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The pulp and paper making industry is looking for new main raw material based on its physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Currently in this industry, bagasse is the most useful raw material in pulp and paper industry. The objective of this study is to determine its suitability for pulping. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing tree normally found in Indonesia and Australia. Acacia auriculiformis leaf contains of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin. The range of lignin content in Acacia auriculiformis is 19%-20%. The hemi-cellulose and lignin contents was removed by soda-pulping process using different concentrations as followed; 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In order to determine the optimum pulping conditions for Acacia auriculiformis craft paper, several tests were conducted such as apparent density, tear test, tensile strength test and moisture absorption. It was found that the Acacia auriculiformis fibre treated with 3% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions gave good tear test of the paper. For apparent density test, the best concentration of NaOH used for treating Acacia auriculiformis pulping is at 15%. From the study, the optimum concentration of NaOH in treating Acacia auriculiformis fibre is at 5% for best result in tensile strength. Hence, from the overall tests, 5% concentration of NaOH is the optimum value. From the findings, Acacia auriculiformis fibre has a potential to be used in paper making and food packaging industry.

The coating process on food packaging paper is carried out to improve the food safety aspect from dangerous substance migration from food packaging into food. It can facilitate to increase its function and wide the potency of utilization. The coating materials commonly used are plastic and wax coatings. Chitosan as a natural polymer that has the binding properties both water and oil. Chitosan has polar and non-polar groups thus it is potential to be developed as a coating material for food packaging paper. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties of food packaging paper from oil palm empty fruit bunches pulp coated with chitosan. The parameters used were chitosan and pulp weight. The oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp was fibrillated with high speed blender then mixed with chitosan solution. The mixed solution was poured in the mold and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 24 hours. The results showed that increasing of chitosan content was coated paper increased physical and mechanical properties values. The more pulp content the higher the physical properties value, however the mechanical properties value tend to decrease. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan coated paper was evaluated by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. The results revealed that all tested samples showed growth inhibition zone againts to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h incubation compared to commercial food packaging paper.

A paper battery is a 6 cm × 4 cm × 1 mm dimension battery that uses CuCl as a cathode, magnesium as an anode, and urine as an electrolyte. CuCl2 dan CuSO4 as used to synthesis CuCl was analyzed. A simple and cheap sandwiched fabrication model has been identified using the low-cost CuCl synthesis process. This paper battery has passed experimental testing and delivers the best power generation at 169,588 mW and continuously up to 4 hours. Voltage also measured and provided a stable voltage at least for 6 hours at 582.667 mV. Method 2 of using CuSO4, which has price lower than CuCl2 showed better power generation and stability.

One of the relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources in terms of production and relatively environment friendly was the development of bioethanol from urban wastes that contain many lignocellulose such as paper waste. This study characterizes the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in blank HVS paper, inked HVS and newspaper. The results showed the predominate cellulose (49-60 %) while the lignin concentration was very low due to the removal of colors (lignin) in the manufacturing process. The experiments continued with synthesis of bioethanol through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) process. A combination of enzymes (Cellulase + Cellobiase) in 1:1 weight ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for hydrolysis and fermentation in the SSF process. Paper waste from newspapers, inked HVS, and empty HVS papers were used as raw materials. The initial pH of SSF in the column was at pH 5. Variation of enzyme concentration was carried at 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 g. The SSF process was carried out at incubation time of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The ink affected the concentration of bioethanol produced. In this study, the best bioethanol content was produced by inked HVS and Newspapers at 0.5 grams of enzyme with a concentration of 1531 and 1111 ppm, respectively.

Leachate wastewater from pulp and paper industry is known for containing various types of heavy metals such as Cd (Cadmium), Ba (Barium) and Cu (Cuprum). The existence of heavy metals that accumulates and eventually exceeds certain threshold concentrations will cause environmental pollution, therefore it is necessary to conduct wastewater treatment to eliminate or at least reduce the heavy metal content in industrial wastewater. One of the most commonly used wastewater treatment method is using adsorbent, this study uses adsorbent made from the mixture of clay, zeolite and activated carbon formed into ceramic balls with ± 0.5 cm diameter. The ratios of the mixture of clay, zeolite and activated carbon are 6:3:1; 6:2,5:1,5; 6:2:2; 6:1,5:2,5 and 6:1:3 with variations of contact time 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The most favorable concentration reduction of heavy metals occurred at the longest contact time of 150 minutes at 6:3:1 adsorbent ratio, Cd concentration decreases from 0.65 mg/L to 0.03 mg /L, Ba concentration decreases from 0.86 mg/L to 0.04 mg/L and Cu concentration is from 0.6 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L. These prove that the ceramic zeolite/carbon-ceramic composite adsorbent can be an alternative to treat wastewater containing heavy metals derived from the pulp and paper industry.

Recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high concentrations of organic matters and total solids, and therefore requires proper treatment prior to discharge. There is a lack of experimental data available on the biodegradation of solids contents of RPME and digested sludge in anaerobic reactors. In this study, the treatment of RPME was studied using five compartments modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR). The compartmental profiles of TSS, VSS, TDS and lignin contents, and floc size were investigated at different influent chemical oxygen demand concentration (CODin) from 1,000 to 4,000 mg/L, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 3 to 1 days (corresponding to organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.33 to 4 g/L day). The results showed that the contents of TSS, VSS and lignin were the highest at Compartment 1 (14,818-32,130 mg/L), (6,772-20,548 mg/L) and (7-227 mg/L), and gradually decreased towards Compartment 5 (627-8,518 mg/L), (281-6,145 mg/L) and (7-22 mg/L), respectively. Conversely, the content of TDS was low at Compartment 1 (508-712 mg/L) and slightly increased towards Compartment 5 (531-836 mg/L). Throughout 126 days, the floc size at Compartmental 1 was increased from 104 to 731 µm, similarly for other compartments. These results concluded that Compartment 1 played a major role in the operation of MAI-BR treating RPME.Recycled paper mill effluent (RPME) contains high concentrations of organic matters and total solids, and therefore requires proper treatment prior to discharge. There is a lack of experimental data available on the biodegradation of solids contents of RPME and digested sludge in anaerobic reactors. In this study, the treatment of RPME was studied using five compartments modified anaerobic inclining-baffled reactor (MAI-BR). The compartmental profiles of TSS, VSS, TDS and lignin contents, and floc size were investigated at different influent chemical oxygen demand concentration (CODin) from 1,000 to 4,000 mg/L, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 3 to 1 days (corresponding to organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.33 to 4 g/L day). The results showed that the contents of TSS, VSS and lignin were the highest at Compartment 1 (14,818-32,130 mg/L), (6,772-20,548 mg/L) and (7-227 mg/L), and gradually decreased towards Compartment 5 (627-8,518 mg/L), (281-6,145 mg/L) and (7-22 mg/L), respectively. Conversely, t...

Here, a small analytical device was fabricated on both nitrocellulose membrane and filter paper, for the detection of biotinylated double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) from 1 nM. Zif268 was utilized for capturing the target DNA, which was a zinc finger protein that recognized only a dsDNA with specific sequence. Therefore, this detection platform could be utilized for PCR result detection, with the well-designed primers (interpolate both biotin and Zif268 binding sequence). The result of the assay could be recorded by a camera-phone, and analyzed with software. The whole assay finished within 1 hour. Due to the easy fabrication, operation and disposal of this device, this method can be employed in point-of-care detection or on-site monitoring.

Synthesis of C-Dots from waste paper has been successfully created. A total of 5 grams of waste paper is mixed with 40 mL aquades, 30 mL H2SO4 and 50 mL NaOH 2 M. A precursor solution is prepared by adding urea in 20 ml of material. Synthesis of C-Dots done by heating the precursor hydrothermally using a furnace with three conditions, namely with 1-4 grams of urea, 20-50 minutes of synthesis time, and 150-300°C of temperature. In a variation of urea and time, the temperature is controlled at 300°C. In a variation of the time and temperature, urea is controlled at 3 grams. In a variation of the urea and temperature, time is controlled for 30 minutes. The maximum absorption C-Dots generated on the various of amount urea, temperature, and synthesis time in the range of 360-600 nm. The width of the absorbance area was increased by adding 1-3 grams of urea and were decreased when urea is added 4 grams or more. The absorbance peaks of C-dots decreases with increasing temperature synthesis. Meanwhile, an increasing of synthesis time does not affect to the width of the absorbance spectra. It precisely causes decreasing of peaks of the absorbance spectra. The functional groups present on the surfaces of C-dots can be identified by the presence of specific peaks in their FTIR spectra, i.e. N–H, C=C, C–N, and C–C at various urea, N–H, C=O, C=C and C–O at temperature and synthesis time.Synthesis of C-Dots from waste paper has been successfully created. A total of 5 grams of waste paper is mixed with 40 mL aquades, 30 mL H2SO4 and 50 mL NaOH 2 M. A precursor solution is prepared by adding urea in 20 ml of material. Synthesis of C-Dots done by heating the precursor hydrothermally using a furnace with three conditions, namely with 1-4 grams of urea, 20-50 minutes of synthesis time, and 150-300°C of temperature. In a variation of urea and time, the temperature is controlled at 300°C. In a variation of the time and temperature, urea is controlled at 3 grams. In a variation of the urea and temperature, time is controlled for 30 minutes. The maximum absorption C-Dots generated on the various of amount urea, temperature, and synthesis time in the range of 360-600 nm. The width of the absorbance area was increased by adding 1-3 grams of urea and were decreased when urea is added 4 grams or more. The absorbance peaks of C-dots decreases with increasing temperature synthesis. Meanwhile, an increas...

Wood fiber derived cellulose has been mainly used as the raw material in the papermaking. However, currently the paper production capacity is greater than the availability of wood. To overcome this problem, there have been many attempts to use non-wood fibers as substitutes for papermaking such as the fibrous materials derived from agriculture wastes. In this research, the paper was made from sugarcane bagasse which was previously delignified using soda process. The research was conducted by varying NaOH concentrations of 8 –16%, delignification temperatures of 60– 100°C and times of 30 –150 min. The aim of the research was to study the effect of delignification process on physical properties of sugarcane baggase soda pulping. The results showed the increase in tensile strengths as the NaOH concentrations increased. Tensile strength was increasing up to optimum temperature and time and then decreased. The water uptake results showed the opposite tendencies with those of tensile strength. The optimum condition was achieved at the NaOH concentration of 10 %, delignification temperature of 80 °C, and time of 90 min. Tensile strength and water uptake achieved at this optimum condition were 27.42 N/mm2 and 240 g/m2, respectively.

A simple and economical method has been used to grow macroscopically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper for device application. Synthesized paper has been characterized by different experimental techniques namely SEM, TEM, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy respectively. Besides these, temperature dependent electrical studies of rGO paper have also been carried out.

ECF technology has been established itself as the most preferred process worldwide. Peroxide addition minimizes the effluent color. The study deals with the bleaching of Bamboo and Jute Cady pulps with chlorine and peroxide treatment and identification of various chlorophenolics compounds. The results show that quantity of the total chlorophenolic compounds formed decreases up to 54% in total chlorophenolic compound in the CEH effluent and the COD and color values are reduced by 35% and 33% respectively as E stage is changed to Ep stage in Bamboo pulp. And there is a reduction of 52% in total chlorophenolic compound in the CEH effluent when E stage is changed to Ep. and the COD and color values are reduced by 30% and 33% respectively as E stage is changed to Ep stage in Jute Cady pulp

The micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals from natural cotton fiber via alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis were explored as possible reinforcement in recycled paper to improve its mechanical properties. Results confirmed the characteristic properties and crystallinity of the obtained micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals. Reinforcement of the micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals in the production of recycled paper showed an improvement in the tensile strength compared to the recycled paper samples without reinforcement or even with kapok fiber/micro-fibrillated cellulose crystals combination. Further improvement on the barrier properties of the micro-fibrillated cellulose reinforced paper via biocoating made from chitosan/starch blend resulted to a 27.69% decrease of the water absorption capacity compared to uncoated sample using the Cobb test.

During recycling of waste paper from private households different fractions containing plastics and polluted paper fibers are received. Current research at the Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering at Clausthal University of Technology showed that the use of waste paper as filler and reinforcement in polypropylene leads to nearly the same mechanical properties as natural fibers like flax, sisal and hemp. The present investigations focus on the chemical cleaning of the paper recyclate to treat the fiber surface and to solve foreign plastics like polystyrene. For this purpose Soxhlet extraction with different solvents is used. The received extracts are examined via infrared spectroscopy, as well as the treated and the untreated fibers. Afterwards, the cleaned paper is incorporated into polypropylene. The received composites are investigated regarding their mechanical properties by tensile testing and Charpy impact testing.During recycling of waste paper from private households different fractions containing plastics and polluted paper fibers are received. Current research at the Institute of Polymer Materials and Plastics Engineering at Clausthal University of Technology showed that the use of waste paper as filler and reinforcement in polypropylene leads to nearly the same mechanical properties as natural fibers like flax, sisal and hemp. The present investigations focus on the chemical cleaning of the paper recyclate to treat the fiber surface and to solve foreign plastics like polystyrene. For this purpose Soxhlet extraction with different solvents is used. The received extracts are examined via infrared spectroscopy, as well as the treated and the untreated fibers. Afterwards, the cleaned paper is incorporated into polypropylene. The received composites are investigated regarding their mechanical properties by tensile testing and Charpy impact testing.

Paper is a widely used material that is affected by environmental stresses and makes paper prone to damage. The paper is characterized by the absorption of water and moisture due to porosity, We have overcome this problem by employing polymer materials as water-resistant coatings acting as a barrier to protecting the paper, Polymer paper coating forms a clear membrane on the fiber forming a bridge of monomers on the surface of the paper. Two polymer coatings were used as a treatment, namely Polystyrene and sealer (alkyd resin). The results showed the possibility of enhancing the durability of the paper and preserving it from damage and deterioration. The treatment gave a decrease in moisture content, response to abrasion and scratching while increased folding tolerability, the burst strength, tear resistance, hardness compared to untreated paper and the paper porosity important indicator to overcome. The degree of brightness, the degree of color and visible light and ultraviolet radiation [UV] effect of the specimens were studied in detail.

Chitosan were selected as cellulose raw material to prepare coating solutions. The morphology, physical characteristics and chemical surface properties of the coatings are discussed in this paper. Different concentrations of chitosan (1–5% w/w) and deposited solution layer (0.5–1.00 μm) were used to obtain coated papers with thicknesses varying between 0.062–0.068 μm. The percentages of coating agent impregnated inside paper were also calculated from the apparent density of coated paper and the density of self-supported films prepared in the same conditions but deposited on an inert and smooth Plexiglass support. These percentages of impregnation ranged from 4.8 to 63.3% and increased as following: chitosan < chitosan nanoparticle. The resulting absorption rates indicated significant differences as a function of the nature of coating agent and confirmed results obtained for the percentage of impregnation. To explain differences in the behaviour of coating solutions, it was finally concluded that not only their viscosity must be taken into account but also their affinity toward paper.

Graphene is one atom thick two dimensional material with unusual mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. Graphene, on larger scale is produced through reduction of graphene oxide which in turn is synthesized by chemical oxidation of graphite. Generally large area graphene oxide paper can be easily fabricated by solution filtration process, spin casting method and Langmuir-Blodgett assembly. In present study graphene oxide was synthesized by modified Hummers method. Free standing graphene oxide paper (GOP) was developed by simple drying of graphene oxide suspended in water followed by reduction by thermal treatment to synthesize free standing conducting graphene paper (Thermally Reduced Graphene Paper, TRGP). Thermal reduction was carried out for 30, 60, 90 and 120min and samples referred as TRGP_30, TRGP_60, TRGP_90 and TRGP_120 respectively. XRD results show decrease in inter layer spacing (d002) from 0.87 nm to ∼0.35 nm after reduction of GO paper. This shows gradual removal of oxygen fu...

Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon and the former library of Faculty of Humanities Universitas Indonesia have collections of old manuscripts of European paper origin from 19-20th centuries. This study investigated the cellulolytic and xerophilic characters of 22 fungal strains from nine deteriorated old manuscripts of European paper origin. Detection of cellulolytic fungi by using well diffusion method, modified Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA) with 0.1% (w/v) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a sole carbon source, 0.2% (w/v) Congo red as a chromogenic dye, and cell suspension of approximately 1x107 cell/mL. Cellulolytic fungi formed clear zones around the fungal colonies due to the radial diffusion of the enzyme excreted to the medium. Detection of xerophilic fungi by using Dichloran glycerol Agar (DG18) which contained 18% glycerol to reduce water availability in the medium. Fifteen fungal strains have the ability to use derivative cellulose in CMC as a sole carbon source indicating that these strains possessed endoglucanase (CMCase) activity. The action of cellulolytic enzyme from fungi could dissolve cellulose fibers, or might discolor the paper. All the fungal strains were xerophiles, which indicated that they were able to grow in manuscripts, a condition of reduced water activity. Further studies are required to determine exoglucanase activity by using crystalline cellulose, and molecular identification by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences to determine the species identities of the fungal strains.

In the present paper, the effects of cake thickness and time on the efficiency of brown stock washer of the paper mill are studied by using mathematical model of pulp washing for the species of sodium and lignin ions. The mechanism of the diffusion‐ dispersion washing of the bed of the pulp fibers is mathematically modeled by the basic material balance and adsorption isotherm is used to describe the equilibrium between the concentration of the solute in the liquor and concentration of the solute on the fibers. To study the parametric effect, numerical solutions of the axial domain of the system governed by partial differential equations (transport and isotherm equations) for different boundary conditions are obtained by the “pdepe” solver in MATLAB source code. The effects of both the parameters are shown by three dimensional graphical representation as well as concentration profiles.

The Fourier Transform Raman and infrared spectra of cheque paper document have been recorded and analyzed. The wavenumbers corresponding to normal modes of vibration of cellulose were calculated at HF/6‐31G(d) level for comparison with the cheque paper sample. The appearance of a carbonyl stretching band at 1654 cm−1 clearly shows that the cheque paper is subjected to ageing. The broadening of O–H stretching wavenumber confirms the presence of inter and intra molecular O–H⋯O Hydrogen bonds. Also the presence of Kaolin and Rosin are unambiguously identified.

Polyaniline thin film has been prepared on paper by aniline vapor deposition technique. Ferric chloride has been used as polymerizing agent in this approach. The prepared films were studied through electrical resistivity and optical properties measurements. The electrical resistivity of the polyaniline film shows significant temperature dependence. The resistance sharply falls with the increase in temperature. The optical absorbance measurements shows characteristics absorbance peak indicating the formation of conducting emeraldine salt form of polyaniline. The optical energy band gap of the film was calculated from the transmittance spectra. The optical energy band gap and electrical conductivity of the polyaniline film is well suited for their applications in electronic devices.

The Young’s modulus of buckypaper (BP) was improved via the addition of carbon nanocoils (CNCs). The Young’s modulus was the highest when the added amount of CNCs of the mass of the bucky paper was 11.9%. It is likely that the improved Young’s modulus was due to the higher Young’s modulus of the CNCs, compared with the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles. The helical structure of the CNCs also contributed to the improvement in the Young’s modulus. In the BP containing CNCs, the CNCs were anchored in the MWCNT matrix with superior entanglement, and this effect improved the Young’s modulus of the BP.

Organic catalyst has recently been identified as the potential substitution for expensive platinum electrocatalyst for fuel cell application. Numerous studies have shown that the nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes (N-CNT) can be synthesized through spray pyrolysis or floating chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique using various type of organometallic as precursors. This paper presents the method of synthesis and the initial findings of the growth of N-CNT directly on carbon paper using a modified CVD technique. In this research, nickel (II) phthalocyanines (Ni-Pc) as precursor was dissolved in ethanol solvent, stirred and sonicated to become homogenized. The solution was poured into a bubbler and heated up to allow the mixture to vaporize. Subsequently, the solution vapor was flowed into the tubical reactor maintained at 900°C. Carbon paper sputtered with nickel nanoparticles was used as the substrate. The synthesized sample was examined through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), At...

It has been hypothesized that high triggering doses of hyperoxaluria induce crystal formation, while lower maintenance doses promote crystal growth. We confirmed this using minipumps secreting 30 to 60 μmol potassium oxalate per day to induce modest, continuous hyperoxaluria for 28 days after the triggering dose (288 μmol oxalate) was given as an i.p. injection or infused over 24hr. Calcium oxalate crystal deposition was induced in 6/6 rats. This hypothesis could explain the modest clinical correlation between oxalate excretion and calcium oxalate stone disease.

Today, oil pollution is a major problem that harm our environment. In this paper, the application of Casuarina Equisetifolia needle as an adsorbent for oil removal was studied. The Casuarina Equisetifolia needle were experimented to adsorb two categories of oil which are heavy and light oil. Light oil which are petrol and diesel while heavy oil are lubricant and used vegetable oil (UVO). There are three types of adsorbent used which are untreated, treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The adsorbents were treated with NaOH and HCl in order to increase the efficiency of oil adsorption because when it is already treated, the lumen or the pore size will increase. The objective of our study is to evaluate the performance of using Casuarina Equisetifolia needle in removing heavy and light oil waste from water. Next, the Casuarina Equisetifolia needle also experimented in oil retention, percentage of oil removal and reusability of it usage in oil absorption. In oil dynamic retention capacities at lowest packing density 0.002 g/cm3 for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 33.80%, 31.14% and 31.1% respectively. While for highest packing density 0.009 g/cm3 for natural,NaOH treated and HCl treated were 77.61%, 10.37% and 7.91% respectively. The lowest packing density is better than high packing density because the result shown the stabilization of percentage of dynamic oil retention for treated adsorbents. For oil percentage removal, the results for the lowest mass which is 0.2g for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 700%, 632% and 600% respectively. While for highest mass which is 1.0g for natural, NaOH treated and HCl treated were 106%, 200% and 165% respectively. In adsorbent reusability, the experiment showed the ability of Casuarina Equisetifolia needle for continuous absorption process which continuously occur for five stages in petrol, lubricant and UVO while four stages in diesel. In the conclusion, Casuarina Equisetifolia needle are effective and suitable as a natural adsorbent in removing oil.

Pineapple has been known for a number of beneficial biological activities such as anti-oxidative and anti-browning. Some of these bioactivities are contributed by enzymatic complex in pineapple and it can be found mainly in the skin extracted pineapple juice. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the pineapple juice as a pulping and bleaching agent in the process of papermaking. During pulping of pineapple leaf fibre, the mixture of pineapple juice/water was added together with a constant amount of 3% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) at various concentration of pineapple juice (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%). Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) was soaked several times with pineapple juice and NaOH during pulping and bleaching process in order to get the optimum results of the paper sheet obtained. The mechanical and physical properties of paper sheet were studied by measuring its tensile strength, tear resistance and water absorption. Comparatively, paper sheet produced from NaOH pulping shows better mechanical and physical properties than the mixture pulping of NaOH and pineapple juice. Additionally, pulping with higher concentration of pineapple juice tends to give long fibre rather than short fibre. Overall, the results of this study can be used as an alternative way in the production of paper and it also opens a door to utilize wisely the waste residue of pineapple in other sectors.

Most domestic wastewater produced that are untreated before discharge, is a major threat to the ecosystem, environment, and human health. As the sewerage generation increases with the population and economic growth in developing countries, the existing plants are undersized to cater and treat the sewerage discharges while outpacing the investments. Altogether, this study is focused on determining the feasibility of utilising the aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to remove the organic (COD, TSS) and nutrient (nitrate NO3−N, ammonia NH3−N, phosphorus PO43−) of synthetic domestic wastewater. The SBR was designed and fabricated with an active volume of 1.5 L, consisting of 66 % wastewater and 33 % sludge inoculum. It was operated in a fixed 48.0 h cycle time to assess the organic and nutrient removal. The operational parameters of the SBR reaction system per cycle were set at: fill 0.17 h, react 46.5 h, settle 1.0 h, decant 0.17 h and idle 0.17 h. The removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NO3-N, NH3−N and PO43− were found to be 62 - 93%, 93 – 97%, 55 – 78%, 62 – 83%, and 76 – 100%, respectively. The bench-scale SBR meets the effluent discharge limit of COD, TSS, and NH3−N. Regardless, the discharge limits of NO3−N and PO43− were not met due to the destabilisation of denitrifiers and lack of anaerobic environment in the SBR. The denitrifiers were able to function better than nitrifiers under the aerobic environment as no anoxic condition was adequately provided. The obtained results will be useful for future expansion of this study, which the feasibility of textile wastewater treatment is focused.

The study focused on the treatment of real oilfield produced water from the East Baghdad field affiliated to the Midland Oil Company (Iraq) using an oil skimming process followed by a coagulation/flocculation process for zero liquid discharge system applications. Belt type oil skimmer was utilized for evaluating the process efficiency with various operating conditions such as temperature (17-40 °C) and time (0.5-2.5 hr.). Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulant and polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculant was used to investigate the performance of the coagulation/flocculation process with PAC dosage (5-90 ppm) and pH (5-10) as operating conditions. In the skimming process, the oil content, COD, turbidity, and TSS decreased with an increase in temperature and time. The best temperature and time for oil skimming are 40 °C and 2.5 hr. which gives 95.8%, 94.9%, 31.5%, and 33.2% removal for oil content, COD, turbidity, and TSS respectively. In the coagulation/flocculation process, the optimum PAC dosage and pH are 55 mg/l and 6.4 which gives 100%, 96.5%, and 97.7% removal for oil content, turbidity, and TSS respectively.

The production of activated carbon using heat from microwave processing for activation time was successfully conducted and its performance in treating textile dye effluent was observed through various factors such as phosphoric acid loading used, contact time, dosage of activated carbon and pH. Activated carbon with phosphoric acid loading of 60% shown highest BET surface area that was 213.52 m2/g however, it obtained least thermal stability. The result indicated that about 97.11% of dye from textile effluent can be removed in only 90 minutes of contact time at pH 3 with the use of 2.0 g of produced activated carbon. The production of activated carbon using microwave processing can be an alternative way for activation process using conventional furnace heating. The used of rubber wood sawdust as the raw material for activated carbon production can solve the waste issue from sawmill as an example.

The presence of heavy metal in wastewater is a major concern due to their toxicity towards living organism and also human. There are different methods in removing heavy metals and one of it is biosorption. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of mangosteen rind as biosorbent in removal of zinc in wastewater, a typical Malaysian agricultural waste. The mangosteen rind are washed, dried, cut and grounded into powder form. Then it is rinsed with 0.1 mol nitric acid, filtered using filter paper, and neutralized by washing with distilled water. Batch adsorption study was carried out to determine the optimum pH condition for zinc removal. Therefore, experiment was conducted with different pH condition for wastewater by addition of acid or base. By referring to Beer’s Law calibration graph from spectrophotometer, the final concentration of zinc in the wastewater was determined. In order to ensure the consistency of data, three trials were carried out and the results are found to be consistent. The optimum pH for zinc removal is 5.5, with an average removal of 91.5 %, equivalent to 4.55 mg/g removal out of 5.00 mg/g of zinc solution. The condition is compared with past research that uses lemon and banana peels as biosorbent, and mangosteen rind is found to be the best agriculture waste among the three.

Due the environmental problem and limited resources of petroleum has increase, the concern to produce biodiesel has increase too. This paper studies the physical properties of trans esterification from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to be biodiesel. POME is a liquid waste from palm oil production. Trans esterification of POME has been done by using methanol and catalyst from natural zeolite which are heat at 60 °C in 4 hours. The physical properties analyses of POME trans esterification are density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and pour point. The result is compared with Biodiesel Standard (KDJMGB No. 13483 K/DJM/2006).Due the environmental problem and limited resources of petroleum has increase, the concern to produce biodiesel has increase too. This paper studies the physical properties of trans esterification from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to be biodiesel. POME is a liquid waste from palm oil production. Trans esterification of POME has been done by using methanol and catalyst from natural zeolite which are heat at 60 °C in 4 hours. The physical properties analyses of POME trans esterification are density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and pour point. The result is compared with Biodiesel Standard (KDJMGB No. 13483 K/DJM/2006).

The beverage industry wastewater contains high COD, TSS, and color. The development of efficient process treatment is needed to reduce the pollutant concentration from beverage industry wastewater. In this paper, the application of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation process were inter-electrode distance 2 cm, 12 voltage and monopolar arrangement which reduced color, COD, and TSS for 51.3, 56.3, and 70.2%, respectively. The further step was adsorption process with 10 g/L dose of powder activated carbon. It reduced color, COD, and TSS for 98.66, 92.15, and 90.12%, respectively. The results showed that electrocoagulation and adsorption could treat beverage industry wastewater into fulfilled the established quality standards.The beverage industry wastewater contains high COD, TSS, and color. The development of efficient process treatment is needed to reduce the pollutant concentration from beverage industry wastewater. In this paper, the application of electrocoagulation and adsorption using activated carbon were investigated. The optimum conditions for electrocoagulation process were inter-electrode distance 2 cm, 12 voltage and monopolar arrangement which reduced color, COD, and TSS for 51.3, 56.3, and 70.2%, respectively. The further step was adsorption process with 10 g/L dose of powder activated carbon. It reduced color, COD, and TSS for 98.66, 92.15, and 90.12%, respectively. The results showed that electrocoagulation and adsorption could treat beverage industry wastewater into fulfilled the established quality standards.

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared as thin coatings on aluminium substrates at different final curing temperatures. Their tribological properties were tested at room temperature in comparison to coatings made of polyamideimide (PAI), using various test methods. The adhesion to the substrates was best for PBI processed at a final curing temperature of 280°C. This was also reflected in a better scratch resistance, whereby in all cases PBI was superior to PAI. The same was true for sliding wear of the coatings against smooth steel counterparts. Under abrasive wear against sand paper, the friction and wear values were lower for smaller abrasive grains, but no remarkable differences were visible between PBI and PAI, regardless of the curing temperature.Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared as thin coatings on aluminium substrates at different final curing temperatures. Their tribological properties were tested at room temperature in comparison to coatings made of polyamideimide (PAI), using various test methods. The adhesion to the substrates was best for PBI processed at a final curing temperature of 280°C. This was also reflected in a better scratch resistance, whereby in all cases PBI was superior to PAI. The same was true for sliding wear of the coatings against smooth steel counterparts. Under abrasive wear against sand paper, the friction and wear values were lower for smaller abrasive grains, but no remarkable differences were visible between PBI and PAI, regardless of the curing temperature.

We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.We extracted natural Eucommia ulmoides gum and studied its application in natural rubber tire compounds in this paper. The result showed that addition of Eucommia ulmoides gum could improve the properties of Natural rubber tire compounds greatly.

Chitosan is natural polymer that has non-toxic properties, biodegradable and biocompatibility material. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan as antitermite in papermaking. The effectiveness of chitosan as antitermite was determined by measuring weight loss of cellulose paper. The concentration of chitosan used in this study was varied from 1% to 5%. Chitosan was dissolved in 1% acetic acid and then applied it to paper sample with soaking treatment. They were exposed to subterranean termite for two weeks. The effectiveness of chitosan were evaluated by determining the weight loss of paper. The results showed that concentration of chitosan solution affected the weight loss of paper. As concentration of chitosan increased, the percentage of weight loss decreased. This study indicated 3% of chitosan as optimum concentration and chitosan was effective as biotermicide in papermaking. Chitosan has potential to be used as antitermite in paper making.

Demand for fossil fuel of coal, petroleum and natural gas has always increased from year to year. Therefore, the development, expansion and utilization of biomass from non no-fossil fuels need be carried out. Efforts to explore, develop, process and utilize biomass from non-fossil fuels, which is the cultivation of microalgae containing triglycerides that can be extracted into methyl esters (biodiesel). The sample extraction process is carried out in 5 stages, such as harvesting, weaving, methylation, extraction, and washing. The amount and ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid is a key that determines the suitability of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock. This paper aims to compare the potential microalgae in Indonesia with the other countries as feedstock for biofuel production. The fatty acid composition of Synechococcus sp. HS-9, Spirulina platensis, Glagah consortium microalgae, and Nostoc HS-20 from Indonesia could be a promising feedstock for biofuel production. The quantity of fatty acid microalgae from Indonesia higher than the other countries.

The use of two stage anaerobic reactors is intended to separate the hydrolysis process and the acidogenesis process from the methanogenesis process, thus allowing optimization of different operating conditions in each of these processes. With such optimization, this reactor has some advantages in processing the complex substrate compared to a single stage anaerobic reactor, especially when the substrate has high fat content, such as palm oil mill effluent (POME). The purpose of this research is to get the strategy of separating the acidogenesis process from methanogenesis process, with pH adjustment and air injection. The experiments were run in 8 batch reactors with each working volume of 500 mL. Each reactor was filled with 10 mL aqueous glucose solution with the concentration of 1.5 g/L as the ideal substrate, 5 mL of aqueous Na2CO3 solution with 1.5 g/L concentration as buffer, and 400 mL of inoculum. Four of the reactors were adjusted to pH 4, while the other four reactors were set on pH 5. In each pH variation, two reactors used biodiesel waste inoculum, while the other two used cow manure inoculum. Prior to data collection, all reactors were flushed using a mixture of 85% v/v N2 and 15% v/v CO2 to ensure zero oxygen environment. For every inoculum type, one of the reactors was run as a completely anaerobic reactor, the other was run with periodic injection of air 10 ml/day. The results showed that separation of acidogenic/acetogenic and methanogenic stages in anaerobic digestion could be conducted effectively by pH adjustment and controlled air injection. With air injection, pH value was not significantly essential for suppressing methanogenic activity as oxygen presence will inhibit methanogenic microbes and the pH will automatically drop as VFA start accumulating. The information presented in this paper is quite useful to define further study in manipulating the performance of anaerobic microbial consortium. Although this consortium is widely known as syntrophic community, which will be difficult to isolate each species in the community, it is still possible to enhance the dominance of one stage (acidogenic/acetogenic) over the other (methanogenic) by controlled air injection.

Activated carbon is one of the solutions to overcome the cigarette smoke problem where durian shell waste is chosen as the base material. Durian shell waste is chosen because it has a high cellulose, lignin and starch content, plus its production reaches 746.805 thousand tons per year. Activated carbon from Durian shell waste will be firstly processed with cleaning, drying, and semi-carbonizing at 200°C for 3 hours with 12.5% yield. The step continued with chemical activation by K2CO3 with variations in impregnation, which are 1:1, 3:2, and 2:1. Next, the activated carbon is physically activated by using a temperature of 600°C with N2 stream of 200 ml/min. Activated carbon as a result of activation and modified activated carbon are then characterized by Iodine Number test and SEM test. As a result, activated carbon with K2CO3 3:2 had the largest iodine number with 414.43 mg/g and after it was physically activated, the 3:2 variation was still had the largest iodine number with 579.49 mg/g.

This research aimed to determine the effects of catfish meat addition to the fulfillment of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) and to study physicochemical properties (density, iron, beta-carotene, and proximate) in instant baby porridge using the drying method of the freeze dryer. Fish meat is added to fulfill the content of instant baby pulp protein in accordance with SNI. Baby porridge is dried using a freeze dryer tool which then becomes a form of instant baby pulp. The baby porridge sample was compared with baby control porridge (without fish meat addition) which was the result of previous studies. This research used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely variation in the percentage of catfish as 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. The results showed the addition of catfish meat with variations in the concentration of fish meat influenced the nature of the content both physically and chemically. The best baby porridge in terms of chemical properties in meeting the needs of protein and vitamin A (beta-carotene) was found in instant baby porridge with 10% concentration of catfish meat for protein and baby porridge and 7.5% concentration of catfish meat for vitamin A. The addition of catfish meat provided good chemical properties than control sample.

Successful research has been done to extract oil from Ketapang seeds that are converted to biofuel. The method used is Soxhletation and evaporation to get Ketapang seed oil which is continued with conversion to biofuel by catalytic hydrocracking method. Characterization of ZnO catalyst was performed by XRD instrument. From this study, it was found that Ketapang seeds can produce oil by 50.2% and after being tested with the GC-MS instrument found that Ketapang seed oil contains several compounds such as palmitic acid, ethyl oleate, etc. From the content, it can be concluded that Ketapang seed oil can be converted into biofuel. Biofuel produced through catalytic hydrocracking stages using ZnO with a ratio of 10:1 between Ketapang seed oil and catalyst which is seconded by hydrogen gas flow rate of 30ml/minute. The oil conversion results in the form of light and heavy fractions of gasoline such as n-hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane and, dodecane.

Wastewater of the laterite hydrometallurgy process which still contains nickel more than 0.25 % and other metals. One method which able to treat wastewater is the electrocoagulation process. In this work, the electrocoagulation process using batch recycle methods has been successfully coagulated nickel and other metals from the wastewater of the laterite hydrometallurgy process. In this work, a tubular aluminum electrode was used in the electrocoagulation reactor. Sodium hydroxide is used to increase the pH of waste. Taguchi design of experiment has been used to analyze and optimize the electrocoagulation process using batch recycle methods. Taguchi analysis results show that the optimum conditions are at 21 of voltage, 5 of pH, 5 hours of time operation, and 0.53 liters/minute of flow rate.

The adverse environmental degradation created by various plastics produced from petroleum products is a major concern for the world nations. The developed and developing nations have adopted various strategies on the production and usage of highly hazardous conventional plastics. Various research works have been undertaken to formulate a sustainable alternative for the conventional plastics. In this regard, an effort was made to synthesis a biodegradable polymer for large scale commercial usage in packaging applications. Biodegradable polymers can be produced from various resources. The study involves the production of bio-plastic from Banana peel and Prosopis juliflora. Cellulose, a major component required for biopolymer synthesis was extracted from Prosopis juliflora which then combined and processed with dried banana peel. Additives and preservatives that contributes to the polymer characteristics were added in suitable proportions and processed under defined conditions. The mixture was then dried at a temperature of 130 ℃ to yield the final product. The biopolymers thus produced were tested for its water absorption capacity, thermal resistance, tensile strength, biodegradability and microbial attacks. It was observed that water absorption capacity of the biopolymer was lower for lesser starch and higher cellulose concentrations. The tensile strength was found to be 0.67 N/mm2 which was due to the addition of zinc oxide. No microbial attack was observed during storage and it was also found that the biopolymer was able to withstand high temperature up to 130 °C during its usage.

The level consumption of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as a packaging of colored beverage bottles occupies the fourth largest in the world. In Indonesia, PET consumption increased reaches 7% per year so that it can cause environmental impacts. This study aims to process the recycling PET waste by obtaining a simple potential process to remove the color from PET waste. The decolorized PET waste will be an alternative carbon source for Carbon Nanotube (CNT) synthesis. The colors of PET waste are blue and green bottles. The selected color removal agent is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) because it is inexpensive reagent and has lower toxicity to environment. The colored PET waste and H2O2 will be heated in the oil bath system at temperature 110°C and pressure 1 atm. The result showed that color removal time for blue PET waste faster than the green PET waste, 72 and 115 minutes per 15 grams PET waste. The quality of color removal of blue PET waste is better than the green PET waste because it has a reflectance value closer to colorless PET waste, namely 80%. The CNT synthesis process from decolorized blue PET waste produce 8.58% yields. The average diameter of CNT crystals from its process is obtained at 37 nm. This shows that PET waste plastic which has been discolored can be used as a carbon source in CNT synthesis.

Batik industry in Indonesia frequently dispose liquid waste containing high level of toxic and carcinogenic dyes to the drainage without being treated. In accordance with it, plasma electrolysis has been proved as the efficient method to degrade dyes waste, yielding higher hydroxyl radicals than other methods. The experiment was conducted by generating plasma in circulated reactor using stainless steel cathode and tungsten anode with 2 cm depth immersed in 0.02 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution added by 20 mg/L Fe2+ and 100 mg/L of Remazol Red initial concentration, with addition of varying air injection rate at maintained power. The results show that 1 L/min is the optimum air injection rate value to operate this reactor effectively at 450 W of optimum operating power so that it could lower the breakdown voltage, reduce energy consumption, produce more OH radicals and other reactive species, and elevate the degradation percentage. The experiment conducted in optimum operating condition provide result of 99.61% in degradation percentage for 60 minutes with final concentration of dye is 0.39 mg/L, 41.55 mg/L of COD, and 3177.16 kJ of energy consumption.

Disposal of untreated waste in the environment leads to the creation of harmful diseases, greenhouse gases and climate change. So the demand arises to eliminate or avoid these kinds of risks to both the society as well as environment. Because of this there are enormous solutions and ideas that are playing a crucial role in this risk avoiding activity. In this study, adsorbent has been synthesized by hydrothermally treating the horse manure. The effect of this synthesized adsorbent produced from horse manure was studied for the removal of toxins like methylene blue, ethyl orange, azo dyes and crystal violet dyes which is presented in the textile effluent. These dyes can create severe illness to both the people as well as aquatic species while it is mixed with natural water bodies.

The increasing of scarce of petroleum availability, unstable prices, and potential environmental damage due to the use of fossil fuel encourage the development of alternative fuels that can replace fossil fuels, including jet fuel. Bio-jet fuel is a renewable fuel that has similar characteristics to jet fuel. The potential raw material for bio-jet fuel production in Indonesia is coconut oil. The composition of fatty acids in coconut oil corresponds to the range of carbon atomic chain of jet fuel. Indonesia is also the country with the second-largest share of coconut oil exports in the world which shows that the use of coconut oil in Indonesia is very less. In this study, bio-jet fuel was synthesized from coconut oil through hydrodeoxygenation reaction to convert fatty acids to hydrocarbons by removing oxygen. The catalyst used in this reaction was NiMoP/Al2O3 catalyst. The hydrodeoxygenation reactions were carried out with variations of pressure and temperature, at pressures of 10, 15, and 20 bar, and temperatures of 375, 385, and 400°C. The reactions were stopped if they had reached equilibrium based on GC-TCD analysis of the gas product. The hydrodeoxygenation reaction at 400°C and 20 bar was able to produce high conversion (92.56%), much hydrocarbon content (91.91%), high selectivity and also yield of bio-jet fuel (82.93% and 54.34%). Liquid products were distilled to obtain jet fuel fraction products. From the results of the density, viscosity, acid number, heating value, and freezing point analysis of the bio-jet fuel distillate, good values were obtained.

Biogas is one of promising renewable fuel produced from several numbers of organic substrates. In fact, biomass as the organic matters has an opportunity to generate a cheaper and cleaner energy than using other resources. Therefore, many researchers have been studied about the production of biogas from various kinds of biomass. In Indonesia, there are many cows and lemongrass in nature. Therefore, this study is focused on the utilization of cow manure and lemongrass as the substrate for the production of biogas. The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimum condition of biogas production, including composition of the substrate and temperature of the bio digester. Besides, the addition of rumen bacteria was also investigated in this study. The composition of cow manure and lemongrass were varied at the ratio of 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 in weight. The temperature of bio digester was also varied at room temperature, 39℃, and 50℃. Result shows that the volume of biogas produced by using lemongrass was less than using cow manure. However, the mixture of cow manure and lemongrass improved the quality and quantity of biogas produced. Based on the results, the highest volume of biogas at 890 mL and the highest percentage of methane at 14.90 % were produced from the composition of substrate with the ratio of 1:1 at the temperature of 50℃ with the addition of rumen bacteria. It was revealed that the higher temperature of bio digester was better for the production of biogas in the range of room temperature to 50℃. It was also proved that rumen bacteria are important for the production of biogas.

Biogas has been one of the promising renewable fuel produced from organic substrates. Cocoa husk has a potential to be a substrate for biogas production. Based on various studies, cocoa husk has the potential as a substrate for methane production from anaerobic co-digestion. However, lower biodegradation efficiency of anaerobic co-digestion of cocoa husks was affected by high cell wall content of cellulose and association between cellulose and lignin, which would hinder the anaerobic microbes to convert cocoa husk into methane. Cow rumen fluid has been proposed for method for biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass, since it has advantages in degradation of plant material by the Fiblolytic enzymes from the rumen ecosystem. The ratio of cocoa husk to cow manure are as follows, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 1:0, where the substrate used for all four variations is 100g, the variation of substrate to cow rumen fluid is also applied with the following ratio 1:1, 1:0, 2:1, 1:2, and incubation operating temperature is as follow 25°C, 37°C, 50°C, and 70°C. This research would see the potential of cocoa husk as a substrate, and the effect that will happen if cow rumen fluid is used as its inoculum, and to know if there is an increase in efficiency of digestion, in form of higher solids degradation and higher biogas methane composition. The purpose of this research is to know the optimum ratio between cow manure and cocoa husk and feasibility of rumen fluid as inoculum. Based on the results of the research, the following can be concluded: The optimum ratio of cocoa husk to cow manure is 1:1, the optimum ratio of substrate to cow rumen fluid is 1:1, and the optimum temperature for biogas production incubation is 37°C or mesophilic condition.

In order to improve the quality and the separation effect of CO2 in X gas field, the influence of swing on removing of water content on purification of CO2 from offshore natural gas by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and triethylene glycol (TEG) absorption was investigated by simulation. This method is to reduce the water content in the CO2 gas for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method. In the EOR injection process at Y oil field, the purity of CO2 is more than 95%. The purity of CO2 plays an important role in determining the amount of oil that can be recovered. In system using PSA, the mass of activated carbon is needed of 11,555.3 lb/day, whereas by TEG absorption is required 91.27 gpm TEG adsorbent. Economic analysis was also carried out based on the oil yield that can be recovered from well (20.53 MMstb) using CO2 from X gas field for EOR injection in Y oil field. In PSA integrated system showed net present value (NPV) of 349,376,372.23 $ US, internal return rate (IRR) of 19.87%, with an investment cost of 214,918,114 $ US. The system integrated with TEG dehydration has an NPV of 390,869,013.8 $ US, IRR of 20.37%, and an investment cost of 240,111,000 $ US. These results showed that CO2 purification from X gas field is the most optimal and efficient when the system used the TEG absorption with NPV of 423,392,895.6 $ US, IRR of 20.71%, and payback period of 4.06 years. Based on the results of comparisons between the PSA and TEG features of upgrading technologies of CO2 in X gas field, the specific requirements for CO2-EOR in Y oil field, recommendations are made regarding appropriate technology for CO2−EOR

The impact of emerging agriculture as the dominant sector in Indonesia was abundant in agricultural waste such as rice husk and rice straw. Slow pyrolysis was proposed as processing treatment of residue to get bio-char and bio-oil at 250 °C using a simple stainless-steel reactor. The selected temperature for the pyrolysis process based on TGA result and the optimum condition of the combustion process. Bio-char produced was 57 wt% which porosity range around 50 µm identified from SEM image, which could be used as bio-sorbent materials. While bio-oil has phenol as a dominant compound known with its bactericidal activity. Based on IR spectrum, the pyrolysis process only reduces the small amount of water and organic compound of biomasses. Even though from physical appearance after the pyrolysis process both biomasses become different, but from SEM image, pyrolysis process did not change materials structure excessively. The impact of the pyrolysis process on rice husk difference with rice straw because of its chemical compound and also size of materials.