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The paper aims to study more about young entrepreneur participation toward halal food industry. Many studies stated that halal food industry demand is growing rapidly in both Malaysia and global. The current situation in Malaysia is precisely targeting the youth to act as organizer and participant in Malaysia halal food industry. The factors which may influence the participation of young entrepreneurs includes job happiness, intention, perception, attitude, social norms, perceived behaviour, and financial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional skills required to be a successful engineer continue to grow and expand as the engineering disciplines evolve. In the United Kingdom, the Engineering Council has released the latest version of the Accreditation of Higher Education Programmes (AHEP). AHEP4 as it has become known covers a wide range of topics central to engineering disciplines. As well as traditional core professional and subject requirements for engineering this document introduces challenges for the future such as sustainability, EDI, and cybersecurity. In addition, there is an expectation that appropriate digital skills for engineers form part of the toolkit for engineers as they move towards chartered engineering status. This paper discusses the digital skills that will enable engineers to develop their skill set as engineering professionals, enhance their employability by developing digital skills in the context of their engineering specialism and ensure that they have the digital skills to enable their activities to contribute to the betterment of society. In the paper the work done to embed digital skills in the engineering curriculum will be discussed. We will then go on to discuss the work done with engineering employers to identify the digital skills expectations for graduates entering employment and finally how the continued professional development process for digital skills can be embraced as engineers move through their careers. The session will conclude with a discussion on how colleagues from the UK and from Malaysia can work together to develop a framework to support engineers in developing their digital skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine-based bleaching agent can brighten the pulp effectively, but it harms the environment, especially water pollution. Thus, hydrogen peroxide, a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching agent is applied in this research to bleach pulp derived from Sesbania grandiflora. Sesbania grandiflora is being chosen as raw material due to its ideal characteristics as pulp source and native in Malaysia. This research aims to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide on Sesbania grandiflora pulp and evaluate the paper properties made from Sesbania grandiflora pulp. The research was carried under different bleaching durations, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes under a constant temperature of 50°C and 3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The physical, optical and mechanical properties of Sesbania handsheet were measured according to the standard TAPPI. The overall result presented a significant effect on kappa number and handsheet brightness but little on mechanical properties. The longer bleaching duration gave the least kappa number of the Sesbania pulp, thus, improving the brightness of the Sesbania handsheet. However, it did not affect the strength properties of the handsheet. In this research, 60 minutes of bleaching duration on Sesbania grandiflora pulp exhibits the optimal bleaching performance without compromising paper mechanical properties significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods in Malaysia are described as flash floods and monsoon floods by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Forecasting is a specialized form of predictive analysis used to predict future trends or behavior from existing data. Weather forecasting predicts the weather in the future from current data circumstances. As flood forecasting models become more accurate, however, their capacity to accurately predict flooding decreased as the forecast continues. Therefore, to understand the different techniques used to forecast flood levels, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. This paper's main objective is to examine the most common variable used to forecast floods, utilizing the systematic review technique. From the main focus, we can identify the research questions, such as the most commonly used prediction method and its accuracy. In the end, two of the most common variables used for flood forecasting are rainfall and water level. This study's data can help others forecast floods using standard variables that yield the best accuracy possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable consumption is essential for humanity, achieved through the practice of sustainable lifestyles. Hence, the world must emphasise renewable resources utilisation derived from ethical consumerism. The adoption of green transportation is a catalyst for sustainable consumption. A green car in Malaysia refers to either a hybrid vehicle (HV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or electric vehicle (EV). With 90 per cent of its vehicles being fossil-fueled, Malaysia is far behind from its aspiration to adopt green transportation. Hence, proactive actions must be taken to accelerate the adoption of green cars in Malaysia. As challenges faced by Malaysia are different from other developed countries, this paper looks into the moderating effect of tax exemption on the relationship between social influence and purchase intention of green cars in Malaysia. Specifically, this paper adopted marketing as the chosen domain of study, with purchase intention as the central idea of research. It is a quantitative study based on the deductive research approach. It will be grounded within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The sampling technique adopted would be stratified random sampling. This paper will adopt a self-constructed questionnaire as the data collection instrument. It will collect data from 400 respondents using a questionnaire and analyse it statistically, using the SPSS and SmartPLS statistical tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) pre-service teachers must gain writing proficiency as well as writing pedagogies in order to serve as English as a Second Language (ESL) writing teachers. They must be conscious of their own writing abilities, as well as their knowledge of the writing process and, more importantly, their capability to teach ESL writing. In this regard, combining digital tools with process-based approach (PBA) is a promising option for writing instruction in 21st-century education. Hence, this study looked into the use of e-book writing software on TESL pre-service teachers' academic writing performance. The concepts of digital literacies and PBA synergized to function in tandem and corresponding ways in the study. The participants moved back and forth within the writing process, from drafting to writing to revising, while using the technological knowledge to write and publish academic papers as an e-book. Two groups of TESL pre-service teachers (treatment=20 and control=20) from one Institute of Teacher Education (ITE) in Malaysia were chosen using purposive sampling for the quasi-experiment. SPSS Version 26 was used to analyze the quantitative data from pre-and post-tests. Independent samples t-test yielded statistically significant difference in the population mean scores. The results indicated that the use of e-book writing software increased the participants' academic writing performance. Pre-service teachers also benefited from the use of e-book writing software because it provided an alternate way to emphasize the PBA in order to help them improve their academic writing and better prepare them to teach writing skills to their future students. Future research should be conducted using the e-book writing software to write other genres and publish them in an e-book form as products of ESL writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding heritage food is important and useful for planning of national identity conservation, gastronomy tourism marketing and food safety. However, research on heritage food is not uniform globally; it tends to be concentrated in specific areas or region, and thus would hinder our understanding of heritage food acceptance, marketability and sustainability. This study examined the trends in heritage food research, namely Pekasam over the past decade by analysing publication data from Scopus through Systematic Literature review method. In particular, this study focused on the countries in which the studies were done, the affiliation of the authors, the funding sponsor, the types of publication discipline area of research, and citation details. A total of 148 publications were examined. The results showed that research on heritage food of Pekasam is not only scarce, to such an extent a large number of the research published are in the discipline of agriculture, chemistry and engineering. Despite the small number of research publications on Pekasam, the citations on the existing publications have grown exponentially since 2017 indicating that Pekasam is a potential research topic in the area of heritage food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity and Malaysia is synonym to each other. Interestingly this country receives approximately 3000mm of precipitation every year yet, it does not change fact that drought still occurs annually. Although the study of water resources management has been done aggressively, the results seems to be used only for literature purposes and rarely been apply to concur the problem. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the research pattern of water level specifically on dam which focused on the publication outcome includes the authors, country and keywords using Scopus database. From 1961 to 2022 a total of 1241 journal articles were retrieved. The finding shows that the number of publications on water level at dam increased dramatically on 2014 with 21% of annual growth rate. China is the leading country in publishing articles related to water level followed by United States and Malaysia is at 16th place. This paper presents results that help researchers not only for their literature but helps in narrow down their studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As widely known, plastic has become an integral element of human culture. Despite posing a serious environmental hazard, plastic continuously used in a variety of domains ranging from industries to agriculture to our daily lives due to its lightness, sturdiness, inertness, and low cost. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) is the thermoplastic that are commonly used to manufacture plastics bags and other plastic products. However, the excessive use of LDPE has caused a major environmental problem when they are accumulated in the environment. Currently, the physical and chemical methods of plastic degradation was proved to be inefficient and posed other environmental issues. As a result, eco-friendly methods like microbial plastic decomposition are being pursued as a better solution. This paper reports the potential ability of a Malaysian Rhodococci isolate obtained from Unisel Culture Collection (UCC), the Rhodococcus pyridinovoran strain UCC0018 in.LDPE biodegradation. The bacterium was cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with LDPE fine strips to evaluate the degradation of LDPE by weight reduction test. Results obtained demonstrated degradation activity where it reduced the weight of LDPE strips up to 5.2% after 24 hours of incubation. This result indicated the promising potential of Malaysian Rhodococcus in degrading LDPE. Based on this discovery, the initiative intends to cultivate the bacteria in large quantities, optimize the degradation activity, and work with the industry to turn the bacteria into a product that can be utilized to address Malaysia's plastic waste problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once German Government had declared their Industry 4.0 strategy, many countries also followed suit to set their aim on promoting the manufacturing computerization in their country. However, there is a gap between the existing machines and the technology advances in Industry 4.0 such as cloud computing, internet of things, system integration and etcetera. The lack of experience to develop the industry 4.0 infrastructure is also one of the major obstacles in the developing countries. The aim of this paper is to address the challenges of implementing industry 4.0 Technology in machine-based manufacturing for small and medium companies. This paper focuses on Malaysia's Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that are undergoing Industry 4.0 transformation in order to serve as a reference for other developing countries like Malaysia in which a lot of SMEs are facing similar challenges. Based on the literature review and real cases in collaboration with companies in the industry, the challenges of data collection and system interoperability as well as the solutions are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Malaysian construction industry, the Bumiputera contractors held special benefits, among others, a special policy on the allocation for participation in public projects. However, failure amongst Bumiputera contractors in delivering the project according to specifications has become an issue for the Government and there is a need to address the issue. There are various ways to improve the contractor's performance, among other initiatives are training and development and thus it is essential to look into these aspects to find a solution to the problem in the construction industry. The scope of this paper is limited to Bumiputera contractors attending training programs by PKK. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to a sample of 350 Bumiputera contractors physically and online. 269 questionnaires were received, covering five different regions in Malaysia. This paper analyses four (4) major aspects which are significant in addressing the impact and importance of training towards contractors' development and organizational performance concerning the industry requirement. Subsequently, a list of elements related to each aspect is ranked according to importance based on the survey which is important to be included in designing the training and development modules for contractors. All the findings lead to the establishment of a preliminary framework of training and development. Among the major recommendations is toconduct a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) to find the best direction for content and structure in the Bumiputera contractors' training and development programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture and heritage are two significant components that need to be understood and appreciated by key stakeholders such as local authorities, residents, users, etc., within rural and urban development. Having reliable and holistic data on a particular culture and heritage, including taking the local wisdom of a community into account, could help in understanding the community and developing a meaningful place for the present and future generations. Whereas local communities arrange, practise, comprehend, and apply a system of values and norms based on their knowledge of and experience with interacting with the environment is referred as local wisdom. It is very instrumental in interior design and can also be integrated into designing a space. To preserve tangible and intangible cultural assets, cultural mapping is used to understand a place and is also a fundamental issue in any redevelopment projects. This paper takes Zhongshan Building to study the local social-cultural identity elements of The Zhongshan Building, which are reflected in the interior environmental design. In this paper, the author focused on examining the application of local wisdom in interior design that is connected to the design development. To carry out the goal of this paper, the two-method methodology was conducted; (a) desk research, and (b) a SWOT Analysis. On the other hand, a pilot survey of the respondents is also required to complete this study, and the result shows that the respondents do acknowledge The Zhongshan Building as a creative hub. Through the discussion of this paper, The Zhongshan Building plays a vital role in portraying the creative culture as a creative hub in the heart of Kuala Lumpur. The strength of the interior environment and the significance of local wisdom on site can re-defined the meaning of the building and show the identity of The Zhongshan Building. For future reference, this paper suggests that any research instruments for future data collection in heritage buildings should be considered significant without ignoring the elements of the local wisdom of a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, the easement valuation is less awareness part of real estate valuation. Easement valuation has become a big problem because there are only has vague compensation guidelines in literature and there are lack of guidelines and less discussion in Malaysia Valuation Standard (MVS) year 2019. This paper aims to evaluate the role of mediators (market data, easement knowledge and regulation strict) on the influential factors to rental value determination of temporary easement valuation. To meet this objective, there was thirteen hypotheses were included to test the relationship between influential factors (factor location, physical attributes, condition of easement, economic and market condition), challenges of appraiser and rental value determination of temporary easement valuation. In this paper, the research method used quantitative approach which is questionnaire consisting of three sections with a five-point likert scale. A total of 38 respondents from both private and government sectors participated in this study. The data analysis was conducted using software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The findings of the descriptive analysis including frequency analysis and mediation analysis support variables in their hypothesized relationships with a rental value. The results show that there is no mediation between location factor and rental value determination of temporary easement. The results also show that challenges of appraiser fully mediate the relationship between others factors (physical attributes, condition of easement, economic and market condition) and rental value determination of temporary easement valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world was brought to the next industrial revolution or best known as the fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0). Due to the accelerated growth of IR 4.0, a variety of upcoming initiatives that involve smart applications such as smart cities, smart vehicles, smart schools, and smart governance adversely impact the well-being of the Orang Asli. In applying the analogy of flapping of a butterfly wing, minor improvements in the current digital revolution (i.e.: IR 4.0) could cause a monumental impact in the long run against Malaysia's growth, and specifically for Orang Asli. Thus, this paper is written as an attempt to build awareness of the "Butterfly Effects" against Orang Asli in Malaysia by highlighting the current scenario and possible challenges faced by Orang Asli communities in embracing the inevitable wave of IR 4.0. The analysis presented was based on data obtained through doctrinal approach. This paper contributes in urging relevant authorities to plan for appropriate policies and agendas in order to lessen the digital divide and the Orang Asli's possible adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, i.e., 4IR or Industry 4.0, the digital world has witnessed enormous technological advancement. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine learning (ML) such as supervised learning (SL), unsupervised learning (USL), semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning (RL) are the most exciting recent technologies in today's world. Learning algorithms such as web search engines like Google or Yahoo, E-Mail filtering, Social Media, Airlines, E-hailing ride/price matching are the most valuable features of ML in our daily lives. The e-hailing, which is a process of ordering a cab or taxi online through a digital app, relies on machine learning to perform ride fare calculations. This paper briefly explains how e-hailing providers build dynamic pricing using reinforcement learning and associated problems in the existing pricing algorithm. Often dynamic pricing terms are unfair/discriminated pricing, and it remains controversial amongst consumers. The article discusses how supervised learning can help address pricing issues linked to the dynamic pricing algorithm's reinforcement learnings. The expected outcome of this paper is to help play a reference in creating a practical solution that can resolve pricing issues that float around dynamic pricing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As globalization intensifies, knowledge as a vital competitive asset is becoming more and more important. Managing knowledge is becoming a must in light of this scenario. In Malaysia, the awareness of knowledge management is growing in various organizations. However, the practice of knowledge management is still in the infant stage, comprehensive review of academic literature on knowledge management in the context of Malaysia is scare and fragmented. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the research trend of knowledge management and identify the future directions from the perspective of Malaysia. Through a comprehensive content analysis to the 55 articles from Scopus database. The results show that the research interest has been a slight increase in recent several years, but the number of publications on knowledge management in the context of Malaysia was very small compared with worldwide. The findings also indicated that the research on knowledge management involves all industries, including business activities, government organizations and agencies, social life and healthcare and education. The most research publications focused on business field. In addition, seven categories of research topics identified by an in-depth analysis. Moreover, a variety of qualitative and quantitative research techniques like Delphi method, Canonical Action Research, and Observation were used in this field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability has been a significant concern in development and construction upon the rising environmental issues around the globe. As such, efforts have been made to come up with sustainable construction via the invention of sustainable housing. The sustainable concept is extended to housing as demand for sustainability development for energy saving. However, high prices of houses have been denoted as an issue in the housing industry. As conventional development is already associated with high costs and high prices, houses with sustainable features are offered and sold at even higher prices. This worsens affordability, which is already a problem in Malaysia. This paper explores sustainable affordable housing via a combination review of issues and challenges. This investigation sets to accomplish two objectives. Firstly, it includes studying issues concerning sustainable affordable housing. The second objective covers a detailed identifying the challenges of implementing sustainable affordable housing and gaps of this area of study around the globe. This paper structurally investigates the literature from valid databases and eminent journals from 2004 to 2018 in matters related to issues and challenges sustainable affordable housing. As very limited work has been carried out in the areas of issues and challenges of implementing sustainable affordable housing, this paper fills this knowledge gap in the context of a structured review. The findings of the research are critically discussed in light of the literature. In conclusion, the commitment of an organization or construction industry and the government will lead to actions that will accelerate the move towards sustainable development of the housing sector, especially affordable housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-destructive testing (NDT) module is an alternative instructional course developed and provided in the industry since the techniques have become more attractive in science and engineering. There is a demand to integrate the NDT instructions module into the university curriculum. This paper proposes integrating courses and other elements into the bachelor's curriculum at the universities level. The method has looked into three countries that established NDT programs at the University's level, e.g., Germany, Singapore, and Ukraine, where the guidelines from the NDT program structure were referred. The findings and concepts are different from the well-known courses offered in the private non-academic industrial company. Other than the application, it should address the development of new techniques and applications in a research-driven environment. While distorted elements of NDT are included in most programs at universities in Malaysia, it is uncoordinated. There is a close relation to topics like measuring techniques, data mining, and statistics, and the first elements of NDT can be integrated into Bachelor courses. This paper summarizes relevant scholarly articles, identifies methods and ideas, and the need for further action leads to recommendations for an NDT curriculum design. Thus, some references to structure NDT courses in universities are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green products are highly demanded by the global population due to the fast depletion of world resources and high energy intensity use. However, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still appear to lack knowledge in environment monitoring and improvement including the SMEs in Malaysia. For example, the implementation of a green innovation into products in SMEs is still relatively young and limited. This paper underlines the operational upgrade necessity to companies is needed in long run in the adoption of green product innovation. In addition, this paper analyses the issue, challenges, and significant characteristics of green environmental management practice in Malaysian SMEs. The related articles from secondary sources were carefully selected and analysed from reliable journal publishers. A total number of 26 paper that highly related to Malaysia SMEs cases, ranged from 2017 to 2021 were reviewed thoroughly. The major finding of this research paper has been related to the problems and barriers that faced by Malaysian SMEs. Research and development (R & D) are typically lacking in SMEs, as are economies of scale and the inability to change established operating practices. Many SMEs do not pay enough attention to improving the skills and knowledge of their employees, or they are unwilling to take advantage of government-sponsored training programs, which are designed to do just that. The results of this paper highlight the Malaysian SMEs challenges and possible changes to be done in assisting the SMEs to accomplish their sustainability goals through green product innovation change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies show that tax compliance is closely related to the tax return process. Suppose the electronic tax system can provide an efficient and fast tax return process. In that case, the tax compliance rate will significantly be improved. However, the current tax structures were built solely for tax purposes and lack of tax strategy and business considerations. Hence it becomes a passive transactional system that serves as the end-point taxpayer data that finally lead to taxpayer non-compliance. Nevertheless, Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operation of an organisation that align the business, data, application and technology. Therefore, this paper will investigate how EA can be a workable alternative in managing income tax enforcement problems in Malaysia. This study proposed to create a hybrid EA framework influenced by EA framework called TOGAF, Ishikawa Diagram and MyGovEA. As a result, a 'To-Be' Architecture of Malaysian Tax Return Process is proposed based on five considerations obtained from 'As-Is' analysis earlier on. This paper concludes that the tax compliance rate can potentially be improved if the tax agency can align the strategy, business process and tax systems together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation in Malaysia is a complex problem with varying causes. The primary causes include logging activities, agriculture, infrastructure developers and developmental agencies. It is becoming even more crucial with the increasing population as many forested lands are cleared for development and living space. These deforestation activities cause a number of effects. One of the major effects is the local climate change. This paper illustrates how a system dynamic modelling can be applied to examine the cause and effect of deforestation particularly in local climate change. The developed model seeks to understand the condition of deforestation in Malaysia prior to design the appropriate strategies to intervene the high rate of deforestation. The initial findings suggest with increasing population to 1.39% from 2000 to 2020 gives an impact to the forest in Malaysia. This due to fulfill the demand from population. The initial forecast suggested that the forest area will shrink to less than 5 million ha in 2040 if no interventions are made to curb the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a hybrid rule-based machine learning approach to produce a student profiling model for University Selangor (UNISEL) a state-owned private higher education institution in Malaysia. This project attempts to address UNISEL's interest by proposing a student profiling model that can assist in predicting student intake using existing data from a survey conducted by UNISEL among its current students. Maintaining a healthy student intake is vital to ensure the continuity of any private educational institution. Hence, this research aims to predict student intake towards academic entrance in UNISEL based current data profile using hybrid rule-based methods subject to past student intake data to improve better decision-making process. The two algorithm that had been selected using the hybrid rule-based machine learning approach combines rule-based (i.e., expert system) with multi-level machine learning (i.e., K-Mode's clustering and decision tree classification) to produce the final student profiler model. This paper first outlines the assumptions made before dividing the proposed approach into five main phases: data cleaning, feature extraction and selection, model formulation and model testing. Results shows that the project managed to propose a creative workaround that suited the use-case presented to produce the student profiler model in predicting student intake in UNISEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, sustainable development is getting momentum within organizations, businesses, and even communities. In Higher Education, we can observe that green initiatives have been taken on campus, although community awareness is still at an average level. As a result, the emphasis of this study was on UTMSPACE community's green environmental awareness, which included their study location at the UTM Kuala Lumpur campus. The introduction to this study and the concerns that arise will be the first section of this paper's structure. The literature review on green awareness, initiatives, and motivation will be covered in the second half of this study. A preliminary investigation was conducted among Diploma students in SPACE UTM Kuala Lumpur. The goal of the first inquiry is to determine the green awareness among the students. According to the poll, 132 students took part in the short online survey. We quizzed them on their thoughts of green awareness implementation, and the results of the analysis were presented in a descriptive manner. We suggest student involvement activity based on preliminary research to improve environmental awareness among the UTMSPACE community by engaging in green environment initiatives. However, because to the Covid-19 pandemic, a variety of green environmental actions can be undertaken or implemented. As a result, in the methodology section of this study, we propose a mobile application design to ensure that green awareness activities are practicable and at a constant pace, in order to ensure social distancing and activities can be done by individuals. As a result, in order to achieve this goal, we created a mobile application to raise green awareness among the campus community, which we will demonstrate at the end of this paper. The content of the mobile apps will be structured using aspects from the UI World Universities Ranking Based on Green Metric and UTM Sustainable Campus's sustainability project area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) expands globally, international competition rises, thus, requiring the industry to be steadfast in its efforts to be at par with other international players within the nation. To overcome this, it is with the view that the help of technological digitalisation in construction is deemed significant throughout a project‟s cradle-to-cradle lifecycle. Building Information Modelling (BIM) in its application has been widespread within the construction scene. The technological adoption, nonetheless, brought about challenges to the present method of the construction process. In addition, organisations face difficulties in embracing the innovative revolution of digitalisation due to the present legalese which was made for conventional construction processes. Existing contractual solutions do not identify facilitation towards BIM‟s specific roles, processes and outcomes. Therefore, the paper is aimed to ascertain setbacks particularly legal issues brought about by the usage of BIM within the construction industry worldwide against Malaysia. The paper undergoes an investigation of past publications worldwide through a narrative literature review in uncovering the scepticism and a lack of enthusiasm for its adoption. The study found eleven variables within four main themes on contractual issues surrounding BIM. The identification of these issues, hence, would further assist in the contractual status of BIM within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TVET is the key to Malaysia's future as an advanced nation. The supplies for the local skilled workers are in very high demand, especially for the construction industry from these TVET graduates. Past research has found that self-efficacy is a critical factor for graduates' career success. However, the self-efficacy among these TVET graduates is questionable. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a systematic narrative review on the effect of self-efficacy on academic perseverance and career pursuance among TVET graduates. The literature finds there are relationships between self-efficacy among the factors (i.e., motivation and outcome expectations). The findings of this paper are expected to explore and contribute to the understanding of self-efficacy from the perspective of education, training, and the working environment for the TVET graduates. Thus, it will form the foundation for an extended investigation to propose TVET Capability Approach Framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value Engineering (VE) is commonly used in construction projects to eliminate excessive costs without affecting the functional needs of particular components of constructed structures. Meanwhile, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in projects is seen to help the VE implementation, especially in providing accurate and adequate information. These concepts are closely related and beneficial for the projects. However, no research was conducted on integrating VE with BIM to improve the design or to select a viable alternative. Therefore, this paper investigates the integration of VE in BIM during the detailed design stage of the construction project in Malaysia. The methodology adopted is entirely quantitative by distributing a questionnaire survey to the targeted respondents. The respondents involved were industry experts with knowledge in VE, BIM, or both. 186 samples are required to serve a total population of 353, for which 32% of responses were received. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software. A framework that integrates VE in BIM implementation during the detailed design stage of construction projects is developed based on the findings derived from the research. It is empirically evident that this integrated approach provides the construction practitioners with an overall perspective of how VE can be implemented with BIM systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural land development focuses on settlements and agricultural areas are crucial to be managed efficiently. This paper highlights the FELDA settlement area as in Malaysia FELDA has become an established organization that manages both the rural settlements and the crop areas well. The Felda scheme has changed the lives of landless residents by providing housing, employment, income from agribusiness shareholders, and the ownership of valuable land titles. Improving productivity and the quality of rural settlement and crop area plantation operation is one of the most difficult challenges and groundwork. Therefore, determining the highest and best use and ensuring the sustainability of the development needs to be catered for. This paper will conceptualize the elements essential for SHBU, and then, from the SHBU model, it will further develop the assessment of land suitability for crops and other land uses. This shows that the framework can assist in determining the highest and best use of the available land. The findings can be implemented in other rural areas within other agencies concerned with managing and developing rural and regional areas, such as RISDA, FELCRA, UDA and other rural development agencies in Malaysia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) and TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) were introduced in Government Regulation No. 33 Year 2007 as part of the chronic exposure situation. The supervision on NORM and TENORM has changed in recent years. Despite the dynamics of development during this period, the focus of supervision is concentrated minerals contain radioactive. This paper aims to identify the concept of dose assessment in the supervision of radioactive concentrated minerals. The methodology used in this paper is a literature study of regulations, international recommendations, and practices from the other countries. The activity concentration of uranium and thorium decay series, and potassium remains the main basis for supervision. The practice of Australia and Malaysia, as well as the IAEA recommendations use the concept of a graded approach. The activity concentration as a basic starting point for the next assessment process. Dose assessment means an assessment of an individual or group of people. Dose assessment should take into account the various possible exposure pathway scenarios from the source to the receptor. The exposure pathway and number of exposure scenarios depends on the variety of scenarios from location and operation/activity. Some of these variations will provide a level of difficulty in developing exposure scenarios. Dose assessment can be done by comparison of measured radionuclide concentrations to reference levels, spreadsheet analysis using dose coefficient tables, or computer modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral biometric traits are not fully distinguished in recognition tasks, but they can improve the overall performance of biometric recognition systems by adding them. The behavioral biometric studied in this paper is related to keystroke dynamic. This paper examines the touch keystroke dynamics of computer users for the purpose of identifying their culture by using four different SVM kernels. It has been confirmed that racial classifications can be made by gathering keystroke data from 250 respondents representing various culture in Malaysia. Results show that different culture categories display different typing patterns. The classification is made using four SVM kernels and a comparison of the accuracy results is shown. The four kernels are Linear, Quadratic, Cubic and Fine Gaussian. The linear kernel has provided the highest accuracy and consistent readings compared to other kernels for the four features evaluated for dynamic keystrokes, namely press-press time, release-release time, press-release time and release-press time. The linear kernel has the highest accuracy reading of 92.4% for classification using press-press time features for the Malay vs Chinese category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precast concrete is one of Industrialized Building System (IBS) types that is mainly used in Malaysia. Even though precast shows promising performance in ongoing project but in building maintenance, precast shows otherwise. This is due to the usage of the conventional method (paper-based report/unsystematic data of maintenance which is Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) and by integrating it with BIM technology will help in enhance maintenance. BIM shows its benefits through maintenance by showing its coordination in design and three-dimensional visualization. This paper help into identifying the requirement of integrating CMMS and BIM technology in precast building maintenance. An interview was conducted to gain the objective of the study. Results showed that there are two requirements to support CMMS and BIM integration in maintenance management which is a complete and organize data and a compilation of a standard requirement that stated by the department (e.g., Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia, Syarikat Air Selangor and JKR). This resulted in the creation of a crucial aspect of the maintenance management system that uses emerging technology to aid engineers at precast building in improving their present maintenance management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial intention, as the preliminary idea of pursuing new ventures. Entrepreneurship is an important component to enhance the country's economic growth and sustainability as well as to meet the challenges of globalisation, such as increasing the unemployment rate among students. The objectives of this paper are to determine the relationship between personality, government support and entrepreneurship education with entrepreneurial intention among business students from selected public university in Malaysia and to measure the predictor of entrepreneurial intention. This study is quantitative in the form and questionnaires distributed to collect information from respondents based on the size of 100 samples and use convenience sampling method. The data obtained through questionnaires is analyzed and evaluated by correlation and regression testing. The results showed that all moderate linkages with entrepreneurial intentions. Government support also show the the most impact on the entrepreneurial intention. This paper provides a comprehensive framework that contributes to conceptualization and assists the Government and academic in enhancing skills and courses to increase the desire of business students to become future successful entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promotional activities are among the most significant aspects in ensuring continual visits and engagements from visitors to heritage sites and institutions, including museums. An ineffective marketing technique will make it challenging to attract visitors and communities. This leads to the decrease number of visitors, undermining the fundamental mission of museums as an informal educational establishment for the public. However, few studies have been done on a promotional strategy for museum management in Malaysia. This paper seeks to bridge the gap by exploring the current museum's marketing technique, using the Kelantan State Museum as a case study. It aims to look further into the museum's promotional strategy, the involvement of responsible bodies, and the challenges in promoting the museum, specifically during the covid-19 pandemic. The research employed a qualitative design with purposeful approaches and snowballing techniques by interviewing the personnel at the Kelantan State Museum. The collected data were then analysed by applying Braun and Clarke's six-step thematic analysis methodology. The results identified three main themes: marketing strategies and activities, collaboration between stakeholders and challenges going forward. The overarching findings highlighted major stakeholders and their degree of participation in museum promotion. This paper also discussed the challenges posed by the museum management in promoting their establishment to the public. This include issues such as visitor expectations, funding cuts and digital adaptation; and the cessation of many museum hubs for physical visitations due to the Covid-19, leading to new rules being presented to adapt to the recent changes in ensuring visitors' safety. It is believed that the new norm has impacted the museum management's efforts to promote their institution, necessitating the development of new strategies to increase public participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the country is not only focusing on the role of government alone. The private sector and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) also play important role in ensuring that the public will get the benefits of sustainable development. The NGOs play a major role at grassroot level since they are close to community for implementing the programmes that will benefit to the community as a whole. They do have expertise and skills to deliver the services to the communities. Understanding the important role of the NGOS, this paper will explore their roles and contributions towards the community development in Malaysia. The research focused on members of NGO in Malaysia. The questions asked about their roles and contributions towards communities. The descriptive analysis will be discussed throughout the paper. This paper also will highlight the future relationship that should be focused by the NGOs and other stakeholders like government and corporate organisations towards creating sustainable development for the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Disease 2021 or COVID-19 has affected almost all individuals around the globe. Consequently, Malaysia is one of the nations that has been facing tremendous changes in various sectors due to COVID-19. As the number of positive cases is on the rise, the Malaysian government has executed its National COVID-19 Immunization Program to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and the severity of disease in case a vaccinated person is infected. However, there are also individuals who have contributed to vaccine refusal due to many factors including misinformation about vaccines, religious beliefs, lack of knowledge, and awareness. Therefore, this paper presents a combination of instructional design and cognitive load theory named CoLoMo model, to increase the awareness of COVID-19 among parents. The CoLoMo model is a theory for mobile application development involving three elements in mobile instruction design which include platform, design, accessibility, and design page. These elements have been chosen prior to the target users which are parents or adults. The three cognitive load theory types in this model are intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. The combination of the mobile interaction design and cognitive load theory types will affect the user's cognitive performance which are concentration, learning capabilities and attributes. This paper also discusses the previous research on the implementation of cognitive load theory through mobile applications. Several strategies that emphasize different relevant cognitive processes which are useful to consider when developing mobile applications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of substantial economic ambiguity such as recession and economic crisis had urged us to boost the savings rate as people forgo their current consumption expenditure to compensate for an unpredictable financial future. The exigency of saving amid new normal endemic is vital for economic growth and recovery. Hence, this paper is aimed to analyze some macroeconomic factors such as interest rate, inflation rate, household income, government consumption expenditure, and the household final consumption expenditure that can influence the household savings in Malaysia by using the ordinary least square method (OLS). This paper utilizes the secondary data sources from the World Bank Data and Department of Statistics Malaysia over the period from 1999 to 2019. The findings manifest that a new predictor variable which is the government consumption expenditure, as well as the household final consumption expenditure had a negative significant effect on household savings whereas household income and interest rate are known as less significant factors. Nonetheless, inflation rate is found insignificant towards the household savings in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper implies the exploration of factors affecting household savings could be useful to policymakers, investors, and financial advisors to help sustaining the macroeconomic wellbeing and hence raise the standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence of obesity in Malaysia is one of the highest among the Asian countries and it is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease which is the main cause of death in Malaysia. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between obesity and mortality rate and find its association with sociodemographic factors such as education and household income. This time-series study used secondary data from World Bank data and Household Income Survey (HIS), and it used annual data from 1990 to 2019. ADF test is used to test the stationarity. Simple linear and multiple linear regression were used in this paper to study the relationship between mortality with obesity, education, and household income. Multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity and R-squared were used to define the best regression model in this study. This study found that mortality was positively associated with obesity. Besides, the findings also shows that there was an inverse relationship between obesity and education, meanwhile positive relationship appears between obesity and household income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID 19 disease has spread worldwide, disrupting the economy, society, education, and health. It became crucial to understand the transmission curve and identify the best action in combating this highly transmissible epidemic. Epidemiological parameters of the deterministic Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model are widely used in explaining the characteristics and behavior of the disease spreading. Disease like COVID-19 is highly influenced by the uncontrolled factors of randomness, hence in this paper, the deterministic susceptible-infected-recovered-death (SIRD) model is extended to the stochastic SIRD (SSIRD) model. SSIRD model takes into consideration the noisy behavior of the process which explains the uncontrolled effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. The epidemiological parameter of the model changes throughout the epidemic due to external factors such as enforcement and public obedience to the control measures as well as the changes in healthcare facilities. These parameters need to be estimated. This paper estimates the epidemiological parameters of the SSIRD model using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method of the Metropolis Hasting algorithm. The COVID-19 data from Malaysia and Indonesia are used and the dynamical behavior of the COVID-19 outbreak in both countries is simulated. The results show the parameter changing due to the uncontrolled factors influencing the trend of the pandemic curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic uncertainties due to Covid-19 pandemic has forced businesses to survive, maintain their long-term profitability and remain competitive through the unexpected market upsets. As businesses have to shut down, jobs are lost, people will suffer and economy will be shrinking. Thus, understanding the purchasing behavior of customer is a vital step not only in building but also in maintaining a business. Good customer management comes from good customer measurement. With the latest advent of customer analytics, businesses nowadays can thoroughly comprehend their consumers at all phases of the purchasing process, recognizing patterns in customer data, forecasting the actions that their customers will do, and then making decisions about how to enhance their business in order to attract new customers and retain existing ones. The objective of this paper is to perform customer profiling and customer segmentation of Starbucks Malaysia during the hit of Covid-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Dataset are collected during the second Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO 2.0). Customer profiling tries to gain a deeper understanding of customers and describe their personalities types or personas, while customer segmentation is a powerful technique to understand the patterns that differentiate a customer. A customer segment is a grouping of customers that share certain characteristics. In this paper, k-means clustering algorithm is used to segment the customers of Starbucks Malaysia according to their income and spend data. From the clustering analysis, one can determine the optimal number of clusters and comprehend the underlying customer segments to identify the statistical patterns of Starbucks customers. This research will contribute both theoretically where this research can uplift the theoretical foundation of customer analytics and practically towards Starbucks Malaysia and other organization and marketing teams where they can understand their customers better and can increase their revenue with the improved marketing campaigns especially during this long-run Covid-19 crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the world, many studies reveal that family firms dominate public corporations, particularly in emerging markets. In Malaysia, it is obvious that the majority large and growing businesses are mostly family owned in most emerging markets. In emerging countries, firms are highly owned by the controlling family shareholders. Given with this concentrated ownership in emerging market like Malaysia, the family shareholders can have ultimate power on firm's affair. They even can dominate the management and board members of firms. This paper aims to identify the importance of contributing factors of family ownership on dividend policy in Malaysia using both multilayer perceptron and radial basis function approaches. From the analysis done, the best artificial neural network model is multilayer perceptron (MLP) with 9-7-1 configurations. Based on the sensitivity analysis, debt ratio plays the most important predictors towards dividend yields, followed by retained earnings, return on assets (ROA), reinvested earnings, total assets, investment opportunities, board diversity ratio, independent director ratio and family ownership. Using the approach in this paper, it is expected that transparent responsibilities and rights incorporate strategies can be practiced successfully, so that no overlapping role problems happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment decision is difficult to be determined as the investors need to earn highest possible return in generating profit and protecting capital. Mathematical model which can provide the ranking and proportion of the investment alternatives will benefit investors as selection guideline. This paper aims to investigate in ranking and allocating proportion of asset funds using fuzzy preference relation and weighting algorithm. The evaluation of asset fund is expressed in trapezoidal fuzzy number. The data used for this study is 30 asset funds that listed in the Bursa Malaysia. This study found that 14 asset funds are suggested based on ranking and proportion allocation obtained from this model. As a conclusion, this study can assist investors in making decision in terms of ranking and allocating asset funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the risk factors that affect road accident casualties in Malaysia as it has a positive impact on the death index of the country. A total of five risk factors including driver, vehicle, road, weather and pedestrian were studied in this paper. Three different LASSO models: without the removal of multicollinearity and influential observation (Case A), removal of multicollinearity (Case B) and influential observation (Case C) are formed to identify the significant risk factors that influence road accident casualties in Malaysia. Based on the findings, Case C with the smallest Mean Square Error of Prediction, MSE(P) is chosen as the best LASSO model in this paper. Therefore, variables in Case C including overloading passengers, drug, dangerous turning, driving too close, not conforming to traffic light, road shoulders low/high, potholes, slippery road, no guard rails, straight, roundabout, rethread, daylight, dawn/dusk, dark without street-light and lastly infirmity act as the significant risk factors that lead to an increment of road accident casualties. With these findings, some appropriate and strategic precautions can be implemented by the authorities to reduce road casualties in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has been living with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for more than two years and it has altered humanity in numerous ways, by the implementation of lockdowns, border closures, other movements, and social restrictions. The pandemic has also led to the deferral or termination of all events including sports, religion gathering, political elections, and social events. Industries, in particular oil and gas, entail to react within a short span of time to productively manage the stakeholders. As workforces began to work from home, business meetings, discussions, and engagements were swapped by video calls, and businesses around the globe began their contingency planning. The stakeholder management becomes critical when there is no standard procedure available under the circumstances, thus this paper aims to propose procedures on improving the stakeholder management in petrochemical projects during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper assesses the impacts of the pandemic on stakeholder engagement in petrochemicals projects, examines current coping strategies in different projects, and recommends several practical actions to promote and maintain meaningful exchange with stakeholders in times of social distancing and lockdowns. The outcome of the paper enlists various improvement levers for a petrochemical company to adapt to ensure project stakeholders are satisfied and well-informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the development of coping assessment and research trends in disaster risk management literature. It contains the dynamic assessment approach to investigate recent developments in the field and to identify relevant research and practise themes. The paper provides an insight at how the concept of vulnerability and coping capacity are being incorporated into fundamentals of disaster governance and public health emergency management. The research findings outline the importance utilising coping capacity in disaster risk management as well as limitation of the existing coping capacity assessment. An established set of coping capacity questionnaires should be adaptable enough to be used in a variety of academic areas to examine coping capacity. The topic is envisioned to serve as a catalyst for future planning and implementation of sustainable human security measures in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot and humid climate throughout the year in Malaysia which is located near the equator, affects the thermal comfort level inside parked cars. In a closed car cabin environment, the accumulated trapped heat causes the temperature to increase up to 70 °C in average and this can pose threat to human and pets that are left inside. The objective of this paper is to identify an effective way to improve thermal comfort inside the sedan passenger car cabin that is parked under the hot sun. In this work, six cooling fans are used and placed at certain locations. To further investigate improvement in the thermal comfort, the experiments are also conducted with windows open, the use of cardboards and blankets to cover the windscreen and dashboard, respectively. The final result shows that the cooling fans with windows open, windscreens covered by cardboards and dashboard covered by thick blankets are able to reduce and stabilize the car cabin temperature, hence improve the thermal comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores and evaluates QR code technology in Malaysia businesses, particularly small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in the COVID-19 pandemic and endemic phase. However, the understanding of using QR code technology among SMEs in Malaysia is still limited. This study was derived with the objective to enhance the awareness and acceptance of businesspeople and SMEs in Malaysia of the importance of QR code technology in their business operations. In this study, it emphasizes on the digital adoption of QR code technology for SMEs in Malaysia, the basis of QR code technology, and QR code benefits to all small and medium businesses. The data in this study was obtained from the articles related to SMEs in Malaysia in analyzing this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions, volatile fossil fuel prices, and political instability have led to biomass as a renewable energy source. Close cooperation from the government supported by independent bodies also helps produce this effective and sustainable energy source. As a result, the current growth of solid biofuels has increased tremendously. Agricultural, municipal, forest, commercial waste and dedicated energy crops are the main sources of biomass. Due to this biomass's nature, the methods to produce them into solid biofuels are also different. The energy potential of these biomass sources is quite dependent on the use of technology and public awareness. Therefore, this paper review feedstock biomass, processing processes, product types and properties of solid biofuels in terms of mechanical and combustion. The paper also reviews the solid biofuel production situation in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trade war between China and United States began on March 23, 2018, that affecting the Malaysian economy. Basically, China is Malaysia's most essential and largest trading partner. Meanwhile, the United States is Malaysia's third-largest export market, accounting for 9.5 per cent of total exports, or RM88.7 billion. Any trade liberalisation between these two countries would have a major impact on the economic development of Malaysia. Therefore, the first objective of this research is to investigate the effect of the US-China war trade on the Malaysian market by using network analysis. The second objective is to examine the network's topological properties over the specified period. The data is based on FTSE Emas Index on Bursa Malaysia. The duration is divided into three phases in which before the trade war, after the trade war and overall duration. The threshold network approach is employed to visualize the relationship between the components of the FTSE Emas Index. The results showed that the US-China trade war affect the linkages of the Malaysian stock market in which the stock is more correlated with each other during the trade war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is a common disease that can be carried by women. It is the 3rd leading cause of female cancer in Malaysia and the 4th most common type of cancer for women globally. Referring to the HPV Information Centre in 2018, it is estimated that 1682 women are diagnosed and 944 die from having cervical cells. In 2018, 569, 847 of the 18,078,957 cases were categorised as cervical cancer, which is 3.2%. With the advancement in science and technology, cervical cancer can be detected at an early stage by conducting a Pap smear test. This test will filter abnormal cervical cells and detect precancerous changes in cervical cells based on the colour and shape properties of their nuclei and cytoplasm. The problem is that performing the procedure manually can be time-consuming and cause inconsistencies and errors even further because the cervical cell itself does not show an obvious difference in texture and colour from normal cells. This paper will focus on colour contrast enhancement of the cervical cell using a few methods such as Contrast Stretching (CS), CLAHE, Histogram Equalization (HE), Image Adjustment, and Multi Scale Retinex (MSR). From this research, the cervical cell colour contrast can be enhanced to a better level and the detection of cervical cells can happen faster and more accurately. Hence, the errors in detecting can be reduced again so they can be treated soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses significant challenges especially in areas impacted with land development and habitat fragmentation. Inadequate management of HEC is one of the factors affecting conservation concern in elephant range countries, including Malaysia. In addressing this issue, conflict prevention strategies methods have been widely utilized by combining multiple strategies and techniques including the establishment of protected areas, physical exclusion methods, acoustic deterrents, domestication and translocation of elephants. This paper reviews current HEC mitigation practices addressing the Asian elephant in Peninsular Malaysia with an emphasis to the physical exclusion method of constructing reinforced concrete (RC) wire rope fencing in preventing elephants from entering agricultural lands and human settlements. Presently, elephant fencing generally adapt an integration of the electrical fencing system which understandably requires periodic maintenance as well as costly. This paper discusses the various design criteria that needs to be addressed from an engineering perspective to ensure adequate performance of an unelectrified RC wire rope fencing system, thus providing a more economical approach to address HEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]