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The machining of super alloy is still a very tedious task for the manufacturing industries due to their high stiffness and strength. The applications of such alloys are increasing day by day due to high reliability, repeatability and prolong life. However, the machining of such materials requires huge cost that directly affects the cost of product. Additionally, the optimized conditions that provide high material removal rate (MRR) as well as better surface integrity is indeed requirement for higher production. So, in this investigation the optimized condition for super alloy (EN-24 steel) as work piece are revealed during machining on wire EDM. The parametric study is based on pulse on time (Ton), peak current (Ip) and pulse off time (Toff) as variable parameters in order to achieve maximum MRR and minimum surface roughness. The investigation observed peak current as highest contributor on the MRR and surface roughness. The optimized condition for MRR is noticed as Ip(5 A), Ton(20 µ sec), Toff(15 µ) sec, whereas, for surface roughness the optimum condition observed as i.e. Ip as 1 A, Ton as 10 µ sec and Toff 5 µ sec. The result also suggested that the contribution of current on surface integrity is high and minimum value i.e. 6.39 micron is observed at 1A, whereas, maximum MRR i.e. 7.701 mm3/min is obtained for pulse on time as 20 µ sec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear forces transferred between concrete-to-concrete contacts are a major factor in the strength of many reinforced concrete structures. In composite construction, the interface is the medium that separates the old and new concretes during the precast and cast-in-place concrete assembly. The interface must ensure the transmission of shear force as a main requirement to resist the applied loads on the structure. Under this scope, the goal of this paper is to study the behavior of connections between the old and new concretes with different surface roughness. Initially, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the transfer of horizontal shear force between two concrete layers at different times and different transmission mechanisms without the use of dowel action. The surface of the old concrete was treated with three different surface textures (smooth, epoxy, and sandblasted), then seventeen specimens were tested. The "push-off" test method was conducted to determine the relationship between the monotonous load and slip to determine the strength of connectors. The results showed that the interface surfaces treated by epoxy exhibited the maximum average shear strength and the maximum average load compared with the smooth and sandblasted surfaces. The sandblasted interface surfaces resulted in a slightly lower average of failure slip than the epoxy interface. While the smooth interfaces show nonobvious load-slip relations, the epoxy treated surfaces revealed linear shapes and the sandblasted surfaces showed nonlinear shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printed part fabricated by a fused filament fabrication 3D printer relies heavily on the printing parameters and environmental printing conditions, particularly tensile strength and surface roughness. In this study, inert gas of nitrogen and argon were fill in separately through the fused filament fabrication 3D printer chamber to eliminate oxygen from the printing environment at different gas percentage. Cu/PLA filament samples with layer thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.3 mm were subjected to tensile and surface roughness testing. At a layer thickness of 0.3mm, the tensile strength has increased by 19.334 MPa for argon assisted printing and 19.108 MPa for nitrohrn assisted printing when oxygen content is 0%. The surface roughness is also improved for both inert gas assisted printing compared to normal printing. In addition, a scanning electron microscope revealed a stronger microstructure bonding for part printed with inert gas. A considerable improvement in tensile strength and surface roughness was observed, presumably in part because oxidation processes were prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the surface texture of epoxy composites reinforced with Betel leaf fiber and new cassia auriculata filler for Betel leaf fiber. Twenty people participated in the experiment, which included making an epoxy composite with betel leaf fibre and new cassia auriculata filler that made up 20% of the volume portion. As a comparison category, we used a leaf of betel fibers urethane composites that did not include any filler (N=20). The sample size for the composites was determined using G power, which is 80%. To create the composite samples, the hand debilitating procedure was used. The consequences show that both the epoxy composite with and without the new cassia auriculata filler was tested for surface roughness in drilled holes with a volume proportion of 20%. Without filler, the leaf of betel fiber has a surface roughness of 4.79 µm, whereas the material with 20% filler adhesive composites has a surface roughness of 4.28 µm. The presence of 20% filler in betel leaf fiber resulted in a valuably important result (p.024, p<.05). Having drilled hole surface texture was marginally improved using Betel leaf fiber epoxy composite compared to Betel Ministries leaves fiber with a 20% volume percentage of innovative cassia auriculata padding, given the restrictions of this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to compare the surface hardness achieved by using covered as well as uncovered carbides inputs for CNC wet turning stainless steel 304. Stainless steel 304 is the material of choice for this project, and carbide tools, both covered and unprotected are utilized for cutting. Machining characteristics such as slicing velocity, feeding rates, and depths of cutting are primarily taken into account. We evaluate the outcome after varying the parameter's values multiple times. There was an aggregate of 54 participants in the trial, with 27 from the covered tools category and 20 from the unprotected tool category. The pretest strength (G power) was 80%. The entire machining process took place in a damp setting. Compared to the unprotected tool, the covered one has a 19.4 percent reduction in surface hardness measured in microns. A statistical threshold of0.036 (p<0.05) was determined after analyzing all the collected comments using the SPSS program and plotting the resulting charts. The surface hardness was discovered to be reduced when an insertion was processed with the unique TiN coating, according to this research. In contrast, the uncovered insertion showed higher value. The SPSS research confirms what seems to be the case: the covered carbides tool consistently produces outcomes, whereas the uncovered carbides tools exhibit fluctuating outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at investigating the effect of surface roughness on Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh composite by the addition of coconut nutshell powder compared with Kevlar fiber composite using conventional radial drilling process and compares the surface roughness for various percentages of coconut nutshell powder-filled laminates. A Plain bi- directional Kevlar fiber, Al6061 mesh sheet, epoxy resin and hardener with coconut nutshell powder as filler were used to fabricate the laminates. The coconut nutshell powder-filled Kevlar fiber aluminum mesh reinforced laminate was considered as an experimental group and the Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh without filler was taken as the control group. The two subgroups in the experimental group are 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% coconut nutshell powder-filled Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh composites. These composites were fabricated by a conventional and simple open molding process called the hand-layup process. An HSS drill bit of Φ8mm was used to drill the holes at 500 rpm spindle speed to evaluate the surface roughness (Ra). One-way ANOVA test was carried out to find the mean surface roughness and analyze the results. The results revealed that the mean value of Ra obtained for 5 wt.% coconut nutshell powder-filled Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh Laminates. (CNKAML-5) and 10 wt.% coconut nutshell powder-filled Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh Laminates. (CNKAML-10) are 3.00130µm and 2.75505µm. And the mean Ra value for Kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum mesh Laminate (KAML) is 3.45545µm. Within the limits of the study, It is observed that CNKAML-10 has lower surface roughness than CNKAML-5 and KAML. Hence, this article concludes that the addition of filler to the fiber metal laminates decreases the surface roughness (Ra) value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, the milling procedure of martensitic as well as precipitation-hardening steel grade 420 is compared with the effectiveness of CBN and Cementing carbide insertions. A thorough comparison evaluation of the surface texture produced by these ads was conducted. The study team was given the CBN tool, while the untreated sample received the uncoated tools. In this study, the work specimen used grade 420 martensitic as well as precipitate hardened steel. Both sets, each with 27 tests, were machined utilizing certain input parameters like cutting depths, feeding rate, as well as speed of cuts. In the CBN as well as uncoated tool comparison, the two inclusions' average surface roughness values were 0.939870 µm and 0.752559 µm, respectively. Among two distinct sets, an importance level of 0.001 was found. (Controlled and experimental) During the procedure of turning, CBN inserts offer a superior surface quality than uncoated inserts, within the parameters of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental study investigated the influence of a cryogenic machining method on surface roughness during milling of Monel material, compared to conventional dry machining. Cryogenic machining utilizes extremely low temperatures by spraying the cutting zone with cryogenic gases like CO2 or N2. This significantly reduces heat generation and friction, minimizing thermal deformation and tool wear that can degrade surface finish. 20 samples were machined under dry conditions as a control group, and another 20 using the cryogenic setup. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured and statistically analyzed. Results demonstrated a 46% improvement in surface finish with cryogenic machining over dry machining. The mean Ra was 1.0583 µm for dry machining versus 0.5663 µm for cryogenic (p<0.001). Cryogenic cooling's ability to enhance surface integrity shows promise for improving machinability and product quality, promoting sustainable manufacturing practices. Further research optimizing parameters like gas type, flow rate, and cutting conditions can unlock cryogenic machining's full potential for superior surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyse the surface roughness of Glass/Luffa fiber composite with and without the addition of Shorea robusta filler. For this comparison investigation, 20 samples from each group were used. Epoxy composite with glass/luffa reinforcement in Group 1. Group 2's glass/luffa reinforced epoxy composite with shorea robusta filler. There will be a total of 40 samples, with 20 samples in each group. The intended effect size, alpha level, and power were taken into account while calculating the right sample size for statistical significance using the G-power software. To guarantee acceptable statistical power, a power level of 0.8, alpha of 0.05, and beta of 0.2 will be used. The mean surface roughness of the Group 1 composite was found to be9.1380 µm, while Group 2 showed a significantly less surface roughness of 7.954 µm. A statistical examination indicated a p-value of 0.001, which is below the predetermined significance 0.05(p<0.05). This implies that there is a statistically significant disparity in surface roughness between the two groups. The findings provide Glass/Luffa epoxy composites with 20 % filler reinforcement showed less surface roughness than composite without the addition of filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of high-speed machinery has led to an accelerated component movement. Unfortunately, most manufacturing procedures yield surfaces that lack ideal geometric precision and surface quality. Each method is tailored to produce specific geometric surfaces and addresses distinct irregularities, necessitating meticulous application within a given production sequence. This study commences by elucidating industrial procedures for gauging the exact smoothness and roughness of finished surfaces. The present research undertook an analysis and comparison of surface finish effects on brass, considering varying speeds, depths of cut, and feed rates in the lathe turning process. Afterward, the samples underwent processing using a surface finish machine to determine the most effective surface finish. This involved synthesizing various surface parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut to achieve optimal results. The study encompassed rigorous conditions, including exposure to dust, hydrocarbon solutions, harsh chemicals, and solvents, aimed at enhancing the mechanical properties of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloy, a highly valued implant material, continues to be the subject of research focused on enhancing its surface characteristics. Our study investigates the surface modification of titanium alloy through sandblasting and shot peening techniques, comparing their effects. Parameters such as pressure, distance, and time were kept consistent throughout the experiments. The results reveal that both sandblasting and shot peening effectively modify the alloy's surface. Analysis included surface roughness, surface-level and sub-surface hardness measurements, along with proposed mechanisms for the observed modifications. Our findings demonstrate significant changes in titanium alloy's surface characteristics after both treatments. Sandblasting yielded the highest surface roughness at 6.22 µm, while shot peening produced the maximum surface-level hardness of 407.3 VHN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass fibers are frequently utilized as reinforcing polymers. Glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRP) are unique due to their outstanding mechanical and physical characteristics that are useful in industrial applications. In order to mill these composites with good results, minimal fiber delamination and surface quality must be achieved. The current study aimed to improve the two critical milling parameters, feed rate and spindle speed, on performance attributes such as surface roughness (SR) and delamination factor (DF). The experimental design was planned using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. ANOVA was utilized to determine the impact of each parameter taken into consideration on performance characteristics. To achieve the lowest DF and SR values, the combination of the ideal parameters was determined to be higher spindle speed (SS) and lower feed rate (FR). Utilizing FESEM, the surface morphology was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was focused on the problem of machining carpenter hymu 80 alloys. The Carpenter hymu 80 material is very difficult to machine using the conventional method. Electro-discharge machining was used for the machining process. The effect of machining through the electro-discharge method was reflected in the material removal rate relevant to the production rate. The quality of the material after machining is signified by the quality of the surface produced. Out of these effects, the tool's wear was also prominent for a higher production rate. The electrode material was also taken into consideration for the machining method. The present study focused on selecting input parameters that are more relevant to the high production rate and desired finish. The three input variables selected were electrode gap, current, and electrode material. The electrode materials addressed the problem of surface finish. The development of new electrode material was very prominent in this study. The input parameters were selected in the three levels for the ease of optimisation algorithm. The electrode materials were copper, graphite, and sparkle material. The three-level discharge currents were 8A, 12A, and 16A. The electrode gap was 100, 200, and 300 microns. The input variables were analysed using Minitab software to optimise the effect of input variables on the output parameters. The electrode material influenced the MRR, TWR and surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is to study the effect of laser surface treatment of implant 304 stainless steel on mechanical properties surface and roughness effect on bacterial precipitate on the metal surface topography, as well as the effect of laser re-melting and mechanical (shoot peening) surface treatment of biomaterial stainless steel grades 304 implants such as hardness, microstructure, and corrosion resistance. Shot peening parameters are the angle of the nozzle of 10°, shot peening time at 15, 35, and 55 minutes with ball hardness of 55 HRC. A CO2 laser beam is utilized with parameters of 1.5, 2, and 3.5 kW power, 10.6 µm wavelengths, and a scan speed of 3 m / min with a 4 mm laser beam diameter. The laser surface re-melt process includes three stages heating, holding, and rapid cooling to modify the microstructure by phase change. The optical microscope is used to detect microstructures supported by X-Ray examination to determine the phase's transformation. Scan electron microscopy is used to study surface metallurgy after laser treatment. Surface hardening values are obtained by the Digital Vicker's Hardness test. Corrosion tests according to the standard specification of ASTM G71-31 in Ringer's Solution with specimen dimensions of (15*15*3) mm. The result shows that the shot peening due to plastic deformation produces compressive residual stresses on the surface of the metal, which effects to increases the hardness of 304 stainless steel. As the shot time increased, surface roughness increased. Also, increased bacterial precipitate on implant metal with increased smoothing surface roughness (Ra). Corrosion results ascertain that pitting corrosion is decreased with a decrease of (Icorr) for all samples after laser and mechanical surface treatment. At the same time, shot peening causes large pitting corrosion because of the rough surface than specimens after the laser process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wipe bending process, after the bending load or pressure is removed, the elastic strains remaining in the bend region cause a slight reduction in the bend angle. The term "spring back" refers to this reduction in bend angle, and it depends on many parameters like tool design, process conditions, and material parameters. In this work, simulations by Deform 2D software and experimental work were conducted to determine the effect of die radius, sheet thickness, and Silicone rubber pad thickness on spring back angle while bending Titanium Grade2 sheets. The results showed that die radius is the most important factor affecting the spring back angle in the wipe bending process. When the die radius increases, the spring back angle is also increased by (36%) and the second factor, when Silicon rubber pad thickness increases to (15) mm, decreases the spring back angle by (20.6%). The third factor is the Titanium thickness. When it increases (1) mm, the spring back is decreased by (12.4%). Also, surface roughness was improved when adding a Silicon Rubber pad in the range of (58.5% and 61%) for sheet thicknesses of 0.5 and 1mm, respectively. The results validate the same behavior for Titanium in a numerical and experimental model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high vacuum E-Beam vacuum coating apparatus used to deposit thin copper films with varying thicknesses (10, 30 and 70 nm). Utilising X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS, AFM, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of thin copper films are examined in relation to thickness. The film is amorphous at low thickness, according to the XRD diffractogram. With an increase in thickness, the crystallite size increases from 4.6 to 6.4, although the dislocation density and strain have opposing effects. There is good agreement between the Debye Scherrer formula and the Williamson-Hall technique for calculating crystallite size. Its lowers with increasing thickness show that there is less imperfection and no shifting of peaks. The negative strain values across all samples signify the imposition of compressive stress within the films. SEM-EDS spectra described about the pure copper thin film deposition without any impurities. AFM demonstrates that the surface roughness and RMS value is increases from 0.008 to 0.14nm as the thickness increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to investigate theoretically the performance of a transversely rough Electrohydrodynamics lubrication by considering bearing deformation. The Stochastic modeling of Christensen and Tonder has been adopted for calculating the effect of transverse surface roughness. The pressure distribution is obtained by deciphering the associated stochastically average Reynolds equation. All results, customized in a graphical way established that the transverse roughness in conjunction with the deformation has a robust adverse effect on the performance of the bearing system. This article may also have triumphed some measures for extending the life span of the bearing system, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison to single reinforced materials, aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites offer superior mechanical and tribological capabilities. Because of the abrasive reinforcing phases that severely wear down tools, it is very difficult to machine aluminum hybrid MMCs using ordinary tool materials. Tool wears increases with increasing reinforcing in a composite. Every industrial business demands maximal material removal with minimum tool wear and surface roughness. The review of ideal machining conditions for maximizing material removal rate, minimizing tool wear rate, and minimizing surface roughness is presented in this paper. The impact of machining process parameters on performance metrics in hybrid metal machining, including material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate, and surface roughness were studied through various literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing (AM) process that is used to produce complex metal parts with high accuracy and repeatability. However, the SLM process is susceptible to defects, such as porosity, cracking, and surface roughness. Such types of defects can be prevented if an algorithm is able to detect them in real-time. One of those algorithms is In-situ image monitoring. This study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art insitu image monitoring techniques for SLM. These monitoring techniques include different types of camera modules like CMOS and CCD, In-situ metrology techniques (melt pool temperature, layer quality, and melt pool geometry), and various monitoring configurations. These monitoring techniques for the detection of defects in real-time solidify in-situ image monitoring as one of the promising techniques for improving the quality and robustness of the SLM parts. However, there are certain challenges associated with this study that are required to be addressed in order to develop a more advanced data analytics algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconel 718 is designed for high tensile and yield strength and can sustain its properties under high or low temperatures. These properties make it suitable for industries like, turbines manufacturers, aviation industry and nuclear power plants. However, it is categorized as difficult to cut material, as such materials possess behavior of ductility, work hardening and production of enormous heat and abrasion during machining. This makes the machinability of Inconel 718 a challenging trade as dimensional accuracy is difficult to achieve. This result in wastage of material, more power consumption and resources required. To explore the machinability and cater the green manufacturing issues of Inconel 718, in this study, the surface roughness (Ra) of sculptured surface is analyzed. For detail and robust analysis, experiments were performed under dry and wet conditions. For both conditions, coated solid carbide ball end mill were used in CNC milling. Effect of cutting parameters like cutting speed, depth of cut and feed were studied using Taguchi techniques for enhanced surface finish. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed to determine the significant factor that affects surface finish. Regression analysis were performed and surface finish models were developed to estimate the surface finish prior to machining. This study is not only valuable for better-quality machining of Inconel 718 (curved surfaces) but also for its process and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-form magnetic abrasive finishing (FFMAF) is an emerging finishing process that utilizes magnetic fields as cutting force and abrasive particles as a tool on free-form surfaces, resulting in efficient and precise finishing. This paper presents the development of the FFMAF setup and an experimental investigation of the effect of process parameters on the surface roughness in the FFMAF process for finishing bearing races. The process parameters that were varied during the experiments were the working gap, rotational speed, feed rate, % weight of abrasives, and MAP sizes of the workpiece. The results of the experiments showed that the surface roughness decreased with an increase in the magnetic field strength (i.e. decrease in the working gap), rotational speed, and percentage weight of abrasives, while it increased with an increase in the feed rate MAP size. The findings of the study can be used to optimize the FFMAF process parameters for finishing bearing races in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of tool diameter and feeding speed on the surface roughness of AISI 1045 steel during the milling process, as well as any possible interaction between these parameters. Tool diameters of 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm and feeding speeds of 33.5 mm/min, 59.4 mm/min, and 111.9 mm/min were tested. After the milling process, surface roughness tests were conducted on the workpieces. The results showed that both tool diameter and feeding speed had a significant effect on surface roughness, and there was also an interaction between these parameters. The optimal combination was a 6 mm tool diameter with a feeding speed of 59.4 mm/min, which resulted in the lowest surface roughness. These findings provide insights into the optimization of milling processes for AISI 1045 steel, which could improve the quality and efficiency of manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is a widely used material in different areas of engineering, and also their alloys are very useful in various engineering applications. The primary goal of this research study is to propose a strategy for determining the appropriate cutting parameters to obtain the minimum degree of surface roughness (SR) and maximum amount of material removed (MRR). To achieve this, the authors applied the TOPSIS optimization method to conduct a multi-objective optimization analysis on the process parameters of end milling machining. To analyze the influence of three parameters such as Cutting Speed (v), Feed rate (f), and Depth of Cut (DOC)) at three different levels, a set of 27 experiments was conducted using the Taguchi L-27 Design of Experiment method. Some regression analyses were performed by using Minitab 19 software which gives some mathematical equations for MRR and SR subjected to input parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pattern making in sand casting process is specter problem since it is very consuming in time and cost. 3D printing technology which increases remarkably is the answer to the troubles of pattern making in sand casting. In this study, a product model of intake manifold made by sand casting and the pattern developed using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technique. The research and development of a PPE (planning, production, and evaluation) method was implemented to developing the pattern. A model of intake manifold was made by method of 3D printing technique which done on Anycubic Photon Mono X printer using Anycubic basic ultraviolet resin. The best position configuration are X = -45°/45°, Y = 45°/-45°, Z = -5 mm and exposure time of 6 seconds. The maximum dimension deviation of the pattern was 0.02 mm which is smaller than the thickness of layer height of 0.05 mm. The plate pattern was easier to make which save a lot of time. The SLA 3D printing also simplifies the making of core box and sand core. This is impacting on the making of mold sand and the casting product quality. The surface smoothness, geometry goodness, and dimension precision of sand mold will affect directly on casting product. This is proven by the casting maximum product shrinkage of 0.55% or 0.20 mm. The good geometry and shape of casting product were also obtained [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drilling process with a CNC machine is required to be able to produce good holes. The drilling process with CNC machines can be carried out in several ways, known as the drilling cycle, namely the G73, G81, G82, and G83 codes. In fact, the selection of drilling cycle (G code) in CNC milling has a significant effect on the size and roughness quality, as well as machining time efficiency. Shortening the cycle time of the machining process is also an effort that is always made to increase production capacity. This study reveals the effect of selecting the drilling cycle (G code) on the dimensions, roughness, and machining time of St37 Steel. This research used an experimental method. This experiment used the HSS drill twist cutting tool. The instrument for measuring the dimensions of the hole diameter was a vernier caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The instrument for measuring surface roughness is the surface roughness tester. Machining time is recorded on the CNC machine. The experimental results show that the selection of drilling cycle (G code) with the same cutting speed affects the dimensions of the diameter and roughness of the hole and affects the machining time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents encountered in a polymer can occur due to vibration and loads that exceed the fatigue life that can be predicted by fatigue testing. The purpose of the study was to determine the estimated fatigue life in order to prevent breakage or fracture of Polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polystyrene (PS) plastic materials. The test methods included: Printing of PP, ABS and PS plastic specimens with the smallest diameter of 8.6 mm, sanding the surface on the smallest diameter specimen with a roughness of Ra 5.94 µm and Ra 14.61 µm, fatigue testing, analysis of fatigue test results, and plotting the S-N curve. The real results obtained are fatigue life at flexural stress of 34.2 MPa and engine speed of 1750 rpm for PP with a surface roughness of Ra 14.61 µm at N of 1210452 revolutions lower than that of PP with a surface roughness of Ra 5.94 µm at N of 2597717 revolutions on a without treatment at N=1547106 rounds (<43%). For ABS with a roughness of Ra 14.61 µm at a flexural stress of 34.2 MPa and engine speed of 1750 rpm, N value of 1824620 revolutions was obtained which was lower than ABS Ra 5.94 µm which obtained N of 2301583 revolutions (<56%). For PS with a roughness of Ra 5.94 µm at a flexural 34.2 MPa, N value of 425604 cycle was obtained which was higher than PS without treatment which obtained N of 425604 cycles (>57%) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloys are very important in engineering applications, in order to improve this alloys a process such as electroplating (ELP) should be implanted. ELP of these alloys comes with difficulties, and limitations. So in this work a layer of bright nickel (BNi) electroplated (ELP) on Aluminum type AA1100. The process are successfully achievements through inter layer of zinc called zincate via technique of hot dipping before BNi was ELP. ELP was implemented using Watts bath containing (250 g/l) of NiSO4. 6H2O, (20 g/l) of (NiCl2.6H2O), (20 g/l) of H3BO3 and (15 g/l) of KNO3. Other electroplating conditions, such as current density, temperature, time, and pH were studied. First bath parameters were temperature in the range of (50-52 °C), current density of (10 Amp/dcm2), voltage was holed at (5 V), while the plating time ranging between (2 - 20) minutes, and finally the pH was kept on range (4 - 5.5). The film thicknesses of the deposit layers was measured using plating thickness tester, and the results shows that plating thickness will increase with electroplating time, when the other conditions are kept constant, the maximum thickness achieved is 15.7 µm at coating time 20 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of bright nickel deposit shows presence of pure metallic nickel. In the other hand the silver bright color was due to the use of the additives and brightener in the ELP bath. The evaluation of surface topographic results carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The images showed clusters of spherical and semi-spherical uniform particles of BNi on the aluminum surfaces. The micro hardness of the electroplated specimens were measured, the maximum hardness was founded (202 HV) belong to BNi film deposited on Al-1100 substrate for 14 min. The roughness was measured using surface roughness measurement device and the results showed that roughness are increased with increasing the electroplating time, which was related to the bath temperature and current density, where the highest value of the average surface roughness was (0.24 µm) refer to BNi coated on Al-AA1100 with a coating time of 20 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is an unconventional superfinishing process that produces parts with a high surface finish. In this study, the influence of factors such as working gap, rotational speed of the electromagnet inductor, and abrasive particle size on the surface roughness (Ra) of a flat plate workpiece of carbon steel AISI A681 has been investigated. A series of experimental tests It has been planned to use boron carbide powder (33% B4C) mixed with iron powder (67% Fe) during the magnetic abrasive process. The obtained data was analyzed using Minitab 2017 software using the full factorial methods. The results showed that a working gap of 1.5 mm, a rotational speed of 150 rpm, and an abrasive particle size of 35 µm improved surface roughness by 56.89 %. The abrasive size was the most important factor in surface roughness, accounting for 32.62% of the total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the impact of Wire EDM (WEDM) process variables on the responses namely kerf width (KW) and surface roughness (Ra), Tool-steel O1 is considered as workpiece material. The Taguchi design was subjected to a total of (9) experiments. The research was carried out using the Taguchi approach as an optimization method, taking into account the varying parameters of (Pulse Duration, Servo-Feed, and Pulse-off). The findings show that KW and Ra are significantly influenced by (Pulse Duration, Servo-Feed, and Pulse-off). For KW and Ra, the (Servo-Feed) is the most important variable. Minitab version 18 software was used to evaluate the results. The results show that the Servo-Feed is the most prompting factor which affects the surface roughness and kerf width. The better roughness of the machined surface is (4.21) µm can be achieved at conditions (400 mm/min, 40 µs, 30 µs), whereas the smallest value of kerf width is (330.48) µm at (400 mm/min, 20 µs, 10 µs) for servo-feed, pulse duration, and pulse off time respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic abrasive machining (MAM) technique is a well-developed unconventional machining technique. In the manufacturing industry, magnetic abrasive particles (MAP) and the magnetic force required to apply in the machining zone are commonly used in the nano-range for surface finishing of workpieces. It is more precise and faster than traditional methods, and it can produce finished components that are defect-free. This paper illustrates the development of an experimental setup for performing MAF operations on a flat A681 high carbon steel plate. Effect of working gap, rational speed, and abrasive particle size on change in surface roughness and material removal have been studied. Taguchi's L12 design of experimentation technique was used to plan the experiments. After each experiment, we calculated improvement in the surface finish and material removal. The result showed that, the highest improvement value of average surface roughness (ΔRa) was 0.066 µm (56.89 %) at 150 rpm, 1.5 mm gap, 35 µm abrasive particle size. The lowest value of ΔRa was as 0.09 µm (11.11 %) at 360 rpm, 1.5 mm gap, 400 µm abrasive particle size, the highest value of material removal (MR) was 0.026 g at 360 rpm, 1.5 mm gap, 400 µm abrasive particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic abrasive finishing" (MAF) as considered of the unconventional finishing methods, which controlled by a magnetic force and improved the level of surface layer quality. This search deals with discussion the i influence of the magnetic abrasive finishing mechanism system on the surface roughness finish (Ra) in conditions of six input technology variables, with three levels according to design of experiment (DOE) Taguchi array L27 and by using the regression mathematical mode. These variables are the (Grain Size Powder, Gap between poles. Doze of the powder, Specimen work piece speed, Finishing time, and DC current). This study includes modify of (MAF)process machine, manufacturing magnetic body poles, and prepare the abrasive ferromagnetic powder by the mix of the boron nitride with the iron oxide. It has been indicated that in vitro Surface Roughness more than 75%., (MINITAB"17 software) was utilized to evaluate the influence of the (MAF) technology parameters on the Surface Roughness finish (Ra) of bar brass workpiece. The constant Coefficient of Determination (R2) is 96.72%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, the machinability of the aluminum alloy has been investigated by turning it without using coolant fluid. Three cutting variables were selected to achieve this investigation at three levels which are cutting speed, cutting depth, and cutting angle (bevel cut). Also, it was used Taguchi L9 matrix method to generate nine experiments, and these experiments were carried out using a lathe machine. Speed cutting steel was used as a cutting tool and the surface smoothness was measured for each experiment by taking three readings for each sample and calculating the average value of them. Furthermore, the results were analyzed statistically and practically using Minitab 16 software and Design Expert 6.0 program. An ANOVA table was presented and used to measure the significance of the constructed statistical model. Where, the contribution and importance of each cutoff vary in relation to the output that represented by the smoothness of the surface. The main aim of this work is to present a new approach to find the optimum cutting conditions, where the surface roughness is considered the criterion to analyze the results. Based on this approach, the optimum cutting conditions were found to obtain the smoothest cut surface using Design Expert 6.0 program. It was found that the best cutting conditions for cutting speed, cutting depth and cutting angle are 500 rpm, 0.1 mm, 80ᵒ, respectively in order to achieve the smoothest cut surface of 1.318 micron. In addition, it was found that the cutting speed has the highest influence on the smoothness of the cut surface, followed by the cutting angle and the depth of cut has the minimum effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machining process using the mist cooling method reduces the use of cooling media. Reducing the cooling media in addition to reducing process costs also reduces the waste generated in the machining process. One of the cooling media using the mist cooling method is palm oil. The use of the mist cooling method is not as good as the wet cooling method. Improving the performance of the mist cooling method can be done by adding a solid lubricant. In this titanium machining method, mist cooling method is used with palm oil media and added solid lubricant Wolfram disulfide (WS2) and TiO2 particles. The solid lubricant content used is 0.5; 1 and 1.5 grams/100 ml of palm oil. The engine speed used is 250, 370 and 600 rpm. The higher surface roughness occurs on the machining with 0.25 grams wolfram disulfide and the lowest surface roughness occur on the machining with 0,75 grams wolfram disulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The machining process using a milling machine on titanium requires a cooling media to cooling the cutting tool and workpiece. The application of cooling media from organic materials can reduce the use of synthetic oil as cooling media which is difficult to decompose naturally. Palm oil which is one of the most widely produced vegetable oils in Indonesia. The use of palm oil as a coolant has been widely carried out, to improve the performance of palm oil as a cooling media by increasing the ability of palm oil to absorb heat. In this research, TiO2 particles and solid lubricant were added. The milling process was carried out at 250, 370 and 600 rpm, while the TiO2 content was 0,25; 0,50 and 0,75 grams/100mL vegetable oil. The highest surface roughness occurred in a 0,05 grams TiO2 (0,585 µm), while the lowest occurred in a mixture of 0.1 gram of graphite at 0,338 µm. The effect of TiO2 content on decreasing the surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing technology is still developed rapidly. One of important quality parameter to assess the 3D printed part is surface roughness. The surface quality of 3D printed part tends to form in regular shape. However, the surface roughness of objects that prints on vertical position is relative ununiformly. The purpose of this study to optimize the printing parameters for making surface quality of printed object to be uniformly. Variations in printing parameters were thickness, length and layer height. The variation of model is arranged by using orthogonal arrays. All model was created using CAD software, then it was manufactured using a 3D printer device. The main material of the test specimen was Polylactic Acid (PLA). Meanwhile, the roughness of the printed object was tested by surface roughness tester. The optimization process was a last stage to find out the most optimal combination of experimental variations. The results showed that the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) calculation of the S/N ratio value for the thickness parameter was 19.45%, while the length parameter was 48.57%, and the layer height parameter was 5.85%. In accordance to results, the optimal combination occurred on the parameter thickness of 3.25 mm, length of 140 mm, and layer height of 0.20 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the machining process, cutting fluids are used to transfer heat, reduce friction, and remove chips from the cutting zone. The Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique under vegetable oil as a cutting fluid has been developed to consider its impact on health, the environment and sustainable machining. In recent decades, the use of cutting fluids mixed with nano fluid particles has provided heat transfer efficiency compared to conventional fluids. In this study, optimization of milling machining parameters and the comparison of two vegetable-based cutting fluids on the surface roughness of AISI 1045 workpieces was carried out. The cutting fluid used was pure coconut oil and coconut oil with 1% mixture of Al2O3 nanoparticle. Cutting speed, feed rate, and axial depth of cut were considered as milling machining parameters. Taguchi's L9(33) orthogonal array, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the impact of machining parameters. The analysis of the results shows that the optimal machining with the best surface roughness is high cutting speed (40.82m/min), low feed rate (0.042 mm/tooth), and low depth of cut (6 mm). The comparison of cutting fluid showed that coconut oil suspended with nanoparticles resulted in better surface roughness (8.89%) than pure coconut oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective laser melting (SLM), a powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing method, is used in the biomedical, defence, aerospace, and automotive industries to create highly customized and value-added products. AlSi10Mg has a surface finish of 30 microns during the SLM printing process, hence post processing is required to smooth up the surface. For the vertical and horizontal direction printing of AlSi10Mg material during fine finishing of the surface roughness, the maximum surface finish achievable after post processing approach is around 5 microns. The hardness is improved in horizontal direction than the vertical direction printing of the AlSi10Mg in SLM process. The hardness is influenced with highest silicon percentage and it showed 183Hv. The tensile strength results higher in vertical direction than the horizontal direction. The maximum tensile strength is 590.777MPa and good elongation is 6.965 achieved in vertical direction. The microstructure shows the influence of elements to support the maximum tensile strength. The theoretical results of the printing AlSi10Mg in SLM process using ANSYS for the maximum tensile strength, deformation and load absorption capacity. Also compare the results with experimental analysis in various directions of the printing in SLM process. The maximum stress is 513.01MPa, Strain is 0.46 and total deformation is 45mm in SLM process using theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites reinforced with polymers and nanofillers are fascinating increasingly widespread in the prosthodontic profession and are being developed to meet patient needs. The goal of this work was to assess the surface roughness of Polymethyl methacrylate strengthened by different weight percentages wt. % of nano Al2O3 fillers after polishing all samples with various abrasive materials. Group A control, Group B polishing with pumice Al2O3 1%, Group C polishing with pumice Al2O3 1.5%, Group D polishing with colloidal Al2O3 1%, Group E polishing with colloidal Al2O3 1.5%, Group F polishing with diamond Al2O3 1%, and Group G polishing with diamond Al2O3 1.5% were the seven groups. The results showed that groups 1.5% polished by colloidal silica, diamond dispersion, or pumice had a greater mean value of roughness than the control group. While groups 1% had the lowest mean value of surface roughness, groups polished with diamond suspension, colloidal as well as pumice had the highest. Samples of acrylic reinforcement with 1.5% nano Al2O3 addition and polished with colloidal, diamond as well as pumice revealed highly surface roughness first, then group control, then group 1% low surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this research is to compare the surface roughness of holes drilled in normal and annealed mild steel to the surface roughness of holes drilled in mild steel that has not been treated in any way. Both the Materials and the Methods: For the purposes of this investigation, a plate made of mild steel with a thickness of 10 millimetres was used. Normalization of mild steel was place at 750 degrees Celsius inside of a muffle furnace, and annealing took place at 840 degrees Celsius. After then, tungsten carbide drills were used so that the holes could be drilled. Testing of the surface roughness was carried out in accordance with the recommendations provided by ASTM. On each plate in both the experimental group (annealed and normalised Mild steel) and the control group (annealed and normalised Mild steel), there are 39 test samples (N=39) (untreated Mild steel). According to a one-way ANOVA run by SPSS software with a significance level of 0.00 (p0.05), the maximum surface roughness of annealed mild steel (3.08 m) is significantly less than that of normalised mild steel (3.28 m) and untreated mild steel (3.95 m). It was found that heat treatment of mild steel increased the surface finish property, and that annealing, in particular, resulted in a considerable improvement in the surface finish of mild steel. However, it should be noted that these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching purpose of this study is to compare the cylindricity tolerance findings obtained from drilling in heat-treated stainless steel to those acquired from drilling in normalised and annealed stainless steel, as well as the results obtained from drilling in untreated stainless steel. Substances and Techniques: The research used 12-mm thick stainless steel plates. Stainless steel plates go through normalisation and annealing at temperatures of 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. Drilling research CNC vertical milling centre. Because of its longevity, tungsten carbide drill bits are often favoured. ASTM standards were used for cylinder tolerance testing and inspections. Calculating the sample size at 80% of the pretest power. Twenty samples were collected from each of the study and control plates. Results: When comparing the three classes, the Untreated Stainless steel had the highest surface roughness, as determined by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed using SPSS tools. The significance threshold was determined to be 0.001 after running all of the data through SPSS to determine it and then seeing the resulting graphs. (p0.05). It was concluded that, within the limits of the experiment, heat treatment resulted in a significant increase in attributes that improved mechanical characteristics and boosted process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of a one-of-a-kind tool coating formed of titanium nitride is analysed and contrasted with how it influences the surface roughness of machined AA6061 aluminium alloy after HSS M42 tool drilling. The purpose of this project is to design a technique that can work with AA6061 while preserving the smoothness of the surface. Both the M42 HSS tool coating and the titanium nitride coating can only be found in one place: unique. When drilling specimens, the aluminium alloy AA6061 is often used as the cutting tool of choice. A comparison was made between the surface roughness of two sets of 20 samples each and 40 samples that had been drilled by a CNC machine. Managed not only the rotational speed of the spindle but also the pace of the feed and the depth of the cut. Both the data entry and the data analysis were done using SPSS. After doing extensive study and gathering data, it was discovered that the HSS M42 tool had a mean surface roughness of 11.32620 m, with a standard deviation of 4.581115 and a significance value of 0.045. (p 0.05). It was determined that drill bits coated with titanium nitride had a surface roughness that averaged 7.19445 m and had a standard deviation of 3.262270 m. This study has a p-value that is less than 0.05, which is significant. Titanium Nitride coating enhanced the surface smoothness achieved by CNC drilling of AA6061 aluminium alloy using HSS M42 drill bit during dry operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to compare the performance of coated and uncoated inserts while minimising surface roughness when turning the innovative AA5052+3%MoS2+9%Si3N4 hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite (HAMMC). The workpiece material taken into consideration for this investigation was unique HAMMC, which used AA5052 as the base alloy with 3 weight percent solid lubricant molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and 9 weight percent silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic as reinforcement. Two cutting inserts—an uncoated insert (control group) and a TiN coated insert—are used throughout the turning process on the cast HAMMC (experimental group). Cutting parameters including feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed are held constant. Based on an 80% G-power calculator, 20 samples for each group were taken into consideration. As a result, the uncoated insert's mean value of surface roughness is 2.364 m while the TiN-coated insert's is 1.588 m. The results of an independent sample t-test with a significance value of 0.005 (p0.05) indicate that there is a substantial variance among the groups taken into consideration. Due to less shearing force and friction, it is concluded that turning the HAMMC with a coated insert results in lower surface roughness than machining with an uncoated insert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of uncoated carbide and PCBN inserts in CNC turning grade 410 martensitic and precipitation hardening steel was compared. These inserts were carefully analysed for surface roughness (SR) during turning. The control was the PCBN insert and the outlier was the uncoated insert. Components in this investigation were grade 410 martensitic precipitation hardening steel. Cut speed, feed rate, and depth were fed into a computer numerically controlled machine for both sets of 27 samples. The uncoated insert had a mean SR value of 0.883326 m, whereas the PCBN insert had 0.606919 m. A 0.018 level of significance was identified between experimental and control groups. This experiment shows that the PCBN insert is smoother than the uncoated insert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to evaluate the cylindricity tolerance of normalised and annealed Mild steel holes to untreated holes. This experiment employed a 10 mm mild steel plate. A muffle furnace normalised mild steel at 750°C and annealed it at 840°C. Drills made of tungsten carbide created the holes. The ASTM cylindricity tolerance criteria were followed. In the experimental (annealed and normalised Mild steel) and control groups, 39 test samples (N=39) are on each plate (untreated Mild steel). Sample size was determined using G-Power 80%. According to a one-way ANOVA using SPSS software, annealed Mild steel (0.0487 m) has a considerably lower maximum surface roughness tolerance than normalised (0.0541 m) and untreated (0.0587 m) (p0.05). This study demonstrated that mild steel surface quality increased with heat treatment, especially annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the surface roughness of carbide drills and PCD drills with HSS drills when drilling Al6061/SiC/Al2O3. The sample is made of Al6061/SiC/Al2O3 matrix combination. The matrix composite was reinforced with different weight percentages of materials (Al6061-90%/SiC-5%/Al2O3-5%) using a conventional stir casting process. This project considers 3 groups with 9 samples in each group (total sample size=27), where the threshold is 0.05, the G-power is 80%, the confidence interval is 95%, and the enrollment ratio is 1. The experimental surface roughness of HSS is 3.69 µm. Carbide is 2.51 µm and PCD is 2.10 µm. SPSS significance values are p=0.003 for HSS and cemented carbide, and p<0.002 for HSS and PCD. When drilling Al6061/SiC/Al2O3 composites, PCD drills have better surface roughness than carbide and HSS drills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to measure the drilling operation and surface roughness of sisal fibre without filler (epoxy) matrix nanocomposites reinforced with innovative bi-directional sisal fibre with graphene laminated by hand layup. Materials and Methods: In surface roughness, sisal fibre reinforces. By making plates, resin and hardener form a matrix and graphene fills it. Sisal fibre without filler (N=20) and graphene (N=20) are tested in the control group. Results and Discussions: Sisal without filler (0 percent) and sisal with graphene (4 percent) have good surface roughness. SPSS programme indicates significance (p<0.05) and ANOVA analysis indicates 0.001. Conclusion: Sisal with graphene (4%) exhibits more surface roughness than epoxy matrix sisal without filler, within the study's limits (0 percent). The surface roughness of epoxy composites with 4% graphene (filler) was 15% higher than simple epoxy composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the roughness of an HSS M42 and TiN coated tool that was used on aluminium alloy 7075 is the topic of discussion. While Group 1 was given an M42 high-speed steel tool, Group 2 received a control (Titanium nitride coated tool). From AA7075, twenty samples were taken from each group, and it was estimated that the material had a g-power of 80 percent. The dimensions of the sample were 25 millimetres in diameter and 15 millimetres in thickness. The rod with the grade 7075 is shorter in length and has a diameter of 25 millimetres. Its composition is lighter, and its length is 2 feet. The roughness test was carried out in a manner that was prescribed by the ASTM standards. For all of the statistical testing and analysis, SPSS was used. Based on the evidence, we are able to draw the conclusion that the tool made of high-speed steel had a mean surface roughness of 8.15625 m, but the tool made of titanium nitride coating had a mean surface roughness of 6.82665 m. (p0.020). Within the parameters of the investigation, it was determined that the surface roughness of the cutting edge titanium nitride coated tool was superior to that of the high-speed steel M42 drill tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface roughness was measured on CNC-drilled Aluminum Alloy AA1100 using both HSS M35 and TiN-coated tools. HSS M35 twist drills and Titanium Nitride drills are used in this study. Holes are cut into certain AA1100 aluminium. In this study, both control and experimental groups are used. Drill bits coated with TiN and controls made from HSS M35 will be used in this experiment. Twenty samples from each group were deemed sufficient for analysis using an A G power calculator. Twenty samples from each tool are drilled in a controlled experiment. Speed, feed rate, and cutting depth dials. The parameters used were 2200 RPM, 200 IPM, and 10 mm of depth of cut. Using a Mitutoyo Surface tester SJ-410, we measured the surface roughness of 20 samples and analysed the data using SPSS with a 95% confidence interval. HSS M35 drill bits had a value of 2.89445, whereas the TiN-coated drill bits had a value of 0.95726. Findings are statistically significant (p=0.024) in this study. The surface roughness of the TiN-coated tool was better than that of the HSS M35 tool at the same input speed, feed, and depth of cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any technical material can be produced in the necessary forms and sizes through the use of machine tools. Materials are adjusted and employed in accordance with their parameters for a higher machinability characteristic. Because of its higher processing parameters, the abrasive water jet technology is currently utilized the highest commonly for producing successful processing or cut of any materials. Selecting the ideal abrasive water jet machining parameters is crucial to achieving enhanced business performance, greater profits, and value based. Surface roughness is a response variable that is studied in relation to the machining process variables of feed rate, standoff distance, and abrasive flow rate. To do experimental work, the L27 (33) orthogonal matrix created in Minitab 18 is used, and this is statistically investigated using the Taguchi Technique. Feed rate, standoff distance and abrasive flow rate are the input parameters of our concern. Surface roughness is the output parameter. We had decided three different levels of input parameters and we have performed the Taguchi's method followed by ANOVA method to get their interactions and their effect on the output parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of an aqueous solution of NaCl salt with hydrogen peroxide on the corrosion of grade A steel 414 Grade A was experimentally studied. Long-term corrosive exposure on the surface of the substrate led to a change in roughness by 5.3-5.4 times. After placing a drop of solution on the substrate after 60 s, the area Sd of the drop increases 2.3-2.5 times. This change in Sd is associated with the formation of hydroxyl groups and a change in the roughness of the substrate surface due to corrosion. There are II modes for changing the area of the corrosion spot Sc. The change in dSc/dt for mode II (120 < t < 300 s) is 1.36 times higher than for mode I (t<120 s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]