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The aim of this work is to improve the tracking performance of separately excited DC motor by exploring the features of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The neural network controller enhances the performance and dynamics of the DC motor in comparison to conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controller. The simulations are carried out with MATLAB simulink. The ANN-based PMDC drive is suitable for a vast number of industries like paper mills, textile mills, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the efficiency of fabricated solar panels using nonconventional materials--an approach that has significant potential for increasing the adoption of solar energy in resource-constrained environments. The fabrication of solar panels using local materials is presented in the paper. Solar cells are devices that convert solar energy directly into electricity-appropriate tools. Thirty-six cells are connected to form a solar array and six components support the solar array to form a solar panel. These components safeguard the array against the adverse effects of weather-related factors such as hail, airborne debris, moisture, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation. They also provide mechanical support and electrical insulation. Local materials are used for some of these components. Two types of solar cells are considered: Polycrystalline panel and monocrystalline panel give an average power of 80 W and 60 W, respectively, at an average terminal voltage of 18 V. The performances of the locally-fabricated solar panels are comparable with that of imported solar panels. Monocrystalline solar panel is found to offer higher space efficiency compared to polycrystalline type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple, low-cost design of slit-loaded square patch antenna (SLPA) with inset feeding techniques fabricated on Rogers RT/Duriod 5880 material for dual-band frequency-based wireless applications. The design involves five slits etched on patch surface with optimized dimensions. The design makes the antenna to have dual resonance at two independent renounces at the frequency bands of 4.61 GHz and 11.64 GHz having bandwidths of 2% and 14.6% in the operating band, as compared to conventional patch design. Together with improved radiation characteristics and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) values, the antenna additionally demonstrates higher return loss characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiography is one of the most practiced methods to detect any abnormalities in the heart function. Electrocardiogram (ECG) reports are usually available as paper records. The archival and retrieval of patients' ECG record papers require a large storage space and extensive manual effort. Several methods are presented to convert ECG information from paper charts into digital signal form. A code is developed that involves processing the ECG sheets by a set of digital image processing techniques for conversion of ECG sheet image to time digitized signal, resulting in automated analysis ability and convenient storage and retrieval of information. To perform the conversion, first the image is converted from RGB image to gray scale image. The existing method is modified to convert the RGB image to gray scale image by using the 'R' layer of the image. Then the grid lines are removed on ECG paper using two methods: gray scale thresholding and edge detection. A third method, which is signal enhancement by pixel value incrementing, successfully removes the gridlines. After that all the leads in the ECG image are segmented. Finally, the ECG signal based on its contour is digitized using a column-wise pixel 2D to 1D mapping. After the accomplishment of the above task, the ECG signals extracted from paper/sheet are ready for processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the application of adaptive antennas in wireless communication systems with particular attention to how well they can transmit and receive signals by dynamically adjusting radiation patterns. The review covers a range of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches that have been used to enhance adaptive antenna performance in beamforming, channel estimation, interference mitigation, and spectrum utilization. Besides adaptive antennas' potential to improve wireless communication systems, the paper also discusses their limitations, including computational complexity, interference sensitivity, and the significance of precise channel state information (CSI) estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault detection in transmission lines plays an important role in maintaining the dependability and steadiness of power networks. Traditional methods for identifying faults often struggle to handle the diverse nature of real-world fault situations. Machine learning (ML) algorithms offer a data-centered approach that can adjust and learn from datasets, potentially overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches. This paper presents a review of progress in using ML for detecting faults in transmission lines. By drawing insights from lots of studies, explores the paper how ML algorithms have evolved in fault detection, including techniques like networks, recurrent neural networks featuring long short-term memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The paper delves into the spectrum of applications where ML is used for fault detection across fault scenarios and operational settings. Additionally, it discuss the obstacles and prospects linked to putting ML-based fault detection systems into practice, such as challenges with data quality, model interpretability and integration with existing grid monitoring systems. Finally, the paper outlines future research paths focused on pushing forward the boundaries of fault detection in power transmission systems through approaches and collaborative endeavors involving academia, industry players and policymakers. In general, this review highlights how ML has the power to revolutionize fault detection methods, enhancing the resilience and dependability of power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the implications of marrying Internet of Things (IoT) with artificial intelligence (AI) in the realms of automation and security and what it entails. It presents an innovative application description arising from this technology convergence and its future-generation applications. It is found that AI brings strong cyber security, predictive maintenance and decision-making capabilities to the table due to its advanced algorithms and machine learning (ML) models. IoT has the potential to allow businesses to extract and generate big data, automate processes and monitor in real-time thousands and even millions of devices at once. It is believed that smart city, standalone systems and user experience are quite consumer-friendly. Importantly, the study also assesses facets such as data protection and system interoperability. The results include achieving significant 95.8% accuracy in anomaly detection and 93.4% accuracy in predictive maintenance, showcasing the efficacy of AI models in enhancing system reliability and operational efficiency. Vigorous encryption protocol performance ensures data security, thus addressing issues of privacy. The findings underscore the transformative potential of AI-IoT integration in next-generation automation and security applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For renovation and modernization of 200 MW steam turbine generator of LMZ design operating beyond their technical life, it is necessary to replace the mechanical governors with electronic governors. As the operating philosophy of modern electronic governors is different, simulation is carried out to check the impact on dynamic performance. In this paper, mathematical modeling approach and simulation results are presented. The study confirms that the controller configuration adopted in electronic governor gives better dynamic response for disturbances normally encountered in the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a prototype setup for detecting and tracking transmission line faults using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This system automatically detects, analyzes and classifies the transmission line faults, while also tracking the location of fault. The setup uses a combination of ESP32, display, potential transformers, current transformers and GSM module to sense, process and transmit data. The instrument transformers accurately sense data and send to ESP32. Comparing with reference value, it analyzes fault and sends information via GSM module to a designated number and server. This prototype ensures fast processing of data and detects faults accurately in different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient traffic management at signalized intersections is integral to urban infrastructure development, requiring accurate estimation of delay times to mitigate congestion and enhance overall transportation systems. The limitations of traditional methodologies have prompted the exploration of novel technologies like light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors. This paper investigates and compares the accuracy of delay time estimations obtained from LiDAR sensor technology with those derived from microsimulation in Aimsun. The paper critically examines the discrepancies and potential complementarity between delay times obtained from LiDAR sensor technology and those derived from microsimulation in Aimsun. The research involves an in-depth evaluation of real-time, high-resolution data collected by LiDAR sensors, assessing their accuracy in capturing the intricate movements and behavior of vehicles at signalized intersections. Simultaneously, Aimsun microsimulation delay time models are scrutinized for their ability to accurately replicate these observed delay times. The disparities identified serve as critical insights into the challenges of both methodologies, prompting the discussion on the prospects of integrating LiDAR-derived data and microsimulation calibration processes to enhance the precision and reliability of delay time estimations. The results demonstrate that LiDAR accurately calculates delay times at signalized intersections, with differences from Aimsun consistently below 6.5% on days with peak vehicle volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper makes a comparison of patch antennas and dipole antennas, two of the most common forms used in wireless communication. Patch antennas are distinguished by their low profile, ease of production and integration with microwave electronics, as opposed to dipole antennas, which have become known for their simplicity, omnidirectional emission patterns and broad application. The discussion begins with an explanation of the basic concepts, design considerations and operational characteristics of patch and dipole antennas. The key performance criteria including bandwidth, gain, radiation efficiency, polarization and impedance matching are assessed using theoretical considerations and actual applications. Case studies from modern wireless applications, such as mobile communication, Wi-Fi networks and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, are used to demonstrate the strengths and limits of each antenna type in real-world circumstances. The comparative review additionally explores advanced strategies for improving the performance of patch and dipole antennas, such as use of metamaterials, reconfigurable components and new substrate materials. Comparative models and experimental findings illustrate the tradeoffs between size, cost and performance, assisting engineers and researchers in determining the best antenna type for certain applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase bandwidth appropriate for C and X-band applications, the paper presents a multiband antenna etched with many slots on the top patch surface with an octal defective ground structure. Utilizing the radiofrequency sputtering process, the antennas are coated with nanomaterial to improve their properties relative to uncoated antennas. For the proposed antennas (fr1 = 5.92 GHz, fr2 = 9.76 GHz, and fr3 = 12.61 GHz for MSMSADGS and fr1 = 5.95 GHz, fr2 = 9.88 GHz, and fr3 = 12.22 GHz for NC-MSMSA-DGS), three distinct independent resonances are found. Along with improved radiation and return loss characteristics, the antenna showed a 40.2% increase in bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the critical issue of intersection efficiency through the implementation of Smart Green Time Allocation (SGTA) strategies at a signalized intersection equipped with two LiDAR sensors. It investigates optimal GTA provided by two LiDAR sensors and analyzes the LiDAR results by microsimulation in AIMSUN. Through meticulous modeling and simulation, the research explores the optimal green allocation at morning, mid-day and afternoon peak hour scenarios to comprehensively assess the impact of LiDAR-enabled dynamic signal control. The findings demonstrate that smart GTA, informed by real-time LiDAR data and implemented through AIMSUN microsimulation, significantly enhances intersection efficiency. By adapting signal timings to real-time traffic demands, congestion, travel time and emission are reduced. The paper highlights that optimal GTA in morning, mid-day and afternoon peak hour intervals can improve the delay time by 55.3%, 59.7% and 55.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the paper sheds light on the potential of LiDAR technology to transform intersection management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper makes a comparative study of the four Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms used for Partial Shading Condition, Conservative MPP, Fast Terminal Sliding Mode (FTSM) controllers and under consistent shading circumstances. In addition, ANN, Kinetic Gas Molecule Optimization (KGMO) and FTSM MPPT are also included. A smart method is to use FTSM GWO algorithms under partly shadowed situations on a global MPP. The study includes a GWO methodology that successfully sets the efficient FTSM controller parameters such that the global maximum PV device powerpoint is monitored under partial shade. In the MATLAB setting and test performance, it is programmed for the suggested methodology of changing shade patterns dynamically. The findings are assessed and compared with ANN, KGMO and FTSM algorithms, and a more accurate method of monitoring the global MPP is found. The methods are also evaluated and contrasted in a PV array under various partial shadowing circumstances. Experimental effects are used to verify the control technique and stability analysis is performed based on the nonlinear method of analysis in the closed-loop design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Electronics Notice Board is used in public utility places like institutions, organizations, college campus, railway stations, etc. Nowadays, displaying various data on paper notice boards has become difficult and time-consuming. The idea behind the proposed system is to deliver a simple but dependable and constant system to the users, which they could use for putting up important notice and notification on LCD display and the user can simply send a message which will be displayed on LCD display. The projected system allows people to convey notice data on a digital notice board using their mobile phones. The system uses LPC 2148 microcontroller based on 32-bit ARM, a GSM SIM 900 module and a user interface for the android application. The device can work anywhere where mobile network connectivity is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the electricity market expands with increasing demand, power systems are under more pressure to operate within secure limits. One way to ensure this is through load flow studies, which analyze the steady-state conditions of a power system under various load and generator scenarios. However, the complexity of power systems and the growing demand for electricity make it difficult to accurately predict and analyze power flow. The use of simulation software like electrical transient and analysis program (ETAP) can improve the accuracy and efficiency of load flow studies, but it still poses challenges such as complexity and lack of standardization in use. This paper focuses on voltage stability, voltage regulation, and the impact of capacitor banks on buses through load flow studies. Real data from four hydropower plants is used to analyze voltage drop, voltage regulation and power losses at each bus. The findings highlight the effectiveness of capacitor banks in improving voltage profiles and reducing power losses, thus proposing an optimized system design. These enhancements facilitate better planning, operation, and expansion of power systems, ensuring more reliable and efficient electricity supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mechanical lock uses the physical movement and force of another object known as the key for 'opening' and 'closing'. Although mechanical locks are popular because they are durable and affordable, replacing them with electronic locks or smart locks have some benefits, which include higher level of security; less risk of illegal duplication of keys; and ease of programming to replace lost or compromised soft keys. Smart locks use electric current to lock and unlock. They can be controlled and monitored remotely through the Internet. While, it is not possible for any lock system to guarantee absolute security, it is important to identify the threats, assess the risks, and mitigate against the threats and risks to achieve improved security. This paper presents the design of a smart lock system with real-time detection and reaction to security breaches. The features of the smart lock include multiple access using tactile buttons, or a password via a keypad, or a fingerprint via a fingerprint sensor, or a password via a mobile app through a Bluetooth module for 'opening' and 'closing'. The smart lock detects intrusion and physical tampering, triggers an alarm, sends an SMS to a mobile phone and gives a report of security breaches and time of occurrence of such breaches. The smart lock is found to function correctly and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers schematics of low-power Output Stages (OS) and class AB Buffer Amplifiers (BA) for analog microcircuits realized on arsenide gallium n-channel field-effect transistors with control p-n junction and arsenide gallium bipolar p-n transistors within combined processes. The developed output stages are characterized by a relatively small static current consumption (about 100-200 A), provide operation at load resistances greater than 1-2 k, and have, as a rule, an increased input resistance. The maximum values of BA output currents for the positive polarity of the output voltage (vout) are determined by the width of the JFET channel, and for the negative vout half-wave, by the base current amplification factor of the BJT. In this connection, it is recommended to use compound Darlington p-n-p transistors in BA circuits. The results of computer simulation of the amplitude characteristics of pushpull BAs in LTspice at different load resistances show that the proposed circuit solutions provide the maximum amplitudes of positive and negative output voltages, close to the supply voltages. The circuit solutions considered are recommended for use in low-power operational amplifiers, including those operating under harsh operating conditions. The novelty of the paper lies in the investigation of a family of new pushpull class AB output stages for operational amplifiers, protected by 4 Russian patents and implemented under severe circuit restrictions on the types of GaAs transistors used (nJFET and nBJT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the potential benefits of using Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to enhance the driving performance and safety of autonomous vehicles. MPC is a control strategy that uses a mathematical model of the vehicle and its environment to predict future behavior and make optimal control decisions. The paper first provides an overview of MPC and its applications in the control of autonomous vehicles and then discusses the benefits of MPC, including improved vehicle handling, increased fuel efficiency and enhanced safety. It also examines some of the challenges associated with implementing MPC in autonomous vehicles, such as computational complexity and model uncertainty. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions, including the need for more accurate models and improved computational algorithms to make MPC more practical for real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cities, many times we see that the garbage bins or dustbins placed at public places are overflowing. It creates unhygienic conditions and ugliness to that place. At the same time, bad smell is also spread (Dhanasekar et al., 2018). To overcome this problem, the paper suggests a method which saves time and prevents environment from pollution. This method automatically identifies the level of bins, sends data to the cloud and displays it using webpage or app. Microcontroller is used to process the data from the ultrasonic sensor and the NODE MCU is used to send the data to the cloud. Garbage level can be detected using the ultrasonic sensor and the GPS is used to find out the exact location of the bin, and this information can be sent to the truck driver. With the help of that message, the truck driver can identify the location and the status of the bins. This method also has temperature sensor to find out the temperature of the garbage bin, and the information is passed to nearby fire station using GSM if there are any fire accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency response analysis of power systems is important to predict their behavior when large disturbances occur. As power systems are large, simplified, low-order System Frequency Response (SFR) models are used for the analysis. With the widespread introduction of renewable energy sources, SFR models are enhanced to estimate allowable penetration levels to operate the power system securely. In this paper, SFR models published in the recent literature are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, automation is common in commercial and domestic applications. In the current state of affairs, automation is not only about controlling things when the users are physically present at that exact place, it specifically means that they can control it from any place within the world. The paper presents web-based home automation with fault detection and monitoring approach. A nodeMCU board is employed as a brain of this method and to establish a connection with the internet. Together with that, a current sensor is employed for fault exploration and monitoring the activity of the appliance. Current is a governing parameter in the electricity world. Each appliance works properly for a selected worth of current. Further, a relay board is employed to regulate the appliances. Thus, in this paper, an infrequent approach is introduced to show the current status of the appliances, that it is on/off. And it additionally provides manual operative approach together with IoT-based automation by coordination of various relays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital filters being the core of digital signal processing systems are categorized into Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter. Research in this domain shows that both types of digital filters are significant. Digital FIR filters can be designed directly from the required specifications, while digital IIR filters are popularly designed by applying the frequency transformation on the corresponding analog prototype filter. Literature shows the use of wavelets for digital signal processing. The Daubechies wavelets may be recognized as FIR filters with low-pass and high-pass cut-off frequency of 1/2, respectively. The paper attempts to apply digital frequency transformation to meet the desired cut-off frequency to the wavelet coefficients, and in the process, the FIR filter now becomes an IIR filter. The paper compares the response of the IIR filters designed using wavelets with a corresponding IIR filter designed using bilinear transform and the impulse invariant transform of analog Butterworth filters. It is observed that the frequency responses of the IIR filter designed using wavelets and designed using the bilinear transform are comparable. Hence, we have an alternate and simpler method of designing the IIR filters to meet the given specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single-phase faults, while other two phases are in normal condition. In any commercial power supply system, if three phases are available, then automatic phase selection can be done in critical loads in the event of power failure in any phase. There is no need for backup power supply, and the phase is changed automatically within a few seconds. The aim of this paper is to develop an automatic phase changing switch for 220 V-240 V alternating current. The designs available are single-phase change over switches, two-phase automatic transfer switch and three-phase automatic change over switch which are manually operated. But the paper presents automatic-phase selection using electronic circuit, which is designed only for three-phase AC input power to singlephase AC output applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congestion is a limitation in the transmission or a network when certain constraints are violated, resulting in inability to deliver power supply to the load at low cost. Congestion can lead to uncontrolled loss of load, resulting in cascading outages. Thus, the management of congestion is necessary in electrical industry and is extremely important. Different methods of congestion management are discussed in literature, and the paper focuses on economical and market-based methods. These marketbased methods include auctioning, market splitting, counter trading, redispatching, demand response, and zonal and nodal pricing. The paper aims at manipulating the power flow using economical forces and substitutes to utilize the transmission parameters to the fullest. The paper also suggests that more than one method can be used within a country and/or when exchanging power between borders. It compares the congestion management technique used in different developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many recent studies have revealed that power quality concerns in existing energy systems must be eliminated in order to meet today's energy sector needs. With rising living standards comes rising per capita energy demand, which may be met by expanding the use of renewable resources. Many researchers have identified strategies to incorporate renewable energies into the current energy sector across the globe. Adding renewable energy sources has created additional power quality challenges such as harmonic distortion, voltage sag and swell, current and voltage disruptions, etc., which influence system dependability. Power quality concerns must be solved in order to fully incorporate renewable energy sources. In this paper, a 250 kW PV system has been modeled and connected to the current grid infrastructure. Harmonic analysis was also performed with the PV system's connected grid, and harmonic filters were created to be connected in parallel with the PV system and the current system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a unique approach to addressing the conversion of power requirements for standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems through the development of a multiport multi-bus power converter with partial power processing (PPP) capability. The primary objective is to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the PV system by effectively integrating multiple energy sources and loads. Maximum PPP method is applied by connecting one of the primary converter ports in series between the input and output. The aim is to optimize the converter's performance and achieve maximum power conversion efficiency. The performance of the converter is studied for various solar intensities. The effects of duty ratio of the converter are examined, and the optimum modulation index to maintain AC output constant for different intensities is identified. The results are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many arithmetic processors and digital signal processing applications, the binary adder is the primary computing block. Many electronic vendors have increased the demand for the least delay and minimum power consumption adders with multioperands to be consolidated in the present portable systems. In recent techniques, there has been a tendency regarding the expansion of programmable modules where processors utilize them to provide flexibility and execution. Mainly, neural network configurations are functionally verified by using software provinces. The utilization of the intended style of software implementation has many merits. The constraints of software perception of neural networks can be controlled using hardware implementation. The foremost interest of this paper is to realize the Exclusive-OR gate by Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using Multilayer Perceptron's (MLP) and activation functions as neuron output data values. The implementation results show that the MLP XOR and FA design attained notable refinement in contrast with the other described designs by achieving substantial savings in the total power dissipation and EDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maxwell's equations are exceptionally compelling and effective, as they embody and symbolize an essential aspect of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) theory. Nevertheless, Maxwell's achievement was beyond the synthesis of his four most influential equations in science, namely, Gaussian's law for electric fields, Gaussian's law for magnetic fields, Faraday's law, and the Ampere-Maxwell law, or the addition of the displacement current term to Ampere's law which was considering these expressions (or equations) in amalgamation, through which he attained his goal of developing a comprehensive theory of electromagnetism. It is that theory which elucidated the true nature of light itself and opened the eyes of the world to the full of spectrum of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. In this paper, the road to the equation of the wave, the divergent theorem is inferred very conscientiously, and is highly significant to researchers engaged in wave equations. This study is very important to researchers engaged in generating the equation for wave and eradicating the extra-terrestrial noise, which is imperative for the field of wave propagation, and which can be applied to terrestrial propagation modeling frequency band management 2.5 GHz to 60 GHz, propagation models and designs etc. Maxwell developed the first unified theory of physics, to show that electricity and magnetism are intimately connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protection of critical civilian infrastructure from High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) at nuclear explosions is significantly different from the protection of military facilities. Therefore, attempts to use well-known military protection means in the civilian sector have failed. The paper analyzes these features and describes new technical solutions designed specifically for civilian infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish, crab, prawns and other seafood are among the animal-derived foods that are regarded as the safest in contemporary world in terms of enhancing food security. Globally, aquaculture is growing rapidly. India has a big impact on aquaculture due to its proximity to water. In the dynamic context of aquaculture ponds, the interactions between water quality factors are complicated. For instance, unbalanced temperature and pH conditions may make ammonia more dangerous. In poor quality water, fish do eat, but the calories are changed to promote health rather than development. When the water is of high quality, animals can defend themselves most effectively. In this paper, the proposed model monitors and controls fish growth, detection of aquatic animal illnesses and Water Quality Index (WQI). Automated aquaculture employing Arduino and image enhancement techniques are used mainly to spot fish infections. Additionally, management of aqua system is employed to generate high-quality aqua food for customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews Unbalanced Magnetic Pull (UMP) as a result of various faults in three-phase squirrel cage induction motor. The main factors like saturation, slot harmonics and skewing of rotor are also considered to analyze UMP. The paper also gives information about the effects of various constraints of UMP and discusses its relation with UMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) technology was rolled out to meet the increase in the demand for data. The key mechanism of LTE-A, carrier aggregation provides wide bandwidth to meet this increased data requirement. Most of the smartphones support carrier aggregation to offer wide bandwidth. The hardware requirements of these digital systems are also modified to meet the specifications like small area, less power consumption, small size, etc. Digital filters form the core component in these digital systems. The paper applies the design of the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filters to the devices that support carrier aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents designing of an ultra-low voltage energy harvesting circuit for generating rectified voltage, using vibrating piezoelectric element. Very little power is consumed by the proposed method, which is especially suitable for the environments where ambient harvested power is too low. The energy harvesting circuit consists of diode bridge AC-DC rectifier and a supercapacitor as energy storage device, an electrochemical battery and a switch-mode DC-DC converter that controls the energy flow into the battery. Other rectification circuitries are also included like active rectifier with switch. The paper addresses the important issues regarding the efficiencies of the energy harvesting circuits considering the storage device as low voltage. The proposed circuits are simulated using Pspice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the application of reconfiguration of radial distribution system for minimization of losses and improvement of maximum loadability. The process of reconfiguration is achieved by opening and closing switches based on loss sensitivity factor method. The effectiveness of the method is tested on IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system before and after reconfiguration, and the results are compared with the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with time-constant analysis of first and second-order integrator systems. In analog system, integrator is considered as a basic building block of various simulating systems, e.g., differential equations, oscillator design and system design. Integrators are advantageous over differentiators in terms of stability criterion and saturation problem and find numerous applications in control system, wave shaping and image filtering. The paper presents an analysis of first and second-order integrators and computes phase and group delay. Simulation results are presented in the form of gain versus frequency curve graphs and phase response is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal to use it as a biometric signal. ECG signals are generated by electrical activity in human heart. For any physiological trait to become a biometric parameter, there are some essential biometric characteristics that must be existing in that signal. These characteristics include universal, unique, easily measured and permanent. ECG signal can be used as a biometric trait because of subsistence of few characteristics in its signal. The issue which is still to be explored is its uniqueness and the same is tried through this work. Also, an effort has been made to find some statistical parameters that support the uniqueness property for ECG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes reduction in the consumption of active electrical energy (kWh) by 67%, while maintaining the same mechanical work speed (RPM) at variable torque loads of water and similar fluids using the "Fan Affinity Law" in an innovative way in PMSM-type synchronous motors. The work is carried out comparatively between brushless asynchronous motors with starting loop (motor with a short-circuited loop) versus brushed asynchronous motors and PMSM-type synchronous motors without the need to use Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), simplifying the technology (electronics) and saving costs in an innovative way (R+D+i). The case study was developed on a design applied to a centrifugal air extractor/blower with PMSM/IPM type synchronous motor. The study focused on a specific bibliographical review of ecodesign and energy efficiency in refrigeration and ventilation systems, taking into account a couple of personal works and other general ones by various authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability analysis of digital circuits is becoming a vital feature in the design process of nano-scale systems. Considering the relation between circuit and its reliability allows the designer to implement some compromises that can improve the resulting design. This paper presents a fault tree that computes the reliability of combinational logic circuits relating to single and multiple faults. The paper also presents gate redundancy architecture towards increasing the reliability of individual digital logic gates. It focuses on deriving the fundamental relationship between gate replication and reliability improvement and reports the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement for maximum noise-tolerant SRAM cells with low dissipating power is increasing day-by-day. The paper presents 9T SRAM cell which targets certain stability parameters, capable of tolerating the maximum noise with low dissipating power. 9T SRAM is an isolated SRAM with two separate read ports that help in enhancing the stability parameters. This is done at 1 V using a 45 nm technology node. For simulation and analysis of stability parameters, Cadence Virtuoso and EDA tanner tools are used. The work is also compared with previous works of various 6T, 7T and 8T SRAM cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is an essential building block of any microprocessor that accomplishes many arithmetic functions grounded upon the control input selection. It plays a significant role in performing arithmetical and logical operations on data. The rest of the elements of computer system, such as control unit, register, memory and I/O, are mainly responsible to carry information into the ALU for processing and retreating the results. It is a combinational circuit which can perform the entire register transfer operation amid 1 clock pulse period from the source register into the destination register through itself. It is the core of any microprocessor system. It evokes fundamental arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction and logical functions including logical AND, logical OR and logical XOR. In this paper, we have designed a 16-bit ALU with Booths Multiplier using Radix-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a background modeling-based approach for the detection of foreground objects. Often, background has dominant textural behavior with some of the dynamic entities. In order to take care of both, the paper proposes two variants of Local Binary Pattern (LBP), LBP-A and LBP-EA, for background modeling. The histograms of the proposed variants of LBP learn the new video sequence to model the complex background and accurately differentiate the foreground from the background. The proposed model learning approaches have successfully been tested with different frames of PETS sequences and the efficacy of the proposed models has been found to be better than that of LBP-based modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern transmission lines, the use of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices on grid is demanding due to the advanced use of power electronics. The paper analyzes Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) on a transmission line since different researchers have proved that the use of series compensators on a power grid is the cheapest way of ensuring the system improved stability, increased power transfer capability, reduced transmission losses, enhanced voltage control and more power control. Various faults due to TCSC malfunctioning in fault location affect the continuous supply of electric energy, causing losses to companies and also affecting consumers. Therefore correct location of fault is important to enable quick repair. The paper discusses operational characteristics and malfunctioning of TCSCs and Fault Section Indicator (FSI) plots which can be applied to locate the exact position of fault in a transmission line to eliminate dependence on distance relay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the power consumption in VLSI circuits is a prime concern nowadays. Memory circuits play an important role in the design of electronic small power devices. Almost every digital system has memory as an important part in their design. The high speed circuits dissipate a considerable amount of power in a short time. In this paper, conventional SRAM cell is modified a little bit to reduce the dynamic power dissipation. The overall capacitance is reduced by adding a few extra transistors. Because of the fact that charging and discharging of the bit lines consume most power, 6T cell and 8T cell can be used to reduce the power by adding an extra number of transistors to the pull down path. 6T SRAM cell and 8T SRAM cells are simulated and their performance is compared in terms of power dissipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews and compares the most popular control strategies for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives, viz., Field-Oriented Control (FOC) and Direct Torque Control (DTC). The comparison is based on various criteria, including basic control characteristics, dynamic performance, and implementation complexity. The choice of an exact Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for a particular case requires sufficient proficiency because each algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages. Hence, an appropriate review of these algorithms is essential. The simulation and evaluation of various control strategies are reviewed using actual parameters of PMSM used for wind turbine and a new strategy for realtime speed control of PMSM in a motoring mode for variable speed wind energy conversion system application is proposed with better dynamic response characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global energy needs are growing continuously, and there is now more focus on renewable energy sources. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and wind have the major contribution among utility-level renewable energy sources. In India, till now gridconnected solar PV systems do not follow any specialized controls for grid support during disturbance and they isolate the solar PV system immediately with the help of anti-islanding technique. The paper presents a synchronous reference frame-based current control technique for solar PV inverters with low voltage ride-through control. A detailed performance analysis of grid-connected solar PV systems with and without low voltage ride-through control for various types of grid faults has been carried out. Various parameters like active and reactive power injection, circuit breaker opening time, dc-link voltage magnitude and voltage magnitude at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) are recorded for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a Voltage Mode (VM) Third-Order Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillator (TOQSO) using Current Differencing Buffered Amplifiers (CDBA). The proposed TOQSO is designed using two CDBAs, four resistors and three Grounded Capacitors (GCs). The circuit is suitable for integrated circuit realization as all the capacitors are grounded. The Condition of Oscillation (CO) and Frequency of Oscillation (FO) of the presented circuit are self-regulating, i.e., CO can be regulated by resistor and capacitor, and the FO can be tuned. Non-ideal analysis is carried out, and the results are compared with ideal ones. Sensitivities of FO with respect to active and passive components are evaluated and found to be less and low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The presented configuration has power dissipation 1.01 mW at ±0.9 V supply voltages. The feasibility of the presented circuit is validated using CMOS CDBA with supply voltage ±0.9 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a novel approach to fault tolerant control design of wide area damping controller for the power system. The design of a reconfigurable component called Dynamic Virtual Actuator (DVA) for effective and reliable wide area damping control action is presented. The design features of DVA include: (i) optimum control action during both nominal system condition and actuator faults; (ii) online calculation of the parameters of DVA in real-time on actuator faults; (iii) dynamic parameters of DVA that are function of the actuator faults; and (iv) it allows to continue to use controller, designed for nominal system condition even on actuator faults. The effectiveness of the design of DVA in damping of low frequency oscillations in power system is demonstrated. Kundur two-area power system model is considered for the design implementation of DVA. The results show successful damping of the oscillations on simulation of actuator faults in wide area control of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising sensitivity of the loads with respect to power quality has been a consideration for power systems and power quality enhancement systems. The fluctuation of voltage outside the normal working range due to faults may lead to undue interruption of wind turbines. The paper presents 1.5 MW grid connected Adama I Wind Farm in Ethiopia with the objective to capture the optimal power from the wind and ensure voltage source for sensitive load. It deals with effective voltage sag mitigation and harmonic distortion effectively and met IEEE 519-1992 standard under all phaseto- ground fault compensation using Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to regulate the terminal voltage of the wind farm and safe operation of sensitive load. DVR utilizes a feedforward control-based algorithm to generate Pulse Width Modulator (PWM). The simulation results are carried out by MATLAB-Simulink to verify the operation and effectiveness of DVR during balanced voltage sag and harmonic distortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zero offset voltage in anti-aliasing Low-Pass Filters (LPF) included in the Analog-to- Digital Conversion (ADC) input has a significant effect on its effective bit rate. The paper discusses methods for minimizing the systematic component of zero offset voltage (VOS) of Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amp) in the structure of the LPF due to the degradation of the current gain of the base (β) of bipolar transistors for an extremely common subclass of Op-Amp with one high-impedance node. Methods for matching a high-impedance Op-Amp node and a buffer amplifier with the help of Special Correcting Multipolars (SCM) of p-(SCMp) and n-types (SCMn) are proposed. Methods of description and formation of the given coefficients of weak current asymmetry of typical Op-Amp functional units [Current Mirrors (CM), Input Differential Stage (IDS), Buffer Amplifiers (BA), Reference Current Sources (SRC), etc.] are presented. The considered circuit technique is also recommended for Op-Amp based on wide-band Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)-Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) technological processes that implement field-effect (JFET) and Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) on a single chip, especially when the influence of bipolar transistors on VOS needs to be compensated. As an example, the results of computer simulation of GaAs Op-Amp with small VOS performed on JFET field and p-n-p bipolar transistors are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]