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In order to solve the problems of high cost of microemulsion use and the limitation of microe- mulsion application in high temperature and high salt strata, this paper conducted a systematic research on the development of chemically driven microemulsions and the unique properties of nanoparticles, and summarized the synergistic effect between nanoparticles and microemulsions, the effect of nanoparticle incorporation on the applicability of salinity to the microemulsions as well as the influence on the rheological properties. The current status of nanoparticle synergistic microemulsion research at home and abroad is summarized and reviewed, and the synergistic effect between nanoparticles and microemulsions is summarized to produce mechanisms such as low interfacial tension, change of wettability, reduction of chemical adsorption, enhancement of stability, and improvement of rheological ratio. At present, the application of nanoparticles in microemulsions is still in the exploratory stage, which requires further theoretical analysis and experimental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monodispersed and spherical gold nanoparticles and over nanoparticles with average is about 50 nm and 45 nm respectively, were synthesized by chemical reduction method using gearing as the protective agents, chioroauric aid SOUSE and over nitrate as metal source, hydrant hydrate as riding agents. UV-vis spectrum (UV-vis), X-ray powder diffraction ( XRD), flourier transform mortared spectrometer (FT-IR)and scorning electron microscope (SEM)were used to check the as-prepared gold and over nanoparticles. Some influencing factors nan the process of preparation of gold and over nanoparticles are briefly discussed. The results show that the prepared gold and over nanopaerieles are small Nan is with narrow distriburion. The amounts of precursor soon, reducing agent and gelatin solution play important roles in the size and morphologies of gold and silver nanoparticles. As the amount of precursor solution, reducing agents and gelatin solution increased, the particles size showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The optimized processing parameters nan this research for preparation of gold and silver nanoparticles can be obtained when the consumption of gelatin solution, precursor solution, and redoing agent is 5,2 and 2 mL,respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing is the property of Editorial Department of Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 The effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and biochar on the yield, quality, and main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco were discussed to provide a theoretical basis for the chemical fertilizer reduction application. 【Method】 Tobacco variety Yunyan 85 was taken as the test material, five treatments of chemical fertilizer and biochar were set up, CK (control): conventional fertilizer; T1: conventional fertilizer+180 kg/hm² biochars; T2: conventional fertilizer+360 kg/hm² biochars; T3: 80% base chemical fertilizer+180 kg/hm² biochars; T3: 80% base chemical fertilizer+360 kg/hm² biochars. Three repeated randomized block experiments were used in the field. Representative tobacco plants were selected to measure their agronomic traits and SPAD value after transplanting 63 d (topping stage). After curing, the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in each treatment were investigated, the main chemical components and sensory quality evaluation were analyzed. 【Result】 Application biochar promoted the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, and significantly increased the plant height, maximum leaf area, and stem girth. Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with biochar were not significantly reduced the plant height, maximum leaf area, and stem girth, but the SPAD values in the middle leaves were significantly lower. The yield and output value of treatments were T2>T4>T3>T1>CK. The exorbitant value of soil C/N ratio was beneficial for improving the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco. The content of total sugar and reducing sugar in tobacco leaves under all treatments with over 26% and 22%, respectively, exceeded the standard of high quality tobacco leaf, and the content of total nitrogen, nicotine, potassium, nitrogen-nicotine ratio and potassium-chloride ratio were all within the appropriate range, respectively. Tabcco leaves under the T1 and CK treatments had more harmonious chemical components. With increasing soil C/N ratio value, contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium of flue-cured tobacco were increased, but decreased the contents of total nitrogen and nicotine. A suitable amount of application biochar resulted in coordination of tabacco leaf chemical components. However, excessive application biochar reduced quality of tobacco leaves. The sensory quality scores in T1 treatment were the higher (66.10), then in CK and T3 treatments (61.11), and the lowest in T2 treatment (59.86). 【Conclusion】 The combined application chemical fertilizer and biochar has important effects on the agronomic, economic and quality traits of flue-cured Tobacco. The higher values of soil C/N ratio (T1 and T3 treatments) were good for improving the quality of tobacco leaves, while the exorbitant values of soil C/N ratio (T2 and T4 treatments) were conducive to improving the yield and output value of tobacco leaves. Considering the application fertilizer effects, it was suggested that the best fertilizer application was the combination of biochar fertilizer of 180 kg/hm² and conventional fertilizer in Sichuan Mianning tobacco-planting area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electroplating & Finishing is the property of Electroplating & Finishing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Organically soluble octadecamine modified copper nanoparticles were successfully prepared by using sodium octanoate as phase transfer catalyst, octadecamine as ligand agent and sodium borohydride as reducing agent. The reaction pathway was explored by 1H NMR, and the mode of interaction between copper nanoparticles and octadecamine was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and XPS・ TEM results show that copper nanoparticles have a particle size of 1 〜4 nni. Nano-lubricants dissolved with 1 % copper nanoparticles can be stored for a long time without sedimentation under a variety of conditions ・ TGA test results explain the high solubility and stability of copper nanoparticles in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry / Zhongguo Wuji Fenxi Huaxue is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laser Induced Plasma Assisted Ablation (LIPAA) has the advantages of economy, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency in the preparation of glass surface metallization. The feasibility of realizing metallized pattern circuit by using LIPAA process on glass substrate with metal copper as sacrificial target under nanosecond laser is studied. Therefore, firstly, the conductivity of metallized pattern circuit on glass substrate prepared by progressive scanning LIPAA is discussed in detail. In view of the disadvantage of the reduction of its conductivity caused by oxidation, the hydrogen reduction was further used to optimize its post treatment, and the circuit performance was analyzed by combining Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), revealing the morphology characteristics and the change rule of resistivity of the surface of the glass metallized pattern circuit prepared by nanosecond laser LIPAA method. The results show that the metal layer on the glass surface can be directly ablated by the laser patterning removal process, and the fine patterned circuit can be prepared on the glass surface. At the same time, the chemical hydrogen reduction method can overcome the disadvantage that the metal layer oxidation seriously affects the circuit resistivity. The average resistivity after chemical hydrogen reduction is only 8.18 X 10-7Ω·m, which greatly improves the conductivity of the patterned circuit on the glass surface, shows broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Straw returning to the field can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers on the basis of improving soil fertility. Straw resources can also be effectively utilized during this time. However, there is a different replacement rate of chemical fertilizer with straw return in China, due to the varying crop planting systems with the various soil fertility. In this study, a critical review was proposed to comprehensively analyze the replacement potential of chemical fertilizer by straw returning in field experiments. The data were collected from the published literature data of “CNKI” from 2000 to 2021 and 32 field experiments of straw returning to fields in Hubei Province from 2013 to 2021. The search keywords were set as “straw return”, “nitrogen (N) fertilizer”, “phosphorus (P) fertilizer”, “potassium (K) fertilizer”, and “fertilizer replacement and reduction”. The criteria for selecting data from the literature are as follows: 1) The study was conducted in China; 2) The experimental crop was rice, wheat, maize or oilseed rape; 3) The same experiment needed to include the paired treatment and control group. The treatment group was the chemical fertilization reduction with straw return, whereas, the control group was chemical fertilization without straw return. The rest experimental conditions of the treatment and control group were strictly consistent; 4) The level ranges of chemical fertilizer were 150-250 kg/hm² (N), 40-120 kg/hm² (P2O5), and 50-150 kg/hm² (K2O); 5) There were the clear starting and ending years of the experimental period; 6) The published data included the fertilizer amount, crop yield, basic physical and chemical properties of soil. Eventually, 487 published datasets were collected during the years 2000-2021, while, 641 experimental datasets from 32 field experiments that conducted in Hubei Province from 2013 to 2021. After that, the datasets were utilized to determine the proportion of N, P, and K fertilizer reduction by straw return for the major crops, in order to estimate the chemical fertilizer saving potential of straw return on a national scale. Specifically, the average replacement ratios of N, P, and K fertilizers by straw return were 12.2%, 23.9% and 43.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the replacement ratios by straw return among the crops. In rotation systems, the average replacement ratio of N and P fertilizer by straw return in the paddy-upland rotation system (e.g., rice monoculture and rice-oilseed rape rotation) were 5.0-12.9 and 18.0-24.8 percentage points higher than those in the upland rotation system (e.g., wheat-corn rotation and corn monoculture). In addition, the supply capacity of soil nutrients was an important influencing factor on the replacement reduction potential of chemical fertilizer (especially P and K fertilizer) by straw return. The reduction ratios of P and K fertilizer by straw return were 9.1-11.5 and 6.2-14.2 percentage points lower in soil with a high nutrient supply capacity than those with the low one, respectively. According to the planting area and fertilizer consumption of various crops in 2020, the national N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer for the rice, wheat, maize, and oilseed rape seasons could have reduced by 239.48×104, 227.73×104 and 451.98×104 t, respectively, accounting for 12.6%, 25.0%, and 48.5% of the current N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizer consumptions. The total cost of chemical fertilizer was saved 478.98×108 Yuan per year by straw return. A large number of field experiments were implemented for the comprehensive analysis of the reduction potential of chemical fertilizer by straw return. The finding can provide the theoretical basis and data support for the high-use efficiency of chemical fertilizers for the major crops in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Precious Metals / Guijinshu is the property of Precious Metals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron（S-nZVI） degrades the combined pollution of Cr（Ⅵ） and trichloroethylene（TCE）,Cr（Ⅵ） will passivate the surface of S-nZVI,which seriously inhibits the degradation of TCE.In this study, the chemical reduction of S-nZVI was combined with the biological action of sulfate reducing bacteria（SRB）,and the reactivity was evaluated with the composite pollutant prepared by TCE and Cr（Ⅵ）.The result showed that compared with the independent S-nZVI,S-nZVI cultured in SRB medium reduced surface passivation and showed higher dechlorination efficiency due to the effect of SRB.The dechlorination efficiency after 12 h of culture was 84.15%,which was 1.9 times that of sulfide nano zerovalent iron alone.At the same time, by coupling with S-nZVI,it provides suitable growth conditions and electron donors for SRB,and improves the efficiency of SRB in removing heavy metals.Overall, the synergy shown in the SRB-S-nZVI system may provide a valuable remediation strategy to overcome the limitations of independent S-nZVI dechlorination methods in reducing chlorinated organic pollutants in composite pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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【Objective】Titanium ion of variable valence with light energy（TIVL） was an environmentally friendly agricultural preparation developed in recent years, which can effectively reduce crop disease incidence. This study focused on whether TIVL possessed antimicrobial activity. 【Method】Three potato pathogens, including Phytophthora infestans, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Streptomyces scabiei, were cultured in the medium containing different concentrations of TIVL. The effection of TIVL on the growth of these three pathogens were analyzed. The microstructures were observed by transmission electron microscope. 【Result】It was found that TIVL suppressed the growth of the pathogens. The colony diameter decreased with the increase of TIVL concentration in solid medium. When the concentration reached 16 mg/L, no colony was found after 5-7 days. The antimicrobial activity of 16 mg/L TIVL against P. infestans was equivalent to that of fluazinam, a frequently-used pesticide for late blight control. Similarly, the colony count of R. solanacearum and S. scabiei decreased with the increase of TIVL concentration. No single colonies of R. solanacearum and S. scabiei were observed after 60 hours and 108 hours culture in the medium containing 16 mg/L TIVL, respectively. P. infestans was scraped off from the medium with 8 mg/L TIVL and observed by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that TIVL affected the microstructures of P. infestans.【Conclusion】16 mg/L TIVL can effectively inhibit the growth of P. infestans, R. solanacearum, and S. scabiei. This study provided a theoretical basis for the characterization of the mechanism of antimicrobial activity and the control of potato diseases. Moreover, it provides product and technical support for the reduction of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China University of Petroleum is the property of China University of Petroleum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Under the control measures of biochar and nitrogen reduction, the physical and chemical properties of soil were studied in order to clarify the effect of biochar and nitrogen reduction on the physical and chemical properties of soil. [ Method] Split plot experiments were designed, and with nitrogen fertilizer was the main area; The different magnitude with biological carbon and nitrogen were set up, the breed as the varieties of nitrogen efficiency and inefficiency, Zheng 958 respectively (lh-zd) and jade 508 (XY) first, was deputy district, the soil organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, conductivity, cation exchange capacity and other indicators were determined. [Result] Under the control measures of biochar combined with nitrogen reduction, the soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, electrical conductivity and soil quality index could be significantly improved, but their effect had no significance on cation exchange. C1 and C3 treatments were beneficial to the accumulation of total nitrogen in the soil, and the total nitrogen content in the rhizosphere soil of high-efficiency nitrogen varieties was more abundant The total nitrogen content of ClZD958 and C3ZD958 were significantly higher than that of the low-efficiency nitrogen varieties of the corresponding treatments (4. 90% and 8. 15% respectively). The content of available phosphorus in ZD958 treated by C2 was significantly higher than that of NHlOl with low nitrogen efficiency, which was 125. 30%, and the content of available phosphorus in ZD958 treated by Cl was significantly higher than that of NH101 with low nitrogen efficiency, which was 25. 23%. The effect of C2 treatment on the accumulation of available potassium in soil was more significant, and the content of available potassium in ZD958 treated by C2 treatment was significantly higher than that of NH101 with low nitrogen efficiency. After biochar application, the electrical conductivity of each treatment was significantly increased, and that of C2 treatment was the most significant Moreover, the rhizosphere soil conductivity of nitrogen efficient cultivars had some advantages over that of nitrogen inefficient cultivars. The electrical conductivity of rhizosphere soil treated with C2ZD958, and ClZD958 were higher than that of ClZD958 6. 87%. The regulation of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer reduction had no significant effect on increasing the cation exchange capacity of soil. [Conclusion] Biochar and nitrogen fertilizer reduction control measures can effectively improve soil quality. The soil quality index of C2 and Cl was the highest, with 0. 746 and 0. 643, respectively. The short-term regulation measures of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer reduction were adopted, which still had a significant effect on soil quality improvement. The combination of biochar 3000 with pure N 300 and 255 kg/hm2 had the most significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The mass production of graphene sheets is a prerequisite for exploiting the applications of graphene. A major focus of experimental research has been concentrated on the development of effective approaches to produce well-defined graphene in large scale. Due to its high yield and cost efficiency, chemical reduction of graphene oxide has been proofed to be one of the most feasible approaches to achieve this goal. Graphene consists almost entirely of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms, while graphene oxide additionally contains sp3 regions, oxygen functional groups and structural defects. The fundamental understanding of the mechanism of chemical reduction of graphene oxide is a key issue when preparing graphene materials via graphene oxide precursor. Although dozens of methods have been exploited to facilitate the chemical reduction of graphene, only few studies were focused on the reduction mechanism.The chemical reduction strategies of graphene oxide, and as well as their mechanisms were reviewed in this paper. It was suggested that the core issue of the reduction is how to clarify the removal of hydroxyl groups and the simultaneous restoration of a conjugated structure.

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Pesticide spray is a key session of management of fruit trees and air-assisted ground sprayers are commonly used in orchards. However, conventional equipment may lead to concerning issues, such as excessive chemical use and serious drifts. This study designed a target detecting and tracking system for an orchard spray robot, which was specifically developed for spraying onto middle and lower parts of fruit trees in terms of the background of stereo plant protection. The robot had an electric crawler chassis. A lifting implement and a spray bracket with nozzles were specifically designed. In terms of the control system, the system consisted of four main units: including a LiDAR detection unit, a height adjustment unit, an angle adjustment unit, and a control unit. For the LiDAR detection unit, RPLIDAR S1 was used to detect trees and measure the distance between the robot and the trees. For the height adjustment unit, a lifting implement combined with ranging finders was utilized to raise the height from the ground to the spray bracket, so that nozzles could reach the calculated height of target points in real-time. For the angle adjustment unit, electric pushrods with encoders were exploited to change the angle of the spray bracket, so that the nozzles could follow the calculated angle of target points. In terms of the control unit, STM32F429, a microcontroller, was applied. Based on the structure, three steps were developed for operation. First, general characteristics of fruit trees were analyzed based on the investigation in the orchards in Beijing, Shanxi, and Guangxi, and detection areas were determined based on these characteristics. Then, LiDAR was used to acquire the point clouds of canopies of the trees, and the polar distance and polar angle of target points were computed based on the maximum and minimum polar coordinate values of points of the trees. At last, the target points were obtained by the division and filtering of the point clouds in the areas, and the final distance and elevation angle of spraying were calculated based on these targets. Furthermore, the mathematical relations, one, between the elevation angle of the targets and the pulse number of the encoder, the other, between that and the stroke of pushrods, were established. Meanwhile, the measurement and control method of elevation angles of the spray bracket was designed. Incremental Proportion Integral Differential (PID) was applied for the angle variation so that elevation tracking could be achieved. To demonstrate the performance of the system, trials were conducted on the campus of China Agricultural University to acquire the data of Begonia canopies. The route of the robot was ‘U’ shaped and three trees were randomly selected for analysis. Results indicated that the system could adapt to different sizes and characteristics of canopies. Meanwhile, the targets of the three trees were concentrated on the height from 1.5 m to 2.5 m, which illustrates that the range could meet the requirement of spray onto middle and lower canopies of trees. Furthermore, the trials identified that the minimum spray elevation angle was 47.8 °, while the maximum spray elevation angle was 51.4 °. The maximum adjustment time of spray elevation angle between continuous targets was 0.06 s, which meant that the positioning of targets was fast. The system could offer a solid theoretical basis of the target following spray and the study could give a technical reference on chemical reduction, energy-saving, and drift decrease of plant protection in orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND Cr(Ⅵ) is one of the 47 internationally recognized most dangerous wastes. Study on the remedy of Cr-contaminated soil is of great significance for risk control of contaminated soil. OBJECTIVES To build a reliable method for Cr-contaminated soil, and to screen the optimal remediation conditions. To propose a chemical reduction-stabilization combined method for remediation of Cr(Ⅵ) contaminated soil and screen the remediation conditions including choice of reductant, soil/liquid ratio and stabilizer. METHODS Soil from a typical chromium contaminated site in Jinan is used as the research object, and the idea of 'chemical reduction + solidification stability' is suggested, which is aimed at the types of repair agent, dosage ratio, reaction time, reduction efficiency, repair cost and environmental effect. The optimal conditions for the repair process were determined and the remediation effects of contaminated soil were evaluated. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the optimal parameter for Cr(Ⅵ) treatment was using ferrous chloride as the reductant and treating for 2 days, controlling the addition amount of the reductant at 5 times of its stoichiometric need. Calcium magnesium phosphate was used as the stabilizer and its addition amount was controlled as 10%. After remediation, the bioavailable efficients of Cr in the soil reduced from 0.4398 to 0.0017. The results showed that contents of Cr(Ⅵ) in the treated soil were 0.315-0.501mg/kg, and 99.5% of Cr(Ⅵ) was reduced. CONCLUSIONS The remedied soil satisfies the risk screen number for residual land. This result could provide reference and theoretical basis for soil remediation and decision-making.

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Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of silver nanoparticles can be varied by adjusting their morphology, size and external dielectric environment. Silver nanoparticles with different morphologies show the localized surface plasmon resonance with different strength, thus demonstrating the unique optical properties. In this review, a variety of silver nanoparticels was prepared via chemical reduction methods, which included citrate reduction method, polyol process method, and seed-mediated growth method. The mechanism and characteristics of these methods were discussed. The research progress of silver nanoparticles with different morphologies in recent years was reviewed. Finally, their applications in the surface enhanced roman scattering (SERS) substrate, antibacterial, and catalysis were introduced, and the future development of silver nanoparticles in synthesis and related application fields was summarized and prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of environmental pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers has seriously restricted the sustainable development of green-oriented agriculture in China. Quantitative and uniform mechanized fertilization as an important measure to improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers has become an important way to solve agricultural environmental pollution. In this paper, a spiral disturbance cone centrifugal chemical fertilizer apparatus was designed to solve the problem of precision fertilization due to the insufficient fluency and stability of the fertilizer apparatus fertilizing processes and insufficient uniformity of fertilizer discharge. First of all, the design principles and working principles of the fertilizer apparatus is illustrated. Then the structural parameters of the spirally disturbance cup and curved cone disk are designed, based on the physical and mechanical properties of the granular fertilizer and the requirement of fertilization for rapeseed sowing. Moreover, fluency, uniformity and stability of the fertilizing performance are verified by bench test and field test. The SINO-AGRI fertilizer, STANLEY fertilizer and EZHONG fertilizer are respectively used as experimental materials to carry out the bench test of the fertilizer apparatus. The rotational speed of cone disc measured by SW6234C laser speedometer, there are total 6 levels, are 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 r/min. Coefficient of variation of fertilizing amount consistency in every row, the coefficient of variation of fertilizing amount stability and coefficient of fertilizing amount consistency in same row are used as the evaluation index in the bench test for evaluating fluency, uniformity and stability of the fertilizing performance. The test results of bench show that the variation coefficient of fertilizing amount in every row of three compound fertilizers is below 11.5%. The coefficient of variation of fertilizing stability under chemical fertilizer conditions with different rotational speeds and physical and mechanical properties is below 6.3%, and the variation coefficient of fertilizing amount in same row is above 93%. Therefore, the fertilizer apparatus meets the quality requirements of fertilizer discharge. Meanwhile, variation coefficient of fertilizing amount in every row is 9.82% when the rotational speed of cone is low and the fertilizer apparatus is tilted, that means that the fertilizer apparatus still has better fertilizing performance in the inclined state. The adaptability applied to a narrow-width fertilizing machine of less than 8 rows is weak. The cone disc is successively rotated through the 1 to 8 row of fertilizer tube. When the rotational speed of cone disc is low, the next discharge tube of the blocked fertilizer pipe has a larger amount of fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer in the other fertilizer pipes is basically the same, and the difference in the amount of fertilizer discharged from each row of fertilizer pipes is small. While the rotational speed of cone disc is high, the previous discharge tube of blocked has a larger amount of fertilizer, the difference between the fertilizing amount of this discharge tube and other discharge tube is larger, the amount of fertilizer in the other fertilizer tube is basically same. Furthermore, the field test was carried out to verify the fertilizing performance of the spiral disturbance cone centrifugal fertilizer apparatus. The results of field experiment show that the variation coefficient of fertilizing amount in every row is below 7.9%, the coefficient of variation of fertilizing stability is below 5.3%, the variation coefficient of fertilizing amount in same row is above 93.5%. This research provides effective technical support for chemical fertilizer reduction and precision fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]