to Internet companies. This paper aims to redefine the "Google in China" question by examining how the Internet was developed in the US; how the Clinton Administration and US high-tech industry lobbied for trade with China; and how Google strategised for the China market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the differences between American and Chinese conflict management styles and tries to decode areas of cultural differences that can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. In-depth interviews with foreign-born Chinese searching for jobs at American workplace and case studies with executives at American corporations in China were conducted. From analyzing the roots of Chinese culture, Chinese and American cultural differences, American and Chinese conflict management models, the paper proposes two fundamental differences in negotiation: a four-fold difference between the Chinese and Americans that could potentially cause conflict: directness-subtleness, aggressiveness-modesty, courtesy-command, and American-Chinese experiential differences, as well as a difference in the choice of conflict styles and tactics between Chinese and American negotiators. The case study demonstrated that the Chinese subsidiaries of America-based multinational corporations need to be more sophisticated in handling international business conflicts. The findings indicate that there is a strong relationship between Chinese and American value systems and in the choice of conflict-handling styles. Illustrations of how these parameters play out in the workplace and suggestions for both Americans and Chinese in handling conflicts are provided. Examples of how and where disconnects can occur are reviewed, as well as the hierarchy in which the conflict can occur and the potential impact on individuals and conflict resolution systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to offer an overall assessment and discussion on the merits, shortcomings and controversies of the law and practice of prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in employment in the United States. The main contents of the paper are divided into four sections. Section One describes the general background of various hardships faced by sexual minorities in the job markets in the States. Section Two analyzes the reasons why federal fair employment statutes and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission cannot provide them with adequate protections. It also discusses several related decisions rendered by the federal courts and reform measures offered by Congress in recent years. Section Three details other legal remedies provided by the Federal Constitution, local statutes and regulations and common law. Section Four discusses the controversial issues arising from the treatment of gay and lesbian members of the U.S. armed forces. It also offers a comparative study of the same legal regime adopted by the European Union and evaluates whether the American experience in this field can provide any lessons for Taiwan given its recent endeavors to reform anti-discrimination measures in the legal system dealing with employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carlos Bulosan's America Is in the Heart represents the diasporic experience of Filipino migrant workers from the thirties to the forties in a quasi-autobiographical mode. This paper studies Bulosan's unique appropriation of the genre of autobiography in his inscription of the collective life of Pinoys, investigates the relationship between auto-bio-graphy and "reality," and explores Bulosan's politics of writing. Part One of this paper discusses the formal invention of America Is in the Heart, which traverses the boundaries of autobiography, fiction, and ethnography. Part Two delineates the perspective in which Bulosan re-presents the collective history of Pinoys. Part Three investigates the apparent contradiction embedded in this work, which repetitively articulates the faith in America through Carlos' autobiographical self while the American experience inscribed in the narrative is one of total victimization. Part Four adopts Derrida's view of self-identity as "plurality of masks" to observe how the work demonstrates Bulosan's negotiations with the various forces operating in the historical context and reveals Bulosan's unique politics of ethnic writing. Part Five concludes this paper by pointing out the transnational and cosmopolitan tendency in Carlos's "American Dream." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Philippine folk dances have generally been performed by student organizations at colleges and dance troops at Filipino towns in the US, mainly on the West Coast. The purpose of this paper is to consider what kind of meanings the folk dances assume for Filipinos by examining these two different types of groups. This analysis can offer a key to understanding the significance or meaning of the homeland for modern immigrants and also the kinds of situations faced by nations in the present globalization era; this is because these dances were originally conceived to embody the Philippines as a nation-state. The dances performed by these two groups have much in common. The majority of their members are second-generation Filipinos. Their dances have almost the same style as that of the most famous folk dance troop in the Philippines and allow the performers to overcome their negative image of the Philippines and themselves. However, there are relative differences between the two groups. The folk dance of the community group expresses the members' long-distance nationalism toward the Philippines. On the other hand, the dance of the college students allows a glimpse of their Filipino ethnicity, which lies beneath their American identity. This paper analyzes the causes of these differences in order to show the complexity of modern transnational phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1957, the late well-known economist Alexander Eckstein who was sent from the United States to Taiwan to investigate academic conditions there, reported that Taiwan was a "cultural desert". Eckstein's view was shared by many Chinese scholars. But Eckstein's report was made 27 years ago. Taiwan is no longer a cultural desert. The United States and the Republic of China have had a history of more than 20 years of fruitful academic cooperation. In this paper we treat a number of themes which contributed to Taiwan's evolving from that cultural desert: 1) The establishment of the Chinese National Science Council under the support of the American Agency for International Development. 2) The financial assistance of U. S. private foundations to R.O.C. academic circles. 3) Sino-American cooperation which helped scientific and technological development in Taiwan. 4)The returned students who helped to build up academic standard in Taiwan; and. 5) Finally, an overview of American academic influence in Taiwan. This paper was originally delivered at the Conference on US-ROC Relations: From the White Paper to the Taiwan Relations Act (Sept. 23-24, 1983) held by St. John's University in New York, and published by the American Asian Review to which those who are interested may refer to for the original English text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since around the 1970s, the United States has published numerous collections of translated Chinese Chan poetry and single volumes of poems by Chan hermit poets, gradually forming a prominent feature and a sub-field of translation poetry in the introduction of Chinese classical poetry into the US. Chan poetry translation can be classified as literature translation, poetry, as well as religious text. The author intends to trace and sort out the historical context of the formation of the field of Chan poetry translation in the United States from three aspects: religion, literature, and poetry translation at the time of the occurrence of Chan poetry translation in English, and to reproduce the origin and development of Chan poetry translation in the United States. Ultimately, the formation and establishment of Chan poetry translation stems from the historical interaction and fusion of religion, literature, and translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer is the property of Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, low utilization ratio of science and technology resources has to be an important restriction factor that affects the development of science and technology in our country. It is necessary to establish and perfect the government-dominated paUern of sharing science and technology resources for realizing sustainable development. This paper, learning from the experience for science and technology resources sharing in some western developed countries, that contain the United States, European Union and Japan, studies the key problems in the development of science and technology resources sharing. Based on this analysis, some useful policies and suggestions, ranging from sharing strategy, sharing platform, management system are proposed. These conclusions are useful for the government to develop science and technology resources sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evolution course of automotive diesel standards in China, and briefly analyzes the current situation, then summarizes the development trend of their seven important technical indexes, finally analyzes the reasons of their continuous improvement. Automotive diesel standards have been developing straight forward the direction of clean oil. Compared with EU, USA and Japan, automotive diesel standards relatively lag behind others in China, so it is imperative to improve the quality of the product. The heavy and inferior properties of the crude oil process, the low production capacity of installations, and the lack of competitive catalysts have limited the upgrading of diesel quality in China. Based on the above reasons, a new automotive diesel standard will be prospected, namely formulating automotive diesel standard in line with China's national conditions, giving appropriate financial subsidies to refineries, supervising the implementation of automotive diesel fuel in China, developing and popularizing the core technology of diesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of international relations between the West and the East have mutated in recent years with the decline of the West, especially in the wake of the financial crisis in America in 2008, and the rise of the East, where China is the most obvious powerhouse. The power-shift theory spotlights recent changes in many areas of international relations between industrialized countries and emerging powers but ignores the multi-polarization shift that doesn't tend to give "emerging powers" the same respect and attention. This paper examines the power-shift theory through quantitative analysis of the media coverage of "The United States" (the West) and "China" (the East) in three prominent European newspapers--The Times (British), Le Figaro (French) and Sü ddeutscheZeitung (Germany) -- over the past 12 years (from 2000 until 2011). Comparison over time will be conducted for the 3 newspapers in terms of the total number of stories, subject-matter ranking and favorability differences in order to (1) examine the shift trend and (dramatic) change of media representation of the United States and China in the past decade from the European point of view and (2) explore the characteristics of news coverage to understand the continuing imbalance between the attention paid to the West and the East, and verify the inequality and half-truth of the power-shift theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, American welfare policy has changed dramatically with the rise of neoliberal paternalism. It involves more than a sharp caseload reduction and a shift from cash assistance to services. Moreover, the poverty governance model has undergone a significant change. This paper, from the perspective of neoliberat paternalism, attempts to analyze the relationship between American welfare policy reform and poverty governance model transition, based on which to explore the process of constructing new poverty governance models during the U. S. welfare reform. It is pointed out that the American welfare reform is a great success in training welfare recipients to work hard and take personal responsibilities but it also forces a great number of welfare receipts into the low-income labor market and fails to help them out of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LNG has been steadily increasing its share of the global gas trade. The United States and European countries have studied the interchangeability of natural gas according to specific situations and provided results of the relevant studies. In China, the import of LNG is steadily increasing, but the problems regarding quality and interchangeability were not fully understood and resolved. In this paper, a study on applicability of Weaver indices has been completed. The experiments were conducted for 17 typical gas appliances and 11 natural gas sources with 187 test conditions. Comparing the experimental results with the results predicted by Weaver indices, it suggested that the limits of Lifting JJ need to change to ≥0. 95, Incomplete Combustion JI need to change to ≤0.04 and the limit of AGA index Lifting IL change to ≤1.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have argued that interpersonal networks are more dominated by kin and work ties in Japan than in America. This paper seeks to examine the extent to which these differences manifest in the voice calling patterns of smartphone users in these two countries. We draw on data collected from a smartphone application that we designed to anonymously collect mobile log and pop-up survey data. The application was used to collect data from 226 adults in living in Japan and 195 adults living in America. Using descriptive and multivariate statistics we compare the voice call interaction patterns of respondents in these two countries. We conclude by discussing the extent to which the concept of interpersonal collectivism can be applied to understand different patterns of mobile communication in Japan and America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the survival ability of armored vehicles in the war, the protecting technology has been attached importance and developed completely by the world military powers. The paper presented the research state and protecting level of modern armor, and enumerated protecting furnishment of advanced armored vehicles, and summarized the research state and level of key protecting technology-armor material. After introducing situation of armor protecting technology, taking the research content of U. S. and U. K., the development trend to the modern armor technology-synthesis protection system were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American political philosopher Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind is an important research book reflecting the crisis of American university education from the philosophical perspective. Its publication was seen as a miracle in the history of serious academic works in the 20th century. The author cites the proliferation of relativism and nihilism in America universities,analyzes the sources of crisis from the history of political philosophy based on the profound theories of Strauss School, and lastly proposes the way to restructure the liberal education in American universities. Although Chinese scholars have paid much more attention than before to the neo-conservative doctrine, the Strauss School and the American liberal education and have published papers, their research is not based on a comprehensive knowledge of the ideological origin of liberal education proposed by the Strauss School, which to some extent prevents them from thoroughly understanding Bloom's thoughts on liberal education. According to the Strauss School, the most significant contemporary problems are "the crisis "the of modernity" and crisis of Western civilization." But they insist that if people want to comprehensively examine the crisis of modernity in the western society, they must deny both the modern liberalism and left-wing academic views, which are rooted in the tradition of modernity, that is, having strong faith in modernity rather than antiquity, or even in the future rather than the present. Contemporary liberal scholars and their left counterparts are all "modem" or "progressive people" who criticize the modernity in the vein of the modem school. The Strauss School argue that a vision beyond the liberalism needs to be obtained, and they point out that the western classical thought must be just such a vision, especially the vision of what they called "the Plato- Al-Farabi- Maimonides' political philosophy. "Fully adhering to the Strauss School of thought and research style, Bloom often searched for inspiration from Socrates, Plato, Machiavelli, Rousseau and Kant, and made insightful academic observations of the U. S. academic community and higher education. The shift from the critique of modernity to that of modern higher education was indicated by the Strauss School, but was pushed forward and completed by Bloom in his book The Closing of the American Mind. The spread of modern crisis in higher education was the basic proposition of Bloom: relativism and nihilism lead to people's indifference to the history of natural rights and the origin of nation. They do not require the abandonment of old or new beliefs in order to retain the agreed natural rights. They worsen the crisis of faith, result in the widespread failure of the social contract,and create a new split. In all,it is producing spiritual closure and poverty in education. This crisis of modern universities highlights the necessity and urgency of liberal education. In Bloom's view,the core of humanistic education is to help students to explore the eternal theme "What is man?" to obtain a full and rich understanding of the world as a whole and to inspire students to continuously explore the answers to significant issues. By doing so, holistic and free persons will come into being. Bloom thus argues that universities need to fully understand the importance of the position and role of great classics, take the initiative in providing general education courses, and actively promote elite education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe and North America, a few developed countries have gradually implemented an "open disclosure" mechanism characterized by openness, analysis, and learning in dealing with adverse medical events, so that the cost of medical litigation and the reoccurrence rate of adverse medical events can be decreased. The United States was the earliest country to implement an open disclosure mechanism, while Australia has developed the most comprehensive policy. This paper reviewed the histories and current status of the open disclosure mechanism in the United States and Australia to derive implications for constructing a disclosure mechanism for adverse medical events in Taiwan. Two suggestions were made after a review of the two countries' experiences. First, the dominant Department of Health should plan and conduct large-scale epidemiologic research on adverse medical events to force the medical system to face the issue of medical injury seriously. Second, social action supporters in various areas should be mobilized to propose comprehensive social legislation, promote education, and advocate for Taiwan to move toward the goal of dealing with adverse medical events with open disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The belief that there are common elements in contemporary international educational policy has brought growing interest in sharing leadership theories and successful models cross-culturally. The challenge is to understand the complexity of cross-cultural translation of theories and applications, and to map out possible solutions to meaningful adaptation. This paper explores a U. S. framework for school leadership and investigates its cross-cultural generalizability both theoretically and empirically. Employing both qualitative and quantitative methods, findings from the studies give support to the claim that there is strong cross-cultural alignment on the overarching goal of improving student learning. However, the U. S. framework and assessment will need to be modified to reflect the Chinese reform priorities that emphasize the balance between academic and social learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new instrumental system developed by Nu Cybertek Inc., USA is introduced in the article, which is used to evaluate fabric performance related to human sensory perception. The term fabric here refers to any fibrous sheet products including textiles, paper and even leather, and the human sensory perception includes both the hand (tactile sense), and drape and wrinkle recovery (associated with viewing or sighting). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has applied some basic principles of economic theory to the history of political institutions in England and America, and has also compared them with some political institutions in the history of China. It is argued in this paper that the relationship between local governments and the national government is vital to the success of great nations. To illustrate this point, the development of four important point institutions in English and American political history has been analyzed: the medieval Court of the Exchequer, the English common law, the English Parliament, and the American system of federal democracy. The Court of Exchequer was an important institution around 1200 in the early development of the English monarchy, which guaranteed that high officials were being appropriately judged for rewards or punishments. Each sheriff, governor of one of the provinces in medieval England, met the treasurer who was the representative of the central government twice a year at the Court of the Exchequer to settle the sheriff's accounts. And a large subset of the most powerful people in England gathered also at the Court of the Exchequer just to watch and verify everything that they did. Everything that the sheriff had been doing was publicly recorded there at the Exchequer. Therefore, local governors were motivated by the promise of large moral-hazard rents. The great common law in England, which had really begun to develop under Henry II around 1170, leaded directly to the legal tradition that we have in America and Britain today. After a long civil war between Henry's mother and his uncle Stephen, Henry who became the king in the end developed a court system that combined elements of centralization with a decentralized dependence on local governments to assure members of rival political elites that their ability to enjoy certain privileges would be protected under a new national leader. The English common law and the Confucian civil service examinations have some similarities both in historical origins and in their functions. A century after Henry II, around 1300, his great-grandson King Edward I developed Parliament as a way of strengthening the state. The early Parliament gave representation to the local officials who exercised the power of the state at its lowest level. Such parliamentary representation strengthened the state by creating decentralized protection for moral hazard rents of thousands of local government officials. The Parliament was just the Court of Exchequer for the local gentry. The fact that towns were represented in Parliament made them particularly effective as engines of economic growth in the early modern era. On the other hand, the fact that rural gentry were represented in England's Parliament was also important in the 1700s for the creation of some companies called turnpike trusts that built toll roads throughout England, giving England the best transportation system of the 18th century, and thus setting the stage for the industrial revolution. When looking for an analogue of Parliament in traditional China, the c!osest institution is the Confucian system of circulating memorials by scholar-officials. It gave a national political voice to government officials. A successful democracy requires more than just elections; it also requires alternative candidates who have good democratic reputations. Local governments provide the most opportunities for leaders to begin cultivating such reputations. Democratic development in America actually began with decentralized local democracy, and democracy in America has always been federal, in the sense of having separately elected offices at the local, provincial, and national levels. Local democracy can reduce barriers against entry into democratic competition at higher levels of government, and thus local democracy can make elections at higher levels more competitive. On the other hand, elections at higher levels of government can also help to sharpen the competitive incentives for good government in local democracy. Successful democratic development may depend on an interaction between democracy at different levels of government, from local to national. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political conflict is part of Conflict Politics. It has by now not been formed as an independent research domain. In fact, people mentioned it only when exploring the types of political conflicts. The present attempt aims at drawing people's attention to this area. On the basis of sorting Out Seymour Martin Lipset's relevant studies, the paper integrates and works out a new analysis approach, which is termed conflict angle. It is extended to include all the areas of political life. The author discusses political conflicts and organization processes, summarizes the relevant key points, and explores in detail the gaming rules in election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares media relations in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States. There are several significant findings. First, the media-public relations practitioner relationship is more informal and closer in Asia than it is in the U.S. Second, media ethics, such as gift giving and informal gatherings, are different in these Asian cultures and in the U.S. Finally, the U.S. journalists and public relations practitioners have more positive attitudes toward on-line types of source-reporter relations than Asian journalists and practitioners do. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed based on the findings of this comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper simply introduced the scope of identification and requirement of content label, each fiber should be used its generic names. Labeling methods and the using of terms of different textiles were mainly presented, "New" "all" and "S" may be used on the label, different wool fabrics has its own identification principle. If a wool fiber product is labeled wholly of one fiber, the tolerance is 0% except to permissive ornamentation. If a wool fiber product which contains more than one fiber, the tolerance is 3% exclusive of permissive ornamentation. Each exported wool product shall be labeled with the name of the country where such product was processed or manufactured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the founder of American psychology, James established the first psychological laboratory in America. However, he did few experiments, and even on some public occasions he was openly against experimental psychology and laboratory methods. Even so, he exerted a profound impact on American experimental psychology. In this paper, the author explores a number of little known historical facts about James' experimental psychology, and re-evaluates the relationship between James and experimental psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three major theory patterns successively appeared in the studies of Chinese Americans in the past hundred years, namely the theories of assimilation model, neo-social history model rising in 1960s, and postmodernism model--disperalism, globalizationism and transnationalism. The change of the theoretic patterns is closely associated with the American social transformation, the development of the social science and the transition of the scholars' position. This paper reviews and criticizes the studies of U.S. on Chinese Americans for last hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natalie Zemon Davis is one of the pioneers in the study of international Women History. Her great contributions are laid on emphasizing the difference between the concepts of sex and gender and putting equal focus on the female and male history, which are the theoretic foundation of other historians who develop gender theory further. The paper presents her thought of women history and gender history based on her main works Society and Culture in Early Modern France, Fiction in the Archives and Women on the Margins from three aspects "female images under patriarchal control, female images from the lower classes, female images from margin to center". It also provides some references for historiophoty research at home by exploring her historical thoughts and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person cannot be held criminally liable once he or she is found insane in criminal trial. In Clark v. Arizona, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that (1) Arizona's narrowing of its insanity test did not violate due process, and (2) Arizona's evidential rule, which excluded evidence of mental illness and incapacity due to mental illness on issue of mens rea, did not violate due process of law. The holding of the Supreme Court raises significant issues regarding the constitutional nature of the insanity defense and the constitutional right to present evidence. The issue is also tied to the defendant's mental state and challenges the common law tradition of mens rea and culpability. By reviewing the common law tradition and current legal models of the insanity defense in the U.S., this paper analyzes the case and its effects, and proposes an alternative means of thinking about the law and insanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International system had a vivid change in 2008, in which the American subprime mortgage crisis broke out and caused a global financial crisis in the world. The Wall Street suddenly became the symbol of greedy. In August of 2008, the military conflict happened between Russia and Georgia after Georgia launch out military operation and fired the South Osetia. The UN could not negotiate the two countries to solve the problem without fire. Obxazia and South Osetia proclaimed independence and got admission from Russia. Georgia proclaimed to cease all foreign relations with Russia. The Russia-Georgia conflict showed the frustration of Georgia applying for entering NATO which tries to narrow the Russian strategic space and isolate Russia. The new Cold War is forming after Medvedev took the presidency in Kremlin. After Obama was elected the American president, the US media tried to attribute the financial crisis to China which tried to maintain the fixed currency in Reminbi. The bilateral relations between China and America will more and less reflect in the trade. The paper tries to analyze the media coverage from these three countries to show the characteristics of their foreign policies and international propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After World War Two, Tibet became an essential part of US Asian strategy. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Central Intelligence Agency secretly dispatched its agents to Tibet, in an attempt to urge separatist forces in Tibet to establish close ties with the US. However, the US government has consistently denied its involvement. Drawing on the newly released US government files, this paper examines in detail the secret expedition of two CIA agents, Douglas Mackiernan and Frank Bessac, with the aim of restoring the historical truth of the covert US operation that backed the Tibetan separatists against the new-born power of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the law systems of Britain and American, unjust enrichment was a old law. However, it is newly-established in China and the items are abstract and simple. The paper researches into the system of German and American in order to develop the Chinese system for the development of the marketing economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulations and standards of flammability of textiles for toys in United States, Canada and European Union and other developed countries were explained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the background of global financial crisis, a growing range of products were recalled from EU and USA, and the losses caused by recall were expanding. The international markets, especially the exporters paid more and more attention to the recalls. This paper analyzed the statistical data of consumer product recalls involved with CPSC and RAPEX during the period from Jan. to Nov. in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Library & Information Science Research is the property of Library Association of the Republic of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the dual challenge of the free market and social justice in the context of Christian faith in the U.S. and Europe. It cites the social movements that criticized the free market and constitutional democracy during the Enlightenment in the two continents. It looks at the Christian ethics and public engagement along with social justice that regulate capital and labor in the tide of globalization.

With the rapid development of synthetic biology, lots of synthetic biology technology achievements in various application fields have been commercialized, generating broad market prospects. The commercialization of products employing synthetic biology technology (hereinafter referred as synthetic biology products) has brought benefits to human beings, but it has also produced potential safety risks. At present, relevant laws and standards for regulation of biotechnology or genetically modified organisms have been adopted to regulate the safety risks of commercialization of synthetic biology products (CSBP). However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of synthetic biology, the safety risks of CSBP cannot be comprehensively regulated by these laws and standards. Therefore, it is of great significance to formulate specific supervision and management measures for regulating the safety risks of CSBP. This paper summarized the situation of CSBP in the fields of food, medical care, agriculture, environment, energy and materials, analyzed the safety risks existing in the CSBP, and sorted out current supervision situation of its safety risks in European countries, United States, as well as in China. We further proposed suggestions on the safety supervision and management measures on the safety risks of CSBP, including classified examination and approval, classified identification of products, and strict screening and approval of market entities before entering the market, and strengthening safety supervision and emergency treatment as well as accident responsibility investigation after entering the market. This whole-process safety regulation might provide support for the safety of CSBP and promote the healthy and long-term development of synthetic biology industry.

Pressure injury (PI) not only reduces the quality of life of patients but also is expensive to manage, placing a heavy financial burden on patients and their families, and society. Despite the increasing diversity of methods used to identify early PI, there are still few methods that can truly and accurately predict early PI. The sub-epidermal moisture scanner is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-authorized PI management device that can predict the occurrence and development of PI by measuring the level of local tissue bio-capacitance and monitoring the tissue viability. As an emerging diagnostic instrument, the sub-epidermal moisture scanner has already shown great advantages in clinical practice, which can promote the informatization, digitization, and intelligent prevention and management of PI. This paper introduces the pathophysiological mechanism of PI, elucidates the working principle and parameter settings of the sub-epidermal moisture scanner, its clinical application in monitoring tissue viability in early PI, and its limitation, and looks forward to its future development.

In November 2023, the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics jointly released key updates to the neonatal resuscitation guidelines based on new clinical evidence. This update serves as an important supplement to the "Neonatal resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care". The aim of this paper is to outline the key updates and provide guidance on umbilical cord management and the selection of positive pressure ventilation equipment and its additional interfaces in neonatal resuscitation.

The early period of Sino-American communication in Chinese materia medica referred to the historical period from the 17th century, European trade overseas and the frequent communication of missionaries, to 1848 when gold prospectors from China travelled to America. This paper reviewed and examined the three historical events in this period : the spread, trade, and introduction of tea; the first edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia and its collection of Chinese medicines and preparations; and the discovery and trade of American ginseng hoping to explore the basic historical facts of the spread and exchange of Chinese medicine between China and America in the early period. The paper explored these historical factors, provided effective references for developing cooperation in public health between China and America and the start of the constructing of a Global Community of Health for All.

Objective: To analyze the literature on electric burns published at home and abroad, and to explore the research hotspots and frontiers of electric burns. Methods: The bibliometric method was used. The Chinese and English literature related to electric burns published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, VIP database and the core collection of Web of Science database from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 were searched respectively, and the CiteSpace 6.2.R2 software was used for analysis. The number of papers, authors, countries, and institutions of Chinese and English literature were counted respectively, and the co-occurrence analysis of keywords and mutation analysis and cluster analysis on the basis of the co-occurrence analysis were conducted, besides, the clustering time line figure was obtained after the keywords were sorted by time to explore the current research status and the evolution process of hotspots in the field of electric burns. Results: A total of 398 English papers were retrieved from the core collection of Web of Science database, and a total of 523 Chinese papers were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and VIP database after duplicate check. From 2013 to 2022, the number of English literature published in the field of electric burns showed a steadily upward trend, and the number of published Chinese literature showed a downward trend and tended to be stable. In Chinese literature, a total of 302 authors as the first author published papers related to electric burns, with 17 core authors published ≥3 papers; in English literature, a total of 320 authors as the first author published papers related to electric burns. Researches on electric burns were carried out in 65 countries, with United States having the most cooperation with other countries and the largest number of papers published. A total of 512 institutions at home and abroad published papers related to electric burns, and the institutions with the largest number of Chinese and English papers were Shanghai Electric Power Hospital in China ( n =14) and Hallym University in Korea ( n =11), respectively. A total of 1 176 Chinese keywords and 1 068 English keywords were included for co-occurrence analysis after excluding keywords related to the searching words. The top three keywords in frequency in Chinese literature were surgical flap, wound repair, and nursing, and the top three keywords in frequency in English literature were management, epidemiology, and children. Ten clusters were obtained by keyword analysis in Chinese literature, and the largest cluster was wound healing, followed by clinical effects and surgical flaps. Seven clusters were obtained by keyword analysis in English literature, and the largest cluster was reconstructive surgical procedures, followed by chronic pain and shock. The persistent clusters in Chinese literature were wound healing and clinical outcomes, etc., and the prominent nodes in the recent two years were surgical timing, limb electric burns, and hypertrophic scars; the persistent clusters in English literature were reconstructive surgical procedures and chronic pain, etc., and the prominent nodes in the recent two years were predictors and burn management, etc. In Chinese literature, the keyword with the longest duration of mutation (2017-2021) was wrist electric burns, and the keyword with the highest intensity of mutation was flap repair; in English literature, the keyword with the longest duration of the mutation (2019-2022) was voltage, and the keyword with the highest intensity of mutation was prevention. Conclusions: There are similarities and differences in the research directions and hotspots of electric burns at home and abroad. Surgical flap repair is a common research hotspot at home and abroad. At present, domestic research focuses on wound healing, wrist electric burns, and other aspects, while international research focuses on treatment management, epidemiology, reconstruction, and other aspects.

Targeted temperature management (TTM) has been partially applied in patients with restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (CA). In the 2020 American Heart Association (AHA) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines, TTM is used as advanced life support after ROSC for the treatment of patients with CPR. TTM has a protective effect on cardiac function after CA, but the specific mechanism of its protective effect on cardiac function remains unclear. In this paper, the basic experimental progress, clinical trial progress and development prospect of TTM on the protective mechanism of cardiac function after CA are reviewed.

Objective: based on summarizing the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures across the globe and sorting out the various scenarios of tobacco control measures, the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were systematically analyzed. Methods: Until April 2022, PubMed, Embase, EconLit, PsychINFO, and CINAHL databases were used to retrieve literature about tobacco control measures simulation and prediction models across the globe. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. Meta-analysis for the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios was performed using the R software. Results: A total of 22 papers covering 16 countries were selected. Five studies were conducted in the United States, three in Mexico, and two in Italy. There were all papers with the measures to tax increases, smoke-free air laws, and mass media campaigns, 21 papers with youth access restrictions, 20 with marketing restrictions, and 19 with cessation treatment programs and health warnings. The tax increases had diverse influences on the price elasticity of different age groups. The price elasticity in the age group 15-17 years was the highest, which was 0.044 (95% CI : 0.038-0.051). The potential short-term effects of smoke-free air laws in workplaces were higher than in restaurants and other indoor public places. The effects of youth access restrictions were greater in the age group <16 years than in the age group 16-17. The stronger the implementation of other measures, the greater the potential short-term effects. A comparison of seven tobacco control measures showed that the cessation treatment programs increase in cessation rate was the highest, 0.404 (95% CI : 0.357-0.456). The reduction in smoking rate and reduction in initiation rate of youth access restrictions strongly enforced and publicized was the highest in the age group <16 years, 0.292 (95% CI : 0.269-0.315), and 0.292 (95% CI : 0.270-0.316). Conclusions: The potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were evaluated more accurately and objectively through Meta-analysis. In the short term, cessation treatment programs will substantially increase smoking cessation rates, and strong youth access enforcement will sharply reduce smoking and initiation rates among adolescents under 16. These results also offer strong data-related support for the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures in China and other countries.

Respiratory tract viruses are the second leading cause of olfactory dysfunction. Between 2019 to 2022, the world has been plagued by the problem of olfaction caused by the COVID-19. As we learn more about the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）, with the recognition that olfactory dysfunction is a key symptom of this disease process, there is a greater need than ever for evidence-based management of postinfectious olfactory dysfunction（PIOD）. The Clinical Olfactory Working Group has proposed theconsensus on the roles of PIOD. This paper is the detailed interpretation of the consensus., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Combination products face unique R&D, manufacturing, clinical, and regulatory challenges compared to individual devices, drugs, or biological products. Based on the interpretation of the relevant policies and the latest principles of combination products, this paper expounds the FDA's guidance, application trends, and application strategies for the pre-market pathways of combination products, with a view to providing relevant information for Chinese researchers and manufacturers when they start to entry the United States market.