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The employment of diverse forms of security and control on territorial borders have led to the production of numerous events of border crossings, smuggling, banditry and death along with stories of separation, loss, mourning, pain, and yearning in the everyday life of border people. The Naqshbandi Khaznavi order has an expansive interpersonal social network across the political borders of Turkish and Syrian nation-states. This work analyzes the ways in which Sufis dealt with diverse aspects of the Turkish-Syrian border by unbinding shackles and orders of political system that were fabricated constantly from the 1920s to the early 1980s. The life stories and narratives of the Sufis document the existence of a religious-cultural landscape, diversifying the perception of place, time and fear which have transcended political borders for decades, contradicting official cartographic imagination and the modern-secular understanding of place and time. Besides, in addition to analyses of religious orders as social, economic and political entities, this work aims to elucidate emotional aspects of relations and faith that coexist between Sufis and their Sheikh in the context of spatial distance, political border and fear of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on armed Circassian opposition in South Marmara against the Turkey government. It mentions collective punishment for the Circassians was applied by the Turkey's government and Turkish–Greek War in Western Anatolia convinced Turkey that it would be practically impossible for it to control the region. It also mentions unrest, robbery, burglary and kidnappings during First World War in the South Marmara region.

This article proposes to re-examine the Turkish–Iraqi Frontier dispute by observing the strategies and attitudes of local populations, in particular in the border areas, between 1918 and 1925, a time when the region became a battleground of British and Turkish agents seeking to secure the loyalties of the local community leaders. The latter played a relevant role in two fundamental and complementary ways. First, by playing different sides, local leaders helped to inform the discourse that served to justify the opposing claims over Mosul province. Second, borderlanders pushed British and Turkish authorities to come to the conclusion that an international agreement was the best solution for both countries. I argue the socio-historical process that led Turkey and Great Britain to accept the Brussels line cannot be fully apprehended without taking into account local players and their interactions with a variety of both state and non-state actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of oil at Kirkuk in northern Iraq, oil has shaped relations between Iraq and Turkey, as the former needed markets and export routes to the Mediterranean and the latter reliable sources of supply. This article examines the origins of the Kirkuk–Ceyhan oil pipeline from northern Iraq to the Turkish Mediterranean coast, charting the period of Iraqi–Turkish economic rapprochement in the 1960s to the construction of the pipeline in the 1970s. It also seeks to add to our collective understanding of why transnational oil pipelines in the Middle East succeed or fail by examining the pipeline's operational record. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Being founded in the wake of the First World War, both Turkey and the Soviet Union followed revolutionary modernizing pathways. At the outset, one could trace many similar patterns in their radical modernization paradigms; however, their development models as well as political and social orders were radically distinct, which became more obvious with the passage of time. The paper discusses the external interpretations of Kemalism by observing the Soviet perspectives on the inception and evolution of Kemalism. Paying more attention to diplomatic, geopolitical and economic complexities of the Turkish-Soviet relations, scholars have rarely problematized the Soviet Union perceptions of Turkish ideological transformations. In reality, since the early 1920s, different state institutions, intellectual schools of thought and research in the Soviet Union closely observed the domestic transformations in Turkey by providing valuable insights on the perspective and the implications of the Kemalist transformation. The article also looks at the question of how the incorporation of Soviet perspectives can enrich the historiography and our understanding of Kemalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history the Crimean War with a particular focus on the allegiance of the Crimean Tartar khans, or rulers, to the Allied Powers of the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain and France against Russia during the war. The article also discusses the issue of independence for Crimea debated by the Allied Powers during the war, including their fear that if Crimea gained autonomy, Russia would regain it. An overview of the British home secretary Lord Henry John Temple Palmerston, including his hope that the Crimean War would weaken Russia's power in its frontier regions, is provided.

The article addresses the issues involved in Turkey's watchful neutrality vis-á-vis the Kurdish mobilization and the temporary autonomy deal in Iraq during the 1970s. Regardless of Ankara's long-held concerns about the spillover effects of the cross-border ethnic issues and growing outside assistance to the Kurdish insurgency by the US, Iran and Israel against Baghdad, Turkey stood aloof to the internationalisation of the Kurdish developments in Iraq. The successive governments in Turkey generally saw the Kurdish-Baghdad confrontation throughout the 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the Cold war and therefore were able to overlook its possible implications on its own Kurds, especially in view of the assurances extended to itself by its allies involved. Having no acute perception of vulnerability due to international conjuncture, the relations with the allies and domestic politics, Turkey seemed not to have any particular instrumental, affective or humanitarian motives to actively get involved in the then significant Kurdish developments in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses foreign trade in Turkey and examines how this concept plays a role in forming Turkish foreign policy. Particular focus is paid to the history of foreign trade in Turkey between the 1970s and 2000s and the influence of the trade policies of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) on the economic stability of the country. It examines the evolution of Turkey's foreign trade with entities such as the European Union and Russia, explores Turkey's place as a part of the West, and discusses the worldwide economic recession in 2010.

The First World War greatly affected the balance of power in Europe and elsewhere. In the case of Turkey and Germany, diplomatic ties had been cut off in 1918, and afterwards both countries, which in the meantime had switched from monarchies to republics, had to forge a new relationship. This study focuses on the re-establishment of German-Turkish relations in a very delicate process which also depended on international developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at introducing the inter-war dimension to the debate on the history of Turkey's association with the idea of European integration. This association evolved in the context of two inter-war initiatives: Aristide Briand's European Union proposal within the framework of the League of Nations and Richard Coudehove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe idea. Although Turkey had been originally excluded from both, the inter-war great power rivalries in Europe rectified the situation, allowing Turkey's incorporation into both schemes. In the process, the Turkish leaders and public could relate to Briand's intergovernmental initiative far more easily than to Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe ideal. This might be considered a manifestation of traditional Turkish emphasis on institutional, rather than ideational, aspect of European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the relationship of the Turkish/Ottoman with Europe in a historical perspective. Some speculative remarks on how the relationship might tie in with Turkey's present relations with the European Union (EU) are discussed. According to the author, some people shared the view that Turkey's accession to the EU would mean the disintegration and the colonization of the country.

The article analyzes the institutional, philosophical and ideological sources of the new Turkish foreign policy, that animates the country's contemporary relations with the neighbors and Middle East. The author doubts the objective validity and rational frameworks of the new theories constructed by neo-conservatives. The article also reflects on the practical aspects of new Turkish foreign policy under the government of Adalet ve Kalkinma party.

The article discusses diplomatic difficulties of 'active neutrality', presenting a case study of chrome exports from Turkey to both Allied and Axis powers during the Second World War. The article also highlights competitive diplomatic activity between Britain, the United States and Germany regarding chrome exports. An overview of the chrome agreements between different nations, and the Turkish-American relationships after the emergence of 'New World Order' is offered.

Focuses on the impact of the Cyprus Crisis and the Greek-Turk Cypriot violence to Turkish foreign policies. Claim of British Prime Minister Lord Home that the inter-communal fighting might grow into a Greco-Turkish war if it is left uncontrolled; Efforts of the British, Turkish, and Greek governments together with representatives of the warring factions for a settlement; Proposals of Greek Cypriot leader Archbishop Makarios for the expulsion of Turkish; Details of the plan for the unification of Greece with Cyprus; Negotiations between the Greek and Turkish governments on the settlement of the Cyprus question; Terms and conditions of the agreement reached by the Greek and Turkish government on the settlement of the issue.

Examines the revolution of May 27, 1960 in Turkey, and the British policy towards Turkey. Inter-party tension between the Democrat Party and the People's Republic Party in Turkey in 1960; British Ambassador to Ankara, Sir Bernard Burrows' analysis of the political situation in Turkey; Demonstrations by students against the government's policies; British Foreign Office's concern about the internal security of Turkey; Fall of the Democrat Party; Overthrow of the Menderes regime; Impact of the revolution upon the foreign affairs of Turkey; Economic consequences of the revolution.

Examines the evolution of the U.S.-Turkish relations. Decision of the Turkish parliament to allow the U.S. military to upgrade air bases and harbors in Turkey; Turkish foreign policy; Issue of human rights in international relations.

Examines the Turco-British relations on the eve of the second World War. Great Britain's policy of balance of power in Europe; Great Britain's prewar rapproachment with Turkey; Evolution of Turco-British relations.

Examines Arab countries' perceptions of Turkey and its alliance with Israel. Relations between Arab countries and Turkey; Impact of the alliance on Arab-Israeli peace process; Turkey's proposal to sell water to Arab countries; Arab countries' objection to include Turkey in a regional system; Arab countries' plan to form a counter-alliance.

Discusses the role played by Great Britain (GB) in the counter-revolution in Turkey on March 31, 1909 against the Young Turks. Attitude of GB toward differences of opinion within various Young Turks groups and between them and the government; Policy of GB after the suppression of the counter-revolution; Implications of the Young Turks' revolution for the Anglo-Turkish relations.

Discusses Turkey-European Union (EU) relations regarding issues of human rights and democratization during the Ozal government. Application for full membership in the European Community; Move to restore parliamentary democracy; Effect of European concern over democratic and human rights conditions in Turkey's political development.

Examines the Turkish-Israeli relations in the post-Cold War era in the context of Ankara's policy, the capital of Turkey. Account of the Turkish-Israeli relations; Reasons for the increasing ties between Turkey and Israel in 1990; Different aspects of the two countries' relationship; Prospects and limitations of the relations between the two countries.

Explores factors that have affected Turkish foreign policy and its daily happenings. Shaping of Turkey's contemporary foreign policy; Transition from the Cold War as the single most important development in Turkey's foreign relations policy; Importance of Mustafa Kemal's understanding and practice of foreign policy; Peace and sovereignty under the leadership of Ataturk.

Examines the historical frameworks of the Turkish foreign policies. Advantage of the geopolitical location of Turkey; Involvement in world politics; Effects of policies on socio-political processes; Analysis of foreign policy ideologies between states; Significance of foreign policies in government relations.

Examines the impact of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) to Anglo-Turkish relations in the Middle East from 1959 to 1965. Effect of the 1958 Middle Eastern turmoil; Conceptualization of the name CENTO; Significance of British policies in the alliance; Creation of military pacts to counter revolutionary dissidents.

Examines the European Union's decision to reject the application of Turkey for membership last December 12, 1997. Argument on shortcomings in upholding the principles of democracy, law and human rights; Impact of Turkey's cultural differences and structural problems; Limitation of future prospects for membership.

Provides information on the relationship between Turkey and the European Union (EU). Unwillingness of many European politicians to look at Turkey as a European country; Factors which attributed to their unwillingness; Reference to several books written relating to the relationship between Turkey and the European Union; Names of the books includes, `Turkey's Relation with a Changing Europe,' by Meltem Muftuler-Bac and `The Ottoman Turks,' by Justin McCarthy.

Focuses on the significance of the individual concerns of Baghdad Pact's original signatories, Turkey and Iraq. Northern Tier scheme and the proposals of United States Secretary John Foster Dulles; Turkey and Iran's defence interests; Formulation of the Baghdad pact; Draft agreement; Pact of Mutual Co-operation between Iraq and Turkey.

Analyzes Turkey's policy toward Iraq from 1991 to 1995. Impact of the outbreak of the Kuwait crisis in August 1990; Assessment of Western influence in Turkey's policy; Turkey's implementation of the Poised Hammer force over Iraq; Assessment of Turkey's balancing policy concerning developments in modern Iraq.

Discusses Western defense developments and Turkey's search for security in 1948. Turkey's foreign policy; Great Britain's interest in the country; Greek-Turkish relations; American participation in the defense of Western Europe; Turkey's security arrangement with the United States.

Discusses the motives and aims that influenced the external policies of pursued by the Young Turks during their decade of power from 1908 to 1918. Hostility toward the Great Powers; Anti-Turkish articles in the British press; Relation between Muslim solidarity and Turkish nationalism.

Focuses on the Turkish foreign policy in the Second World War, and the immediate prewar years. Turkey's treaty obligations with Great Britain; Principles of Turkish foreign policy.

Discusses the high-level diplomatic mission by the sultan Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire to Afghanistan in 1877. Approach adopted by the empire in its relations with other Muslim countries; Politics and government of Afghanistan at the time of the mission; Principal objective of the mission; Turkish historical assessment of the 1877 mission to Afghanistan.

Downplays the American role in the events that led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 20, 1974. The United States `Johnson Letter' delivered to Turkish Prime Minister Ismet Inonu; The Greek-engineered anti-Makarios coup of July 15, 1974; Inonu as the main player in the Cyprus crisis; Turkish attitude to Britain; Greek policies toward Cyprus; Suggestions for a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) peacekeeping force; More.

Discusses the effect and the influence that three newspapers-`Paik-i Islam,'`Al-Khalifa' and `al-Ghayrat' had upon Anglo-Ottoman relations in the second half of the nineteenth century. Pro-Ottoman stand taken by the Muslim newspapers during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878; Vernacular Press Act of 1878; More.

Discusses the debate begun by the Turkish government's decision April 14, 1987 to apply for full membership of the European Community. Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal; The concept of `European'; An explanation of the attraction exercised by the countries of the European Community (EC); Ozal's `La Turquie en Europe'; The core of the historical argument for Turkey; More.