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Drinking water samples were taken from 18 villages around Zakho district, Kurdistan region, Iraq in annual seasons of 2018 year and chemical analysis of most important water quality parameters were carried out. Water temperature is varied about 13.2 C to 18.7 C, four villages have slight acidic water while other 15 locations are tend to be slight alkaline and highest pH value reaches 8.4, electrical conductivity (μs/cm) is over the permissible values of standard drinking water in two villages and high in 4 location while normal in the rest 13 locations, statistical analysis of dissolved oxygen ranges between 6.73 - 8.40 mg/l, statistical analysis of total hardness revealed that the all villages around Zakho district have hard to intensive hard water over 500 mg/l and gives them a slight bitter taste, calcium hardness gives extremely ranges between 72-392 mg/l, and Mg hardness between 39-250 mg/l, statistical analysis of chloride shows is around 250 mg/l which is typical standard for drinking water, SO4 is low and their means located between 18-58 mg/l and NO3 not exceeded 5 mg/l along year months reflecting their purity from pollution. The content of heavy metals Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ag, Ni, Cr,Co, are below maximum permissible WHO guidelines and save for drinking while lead is over WHO permissible levels in this rank Mala> Jajoe> Easlam> Bntate> Banee villages and considered a dangerous indicators for drinking water quality in these villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban morphology has been the center of interest of numerous studies for several decades. The objectives of these studies vary from the simple understanding of the urban form to more elaborate endeavors aiming to create an analytical model that can be tested against sociological, economic, and/or demographic aspects of urban settlements. Some recent approaches integrate the analysis of urban morphology into the generative design process. Yet, a simple comprehensive analytical model that can be exploited readily in an urban generative methodology is missing. This paper presents part of a suggested method for analyzing the traditional (organic) urban fabric within a study aiming to arrive at a simplified generic model of the traditional urban form. That aimed generic model would be a starting point in a generative design process that simulates the morphological characteristics of the urban tissue under study. The hypothesis behind this work is that the study of local morphological factors – the typology of road nodes – can lead to an understanding of the global morphology of the urban tissue. The proposed analytical method includes two main axes. The first is to study the typology of road nodes within the traditional fabric. The second axis concerns how these nodes relate to each other to form the urban fabric. This paper focuses on the first axis related to the study of the typology of road nodes within the urban fabric. The typological classification of nodes in the urban fabric is simply based on the number of connected roads and the continuity or discontinuity of these roads through the node. The question of continuity is treated using the (Visual Step) concept. Coupled with a global analysis of the relation among the nodes, and based on the idea of (Urban Layering), a simple but informative generic model for the morphology of the urban tissue can be generated. The selected context for the case study is the Old City of Mosul in Iraq, which is now listed on the tentative list of the UNESCO world heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus diseases 2021 (COVID-19) on going situation in Iraq is characterized in this paper. The pandemic handling by the government and the difficulties of public health measures enforcement in Iraq. Estimation of the COVID-19 data set was performed. Iraq is endangered to the pandemic, like the rest of the world besides sharing borders with hotspot neighbouring country Iran. The government of Iraq launched proactive measures in an attempt to prevent the viral spread. Nevertheless, reports of new cases keep escalating leaving the public health officials racing to take more firm constriction to face the pandemic. The paper bring forth the current COVID-19 scenario in Iraq, the government measures towards the public health challenges, and the future potential health risks that may emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been achieved to desalinate the brackish groundwater for several districts located in Baghdad the capital of Iraq which are Amiriya, Shurta 5 ,and New Baghdad by using reverse osmosis (RO) Unit. ULP 1812-50 RO type has been used for desalination in this paper. The system has accomplished the percentage of water recovery that ranged between (18.18 - 33.33)% and the percentage of salt rejection that ranged between (97.07 - 99.29)%. As well as the high efficiencies of removal for the physio-chemical parameters of the raw groundwater which are Electrical conductivity, EC (95-99)%, Turbidity(100)%, Total Hardness (100)%, Ca (95-100)%, Mg (84-93)%, Cl (70-96)%, SO4 (85-100)% and NO3 (73-93)%. These results have showed us that the RO technique is suitable to produce freshwater from brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, imagery of the chest has become the key clinical procedure for diagnosing and predicting chest infection in the lungs. Computed tomography (CT) images of the chest were thus considered in this study as a screening strategy for early-stage detection of chest infections and other abnormalities in the human lung. Raw computed tomography is difficult to interpret, leading to a need to develop computer algorithm diagnostic (CAD) approaches to improve the detection of abnormalities in the resulting CT images. The data samples used in this paper were obtained from Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital and the Radiology Department of Imam Al Hujja Charity Hospital in Iraq, Kerbala. The number of images in the assembled dataset was 150 across two different class types, normal and with confirmed lung disease. The Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (FCMC), K-Means Clustering (KMC), and Gaussian Mixed Model Clustering (GMMC) techniques were then applied to the chest CT images to test the detection and classification of the normal and infected scans. The features of the CT images in this paper were then filtered to remove clusters identified as belonging to normal areas to develop a full algorithm for the identification of abnormal areas by mans of anatomic segmentation of chest infection Region of Interest (ROI), which is presented as part of this work. The experimental results show that the proposed segmentation techniques offered clustering accuracy of 93.12 %, 90.23%, and 91.41% for FCMC, KMC, and GMMC, respectively. The performance metrics thus show that the FCMC algorithm outperforms the KMC and GMMC algorithms, as well as being fully autonomous, and having the capability to isolate abnormal infected regions in the lung tissue where such anomalies exist accurately to the benefit of radiologists, a function few other computational algorithms can offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic volumes have increased rapidly in recent years across all major highways of Iraq due to the ongoing increases in economic growth in the region. The ability of a pavement structure to perform its main function decreases as traffic load increases, especially where overloaded heavy vehicles pass along a road. The majority of the road pavement is designed with vehicle legal load limits in mind: however, these may not always be adhered to, as most transportation businesses seek to reduce transportation costs by avoiding repetition of vehicle routes. Excessive truck traffic can cause economic, environmental, and social harm, however, and in this paper, the Iraqi State Commissions of Roads and Bridges (SCRP) code, AASHTO, and the Asphalt Institute method are used to analyse the effects of overloaded vehicles on road pavement thickness as compared to standard conditions. For both standard conditions and overloading cases, the traffic load expressed by Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) and truck factor were thus calculated, and the differences resulting from overloading thus identified. Traffic data from the Khalis–Odayam road were used in this paper to form a case study, allowing assessment of the impact of repetitive load conditions on the structural design, and any increase in layer thickness above the legal axle load limit that ensues. The results obtained from this work show that the total thickness of the paving layers as assessed using the AASHTO method was 805 mm and that by the Asphalt Institute method was 800 mm; these results were thus relatively close, despite the fact that the value of the ESAL was valued at 9.8*10^8 in the AASHTO method and 7.9*10*8 in the asphalt institute method, while the thickness values required by the two methods was greater than the current thickness of the road, indicating failures and distortions in the road after each successive road maintenance. According to these findings, overloaded vehicles on the road thus have a significant impact on pavement service life and necessitate to laying of thicker pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study to increase productivity and thermal efficiency in solar collectors by optimizing them with a parabolic trough coupled to Fresnel lenses. Fresnel lenses are of great interest as an efficient sun-gathering device due to their high concentration and low heat loss. This paper aims to examine for the first time the addition of Fresnel lenses to a parabolic trough (PTC), which can be considered a promising heat-concentrating technology for solar-powered systems. The test was carried out in Iraq - the city of Diwaniyah (31.99° N, 44. 93° E). The study showed that the use of Fresnel lenses led to an increase in production efficiency. Experiments showed that the total production efficiency is (26.5% and 40.9%) for CSS with PTC and CSS with PTC with Fresnel lenses, respectively, compared with the traditional stator. and thermal efficiency (47.5%,60.1%,70.9%) for CSS, CSS with PTC, and CSS with PTC with two Fresnel lenses on PTC, respectively. This paper proposes the use of spot-type concentrating lenses in concentrated solar collectors to improve the performance of solar distillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technology is recently grabbing the worldwide attention due to reduce the heat required to decrease the viscosity of bitumen and increase the workability of asphalt mixtures. This technology also reduces the temperature of mixing and paving process comparing to the temperature required for the traditional hot mix asphalt, as well as increase the haul span distance. Reducing the mixing and laying temperatures leads to several benefits including: less green house gas emissions, energy savings cost, and longer construction season. Despite the promising benefits of this technology, there are some concerns regarding the durability and long-term performance. Much research and development have been carried out around the world into warm-mix technology. These approach have the same basic goal but in differing ways. To date, HMA is commonly used in road construction in Iraq, while the use of WMA is totally new. Accordingly, there is a persistent need to study the potential application of WMA to manufacture a more eco-friendly products. However, before carrying out testing works, a desktop survey should be completed to explore the wide variety of WMA's available to attempt to narrow down the possible products of WMA that could be applicable with reference to Iraq's climate. Iraq has a hot and dry climate differs from most of the countries where this technology has been originally developed. This paper investigates the potential use of this technology in the context of Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between weather patterns at 500 hPa geopotential height and surface low pressure is discussed in this paper. Rainfall in the mid-latitudes is heavily tied to the synoptic pattern at the upper levels. Surface low pressure is enhanced by upper-level weather patterns, resulting in heavy rainfall events. We study heavy rainfall events between 2010 and 2020, the weather patterns at the upper level that cause heavy rainfall over Iraq are (cut off low and trough), which can be observed clearly on 500 hPa maps. The decrease of the value of geopotential height compared to the location at the same latitude indicates unsettled weather over the location with a lower value of geopotential height. two case studies were conducted in 2013 where a heavy rainfall event occurred across Iraq, the weather pattern at the upper boosted low pressure at the surface which advects moist, warm air, resulting in higher instability and heavy rainfall over Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a premier insight into renewable energy, global perspectives, challenges, development, and the environmental impact of solar power in Iraq. Every day, degrees of global sun radiation range from 2000 kWh/m2 to 2500 kWh/m2. The global demand for electricity due to environmental concerns increases the pressure to use alternative, sustainable, and hassle-free power sources. Solar power is an infinite, CO2-free energy source that may be used anywhere in the planet. Solar energy generates 1.4 ×105 TW of power on the earth's surface, as well as around 3.6×104 TW of this electricity is utilized. Global power usage decreased by 3.6 ×104 TW in 2012 to 17 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are critical components for turning solar radiation into electricity. Photovoltaic technology, energy conversion efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity legislation, environmental effect, a wide range of uses, and possibilities, this study goes into great detail on s and development. This painting collects new literature (e.g. research papers, conference proceedings, reports, books) on photovoltaic technology, monetary analysis, environmental impact, and public awareness policies. Due to the fast advancement of PV technology, the assessment determined that PV is a simple approach to harvest solar energy. Finally, this work shows the projects that can be adapted to control the use of renewable electricity systems in standard electricity and in particular solar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an ANN based adaptive Auto Reclosing AR which integrated of an operation of distance measuring relay in HV Over Head Transmission Line OHTL. This work is brought to enhance stability synchronism, and reliability during the transient faults of OHTL. Thus, it leads to increase the continuity of the electric power system, especially of hydropower plants are connected to utility grid. This work are used Matlab\Simulink environment to design and simulate a single-phase auto-reclosing, which depends on the Artificial Neural Networks ANN integrated with a distance relay DR. In addition, the simulation model consists of Boolean algebra circuits, and timers are utilised to build Auto-reclosure of a circuit breaker in each phase. The ANN is here trained to recognize angle values of actual impedances (in the positive sequence only) in which it can classify which phase exactly is line to ground fault. The simulation results show the ability of this combination to distinguish among various fault types and giving multi pulses-shot of tripping and reclosing for the specific circuit breaker with a successful mechanism. In this paper, a realistic system with real parameters was represented by the important transmission line (Mosul Dam-East Mosul), which currently is only the main and alone line that connects the northern Iraq network with a national grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For almost half a century, Iraq was ravaged by wars and the ongoing political instability where Iraq was connected to the military coups, neighborhood war, and clashes that generated violent conflicts. The number of orphans produced is incalculable. More than 5% of the world's orphans became orphans in Iraq. Orphans from the most neglected and ignored community in society. Because of the orphan's material and emotional deprivation, caring for orphans should be given higher attention. The purpose of this paper is to create and implement a computerized online registration system that is controlled electronically, It is used to acquire, process, manipulate, organize, and provide timely, accurate, and regular orphan data, with the goal of include as many orphans of various categories as possible, who are typically unregistered. The system model was created using the use case diagram, sequence diagram, an entity-relationship diagram. This system was established in an attempt to include, register, and reach as many orphans as possible, based on the notion that information technology has become crucial for promoting effective jobs. The developed database not only considers the sequence of the tasks performed but also the relationships among the control objects. Paperwork administration will be eliminated, record handling will be minimized, data synchronization, as the orphans' data can be recorded regularly and accurately, through which, material and humanitarian assistance can be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deal with the improvement of cooling load in office buildings in Semi-Arid Climates. Generally, the building in North Iraq consumes a lot of energy to satisfy cooling need due to the climate in northern Iraq is a hot atmosphere, as well as lack of sufficient construction techniques, materials, and operations without providing satisfactory comfort and health levels for the occupants, that lead to using a mechanical device (split unit) to achieve thermal comfort. Therefore, this paper aims to test some applying passive cooling strategies to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal performance in office buildings. Design builder and Energy plus are used to present the dynamic role of the simulation tool in architecture. This study proposed a conventional office to be baseline module for simulation and selected one room from each orientation to simulate the current situation and then with various passive cooing variables to improve the office space cooling load. The study concluded that Window shading by the overhang, low solar transmittance, and decreasing window-to-wall ratio scored the best results for minimizing cooling loads by 17% -40% compared to the base case. The primary objective, which has been achieved through this article, emphasizes the importance of using Building Performance Simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of horizontal drilling in an oilfield of Kurdistan region of Iraq. The most important developments in Petroleum industry were through drilling technology by producing more horizontal wells in the worlds since eighties. Horizontal drilling is considered as a cost-effective method for developing reserves because of continues breakthrough of hardware equipment in oil fields. The technology of Horizontal wells remains to be a remarkable enthusiasm of oil industry since they can give an attractive way to enhancing both production rate and oil recovery factor. The practice of drilling a horizontal oil well in Kurdistan region of Iraq will be highlighted in this paper. In the previous few years horizontal drilling in this region has given an exciting experience for petroleum engineers. A horizontal well will be drilled in the oil fields of Taq Taq and one of the important applications of this well is to recover production rate in thin/tight reservoir and saving in total growth cost. The aim of this paper is to show the structure and parts of horizontal well. Well plan viewpoints incorporate choice of bit and casing sizes, casing setting depths and penetrating mud density, casing, and hydraulics, technique for boring and well profile. An Iraqi oil field (Taq Taq field) is selected for designing horizontal well to increase the productivity and long rich position. Short to Medium radius horizontal well profile is suggested for the developing the field. This paper employs instructions learned and results obtained while applying a rotary drilling of an offset nearby well with liner system on conventional horizontal rig, during the designing and drilling operation arrangement. The main goal of this work is to show the impact of horizontal drilling application on the performance improvement of that oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of Cloud computing is considered as a hugely advantageous application particularly for higher education institutions (HEIs) taking into consideration its privileges like longstanding expenses saving, smooth accessibility to data at any moment and efficiently. The aim of the present study is to describe the significant factors which affect the adopting cloud computing by higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Iraq. This research paper follows quantitative research method. The researcher uses a questionnaire of 160 participants from the administrative level as well as the staff members who are responsible for computer and IT specialization in Mosul University in Iraq. In this paper the model of technology- organization-environment (TOE) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) are utilized to investigate the significant factors that influencing the adoption of cloud computing.As a result it has been found that the factors of relative advantage, security concerns, top management support, IT experience, external support, and facilitating condition carry positive effects in the adopting cloud computing by HEIs in Iraq.Meanwhile, competitive pressure are not significant factors the adoption of cloud computing by HEIs in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant change in the components and variables of the economic environment is one of the most important phenomena that characterize this environment at present, and these changes have made the goal of survival in the market a priority due to the prevalence of financial distress in companies. The main purpose of this paper is to test the impact and effectiveness of the model of artificial neural networks and Naive Bayes technology and to see how accurate they are and their ability to classify companies. In this paper, the information of the companies listed on the Iraq stock exchange for 2017, which represents 36 companies with high financial distress, 20 companies with medium financial distress, in addition to 43 non-distressed companies for a group of 99 companies. According to the experimental results, the model of artificial neural networks gives the highest rating accuracy of 96.97% and an error rate compared to Naive Bayes, which gave a rating accuracy of 74.74%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime was the number one problem in terms of the highest priority concerned with both the individual, society, and government. With the increasing growth in crime rates all over the world, an urgent need to analyze crime data to reduce it, it has become necessary to create a database of crimes and criminals and develop a good tool to analyze crime and identify crime patterns quickly and efficiently. Data mining techniques work on analyzing data from different sources and changing it into an organized structure for additional use. The major aim of this paper is to find out certain prevalent patterns in the actual data of the Criminal Statistics Directorate / Police Affairs Agency / Iraqi Ministry of Interior for the period from 2010 to 2020 The basic stages to create a system include raw data processing, data visualization, and models building. using the Random Forest algorithm and the Gradient Boosting algorithm to classify governorates according to crimes occurred. The Random Forest classifier gave accuracy 82.2% better than the Gradient Boosting algorithm that gave accuracy 71.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful technique used for measuring and monitoring surface deformation due to natural hazards. It combines Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with interferometry and is used to detect small changes in surface deformation over time, regardless of weather or time of day. InSAR is extensively used to monitor and measure earthquakes, volcanoes, and land subsidence. This paper reviews the application of InSAR in earthquake monitoring and deformation analysis. The reviewed studies demonstrate the effectiveness of InSAR in detecting and monitoring ground deformation caused by earthquakes. The use of advanced remote sensing technology and data processing techniques have enabled the detection of deformation at increasingly high spatial and temporal resolutions. Additionally, the paper provides a case study of a 6.3 Mw earthquake event in 2018, discussing the fault type and displacement map generated through InSAR technology. In conclusion, InSAR is a valuable tool in natural hazard monitoring and has wide-ranging applications from structural engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of highways' maintenance is to preserve the network of roads by retaining their performance in a way that enhances the transport needs and provides an environmentally positive contribution to the service standards. This target is performed by many activities which are presented in the state-of-the-art form to illustrate the approaches and techniques that are used for maintenance performance measurement and which maintenance techniques are optimal for evaluating maintenance strategies. The lack of structure and maintenance records have been discussed and took into consideration as a major step in performing accurate highway maintenance. This lack of records shows the gap between academic research and industrial application in maintenance policies. The paper is intended to provide multiple maintenance strategies and suggest the suitable ones that can fit highway conditions in Iraq by giving useful references for highway agency and academic research in this field. A case study including evaluating the performance of some streets and determining the priority of maintenance in one of Iraqi southern cities (Al-Shamiyah town) was presented and discussed. 10 sections of highways being studied. It is shown from the results of investigation that majority of highways lay in the range of good-to-poor condition (given 3-6) as categorised by AASHTO tables. This could result from many reasons such as poor shoulder work, improper compaction and drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel Time estimation and reliability measurement are important issues for improving operational efficiency and safety of traffic road networks; therefore, an effective and dependable transportation infrastructure that provides accessibility and promotes the safe and efficient movement of people and commodities is critical to a nation's or region's economy. This paper aims to compute travel time reliability for a part of (Abi Talep) urban arterial street in Baghdad city of Iraq capital starting from (Al-Shaab bridge intersection) to (Al – Nidaa intersection) is considered one of the busiest and most important links of this arterial to provide a database for estimating travel time and actual travel time for drivers and passengers using this arterial street. Buffer time index harms reliability. Link (2) from Army Canal intersection to Al-Seelaikh intersection had a buffer index of about 74.5 percent, link (4) from Qahira intersection to Al-Nidaa intersection had a 66.6 percent buffer index, but Link (1) from Al-Shaab bridge intersection to Army Canal intersection had a buffer index of about 62 percent. Finally, link (3) from the Al-Seelaikh intersection to the Qahira intersection had a 60.7 percent buffer index. During the peak period, the reliability of links (2), (4), (1), and (3), respectively, deteriorates. In terms of 95 percent percentile travel time, an extra delay detects on links (1), (2), (3), and (4), which are (299, 75, 168, and 733) sec. correspondingly. For link, a higher result for 95 percent travel time is obtained (4). The travel time index (TTI) for links 1, 2, 3, and 4 is 11.5 percent, 2.92 percent, 2.1 percent, and 6.32 percent, respectively. For links 1, 2, 3, and 4, the values of (PTI) planning time index is 18.6 %, 5.1 %, 3.3 %, and 10.5 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Old Najaf is considered one of Iraq's most important historical centers and faces many challenges of changes that significantly impacted its architecture and traditional urban fabrics. The city is a destination of millions of pilgrims who annually visit this core at fixed periods, conducting their periodic rituals and practices. Many of these changes, which relied on the economic agenda of the developers who often targeted central areas and traditional fabrics, have adopted modern planning practices, models, and norms. Today, as a result of that change, landmarks, rich historic facades, and traditional fabrics have been radically impacted and removed; instead, they should preserve because they reflect the culture and the in/tangible heritage of the city and individuals. This paper suggests an integration between the bottom-up and top-down urban strategies to protect to address this problem. The remaining tangible heritage, and then preserve the legacy of the existing historic center of Najaf City by enacting new planning policies, rules, regulations, and raising public awareness for their heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of interaction in urban vitality is the communicating language, which is the symbolic function expressing the processes of interaction understood through the experiences of different groups with the context of their actions. Therefore, the individual's acquisition of knowledge for any group in the symbolic system is the base of the ability for urban interaction. The castle of Kirkuk city is a vital metaphorical example and has passed through many different civilizations. Thus, this has caused a problem represented by the lack of a clear impact vision of archaeological sites on the privacy of Kirkuk city. For instance, symbols and meanings that reflect the civilizational idea borrowed and reflected by the language play an essential role in imparting specific purposes to external topics in which it is the means of self and spatial social interaction in getting to know the world. To accomplish this, the relationship between symbols and meanings strengthens in this paper. As a result, the spatial and social interaction found in this study and achieved 87%, 88%, and 90% can represent indicators of civilization in Kirkuk Castle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling asphalt pavement (RAP) materials have emerged as a feasible option for road maintenance and rehabilitation. Reusing pavement materials has a number of advantages, including resource conservation, environmental preservation, and the preservation of current roadway geometrics. In Iraq, the reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement could be economically appealing because new roadways are needed as the population grows. Furthermore, road network restoration would be a great resource to consider in the construction of highways. This paper describes RAP and RAP-virgin aggregates blends that were tested in the laboratory as road base and materials. On the following virgin/RAP aggregate blends, physical, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 100 percent RAP. If the RAP material is combined with virgin aggregate, preliminary findings indicated that RAP might be expected to replace virgin aggregate in the pavement subbase construction with satisfactory outcomes. The higher virgin aggregate blends produced the best outcomes. With the exception of the 75/25 blend, which has the highest possible dry density, increasing the virgin aggregate content resulted in dry density and CBR values being greater. The RAP material has been stabilized appears to work as well as a conventional subbase material when compared to standard paving materials used in Iraqi roadways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on how permissive left-turn movements at malty types of intersections and maneuvers effect on the behavior of gap acceptance of driver. The gap length, the driver is on his way time in figuring about a gap that is acceptable, and necessary Travel time is required to resolve the conflict were all used to describe the effect of some independent variables on traffic modeling that represent a useful tool for evaluating suggested traffic-improvement alternatives before implementing them in real-world settings. To improve traffic safety, humps in the road were recently installed in Iraq prior to combining locations and parts of U-turns. Statistical analysis is a useful tool for weighing the pros and cons of various options to improve traffic situation before applying them in real locations. The previous studies showed with increasing traffic volume and speeds at highways, the time spent values increase. Gap acceptance behavior analysis of traffic facilities is primarily based on gap and lag availability and frequency. Furthermore, estimation of critical gap constitutes the first step in the process. Current Several strategies for estimating the crucial gap are discussed in this work. At different highway facilities. Most of the methods gave the mean critical gap values. Some of these methods are computationally simpler, while other can be solved only by the use of a computer. Statistical analysis aimed to use as quantify accuracy of a vital void estimated by various methods. In view point of the consistency and accuracy in prediction, this paper suggests trying statistical approaches for the assessment of major gaps and gap acceptance. According to prior literatures in face and available tools on other faces, the study seeks to establish an appropriate methodology for figuring out a model for gap accepting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crises, by their environment, are inclined to have an undesirable influence on markets and financial activities. The emergence of COVID-19 has widely affected the global demand for crude oil. Prices continued to fall in January and February 2020, as China demand - the world main crude oil trader and Iraq main customer - ended up shutting down. This pressure increased to turn into the biggest price drop in March 2020. At that time, Iraq goes through the two crises of the Corona virus and the collapse of oil prices. Iraq's commitment to OPEC announcement to reduce its oil production was an issue, and Iraq did not only obtain a smaller amount of the crude oil it produces, as the second largest producer in OPEC, but also decided not to pump the same amount of it. This decision has a crucial impact on oil prices in Iraq using daily information of the crises. The results indicate that both COVID-19 and oil prices are inversely proportional. In addition, this crise has exhausted the Iraqi economy. Iraq was not prepared for such circumstances, logistically or morally. When reviewing oil prices before the emergence of COVID-19, it is impossible to reject the oil market recovery hypothesis. In other words, the results agree with the evidence of market performance before the crisis, and the opposite is completely true, as oil prices collapsed after the emergence of the virus at the end of 2019. The question here is whether or not we will be ready or prepared for such circumstances. This paper will summarize what Iraq has gone through concerning the oil markets, aspiring to benefit from this crisis. Although oil prices are recovering somewhat, this does not mean that the Covid-19 shock will be transient and may have long-term belongings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) would be gathered at many sites along with the processes of oil/gas exploration and production. Apparatuses, for instance, separation gears, pumps, and other treating equipment may be contaminated with the NORM, and it can accrue as waste sludge, produced water, scrapings, scale, and other produced waste. This may generate a possible radiation risk to oil industry workers, the public and the environment if convinced regulations are not taken. Current guidelines and procedures for handling polluted waste are motivated by constituents attained from drilling fluid, heavy metals and aromatic hydrocarbons. This paper considers to emphasizes the threats accompanying NORM and its likely influence on the workers in the oil industry and its environmental impact. Further information about NORM would aid to update the requirement for upgrading approaches by both controllers and operators for active management and handling procedures for oil production wastes. Additionally, the support here is that oil produced wastes would no longer be picked up, moved from one location to another and released to the environment without performing suitable NORM assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock porosity represents the main property that controls the fluid distribution and hydrocarbon extraction from the reservoir rock. In this study, information from five wells was integrated with post stack seismic data acquired from a 3D seismic survey of the northern part of Rumaila Oil Field to perform seismic inversion to derive porosity. The used well log data includes gamma ray, resistivity, density, acoustic impendence (from compressional velocity and density) logs, check shot, and VSP surveys, in addition to the tops of formations (which are converted to time-based logs) after performing check shot correction and generating a synthetic seismogram. Seismic inversion analysis is an attempt to correlate seismic attributes like acoustic impedance (A.I) to rock properties (porosity). The inversion analysis is used in this paper to predict the porosity distribution. 3D seismic surveys (migrated post-stack) of the northern part of Rumaila oil field and well data used for this study. Information from five wells integrated with post-stack seismic data to perform seismic inversion through the area surveyed seismically. Four horizons picked within the seismic 3D volume that Shaw maximum crest at the northern part in the field and guide initial model for low frequency in addition to using it in the extraction of slices through converted 3D A.I. and calculated porosity data, the porosity slice guided by the picked target Shaw enhancing porosity with upward direction. The zones with low A.I. in the slices extracted through A.I. volume indicate high porosity zones. Integration of well and seismic data show a more accurate distribution of reservoir property than using well data alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arabian Gulf is regarded as a worldwide oil industry center. Iraq's oil ports are one of the major oil transportation hubs in the Arabian Gulf, and any spills might pollute the marine environment. A GNOME model, a physical model that illustrates the motions of oil spills in seawater and probable danger zones, is used to simulate the oil spill trajectory to have a better understanding of the spill's destiny. Oil spill trajectory modeling provides a prediction in advance of the direction of movement of the oil slick and the time it will take to reach the coast. The form requires the input of data on the time of the release of the spill, the duration of the release, the amount of the spill, and the speed and direction of both currents and winds. In this paper, different oil spill trajectory scenarios are simulated From Single point mooring (SPM1) in quantities of 100 and 50 barrels and Basra oil port in quantities of 100 and 50 barrels of medium crude oil In the north of the Arabian Gulf. The model's findings aid competent authorities in developing their emergency management strategies for responding to possible dangerous regions and Rapid treatment of oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal drinking water supplies are under tremendous pressure worldwide, and one way to mitigate the problems is to reuse wastewater in various places, including reuse of greywater. In this paper, the calculation of the amount of gray water from production, demand, and water supply in government buildings was studied based on the British code for non-potable and reusable purposes WC Flushing and according to the characteristics of the building in terms of installation units, several employees and working hours. The Department of Public Works and Maintenance in the Ministry of Construction, Housing, and Municipalities in Baghdad - Iraq has been selected as a study area because the site of the building is located in an area. Many government departments are affiliated with the same ministry, which leads to an increase in the amount of greywater on the sewage network. This paper aimed to calculate the amount of building gray water required for treatment, which can be predicted before treatment. The amount of greywater production, which is exiting from the hand basin and reused for females and males, is 4.8 and 3.2 L/d/employee, respectively. The amount of greywater demand from Wc flushing for females and males is 12 and 6 L/d/employee, respectively, as it was found that females use more than males because of the frequency-time. This study showed that there is potential to reduce the total demand for drinking water by saving 44% by considering the reuse of greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emerging coronavirus pandemic spreads worldwide, countries continue to find new ways to combat and control the spread of "Covid-19." As part of the virus-fighting efforts, information on diagnostic procedures, infection and symptoms, and the most recent therapy and vaccine research have been updated. The main objective of this paper is to reduce the enormous load on the healthcare system by providing the best way to diagnose patients and predict the infection of COV-19 effectively. As a result of the scientific development in computers and their applications, this science has treated many medical problems. However, clinical trials and human skills are still required despite the undeniable contributions of artificial intelligence (AI) and data research responsible for fighting the pandemic. They are a global and open-source tool capable of assisting in this health emergency. However, due to the severity of the threat of this virus to global health and its rapid development, these solutions remain insufficient to combat it. This research paper uses data mining based on algorithms of AI and machine learning (ML) to detect and diagnose COVID-19 infection based on clinical diagnostic tests prepared previously in the Iraqi Ministry of Health. The model was provided with a dataset of the COVID-19 virus using the Python programming language. To create the model where the model predicts whether this person is infected or not infected with the virus, and if it is proven that he is in the danger zone (reaching death), can he bypass the virus and be cured. The current study results showed that the model was developed using the Random Forest Classifier algorithm more efficiently to predict infection with the Coronavirus. This represents the best model developed among other models that used various algorithms, such as Gaussian Naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, Support vector machine, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Gradient boosting, Multi-layer Perceptron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dwelling as a shelter has been an excellent location from the dawn of humanity; each socio-culture and race has grown up within this shelter. A residence has always been a synthesis of living practices, environmental circumstances, and sociocultural barriers. A house is rarely built unless there is a blend of comfort, satisfaction, and belongingness to the living environment. As for safety and tranquility, privacy is one variable that influences home types. Iraqi architecture has traditionally emphasized the relationship between the buildings and their users. Cultural and religious beliefs have influenced the Iraqi user's need for a proper abode. This paper presents an investigation into the householder perception of the issues of privacy and visual penetration in house design, taking into consideration issues such as design, style, and form from both the past and the current periods and its effect on sustainability and other lifestyle aspects. An online survey (150 respondents) was conducted across Iraq to determine their opinion on the knowledge and awareness of the issues of privacy and visual penetration in house design. It is intended that the findings and suggestions of this study be included in the current state of research of the house's design. They can be used as a for architects, engineers, and researchers who are concerned about the issue of privacy in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an investigation into the householder perception of low-energy dwellings. Iraq has an infamous reputation of being a country with an abnormal consumption and emission of carbon dioxide. Therefore, an online survey (398 respondents) was conducted across Iraq to determine their opinion on the knowledge and awareness of sustainability and low energy dwellings. It considers the manners and the characteristics of the current dwellers in terms of energy usage and their understanding of what constitutes sustainable and low-energy dwellings. The results highlight how a lack of householder's knowledge and awareness of low-emission and sustainable energy sources and entrance restrictions have restricted the conversion of current residential stock to contemporary environmentally friendly dwellings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This recent paper is focused on the effect of multiple matric suctions (90, 50, 20, 10, 7, 2, and 0 kPa) on gypseous sand in the short-term on the deformation of the Oedometer cell specimen under net stresses of 100, 200 and 400 kPa. The specimen was prepared from disturbed samples according to a degree of compaction of 90%. This percentage of density (90%) was relied upon to compare the results with a previous study, which was conducted on the same type of soil with the same density, but without the influence of external stresses. The soil samples were represented the Al-Jameah district in Al-Najaf city, Iraq. The results illustrate an increase in the deformation within a decreasing of the matric suction (wetting) under different normal stresses. The final settlement of the specimen is related to the initial load-settlement value before wetting. The deformation rate is clear and greatest when the stress is ≥200 kPa with similar rates. Low collapse potentials are revealed due to wetting progress, and this may be attributed to the short-term process (a few hours). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial areas consider a center of attraction for large numbers of citizens for the purpose of shopping and trade exchange, and thus traffic increases in commercial areas. The commercial areas are among the most places in city centers that suffer from traffic congestion, and consequently, the burning of motor fuels. In this paper, air pollution resulting from crowded and irregular traffic in the main commercial center of Al-Diwaniyah city in southern Iraq was studied. It covered an area of 4 km2 for the emission and spread of air pollutants resulting from traffic movement. Air pollution tests for particle matter, gases, and atmospheric measurements were conducted during the year 2021 using the air pollution monitoring system. Field measurements of air pollutants were compared with a mathematical model for the purpose of calibrating and adopting it in the future prediction of the spread of pollutants according to traffic movement and according to geometry designs for roads, and the change in the vehicles number, vehicles types and speed of different transportation. the results of air pollution was compared with WHO limitation. The results showed a significant increase in the air pollution quality index (AQI), reaching 300, and it is considered among the dangerous areas for this indicator. The results showed a match of up to 98% between the results of the mathematical model and the field measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing entire olives and extracting the oil from olives, which are a common Mediterranean tree crop. It's used in various dishes, including cooking, frying, and salad dressing. Because of the availability of olive resources in Iraq, the country can develop and expand its olive oil production significantly. Soxhlet and supercritical fluid extraction techniques, among others, must be investigated further to determine the most cost-effective and ecologically friendly procedure that can be scaled up for commercial production of olive oil. The most generally used technique for extracting phenolic chemicals, Soxhlet extraction, was reviewed in this paper. This extraction technique offers several benefits, including cheap processing costs, ease of use, excellent performance, favorable for complete extract recovery, and reduced time and solvent consumption. The aforementioned procedure also investigated a pre-treatment of microwave heating prior to Soxhlet extraction. Electromagnetic energy conversion into thermal energy was accomplished using microwave heating. The rate of heating increases if the sample absorbs the electromagnetic energy effectively. Soxhlet was compared to a pre-treatment before Soxhlet and to only Soxhlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Information Technology (IT) in the Iraqi health sector is ignored, and the health paper-based (HPB) system cannot contain the whole information about the patient and cannot be shared with different locations at the same time and the medical errors kill many people yearly. For that, there is a need to be replaced by the electronic records that can include: medical history, investigations, medications, allergies, laboratory tests, nursing notes, and many other notes. The aim of this study is to assess the adoption and barriers to the adoption of the electronic health records (EHRs) system at Albatool Teaching Hospital. The study was descriptive and not statically, data collected from direct interviews with healthcare technology providers, professional nurses, and physicians. The study found successful utilization of the EHS in the outpatient's department of the hospital and underutilization in the emergency department, and other departments due to many barriers especially the not well-trained staff in the hospital and the workload from a high number of patients and problems in the system itself and its update. Training the staff and provide the hospital with all required information technology technical support was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of injecting micro bubbles of air into a flowing water stream in copper tube of 8-meter length with a wavy design and a diameter of 0.0125 meter has been studied. The solar collector's inner surface moreover, coated with matte black paint that includes thermal die and 5% of TiN (Titanium Nitrate) nanoparticles to enhance the ability of solar radiation absorption. The solar collector's performance was evaluated. The experimental rig was designed and built in Karbala-Iraq, latitude (32.6160 oN) and longitude (44.0249 oE) within the first four months of the year. The air was introduced into the tubes through a venturi device, which mixed with the water and then flowed together inside the solar water collecting tube. The first section of the experiment involved only four various levels of water flow (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min, while the second section involved a water flow with injection of air bubbles at three different levels (0.25, 0.35) L/min. The result showed that as the rate of mass flow is reduced, the outgoing temperature rises, resulting in a rise the difference in temperature between the entrance and the output temperatures in both the incoming and departing systems. The largest temperature difference was 6.6 oC for opened system and 9.1 oC for closed system. But the small flow rate showed that the collector efficiency is decrease. Also, the results shows that the best efficiency for opened system at 1 liter per minute and 2 liter per minute for closed system. The average efficiency in the closed system was (65.57 %) at water and air bubble flow rate of 2 L/min and 0.35 L/min, respectively. The average efficiency of the opened system was (39.27 %) for water and air bubble flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.25 L/min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important and effective source of energy production in the present and the future because it is clean, available, and unlimited. Because of Iraq's proximity to the equator, solar energy is available in large quantities. However, due to some limitations, such as the problem of overheating the board, the energy cannot be extracted in large quantities. The current research paper deals with a biaxial solar tracking system. In February, the system was installed in Iraq, specifically in Karbala (longitude 44.0270 degrees, latitude 32.60010 degrees). The system consists of a photovoltaic panel, a battery, a controller,d two actuators. When compared to a solar panel fixed in the same location, the system generates 39.98% more electrical energy. Solar panels benefit from the low temperatures in winter and spring in the cooling of the panel, as the tracking system keeps it perpendicular to the sun's rays, which increases the temperature of the solar panel. In the summer, an adequate cooling process must be provided for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) is a simulation model commonly used for integrated water resources management. A calibration process is required to get ensure that the model can accurately represent actual circumstances, however. The goal of this paper is thus to identify the ideal parameter values for a given scenario using sensitivity analysis, as well as to obtain the optimised parameter value to ensure the highest simulation reliability value possible during the calibration procedure. Examining the process of performing sensitivity analyses on a variety of WEAP model calibration parameters demonstrates that some parameters have a common set of properties: the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value is directly proportional to the variation in the Initial relative storage (Z1) and Resistance Runoff Factor (RRF) values in that the greater the parameter value, the greater the resulting RMSE value. In contrast, variations in Relative storage (Z2) and Preferred Flow Direction (PFD) values are inversely correlated with RMSE. The remaining parameters, Deep Conductivity (DC), Soil Water Capacity (SWC), and Deep Water Capacity (DWC) show fluctuations in their relationships with RMSE. Based on the sensitivity analysis process, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for the model was 0.88, while the root mean square error and correlation coefficient were 0.72 and 0.67, respectively. This suggests that the WEAP model is suitable for use on the lower basin of the Diyala River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to test the effect of add a vermicompost, seaweed extracts, and Urea to the soil on the total number of fungi during flowering and complete maturity. Throughout the 2019-2020 fall season, an experiment was conducted on one of the farms in the Nouriya area of Iraq's Al-Diwaniyah governorate. The experiment, which followed a global trend, used three replications and a fully randomized sector design. The initial factor was the addition of vermicompost fertilizer in three stages (0, 2 and 4 tons h-1), the second factor was the addition of seaweed extract in two levels (0 and 40 kg h−1) denoted by S0 and S1, and the third factor was the addition of urea in three stages (0, 120 and 240 kg N h−1) denoted by U0, U1 and U2, respectively. In maturity of the analyzed descriptions, the tages of vermicompost varied considerably, with level V2 getting the greatest results for the quantity of fungi in the blossoming and complete maturation levels (32.61 103 and 27.40 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil, respectively). The addition of seaweed extracts S1 had a substantial effect on total fungus populations in the blossoming stage (30.66 103 CFU gm−1 dry soil), but not in the complete maturation levels. When U1 Urea was added, the amount of fungus in the blooming stage (26.62 103 CFU gm-1 dry soil) increased dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exponential smoothing models are used to smooth time series data and treat the impact of Trend or Seasonal in the time series. There are several models including of smoothing: Simple Exponential Smoothing, Double Smoothing and Holt-Winters smoothing. Robust statistical methods in time series models or in linear models (Regression, Experiment Design) they are a suitable to treat the problem of outlier values in data in order to obtain more reliable forecast results. In this paper, we applied the Robust Exponential smoothing method Compared with some anther exponential as :(Double smoothing, Holt-Winters Additive/Multiplicative smoothing, EST method) for estimation model parameters and forecasting are presented. and application of all these methods in Data of corona Pandemic (COVID-19) from Iraq in period (Mar. 2020 – Mar 2022), the robust exponential method is presented that applies the standard technique to preclean data from the outlier values in time series.We depended on R-packages functions as [ses(),EST, robiest(), hw(),...],it use to obtain smoothing parameters are robust. In this research we found Robust method have a good forecast performance for time series with an outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability and development of water resources is a matter of utmost importance, especially for the countries of the Middle East that are threatened by water scarcity such as Iraq due to the different social, political and economic conditions. The importance of studying the sustainability of water resources for different regions, especially those far from water sources, to achieve a water balance between supply and demand and to ensure the provision of water resources and a safe environment for future generations. For the purpose of studying the subject of sustainability, the studies have come up with a proposal and adoption of many indicators that can be applied in all regions. In this paper, the Canadian Water Sustainability Index CWSI proposed by the policy research initiative PRI was used and applied in the Ain al-Tamr region, which is located in southwest of the holy city of Karbala /Iraq and which is completely fed by groundwater. All data required to calculate the values of the five CWSI components (i.e. resources, infrastructure, ecosystem health, human health, and capacity) were collected according to the PRI assessment method. The weights of CWSI components were determined using a pair-wise comparison method. The results showed that the value of CWSI for the study area was 55.331. It is possible to apply this method to study sustainability after determining the weights of the components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of solar panels is affected by high temperatures that exceed the standard operating temperature which is 25 degrees Celsius. The use of phase-changing materials is one of various methods for lowering cell temperature. However because , heat transfer studies including PCM and PV panels are extremely difficult to conduct, The study was conducted using energy relations and heat transfer principles by the numerical simulation program (COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5) to select the best model for its manufacture and conduct experiments on it this paper provides a thorough examination of how heat transfer of PV panels in combination with PCM works Through a study conducted in the city of Najaf in Iraq With temperatures reaching up to 65 degrees Celsius , The results of this study pointed out that the PV-PCM units allow achieving higher performances in comparison with a conventional PV module, especially during the hottest months. the efficiency of the photovoltaic panel, it is inversely proportional to the increase in temperature. Therefore, the efficiency increases in the presence of the phase-changing material, where it reaches (14 %) at the peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a lot of Iraqi cities in Iraq that used a tree supply water distribution system, it is also an old supply water network, which produces poor water quality in this network. This paper has studied water quality in two system loops and a tree net in two of Iraqi's cities requires Water GEMS. This document's goal is to review the effect of the major types of supply water distribution system on its pollution and characteristic in Iraq. The results of the analysis of two water systems show the efficiency of the loop distribution system of supply water networks compared to the tree distribution system ones in preventing water pressure drop, preserving water type, and preventing pollution. Where the dead ends in the tree network cause the deposition of pollutants, which increases the possibility of an increase in organic pollutants, unlike the loop distribution system ones, which makes the water in constant movement, which prevents the occurrence of pollution and gives water pressure stability. These results are confirmed by laboratory tests for water in both cases loop and tree distribution systems of supply water networks, in addition to QWI which showed that the loop system can maintain the quality of water and reduce the causes of pollution through the absence of this system from dead ends and the continuous movement of water. Although the water quality in the two networks was very poor because the network is old and the treatment system is ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Providing housing units with livability and suitable facilities that can be an appropriate shelter for citizens is one of the main concerns of planners and officials. The problems of lack of access to standard and viable housing units in Iraq that faced major social and economic crises, war and terrorism, are more tangible. This paper tries to examine this problem by comparative, descriptive, field, questionnaire, and laboratory methods. For this purpose, 154 residential units, which are located in 17 residential sectors of south Malta neighborhood in Duhok city were evaluated, and some criteria considered in the present study includes 1-the quality of the buildings, 2-garbage and specks of dirt and stagnant waters, 3-lighting of the passages, 4-smoke and dust, 5-crowd and traffic and voice, 6-having yard or balcony or good landscape or green area, 7-animals and insects, bad odors, 8-access to transport networks. The main aim of this paper is to reveal the disproportion and uniformity of residential sectors and inappropriate residential sectors of Malta neighborhoods using TOPSIS. The Order Performance technique by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model was ArcGIS were used for analysis and assessment. Shannon entropy was used for weighting criteria which showed that the Smoke and dust, animals and insects, and bad odors had the highest importance in analysis with a weight of 0.178, and 0.168 respectively. The residential unit with number 30 was the best and the most viable building with the highest Ci score (0.361). Residential unit 64 with a Ci of 0.150 was the least appropriate. In general, the west and northwest buildings of the Malta Neighborhood were more suitable for living in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity factor is the main factor in assessing the efficiency of wind Turbine. This paper presents a procedure to find the optimal wind turbine for five different locations in Iraq based on finding the highest capacity factor of wind turbine for different locations. The wind data for twelve successive years (2009-2020) of five locations in Iraq are collected and analyzed. The longitudes and latitudes of the candidate sites are (44.3661o E, 33.3152o N), (47.7738o E, 30.5258o N), (45.8160o E, 32.5165o N), (44.33265o E, 32.0107o N) and (46.25691o E, 31.0510o N) for Baghdad, Basrah, Al-Kut, Al-Najaf, and Al-Nasiriyah respectively. The average wind velocity, standard deviation, Weibull shape and scale factors, and probability density function are calculated. According to quadratic model, the capacity factor for five wind turbines of different characteristics is calculated and compared with wind turbines in wind farm. The suitable wind turbine for the candidate sites is selected via matching between wind sites-wind turbines characteristics. The Gamesa G114-2.0MW model has highest capacity factor among other models for all selected sites whereas the Adwen AD 5-132 has lowest capacity factor. The Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimum cut-in and rated speeds of the wind turbine. The main objective of the algorithm to be maximized is the capacity factor of wind turbine. According to the practical ranges for cut-in and rated speeds of wind turbines, a proposed optimal value of cut-in and rated speeds are identified to ensure highest capacity factor for the studied wind sites in Iraq. MATLAB program is used to simulate the mathematical model of wind energy, wind turbine performance, and the capacity factor of wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iraq has long been considered the cradle of civilizations, is full of many archaeological sites and monuments dating back thousands of years. Despite this, Iraq has only six sites on the World Heritage List, half of which are on the danger list. In recent decades, damage to Iraq's cultural heritage has increased dramatically due to an increase of natural hazards and human-made threats, as well as inadequate risk management plans. The purpose of this study is to clarify how to use the AHP method to investigate the most significant human-made risks to archaeological sites and then identify appropriate conservation strategies to prepare and implement an efficient risk management plan. Babylon was chosen as a case study because of its global significance and its vulnerability to many dangers. As a result of the AHP method, the main human threats of the highest weight were determined as looting, encroachment, and incorrect interventions and the secondary threats of the highest weight were identified as illegal excavation, slum dwellings, and inappropriate restoration materials. The methodology used in this paper helps decision-makers to prepare risk management plans, choose strategies based on the priority of the risks with the highest weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]