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Information on the history of popular music in Manchester, England, taken from chapter 6 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of the Popular Music of the World," is presented. According to the author, little pre-industrial folk music has survived the region because of the dislocation caused by the process of industrialization. However, a number of annual folk customs and rituals were preserved such as clog dancing. Meanwhile, the black music scene did not often overlap with its pop and rock activities .

Information on the history of popular music in London, England, taken from chapter 6 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of the Popular Music of the World," is presented. According to the author, a new breed of popular music publishers and the music halls dominated the music industry of the city in the nineteenth century. They were linked with the new genres of parlor ballads and comic cockney songs. The first purpose build music hall was the Oxford which was opened by Henry Morton in 1861.

Information on popular music in Great Britain from Chapter 6 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. The urbanization of Great Britain at the start of the 19th century, as well as its centralized and political structures, influenced centrifugal and homogenizing tendencies in British popular music. The city of Liverpool contributed to the rise of rock music in Great Britain.

Information on the development of popular music in Russia from chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It is stated that folk music performance was actively fostered by the Soviet regime. The first Russian jazz concert was staged by Valentin Parnakh's Jazz Band in Moscow in 1922. It presents a discussion on the development of the rock music scene in the country.

Information on the development of popular music in Poland from chapter 2 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It is inferred that the Polish traditional music has been renowned for its internationally known dances, the mazurka, polonez and polka. Popular music in the country from the 1950s was forced to develop under the watchful eye of government censors and the police. It states that media explosion made it much easier for international trends to influence Polish musicians.

Information on popular music in Algeria from chapter 5 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. Information regarding Algeria's traditional music and the emergence of modern urban music are given. The impact of Anglo-American rock music and French variétés on Algerian music is discussed, as well as the most renowned form of Algerian popular music.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It discusses the history of popular music in Los Angeles, California. The earliest musical activity was associated to the San Gabriel Mission Choir, made up of native Americans converted to Christianity. Los Angeles made a contribution to jazz history with the advent of west coast jazz played by white musicians. The most notorious and successful Los Angeles music of the 1990s was gangsta rap created in the African-American districts of Watts and Compton.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It discusses the history of popular music in Harlem, New York. Before Harlem, the main center for African-American music in New York had been a small area of Manhattan. Harlem's clubs and night spots became an important part in the provision of African-American jazz bands and musicians as record companies moved into recording.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in the U.S. It discusses the relationship of the nation's demographic history with the evolution of the music scene. The effects of cultural practices, particularly under industrialization and commercialization, on popular music were also highlighted.

A definition of the term "titles" is presented. From the Latin "titulus," the term refers to the name given to a work, and is the name of a piece of music, or what it is called. It states that popular music may also be identified by meta-tiles, or titles of collections of musical works or recordings. Popular music titles emphasize the sentimental value of a piece, often presented in its most straightforward and elementary form.

An encyclopedia entry for stage act is presented. According to the article, a stage act is the means by which popular music performers present their music in concert and in other forms of performance to audiences. The clothing of a musician is an important signifier in many genres of popular music. It is stated that androgyny has been crucial to the way in which some pop stars have constructed their stage acts since the early 1970s.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Columbia is presented. It was established as the Columbia Phonograph Company in 1888 in Washington, D.C. as part of the North American Phonograph Company owned by J. P. Lippincott. The first-ever catalog of recordings issued by the record label in 1889 contained ten pages of cylinder recordings of marches and dance tunes. It considered Latin America as an extension of its own market.

An encyclopedia entry for record companies is presented. They are firms that issue recorded music to the public. Record companies have played an important role in the evolution and growth of the international popular music industry. The variety of sound recording and manufacturing technologies has led to the emergence of equally varied range of record companies.

An encyclopedia entry for record industry is presented. It refers to the overall music industry concerned with the creation of sound recordings and with the manufacture and distribution of sound carriers. Several components of the record industry are mentioned. Information is also given on the evolution and development of the industry. The international market performance of the industry is provided.

An encyclopedia term for songbook is presented. A songbook is a printed collection of the words and music of a selection of songs. Most songbooks contain texts of a religious nature especially during the earlier years. This article also presents a brief history of songbook publishing and the evolution of the content and appearance of some, particularly in Europe.

An encyclopedia entry for music publishing is presented. It is the complex of activities that is carried out in order to exploit commercially the work of composers. Activities involved in publishing include the acquisition and encouragement of creative talent and the sale and hire of printed music, among others. Those who are involved in music publishing include specialist music publishers and music creators themselves. This article also presents a brief history of printed music and the roles and responsibilities of publishers and composers.

A definition of the term "trade press" is presented. It denotes the ensemble of newspapers devoted solely to events within a particular industry. Many publish national industry directories and organize conferences or award ceremonies. As trade journals, these publications have a selective circulation consisting of workers employed in production, distribution and retail within the music industry. Their function includes the presentation of news about product launches, sales figures, marketing strategies and media schedules.

An encyclopedia entry for copyright organizations is presented. Société des Auteurs Compositeurs et Editeurs de Musique is the oldest copyright organization. New national copyright organizations were established after the Berne Convention of 1886. Copyright organizations, composed of publishers and authors, play various roles and functions. However, a copyright organization operates as a monopoly as a form of social institution.

An encyclopedia entry for copyright and its impact on popular music is presented. The uses, performances and recordings of musical works are affected by copyright laws in three ways. Two broad periods divides the history of copyright in Europe. Music copyright played an economic role in a number of countries, including Finland, Germany, Asia, Latin America and Africa. Industries that use music in the provision of services, governments, academics and avant-garde musicians criticized the copyright system or its aspects.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "music industry" is presented. It refers to the full range of economic practises needed to provide performances for audiences and to produce commodities that embody music or that enable music to be created. Particular focus is given to the core sectors of the industry identified in the 1980s, along with media practises and industries that have a mutually dependent relationship with one or more of the sectors. There are four stages in the history of the industry, according to Belgian musicologist Herman Sabbe.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "media" is presented. It refers to the various means and institutions of communication in contemporary societies. A variety of media industries and institutions interacts with the contemporary music industry. Examples of synergistic interaction between music and other media are cited. Writing was the first medium for the transmission of music. Particular focus is given to the use of music by telegraph companies. The advent of mechanical media has affected music reproduction.

A definition of the term "industrialization" is presented. It refers to the process of economic transformation whereby a subsistence or craft labor process or entire economy is replaced by one dominated by mechanization, the division of labor, heightened productivity and mass production. Industrialization is linked to both migration and urbanization because it involves the recruitment of large work forces and settles them in specific locations.

A definition of the term "Law" in popular music is presented. It refers to the state-sanctioned body of disciplinary regulations and prohibitions that is intended to ensure the undisturbed functioning and reproduction of almost every aspect of a society's mode of life. There are three interlocking dimensions of law described by Harris.

An encyclopedia entry for alcohol and popular music as social phenomena is presented. In Western cultures, alcohol and music-making have long been associated with each other. The regular opposition to alcohol during its history has played a major part in its relationship with popular music. It is noted that alcohol consumption, in some popular music practises, has been built into the performance itself to some extent in a ritualized manner.

An encyclopedia entry for psychoanalysis and its relation to popular music studies is presented. It is defined as a therapeutic method originated by neurologist Sigmund Freud for the treatment of disorders of the personality or behavior. Since Freud, the version of psychoanalytic theory most frequently employed in cultural analysis has been that associated with Jacques Lacan. The approaches of historical musicology and psychoanalysis have been combined in the work of music scholar Lawrence Kramer.

Information on the history of popular music in Northern Ireland, taken from chapter 6 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of the Popular Music of the World," is presented. According to the author, the dance bands helped shape the peculiarly Irish phenomenon of the show band. Meanwhile, the punk scene developed in the context of The Troubles and the virtual collapse of the live music scene. The leading figures in the jazz scene at the end of the twentieth century were vocalist Siobhan Pettit and composer Brian Irvine.

Information on Austrian popular music from chapter 6 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It highlights several instruments of traditional Austrian music. It points out that there are several leading figures in Austrian jazz including Hans Koller, Joe Zawinul and Mathias Ruegg. It discusses the emergence of rock 'n' roll in the Austrian music, as well as the state of Austria's music industry.

Information on the history of popular music in Lithuania from chapter 1 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. Recordings of Lithuanian traditional music were made as early as 1911 and the first folklore ensembles emerged in the early twentieth century. The 1970s revival of interest in traditional music inspired local or regional ethnographic ensembles. Jazz music was gradually rehabilitated after the death of Stalin in 1953.

Part 5 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It focuses on the history, demography and geography of Singapore. It discusses the history, characteristics and styles of major music genres including choral music and dance music. It talks about the emergence of several musicians that made up the music scene of the country.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Seattle, Washington. The city had a thriving popular music culture throughout the twentieth century despite a continuing puritanical tendency among its lawmakers and enforcement agencies.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Saint Louis, Missouri. Over 20 million people attended the World's Fair in the city in 1904 and the song "Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis" became a national hit.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A music culture developed during the eighteenth century with public concerts and performances of European opera despite opposition from the Quaker puritan establishment.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, is presented. It discusses the history of popular music in Miami, Florida. The state's musical history has been determined by the city's demographics with some African-American big bands before World War II. Miami made little contribution to rock music in the 1960s while in the 1990s, the state became a center for major recording companies like Sony, Warner Music and Universal Music.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It discusses the history of popular music in Baltimore, Maryland. During the 19th century, the city has become the center of music publishing and piano manufacture, with piano-maker Wilhelm Knabe setting up a company in 1837. Frank Brower is said to be the most important performer from Baltimore.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in Maryland. The state's music scene is characterized by southeastern styles of African American and white rural music while its blues was part of the Eastern Seaboard style. Several prominent musicians from the state were mentioned.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in California. Major factors that affect the state's musical heritage are the heterogeneous national and regional cultures of the diasporic immigrant communities and the dominant presence of U.S. film and music recording industries in the state. Several popular musicians from California were also mentioned.

An encyclopedia entry for lyrics is presented. Lyrics, which form the text of a song, are accompanied by music and are sung. It states that the lyric is the least transnationalized feature of a song and potentially the one marked most by cultural specificity. It is stated that the appreciation of the character, elegance or content of the lyrics of singer-songwriters has a primary role in the creation of pleasure in the audiences for such artists.

An encyclopedia entry for "lyricist" is presented. It refers to the author of words intended to be sung. Some of the first specialist writers of lyrics in European music were librettists. Irving Berlin, Noel Coward, and Stephen Sondheim were some of the small number of Broadway composer-lyricists. There are two reasons for the less precise role of lyricist in vernacular music. A number of jazz-based songs were a result of a collaboration between composer and lyricist. Particular focus is given to the varied working methods of lyricists and composers.

An encyclopedia entry for "composer" is presented. Particular focus is given to the emergence of the composer as distinct from the performing musical artists. Over 10,000 songs are credited to Austrian composer Johann Sioly. A number of factors have influenced the stable income of freelance composers including copyright legislation. The introduction of magnetic tape into music production in the late 1940s has affected the profession of the popular music composer.

An encyclopedia entry for "duo" is presented. It refers to a musical ensemble consisting of only two performers. In Western classical music, duo formats are determined by the demands of a written score. In popular music, most duo formats have taken shape in less formal ways. Duos in popular music comprised of two singers, or singer/instrumentalists, but in some instances, two-person instrumental groups.

An encyclopedia entry for musicians' unions is presented. Unions were established by musicians to protect their employment or to seek higher payment and better working conditions. Many musicians' unions are affiliated with the International Federation of Musicians (FIM). The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is considered the largest and most powerful of present-day musicians' unions in the U.S.

An encyclopedia entry for the term management is presented. In ergonomics and business studies, the term encompasses the organization of work practices and of the general activities of a firm or enterprise. Although much management theory is as pertinent to the music business as to other sectors, there has been little direct application of it within the music industry. Attempts in the music industry to merge a corporate management style with that of the entrepreneur have generally been unsuccessful.

An encyclopedia entry for concert promotion is presented. This pertains to the business of organizing live shows, from the booking of acts and venues to the arrangement of publicity, security and insurance, and the pricing and sale of tickets. There are several forms of the financial arrangements for a concert. The simplest is for a split of the gross box-office takings that typically includes the promoter retaining 15 percent.

An encyclopedia entry for awards is presented. Perhaps more than any other cultural industry, the global music industry takes every opportunity to present awards to its members. Decisions regarding awards are made based on either commercial or artistic criteria. Sweden's Polar Music Prize is the most financially rewarding of all the awards, while the most prestigious are the Grammy awards.

An encyclopedia entry for advertising of popular music is presented. Alongside plugging songs and the use of public relations techniques, the music industry has made considerable application of advertising in a wide range of media, from posters and periodicals to radio and television. Popular music advertising was an indispensable part of the emergent concert market in the seventeenth century. Plugging is the most favored way of advertising new popular songs and promoting sales of sheet music.

This section presents an encyclopedia entry for jukebox. Jukebox refers to a coin-operated machine that plays pre-recorded soundtracks and videos. The oldest forms of jukebox utilized the phonograph technology invented by Thomas Edison. As the jukebox became popular, equipment manufacturers sold them directly to the public. The 1930s marked the era of modern jukebox, which was dominated by five manufacturers: Seeburg, Rock-Ola, AMI, Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. and Mills Novelty.

An encyclopedia entry for radio shows is presented. Radio shows are scheduled programs that are broadcast regularly and centered around music. The earliest stations in the U.S. relied on volunteers from local communities to present talks or musical performances. A number of stations moved their studios to hotels to easily assemble a live audience. Barn dance shows are the most outstanding examples of regular radio programs with a changing cast of bands and singers.

An encyclopedia entry for the link of popular music with television shows is presented. The introduction of occasional acts on variety shows provided a venue for televisual portrayals of popular music. Several television variety shows in the U.S. attempted to make teenage popular music televisual, including "American Bandstand." Filmed concerts were later developed in response to the growth of underground music and progressive rock. Music television programs followed a similar pattern in Western Europe.

An encyclopedia entry for photography in popular music is presented. According to the entry, photographs have played an important role in journalistic profiles, interviews and reviews. Pictures have also been critical to the practise of ethnomusicology, recording the visual dimension of musical practises just as tape-recording captured the audio aspect. In the 1950s, the first specialist music photographers emerged notably in the worlds of jazz and folk music.

An encyclopedia entry for "cultural policy/regulation" in popular music are presented. The primary purpose of cultural policy is to preserve the national heritage and to pass it on to future generations, as well as to support artistic creation in all its diversity. The position of popular music vis-à-vis cultural policy has been enhanced in countries where governments have re-branded the arts as cultural industries, copyright industries or creative industries.