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Анализируется использование тропа относительности Секстом Эмпириком. Поднимается проблема возможного агностицизма главного представителя пирронизма и предлагаются аргументы и основания, которые показывают способ отведения данного возражения. Основой интерпретации является так называемая диалектическая стратегия, с помощью которой Секст мог описать свое непропозициональное использование норм и аргументов, которые были им заимствованы у догматических философов и использованы против них самих., The goal of Sextus Empiricus' philosophy implies achieving the tranquility of soul (ataraxia), which is reached through investigation of scientific and philosophical beliefs. Sceptic comes to conclusion, Sextus says, that conflicting beliefs have equal persuasiveness, which allows him to suspend judgement about truth and falsity of any issues under investigation. At the same time Sextus uses powerful arguments of negative dogmatic nature, what provides reasons to some scholars to contend Sextus' insincerity and inconsistency. Indeed, we come to strange results, undertaking analysis of the Relativity Mode. If we reconstruct arguments, contained in the Mode, we can see that the main premise of the Mode is an assumption that relative knowledge of the things is not the proper one, for it cannot reveal their real nature. For the being of things in themselves is assumed as absolute and not relative one. Every relative predicate then does not reveal the real properties of the things in themselves. Assuming this, one should certain conclude that things are incomprehensible, which means in its turn taking agnosticism. However this takes no place in Sextus' case -at the end of every Mode he declares necessity of suspending judgement. This issue raises the main problem of this paper. I argue that Sextus has sufficient means to refute those hasty charges sketched above. So it is proposed an apologetic interpretation based on so called «dialectical strategy», which can be traced to Socrates and which was inherited by Sextus through Arcesilaus. It consists in hypothetical assuming premises and deduction rules of opponents (dogmati-cists), and revealing internal contradictions of their accounts. As example of such strategy could be taken a special way of skeptical speaking, which is described by «phainestai rule» (K. Vogt). According to this rule the pyrrhonian sceptic makes no statements, but just utters about his perceptions and mental states. It means that the sceptic have a special skeptical propositional attitude, according to which he makes no truth claims but he is just reasoning from the dogmatist's point of view. Thus we reach a point that the sceptic doesn't argue truth of premises and deduction rules, and thereby is not committed to their conclusions. This shows why the sceptic isn't entitled to claim agnosticism as consequence of his reasoning. However this interpretation calls an account of isosthenia in question, which I'll undertake in the following paper.

This paper is about the pragmatic notion of truth, according to which what we believe in the ideal limit of inquiry is true. Hence, it refers to the dynamics of belief and thus to theoretical rationality. Thereby, truth and rationality are inexorably entangled; neither can be explained without the other. The paper intends to make plausible that this entanglement may be developed into rigorous and fruitful theory. published

Предлагается новая (дополненная) система аксиом для общефилософской теории знания. В язык этой аксиоматической теории включаются новые термины, в частности, термин «существует алгоритм (может быть построена машина) для установления, что р». При этом в теорию включаются ранее отсутствовавшие в ней аксиомы, определяющие значения новых терминов. Исследуются приложения аксиоматики к истории философии., The paper submits a new (substantially expanded) system of own axioms for the general philosophical theory of knowledge. In comparison with the previous option of axiomatizing epistemology some novel terms are added to the language of the axiomatic theory, for instance, the term "an algorithm exists (a machine can be constructed) for deciding that p", where p stands for a proposition. Precise definitions of meanings of the newly introduced terms are given indirectly by adding corresponding new own axioms of epistemology to the axiomatic system which axioms have not been included into the system hitherto. The submitted new axiomatic epistemology system makes up new precise definitions of the notions "a-priori-knowledge" and "a-posteriori-one". In the axiomatic system the two kinds of knowledge are precisely defined by means of compositions of epistemic, alethic, de-ontic, axiological and other modalities. Systematically exploiting the hypothetic-deductive method the author investigates the set of logic consequences of accepting the mentioned hypothetical precise definitions of the epistemic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value" and of the graphic representation of their logical interrelations by means of the logical square-and-hexagon. In particular, at the level of artificial language a strict formal derivation of "it is obligatory that p" from "there is a-priory knowledge that p" is constructed within the framework of the submitted axiomatic epistemology system. Within the same system at the same level a strict formal derivation of "it is good that p" from "there is a-priory knowledge that p" is constructed as well. Moreover it is formally proved in the present paper that in the axiomatic system under consideration there is the logic equivalence between the modalities "it is obligatory that p" and "it is good that p", if it is true that "there is a-priory knowledge that p". The submitted new (significantly transformed and complemented) axiomatic system is applied to the relevant concrete material of the history of philosophy, namely, to G.W. Leibniz', D. Hume's, and G.E. Moore's philosophical epistemology views.

Рассматриваются основные доводы, приписываемые Г. Фреге при построении программы логицизма. Приводится краткая характеристика этих доводов. Анализируются математические доводы: проблематизируются аспекты неологицизма, ставящие под сомнение выполнимость в рамках данной программы математических задач Г. Фреге. Делается вывод о решении этой задачи в рамках проекта неологицизма К. Райта иБ. Хейла., The paper analyzes G. Frege's logicism and neo-logicism of C. Wright and B. Hale. The main aims that have been attributed to Frege's logicism by different scholars are considered. A brief description of these aims is given. The paper is concerned with the mathematical rationale. According to the mathematical rationale, G. Frege believed that whatever admits to proof ought to be proved. And he thought that the propositions of arithmetic, hitherto unproved, admit of proof and should be proved. Aspects of neo-logicism, questioning the feasibility of mathematical aims of G. Frege in the framework of the program, are problematized. It is concluded about the solution of this problem in the framework of the project of neo-logicism of C. Wright and B. Hale.

Предлагаемое точное формальное ограничение сферы корректной применимости логико-философского принципа, условно именуемого «Гильотиной Юма», графически моделируется с помощью логических квадрата и гексагена оппозиции относящихся к обсуждаемой теме композиций эпистемических, алетических, деонтических и аксиологических модальностей., The paper is devoted to discussing such a new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals which is mathematically represented by two-valued algebraic system of formal ethics-and-natural-law. This algebra of the natural-law-and-formal-ethics is used for systematical analysis of moral-legal forms of (any) either-good-or-bad activity in general. The new form of analytical philosophy of law-and-morals immediately (directly) deals not with logic-forms of thought-and-speech about moral-legal activity but with moral-legal-forms of (either-good-or-bad) activity. Thus the subject-matter of direct (immediate) analyzing is significantly shifted from the logical-linguistic-form of thinking to the moral-legal-one of acting. Within the scope of the mentioned algebraic system the notions "formal-axiological equivalence of moral-legal-activity-forms" and "(universal) law of algebra of formal ethics-and-natural-law (= constantly-good moral-legal-act-form)" are defined precisely. Introducing the mentioned algebra makes up a possibility to investigate compositions of alethic, deontic, and axiological modalities, for instance, the complex ones: "it is (ale-thically) necessary that it is (legally) obligatory that p"; "it is (alethically) necessary that it is (morally) good that p". In the present paper the indicated formal-ethical machinery is exploited for limiting precisely the domain of relevant applicability of the famous logical-philosophical principle somewhat conventionally called "Guillotine of Hume". For implementing this limitation the author submits new (hitherto not discussed) compound definitions of the epistemic modalities "a priori knowledge that p" and "a posteriori one that p". Accepting these definitions logically entails accepting a precise formal limitation of the scope of "Hume's Guillotine". The submitted precise formal limitation of sphere of correct applicability of "Guillotine of Hume" is modeled graphically by means of logical square and hexagon of opposition of relevant compositions of epistemic, alethic, deontic and axiological modalities related to the theme under discussion.

Цель данной статьи указать на пробел в нашем понимании того, как, начиная с раннего возраста, у человека складываются интуитивные представления о том, что такое язык и мышление, и какая между ними связь. Совокупность таких интуи-ций можноусловно назвать наивной семантикой, которая часто в том или ином виде выступала мишенью для философской критики. Главный тезис статьи заключается в том, что такая критика во многом недооценивает значение наивной семантики для интеллектуального развития человека, а также отчасти неверно описывает ее происхождение. В частности, в статье говорится о том, что менталистские идиомы, характеризующие наивную семантику, представляют собой не вторичное и паразитирующее функционирование языка, а необходимый и предварительный этап в усвоении человеком абстрактных, в том числе и научных, понятий., The aim of this paper is to explore how from an early age a person acquires an intuitive ideas about what are the thought and language, and how they relate to each other. The sum of intuitions of this kind can be called naive semantics, which is often one of the main targets for philosophical criticism. The overall objective of the paper is to show that such criticism is largely underestimates the value of naive semantics for our intellectual development and cognition, and that it usually incorrectly describes the origins of naive semantics. In particular, the use of mentalistic idioms that characterize naive semantics is not a secondary or parasitic functioning of language, but a necessary and preliminary step in mastering of abstract, including scientific, concepts.

Представлен обзор и критический анализ книги Д. Перебума «Свобода воли, агент и смысл жизни» (2014). Перебум один из главных представителей инкомпатибилист-ской позиции. В статье представлена попытка опровергнуть его основной аргумент «Аргумент манипуляций из 4-х стадий»., The problem of free will and moral responsibility is a traditional problem for the philosophical investigations. So the contemporary analytical philosophy continues the project that has been started a few hundred years ago. However in the past several decades there has been progress made in this area. Philosophers like R. Kane, J. Fischer, H. Frankfurt, D. Dennett and D. Pereboom made significant contributions to clarify the issues and drafts the possible solutions. In this paper I provide a review of D. Perebooms recent book on free will Free will, agency and the meaning of life (2014). The first part of the book is devoted to the proof of the Incompatibilism between causal determinism (and inde-terminism) and responsibility. Pereboom rejects the necessity of the alternative possibilities as a necessary component for the free will and moral responsibility. However he insists on incompatibilism on other grounds. The main argument for Incompatibilism is Pereboom's original Four Case Manipulation Argument. According to the author the argument shows that there is no relevant difference between the cases when the agent is being manipulated and the cases where the behavior of the agent is being determined by the events in the past and the laws of nature. The second part of the book is Pere-boom's defense of optimistic skepticism. The author argues that even without moral responsibility in the basic desert sense, the human life doesn't lose meaning and the interpersonal relations don't lose its value. In this paper I disagree with the main argument of D. Pereboom. I suggest his description of the four cases is missing important details. Most readers make a judgment about the absence of responsibility in the described cases not because there is manipulation but because there it is unclear if the agent there indeed is a person and what kind of person he is. If we fill in the important details and describe the agent in such a way that his character is being revealed the audience will likely to judge him to be morally responsible for his behavior. I try to prove my point by describing an alternative scenario to the first case of Pereboom's argument.

Рассматривается проблема преодоления репрессий, вызываемых теориями или философскими системами, претендующими науниверсалъностъ. На примере идей Ж.-Ф. Лиотара и Р. Рорти анализируются способы преодоления универсализма. Рассматривается вопрос о наличии и спецификации у этих двух философов универсалистских предпосылок в рамках антисистемных стратегий, направленных на защиту гетерогенного., The paper considers the problem of overcoming repressions, which are produced by the scientific and philosophical systems, which are pretending to be universal. Repressions originate from the position of the classical universalism that all the knowledge must be incorporated in rigorous system. In its turn, a system is legitimized by a metanarrative. Ideas, which are not blended with the universal requirements, drop out from the «normal» scientific or philosophical knowledge.In order to overcome repressions, produced by universalism, Lyotard and Rorty suggest anti-universalistic approaches. In this paper were analyzed conceptions of the local language games, which mainly concentrated around the idea of defending the heterogeneity and uniqueness of all discourses. Nevertheless, in such conceptions there are ontological and ethical presuppositions, which could be qualified as universalistic. Thus, however, such universalism could be marked as «soft», because even though it presupposes some sort of general conditions, they are not becoming a philosophical foundation in the classical sense. The paper shows, that they mainly served for providing a prevention of repressions and they focused on the differences maintenance. Nonetheless, because of denying of the strong universalism, Lyotard and Rorty don't achieve a general elimination of repressions. Therefore, their concepts appeal rather to the ethical identity of each participator of all language games.

Рассматривается проблема двух различных интерпретаций определённых дескрипций, как она представлена в статье Е.В. Борисова «О двух интерпретациях определённых дескрипций», где последние могут рассматриваться как сингулярные термины и индивидуализирующие предикаты. Этим интерпретациям, с точки зрения Е.В. Борисова, соответствуют идентификационная и предикативная интерпретация связки. Анализируются возможности такого подхода и обосновывается тезис, что этот подход возможен только приусловии игнорирования различия первичного и вторичного вхождения логических констант в высказывания, содержащие обозначающие фразы. Обосновывается, что реляционное понимание связки в общем случае не устранимо, если необходимо сохранить различие первичного и вторичного вхождения логических констант в высказывания, использующие определённые дескрипции., The subject of the paper is the problem of the two various interpretations of definite descriptions as it is presented in the article of E.V. Borisov "On Two Interpretations of Definite Descriptions". In this article definite descriptions are considered both as singular terms and individuating predicates. From the point of view of E.V. Borisov these interpretations demand to interpret the sentence copula as expressing the identity or the subject-predicate relation. The possibilities of such approach are analyzed in the paper. It is proved, that approach of E.V. Borisov is possible only under the condition of ignoring of the distinction between primary and secondary occurrence of logical constants, which denotation phrases contain. It is proved that the relational understanding of the copula is not removable generally, if it is necessary to keep distinction between primary and secondary occurrence of logic constants in the statements which are used definite descriptions.

Анализируется освещение конфликта вокруг проекта платной автотрассы Москва Санкт-Петербург в российской прессе. Исследование основано на конструк-ционистском подходе социологии социальных проблем. Предложен анализ федеральной прессы, для понимания, насколько федеральная пресса как «публичная арена» дает возможности интерпретации спорной ситуации различными акторами. При исследовании текстов газет использован анализ фреймов., The paper deals with a presentation of a conflict over a project of paid highway Moscow-St. Petersburg in the Russian federal press. The conflict began as a local environmental clash, but later it became a federal issue to a large extent due to attention of the federal media. A theoretical basement of the paper is the constructionist approach in the sociology of social problems. Mass media greatly define our understanding of social problems. They are 'public arenas' of struggle among different groups over a definition of a certain issue as a problem situation, which requires or does not require a specific solution. The very fact of a depiction and interpretation of an actor of a conflict situation in mass media seriously influences at a success of this actor. On this premise, social movements that want to influence public opinion and political agenda significantly depends on the press. The purpose of the study was to investigate possibilities of different interpretations for disputable situations by opposite sides of the conflicts because of presentations of the situations in the 'public arena' of mass media. For our analysis of newspaper articles we employed diagnostic and prognostic frames. The diagnostic frame identifies problems, while the prognostic frame offers solutions of these problems. The analysis uncovered four different approaches towards depiction of a conflict: 1) mainly ignoring of the conflict; 2) a strong support of a debatable project and a negative attitude towards members of protest actions; 3) a concern with the project and a positive attitude towards members of protest actions; and 4) a neutral approach towards a description fo the conflict. The study showed that the environmental movement by dramatizing the situation could draw attention of the federal press towards the problems, which required a solution. At the same time, the analysis found that a political position of a periodical influence a character of its publications to such an extent that even dramatic events fall out of the journalists' field of vision. The case of the highway Moscow-St. Petersburg shows us that the Russia federal press is highly pluralistic discussing sharp social problems.

Представлен анализ основных подходов к интерпретации проблемы следования правилу в аналитической философии права. Рассмотрены наиболее известные примеры о возможности применения аргументов Витгенштейна в сфере философии права, в частности при толковании содержания юридических правил и их интерпретации в правоприменении. Обосновывается позиция о том, что специфика философской аргументации Витгенштейна требует уточнения философско-правовых понятий «правило», «правовая норма», «правовая интерпретация» для корректного объяснения проблемы следования правилу в юридическом языке., The paper presents an analysis of the main approaches to the rule-following problem in the analytic legal philosophy. The most famous examples of the possibility to apply the arguments of Wittgenstein in legal philosophy, in particular the interpretation of the content of legal rules and their interpretation in law enforcement are considered. The paper substantiates the position that the specificity of philosophical argumentation Wittgenstein requires clarification of philosophical and legal concepts of "rule", "rule of law", and "legal interpretation" for the correct explanation of the rule-following problem in legal language.

Предлагается ограничение области применимости «Гильотины Юма» с помощью точных дефиниций эпистемических модальностей «априорное знание бытия» и «априорное-знание-ценности». Взаимосвязи между этими модальностями графически моделируются с помощью квадрата и гексагона. Абстрактные логико-философские выводы иллюстрируются конкретными примерами из физики. При этом всеобщие законы классической физики рассматриваются с точки зрения двузначной алгебры метафизики как формальной аксиологии, The paper submits a formal limitation of the domain of relevant applicability of "Hume's Guillotine" by means of precise definitions of epistemic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value". Logical interconnections between these modalities are graphically modeled by means of the logical square and hexagon. The abstract logical-philosophical corollaries are illustrated by concrete examples from the classical physics. For the first time in the world literature on nature-philosophy the three laws of classical physics, which are well-known as "the ones of Newton", are considered from the viewpoint of two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology. At the very beginning of the paper the author submits a logical square and hexagon of opposition of epis-temic modalities "a-priori knowledge" and "a-posteriori one". The two kinds of knowledge and their contrariness are precisely defined by means of compositions of epistemic, alethic, and axiological modalities. Systematically exploiting the hypothetic-deductive method the author investigates the set of logic consequences of accepting the above-mentioned hypothetical precise definitions of the epis-temic modalities "a-priori-knowledge-of-being" and "a-priori-knowledge-of-value" and of the graphic representation of their logical interrelations. Accepting the submitted definitions (and the square-and-hexagon-of-opposition) of epistemic modalities implies a set of nontrivial consequences to be examined by comparing with specific materials of concrete sciences. In the present paper the consequences are compared with the material of classical physics, namely, with "the three laws of Newton". Being for-mally-axiologically interpreted and precisely formulated in terms of two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology the laws in question have passed the examination successfully: they are (formal-axiological) laws of nature-metaphysics in that special meaning of the term "law" which is precisely defined in two-valued algebra of metaphysics as formal axiology.

Исследуется связь принципа финитизма в философии природы с метафизикой элеатов - Парменида и Мелисса. Великие (строгие) законы сохранения в физике, в особенности законы сохранения энергии и электрического заряда, рассматриваются с точки зрения двузначной алгебры метафизики как формальной аксиологии., The connection between the finitism-principle in nature-philosophy and the metaphysics of Par-menides and Melissus is investigated. The strict laws of conservation in physics, especially, the ones of conservation of energy and of electric charge are considered from the viewpoint of two-valued algebra of formal axiology.In the first part of the paper the author constructs different logical squares and hexagons of opposition of a-priori knowledge and empirical one. The two kinds of knowledge and their contrariness are precisely defined by means of compositions of epistemic, alethic, and axio-logical modalities. The first logical square and hexagon considered in the paper are graphic models of the system of logical interrelations among "knowledge that p", "empirical knowledge that p", "a-priori knowledge that p", and "alethic necessity of p". The second square and hexagon are graphic models of the system of logical interrelations among "knowledge that it is good that p", "empirical knowledge that it is good that p", "a-priori knowledge that it is good that p", and "alethic necessity (of the situation) that it is good that p". The third square and hexagon are graphic models of the system of logical interrelations among the contrary epistemic modalities "a-priori knowledge" and "empirical one" precisely defined by means of epistemic, alethic and axiological modalities. These square and hexagon combine the three modality types in such a hypothetical synthesis which heads to a couple of problems.Firstly, the synthesis of the two previous figures by the third ones contradicts to the universality of the principle of logical autonomy between statements about being and ones about value. This contradiction is eliminated by formally defined restriction of the scope of relevant applicability of the mentioned autonomy principle: applying this principle is relevant if and only if it is applied to empirical knowledge; in sphere of a-priori one it is not relevantly applicable. From the submitted definitions it follows logically that if some knowledge is a-priori one then it is one of necessarily good. If so then if the strict laws of conservation in physics represent a-priori knowledge, then they represent knowledge of necessarily good. Hence the laws-of-conservation of energy and the ones of electric charge are laws of formal axiology. This consequence is examined by means of two-valued algebra of formal axiology. The result is positive.

Представлен анализ основных подходов к интерпретации причинности в правовой реальности. Рассмотрены наиболее известные концепции причинности и возможности их применения в сфере философии права, в частности при определении юридической ответственности. Обосновывается позиция о том, что специфика правовых отношений не позволяет решать вопросы ответственности за нарушение законов на основе концепции conditio sine qua non, распространенной на практике., The paper presents an analysis of the main approaches of causality in legal reality. The most famous conceptions of causality and the possibility of their application in legal philosophy, in particular in the determination of legal responsibility are considered. The paper substantiates the position that the specificity of legal relations does not settle the question of responsibility for the violation of laws based on conception of a conditio sine qua non, common in practice.

Рассмотрены теоретические основы связи литературного жанра с идеологией и утопией, приводятся различные определения понятий «идеология» и «утопия». Объектом исследования стал литературный жанр феминистской утопии, приводятся его моциолингвистические характеристики, анализируются возможности жанра для социофилософского анализа и моделирования., The paper is dedicated to the problem of immanent connection between literary genre, utopias and ideology, including different definitions of terms "utopia" and "ideology". The object of analysis is feminist utopia genre, the paper reviews sociolinguistic characteristics of utopian genre and its philosophical analysis and modeling opportunities.

Предлагается взгляд на историю формальной логики в Европе XIX века как на три автономных традиции: германскую, британскую и австрийскую. В первой логика понималась как наука о форме мышления, отвлекающаяся от всякого содержания; во второй - как теория рассуждения, сосредоточенная на анализе формы языковых выражений; в третьей - как общая теория науки и -учение о форме предметов вообще. Описываются основные вехи истории и общие характеристики каждой из традиций., The development of formal logic in 19 th century Europe is considered in the paper. The principal idea is that that during this logic developed as three independent traditions: German, British and Austrian. The German tradition was definitely influenced by I. Kant. The (general pure) logic was considered here as a science of the form of thought, in abstraction from any object (content). J.F. Fries and J.F. Herbart proposed the most influential conceptions of the philosophy of logic. The former developed the anthropological (psychological) foundation for logic. The latter shifted the subject of logic from "thinking" to "thinkable". His presuppositions were disclosed in details in the remarkable "Neue Dar-stellung der Logic" of his pupil M.W. Drobisch. A.Trendelenburg exposed the final commonly accepted view of the subject; he also coined the very term "formal logic". The principles of the British traditions were laid down by R.Whately, and in fact that principles formed the paradigm of British tradition in the philosophy of logic. The logic was considered here as an inquiry of reasoning, and its formal character was explained by the fact that it deals with the form of language expression. Approaches of Whately were severely attacked by W. Hamilton, but his arguments, in spite of soundness, appeared to be ineffective. The development of this tradition is traced up to J.S. Mill and A. de Morgan. Mill has created the groundwork for future development of logical semantics by his theory of denotation and connotation. De Morgan has expanded the linguistic approach to logic on its algebraic handling. Both of them extended, in different ways, the conception of reasoning. B.Bolzano was the father-founder of the Austrian tradition. Logic was typically viewed here as a general theory of science (Wissensschaftslehre). Logic is formal because it deals with the form of objects and relations in general. The principal feature of the Austrian logical tradition consists in the fact that it included some kind the theory of object. It is pointed and demonstrated in the paper that the factual ''inventor'' of the logical theory of object was R. Zimmerman, the student of Bolzano. The formation of the Austrian logical style was completed due to the school of Brentano. The specific features of the school are discussed on the instance of the A. Hofler''s "Logik". The concluding part of the paper contains very short outline of the remarkable similarities between the ideas of Frege and principles, shared or discussed by the school of Brentano.

Рассматривается магистральное в философии Л. Витгенштейна понятие внутренних отношений. Излагаются основные характерные черты внутреннего отношения в отличие от отношения внешнего. Выдвигается специальное понятие постметафизики применительно к философии Логико-философского трактата. Обосновывается гипотеза о взаимосвязи Витгенштейнова критерия осмысленности, внутренних отношений и постметафизики. Подвергается критике применение концепции антифилософии А. Бадью к Л. Витгенштейну., The paper is concerned with the interconnection between postmetaphysics and notion of internal relations in Ludwig Wittgenstein''s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Internal relations are relations which could not fail to obtain, since they are given with or (partly) constitutive of the terms, such as white''s being lighter than black. One could easily generalize conception of internal relations in connection with Wittgenstein''s typical points such as rules of inference, truth, logical forms, tautology (Tractatus 5.132, 4.442, 4.12, 5.1362 respectively), and the limits of language which also represent internal relations. A relationship between world and language is also internal. Meaningful proposition obliged to have pictorial common structure with reality of states of affairs (the Tractarian isomorphism theory). This is well known Tractarian notion of sense and nonsense. In the paper I argue that main Wittgenstein''s postmetaphysical ideas are always closely associated with conception of internal relations and thereafter with sense/ nonsense criterion.

Рассматриваются парадигмальные основания визуальных исследований. В рамках разных парадигм задаётся разное видение образа, акцентируется внимание на его разной социальной онтологии, даются разные ответы на ключевые вопросы визуальных исследований: какова природа образа; как соотносится образ и социальная реальность; как функционирует образ и как он влияет на социальную реальность и поведение людей? Излагается различное понимание визуального образа в натуралистической, структуралистской, конструктивистской и феноменологической парадигмах. Даётся систематизация социальных функций визуальных образов., In the paper the paradigm foundations of researching the visual are analyzed. Different paradigms have the image of their own, different social ontology is emphasized, different answers to the key questions of visual researches are given: what the correlation between the image and social reality is; how the image functions and influences social reality and people''s behavior. The naturalist interpretation of the visual is a reflection of the objective social reality. The structuralist approach aims to analyze the visual as a socio-cultural text, to single out culture codes of interpretation. Constructing the image is the process of setting separate fragments of the reality (objects) and creating a picture of the world out of them. The phenome-nological horizon stresses the activity of both the image and the subject of perception. The content of the image here is not only about representation and interpretation of social reality, its presentation aspect is expressed. In the paper the social functions of visual images are systematized.

Представлен философский анализ современных исследований глобализации и сетевых структур в глобальном мире. Проанализировано изменение дискурса по проблеме глобализации в направлении перехода от фрагментарного типа мышления, который доминировал на первом этапе теоретического осмысления глобализации и включал социальную, экономическую, политическую и другие парадигмы, к обобщающей философской парадигме. Представлена концептуализация основных интерпретаций сети и сетевых структур в современном философском анализе., The paper presents interpretation of globalization concerned the net community formation, which exploits a nor-matively attractive alternative to existing concepts of globalization. It is argued here that development of contemporary world community manifests the implementation of a form of global net community.In most recent theoretical debates depending on the character of the process of globalization (homogeneous or fragmentary), two trends of investigation of this process arise: (i) globalization on the basis of the idea of progress which leads to a homogeneous world and maintains hierarchical structures (uni-versalism), (ii) globalization on the basis of the representation of the world real diversity which supports net community formation (multiculturalism). As for universalistic discussions, the tendency to assume opposite values on the segment comprising corporative version of globalization and elite version of globalization arises. Multicultural concepts of globalization, based on the recognition of the world diversity, are popular because of their non-repressive, tolerant and net form. Appraisals of multiculturalism as an intellectual trend, which could be evaluated as the of recent multi-globalization process, are controversial (for example as in the works by J. Searle, R. Rorty C. Taylor, etc). The theorists of globalization stress the fact that modern globalization process include many instances of globalization. Paper mainly concentrated on several trends of interpretation of globalization: historical, social, legal, informational and net globalization. It is argued here that informational nets change the actual production, consumption, power, experience and culture in a great scale. Global net organizations represent a new type of net structure based of political institutions and international, national, local institution of decision making. Individualization and decentralization are the opposite with respect to the socialization work, vertical integration and big production which characterize industrial society forms of organization and interaction. Modern net organization guarantee the flexibility of firms, individual, countries in conditions of globalization.

Развивается формально-аксиологическая интерпретация учения Парменида и Мелисса о небытии небытия, множества и движения. Конструируется двузначная дискретная математическая модель формально-аксиологического аспекта метафизики упомянутых мыслителей двузначная алгебра метафизики как формальной аксиологии. На языке предложенной модели точно формулируется и обобщается знаменитая «Гильотина Юма». Обобщенная формулировка «Гильотины» используется для защиты Парменида от эмпирической критики., The paper submits a formal-axiological interpretation of the metaphysical doctrine of Parmenides and Melissus about nonbeing of nonbeing, nonbeing of movement, nonbeing of set, etc. The author constructs and studies a two-valued discrete mathematical representation (model) of formal-axiological aspect of the metaphysical doctrine of mentioned thinkers two-valued algebra of metaphysics. According to the author's fundamental hypothesis, metaphysics is nothing but formal axiology, in particular, formal ethics and formal jus-naturalism. Starting with this novel hypothesis the paper investigates "being", "nonbeing", "one-ness (unity)", "set", "movement (change)", "contradiction", "non-contradiction", "completeness", "incompleteness", etc. as moral-legal evaluation-functions determined by moral-legal evaluation-variables in proper mathematical meanings of the words "function" and "variable". The evaluation functions and variables take their values from the set of moral-legal values {g (good), b (bad)} of moral-legal-forms of actions. Elementary moral-legal-action-forms deprived of their contents are nothing but moral-legal variables. Compound moral-legal-action-forms deprived of their contents represent moral-legal evaluationfunctions. The functions under investigation are precisely defined by tables. A formal-axiological equivalence-relation is precisely defined as well. By means of the given definitions the author constructs a list of equations of two-valued algebra of metaphysics identified with algebra of formal axiology, in particular, with algebra of formal ethics. Results of the mental (hypothetic-deductive) experiment with generating the list of equations are surprising: "translations" of the equations from the artificial symbolic language of algebra into the natural one are nothing but well-known "strange (paradoxical)" statements of Parmenides and Melissus. Hence, according to the studied hypothesis, the famous empirical criticism of the Eleatic metaphysical tenets is a result of misunderstanding them. The metaphysical tenets are affirming formal-axiological equivalences among values. The scandal statements have nothing to do with facts and formal-logic interrelations among facts. Therefore it is relevant to use the principle of formal-logic autonomy of facts and values for protecting Eleatic metaphysics from the empirical criticism. By means of algebra of formal ethics the author submits a precise formulation and fundamental generalization of the famous "Guillotine of D. Hume". The generalized formulation of "Guillotine" is used for protecting Parmenides and Melissus from the empirical criticism.

В зарубежной политической науке недостаточное внимание уделяется социально-философским подходам к демократизации. В статье выделяется два подхода к решению этой задачи: коммуникативный и процедурный. Сравнительный анализ подходов показал, насколько значительными являются различия между ними применительно к демократизации парламентских институтов., Democratic transformation can be conceptualized in two different ways: as a movement from authoritarian to democratic forms (transitol ogy), or as socio-philosophical models of transformation. In this paper we followed the second line, and identified two approaches to change: procedural and communicative. According to the first approach, procedures governing the forms of political interaction should be the object of change. Democratization is understood as the construction of democratic procedures, or as the process of changing the old ones, in accordance with democratic principles. For second approach the forms of interaction themselves should be transformed. Democracy is implemented in democratic models of communication. In modern western theory liberal and deliberative models of democracy are distinguished in the similar way. D. Dryzek and S. Benhabib argued that the first approach is more limited in the prospect of democratization. The second part of this paper present a comparative analysis of selected approaches of the democratization of parliamentary institutions. According to the criteria of participant's orientation, the procedural approach focuses on compliance with external rules and doesn't mention the strategies of deputies. The communicative approach, on the contrary, puts a priority to relationship between individual strategies in the process of aggregation of the common will. According to the criteria of participant's orientation, the procedural approach focuses on compliance with external rules and doesn't mention the strategies of deputies, whereas the communicative approach puts a priority to relationship between individual strategies in the process of aggregation of the common will. In decisionmaking process, the procedural approach make an accent on the procedure of aggregation of votes, while the communicative approach emphasize on the integration of deputy's positions during the debate. The boundaries between the parliamentary groups in the procedural approach are considered more stringent than in the communicative approach. Transformation of the private opinions into the common will in a procedural approach is regarded as a mathematical problem, in the communicative approach both, as mental and sociological processes. The subject of democratic action in a procedural approach is a group that controls the decision-making process in the legislature. In the communicative dimension, solutions are identified as the will of the entire community. And finally, in the procedural approach, the problem of including members in the activities of the representative assembly is solved by providing formal rights of participation. Concerning the communicative view, skills of including perspectives of others in the scope of discussion are required. Thus, the differences between the approaches are so significant that they should be mentioned when we make strategies for democratization.

Рассматриваются нормы медицинской этики как части более широкого социального контекста. Фокус исследования сосредоточен на изучении тех трансформаций, которые российская врачебная мораль претерпела в свете социально-политическихпреобразований 1990-х гг. Выводы, изложенные в работе, сделаны на основе анализа изданных в нашей стране монографий, учебников и научных статей по медицинской деонтологии и медицинской этике., This paper considers norms of professional Russian medical ethics as a part of wider social context. The research is focused on the transformations of the moral order of Russian healthcare that occurred as the result of social and political reforms in 1990-s. Assumptions presented in this paper are based on the analysis of Russian and Soviet monographs, academic articles and textbooks dedicated to the issues of medical ethics and medical deontology.

Рассматривается функционалистская и интенционалистская аргументация концепции экстернализма применительно к проблеме ментального содержания психических актов. Экстернализм является теоретическим обоснованием переноса когнитивных функций на внешние устройства, заканчивая внедрением кибернетических имплантатов непосредственно в кору головного мозга. Анализируются понятия интенциональности и рефлексии в рамках данной теории. Делается вывод, что натурализованные понятия о вторичной интенциональности и рефлексии как самореференции совместимы с экстернализмом, The paper discusses functionalistic and intentionalistic argumentation of externalism conception in concern to problem of mental content. Externalism is a theoretical background for transition of cognitive functions on external devices and neuroimplanting ideology. The notions of intentinaity and reflection are analyzed in this paper. The conclusion is made that naturalized concepts of derived intentionality and reflection as a self-reference are compatible with externalism framework.

Дан анализ концептуальных оснований дефляционистских теорий истины. Рассматриваются философские предпосылки, которые формируют несубстанциональный взгляд на истину, и проблемы, связанные с концептуализацией этого представления в дефляционной схеме. Предлагаются два варианта преодоления этих трудностей. Делается выбор в пользу второго варианта., The paper is devoted to analysis of conceptual basis of deflationary theories of truth. We consider philosophical preconditions, which form non-substantial view of the notion of truth, and problems, connected with conceptualization of it in a deflationary scheme. In the paper two variants of overcoming of considered difficulties are suggested.

Детально рассматривается аргумент Шапиро Кетлэнда против дефляционных теорий истины. Согласно Шапиро и Кетлэнду, понятия истины расширяет множество доказуемых утверждений. По мнению Шапиро и Кетлэнда, это противоречит дефляционизму. Анализируются четыре основных способа преодоления аргумента и обосновывается точка зрения, что указанный аргумент не может опровергнуть дефляционизм., In the paper Shapiro-Ketland argument against deflationary theories of truth is concerned in detail. According to Shapiro and Ketland, the notion of truth extends a set of provable statements. According to Shapiro and Ketland, this contradicts deflationism. In the paper four main ways of overcoming of the argument are analyzed and it is argued that the argument can't refute deflationism.

Представлено исследование языковой политики государств, проводящих одноязычную языковую политику в ситуации языкового разнообразия, через призму языкового законодательства. В райках работы исследуется нормативно-правовой материал современных государств, придерживающихся одноязычной языковой политики, с целью выделения специфики отношения к языкам и языковым правам. Выявляется существенная сторона политики одноязычия и дается ее предварительная социолингвистическая оценка., Today, most states at least in some case may be characterized as culturally diverse. International dialogue of scientists and artists, qualified migration and student mobility leads to the situation where in most countries significant numbers of people belong to different cultures. And that's not taking into account the indigenous peoples with their distinctive cultures. The problem arises precisely from the fact that many culturally distinctive people want to comfort live in the country where they grew up or came in, so the authorities must organize a collective democratic community within the country. In this connection the question arises: to what extent the cultural diversity can consider as acceptable and tolerable and how to ensure harmony in these circumstances? When within a single society coexist people with different cultural traditions, it is necessary to solve a number of problems, to provide and arrange all the rules of social life and to determine the range of rights and responsibilities of individuals and communities. Because to solve these issues is not easy, governments have to choose between different options of language policy. One such option is a monolingual language policy, and as noted by A. Patten, such language policy, tending to linguistic convergence is useful for countries with different points of view. Firstly, such a language policy provides social mobility for all non-carriers of the state language, giving them the opportunity to show their loyalty and get access to all major public institutions. Secondly, the presence of prestigious single-language mediator can effectively build a collective identity of citizens and, thirdly, to provide a quick and efficient exchange of views within the state, which is very important for any democratic state. Finally, fourthly, one obligatory state language allows to minimize expenses on state transfers and bilingual communication that determines the economic value of a language policy. The ways of resolving these issues in the framework of language policy are based on two basic concepts: attitudes towards languages and respect for the linguistic rights. In this paper we analyze the monolingual language policies of different countries in terms of their normative content in the major legal sources, such as the constitutions, administration and special language legislation. According to this analysis it is clear, that states, conducting monolingual language policy, consider the state language as a tool of internal integration, where it serves not only as a function of the general mediator of communication, but also as an important political symbol. States focused on the preservation of national policy, adhere to monolingualism, which means a special, privileged position of language (in relation to the other) in order to unite the communities within the state as well as achieve a number of objectives that contribute to maintaining the stability of the political regime.

Произведен сравнительный анализ понятия аффекта Б. Спинозы и понятия ментального состояния в философии Дж. Серля. Сделан вывод, заключающийся в том, что понятие аффекта прототип концепта «ментальное состояние» как качественного состояния психической деятельности., This paper provides a comparative analysis of the Spinoza's notion of "affect" and "mental state" of John Searle. It is concluded that Spinoza's affect is a prototype of the notion of mental state, which is highly admitted as an essential element of the subject's mental life in the contemporary philosophy of mind. The analysis of contemporary philosophy of mind allows to assert that philosophical ideas about mental states are a continuation of the Modern's Philosophy theorizing. But it is inacceptable to identify a mental state as an affect or vice versa for the next reasons: • Affect is presented as a phenomenon, connected with body, but without determination by brain. • Affect is an idealistic concept, though it is not related with the classical Cartesian dualism • The concept of the mental state, originated from the materialistic ideas about mind, consciousness and their functioning, is still developing now. In particular, a conceptual model of John Searle shows a causal connection between physical and mental. His premise leads to the obvious conclusion that psychical activity ends with the death of a subject, primarily the brain's death. Similarities between the notions of the affect and the mental state: 1. Both phenomena are able to predetermine the set of possible cognitive functions. 2. A way of affect's existing, as a stage, is similar to the mental state. Their stages could be formalized as a genesis-development-result scheme.

Рассматривается проблема взаимного влияния философских построений Л. Витгенштейна и Ф.П. Рамсея в области практической философии. Показано, что практическая философия раннего Витгенштейна в «Трактате» оказала на Рамсея мало влияния. В свою очередь, развиваемое Рамсеем в работах 1927-1929 гг. представление о философии как логической системе определений, оказывающей динамическое влияние на структуру языкового значения, имело важное влияние на изменение взглядов Витгенштейна и, в частности, на его концепцию значения как -употребления., The paper examines the problem of mutual influence of philosophic constructions of L. Wittgenstein and F.P. Ramsey in the field of practical philosophy. It is demonstrated that practical philosophy of the early Wittgenstein in his "Tractatus" had a little influence on Ramsey. In its turn, the Ramsey's concept of philosophy as a logical system of definitions, developed in his works (1927-1929), having a dynamic impact on the structure of the language meaning, influenced the change of Wittgenstein's views greatly, namely his concept of the meaning in use.

В статье Г. Келъзена «Об основной норме», опубликованной в научном журнале Калифорнийского университета в 1959 г., в краткой и доступной форме излагается понятийный аппарат и методологические постулаты нормативизма. Раскрывается сущность ключевого понятия нормативизма основной нормы, на конкретных примерах Г. Келъзен выстраивает логическую иерархию и взаимосвязи правовых норм, в основе которой лежит основная норма., In the paper of H. Kelsen "On the Basic norm", published in the scientific journal of the University of California in 1959, in a concise and accessible form sets out the conceptual framework and methodological postulates of normativism. The essence of the key concept of normativism the basic norm, with specific examples H. Kelsen builds a logical hierarchy and relationship of legal norms, which is based on the basic norm.

Культурно-символический контекст политической социализации выступает как среда, структурирующая восприятие политического мира и опосредующая представления о характере властных отношений. В статье представлены исследования структурных особенностей политической менталъности студенческой молодежи и ее релевантности современному культурно-символическому контексту политической социализации, в том числе его региональному измерению., Cultural-symbolical context of political socialization acts as a medium structuring the perception of the political world and mediates about the nature of power relations. The paper presents the study of the structural characteristics of political mentality of students and its relevance to the modern cultural-symbolical context of political socialization, including its regional dimension.

Культурно-контекстуальная концепция языка науки содержит в себе идею языковой креативности, что выявляет проблему гносеологического статуса языка науки, связанную, в свою очередь, с культурными основаниями языковой онтологии и языковой практики. Современный этап развития науки характеризуется интеграцией, междисциплинарностью. При сохраняющейся на сегодня гипотетичности проблемы концептуализации языка науки представляется интересным его рассмотрение в ракурсе аналитической философии., The background for this paper is the view that cultural-contextual concept of the language of science contains the idea of linguistic creativity. However, the idea of creativity gives the language of science epistemological status. Cultural-contextual concept includes theories imparting the status of a cultural phenomenon to the language of science. The problem of the epistemological status is related to the cultural foundations of the linguistic ontology and language practice. The wider presentation of this aspect as the linguistic variety (creativity) raises a question of the value of linguistic creativity. If the uncontrolled increase of variety brings down the inner controllability and dynamic characteristics of the system. So the creativity in the language of science is able to cause a large number of problems in the process of resolving the conflict between knowledge and ignorance. The philosophy of language has been developing as a critique of language. There are many cases of the preference for the reality direct perception to language expression throughout the history of science. The problem is any language forces the particular experience preventing it from novelty and freshness of the experience perception through interpretation, description and representation. Comparison across different research perspectives facilitates understanding and overcoming the inevitable parochialism of the particular language of sciences. The current stage of the scientific development is characterized by integration and multidisciplinarity of the research. Is the language able to be transmitted to the other branch of science without some significant changes of semantics? This question seems interesting to consider from the perspective of analytical philosophy taking into account the hypothetical problem of the language of science conceptualization.

Концептуально-ролевая семантика представляет собой подход к исследованию ин-тенционалъныхменталъных состояний, основанный на представлении о лингвистической природе мышления. Обсуждается способность концептуально-ролевой семантики дать приемлемый критерий содержательности функциональных состояний, а также некоторые преимущества и трудности, возникающие у нее при описании самого ментального содержания., Conceptual role semantics (CRS) is an approach to investigate intentional mental states basing on the idea of linguistic nature of thinking. The matters discussed in this paper are the ability of CRS to provide an acceptable criterion for the content of functional states and also some advantages and difficulties that occur when CRS is used to describe mental content itself.The problem of criterion for the content of functional states is closely connected with the problem of differing intrinsic and derived intentionality, in Searle's terms. CRS does not explain genesis of intrinsic intentionality but gives some account of it by analyzing so-called conceptual roles. The main assumption of CRS is that thought has content because it consists of concepts, each of which have syntactic and semantic properties that is supposed by the subject himself to be stable enough to use this concept in reasoning.Being the extension of the theory of meaning in use CRS is faced to the characteristic problems of this theory, such as the rule-following problem and the problem of grounding the principle of compositional-ity. The ways to solve them are barely outlined at best. For all that CRS seems to be able to cope with some other problems better than classical semantic theory. Specifically, it provides more plausible way to interpret indexical concepts and gives simpler account of the logical form of thoughts.

In this paper author explores resemblances between protests of winter 2011-2012 in Russia and student movements. Given the fact that Russian protest is considered to be values-oriented event rather than political movement, discursive practices of its participants should be explored. The conclusion is that protesters used practices of 'carnevalesque' not to undermine political essence of the movement, but as a tool of middle class self-identification.

Рассматриваются теоретико-методологические проблемы категоризации потребления медицинской помощи как предмета социологического исследования. Обосновывается необходимость многомерного методологического конструкта изучения потребления медицинской помощи на основе синтеза когнитивных практик классической и неклассической моделей научной рациональности. Сделан вывод о том, что оптимальным метапарадигмальным основанием исследования социальных факторов потребления медицинской помощи являются стратегия социологического конструктивизма и неоклассическая модель социологического познания., The topicality of the article is conditioned by a need for a special sociological theory that explains the patterns of medical care consumption. So, the present paper is devoted to the methodological problems of medical care consumption' categorization in sociological discourse. The purpose of article is to create a uniform methodological space of sociological study in the sphere of medical care consumption. The novelty of the work is expressed in the applying of metapara-digmality constructing to this phenomenon study. The concept of medical care consumption is analyzed as multidimensional, emotionally directed type of adaptive behavior designed by the individual in a wide social context. It's stressed that specificity of medical care consumption consists, first, in need of overcoming of objective and subjective accessibility barriers, secondly, in the alternativeness of a personal choice, thirdly, in subjectively «installable» strength of medical need. On one hand, sociological perspective views medical care consumption as a stage of individual disease career in the social relation system. On the other hand, sociological tradition is concerned with how institutional limitations and cultural program of society influence medical activity. It's argued that medical care accessibility is an integrative factor of consumer choice in the healthcare sphere. Thus, there is necessity to create a theoretical model which includes behavioral and structural factors of medical care accessibility. Particular attention is given to the possibility of integrating the cognitive installations of classical and nonclassical models of scientific rationality for better sociological understanding of medical care consumption dimensions. The task of modern sociology in Russia, in the opinion of the author, is to link the representations of various social groups about «optimal» help-seeking strategies with process of healthcare institute transformation on the national and regional levels. At the end of article the author emphasizes that sociological approach allows to reveal the hidden subjective and objective factors of medical care consumption, as well as to define the reasons and effects of obvious limitations in Russian healthcare system.

Рассматривается проблема соотношения логики и мышления. В контексте вопроса о происхождении закона непротиворечия рассматривается точка зрения, согласно которой природа логических принципов имеет два основания: логическое и психологическое. Проводится исследование эмпирико-психологических предпосылок к причине долженствования предписываемому законом непротиворечия правилу. Проблема взаимоисключения контрадикторных суждений и соответствующих им актов высказывания актуализирует вопрос о сущностных различиях между мышлением, языком и реальной практикой высказывания. Обсуждаются критерии осмысленности высказываний. Делается вывод о психологической природе принципа непротиворечия., This paper is devoted to the relation problem of logic and thinking. In the context of issue concerning origin of the principle of contradiction considered the point of view according to which the nature of logical principles involves two bases: logical and psychological. A study of empirical-psychological prerequisites to the cause of ought that attributed to rule by the principle of contradiction is underway. The problem of opposite between contradicting proposition and acts of statements actualizes the question of the essential differences between thinking, language and real practice of statements. Meaningfulness criteria of statements are discussed. The conclusion is that the principle of contradiction has psychological nature.

Обсуждается вопрос о коллективной моральной ответственности и зависимости ответа на него от наличия у групп коллективного сознания. Утверждается, что наличие коллективного сознания не есть необходимое условие коллективной моральной ответственности. Для обоснования этого тезиса автор обращается к условиям моральной ответственности, предложенным Кристианом Листом и Филипом Пети. Такими условиями называются нормативная значимость, способность суждения, достаточность контроля. Показывается, что не только индивидуумы, но и группы могут удовлетворять данным условиям, а наличие коллективного сознания не упрощает и одновременно с этим не усложняет удовлетворение как всех трех условий вместе, так и по отдельности каждого. Следовательно, возможность моральной ответственности групп не зависит от наличия или отсутствия -у них коллективного сознания., In the paper, I discuss the question of moral responsibility and dependence of the answer on the existence of collective mind. I argue that collective mind is not a necessary condition for collective moral responsibility. For thesis justification, I take responsibility conditions proposed by Christian List and Philip Pettit. Responsibility conditions are normative significance, judgmental capacity and relevant control. It is shown that not only individuals, but groups as well may satisfy such conditions. The presence of collective mind does not make any difference in satisfying all three conditions together or each one separately. Therefore, the possibility of collective responsibility for groups does not depend on the presence of collective mind.

Рассматривается роль личности президента России В.В. Путина в современном имидже России. В современных условиях Россия сталкивается с серьезнейшим информационным и дипломатическим давлением, ряд западных СМИ прибегает к острой критике, создавая остро негативную международную информационную повестку дня. На основе анализа 250 англоязычных статей нами представлены структура современного имиджа России, в центре которого находится личность президента В.В. Путина, а также возможные причины низкой эффективности политики по улучшению имиджа страны. Таким образом, результаты даннойработы могут быть использованы для разработки или корректировки информационной политики России в данной сфере., The paper research is focused on researching personality of Russian president Vladimir Putin and its role in modern image of Russia. Currently Russia is under considerable informational and diplomatic pressure, a number of western mass media through sharp criticism build negative international media-agenda. Based on 250 journal articles we consider a structure of the modern image of Russia in the western mass media and role of Vladimir Putin in this image. Also we consider possible causes of low effectiveness in the country's image improving policy. Thus results of this research can be used for correction of Russian information policy.

Рассматривается вопрос создания безбаръерной среды как направление социальной политики в области инвалидности путем сравнительного анализареализуемыхрегио-нальных программ «Доступная среда» в разных регионах Российской Федерации (Саратовская область, Тверская область, Республика Хакасия, Республика Татарстан, Удмуртская Республика). Анализируются факторы, влияющие на успешность реализации программы., The paper analyzes the programs, creating accessible environment at the experimental regions of Russia. The object of the survey is the state program «Accessible Environment» 2011-2015. The subject of the survey is implementation of the state program «Accessible Environment» 2011-2015 at the five experimental regions of Russia (Saratov region, Tver region, The Republic of Khakassia, The Republic of Tatarstan, The Udmurt Republic). The aim of the survey is analysis of implemented measures at specified regions within the framework of creating accessible environment (barrier-free environment). The tasks of the survey are: 1. To conduct historical excursus on creating an accessible environment and the development of sociological research. 2. To conduct a comparative analysis of activities in the following areas: ensuring the accessibility of accommodation and living environment, transportation and transport services, sport buildings and services in the field of sport, cultural facilities and services in the field of culture, social welfare and services in the field of social welfare, accessibility of medical organizations, health care facilities and services in the field of medicine and public health; providing access to facilities of the educational system and the provision of educational services; providing access to objects in employment and provision of services in the field of employment and occupation; providing access to Internet resources, communication devices and services in the field of information and communication. The main research method is a comparative documentary analysis. Additional method is expert interview (with representatives of Tatarstan ministries and nongovernmental organizations). The main conclusion is an imbalance between large funding of some activities and low financing of some others. In addition, all of the programs implemented in the region, focused on the creation of accessible (or a barrier-free) physical environment. Regional agencies give a little attention to creating a positive attitude towards disabled people in society.

Предпринимается попытка трактовать «сущее» в поэме Парменида не как реальный объект, а как ноэму ищи интенционалъный объект мышления, продолжающая подход Дж. Баррингтона и Г. Оуэна. Парменидовский тезис о «неделимости (неразличимости) сущего» интерпретируется следующим образом: если мышление, мыслящее сложную ноэму, вообще возможно, то конституенты этой ноэмы неразличимы друг с другом. Показывается, что обоснование этого тезиса у Парменида может быть проинтерпретировано как формально корректное и философски интересное доказательство., This paper attempts to interpret to eon in Parmenides' poem not as a real object, but as a noema or intentional object of thinking. So, we succeed to J. Barrington's and G. E. L. Owen's approach. We have shown that there is a possible interpretation of Parmenides, in which his proof of "indivisibility (indistin-guishability) to eon" is very convincing one: this proof is based on the assumptions that are difficult to discard without a peep; moreover, this proof allows for the formalization, in which it is logically correct. We have demonstrated that Parmenides's noema is fully determinated by each act of thinking, thanks to which it is thought about. Then we have interpret Parmenides' thesis on "indivisibility (indistinguishability) to eon" as the averment that the intentional objects, which can be determinated only simultaneously, are indistin-guishable.The formalization of this proof was carried out in two ways. In both cases, it is proved that if a act thinking, which is directed to noema as some intentional composite (whole) object, is possible in principle, then the constituents of this whole object are indistinguishable from each other. In the first case the constituents are propositions that determine a intentional composite (whole) object, and in the second case intentional individuals. In our formalization of Parmenides' argument is used the Operator of Thinking from Epistemic Logic. Furthermore, our notation is based on the notation in B. Linsky and E. Zalta's Theory of abstract objects. The most controversial assumption in constructed formal proofs is the assertion that states that internal objects of thinking are identical, if they cannot be thought independently. We can say that the criterion for distinction of intentional objects of thinking is here their ability to independent existence i.e. the possibility for one object of thinking to be thought about, when the other object of thinking is not thought about. Discussion of these problems can lead to the discussion of the nature of identity and deep epistemological problems.

Рассматривается проблема соотношения логики и мышления в дискуссии психологизма и антипсихологизма. На основе анализа конфликта тезисов данных позиций формулируется вопрос о предмете логического правила и предельных основаниях логического правилоприменения. Проводится дифференциация логического закона и логического правила, которая обнаруживает ряд проблемных аспектов логического правилоприменения. Подробно рассматривается проблема предела практической свободы реализации правилоприменения в перспективе закон норма правило, роль субъекта в правилоприминителъной практике и фактор времени как необходимое условие реализации логического правилоприменения., This paper deal with the problem of relation between logic and thought in the discussion of the psychologism and antipsychologism. Based on the analysis of the conflict thesis these positions, the question is formulated on the subject of logical rules and the ultimate foundations of the logical rule-implementation. Making difference between logical law and logical rule detects a range of problematic aspects of the logical rule-implementation. Researching the problem concerning limit of free action in realization rule-implementation in perspective of the law-norm-rule, the role of subject in the rule-implementation practice, and the time factor as a necessary condition for the implementation of logical rules. The results show that the question of the relationship between objective ideal-logical content of thought and subjective really-psychological conditions for the implementation of logical rules lies beyond the boundaries of the opposition "psychologism-antipsychologism", and requires a logical-philosophical reflection.

Рассматривается проблема доступности медицинской помощи в российском обществе. Концепт доступности медицинской помощи рассматривается как динамическое взаимодействие различных переменных в социальном контексте. Особое внимание уделяется возможности интеграции экономических, организационных, социокультурных аспектов для лучшего социологического понимания факторов доступности медицинской помощи. Результатом социологической диагностики является заключение о невозможности устойчивого перехода российского здравоохранения на принципы саморегуляции в среднесрочной перспективе., The present paper is devoted to the problem of medical care accessibility in relation to Russian society. The World Health Organization considers the provision of universal access to medical care system as an obligatory demand at the contemporary stage of social development. However sociological and statistical data suggest that there are significant social differences in possibilities to get an adequate and timely medical help in Russia. The theoretical purpose of article is to create a universal approach to assess the accessibility of medical care system. The second (practical) point is an empirical sociological diagnosis of the true accessibility level of medical care in modern Russia. The concept of access to medical care is analyzed as dynamic interaction of different variables, the interaction of actors in the medical system in a changing social context. Given this we built a theoretical model of sociological diagnosis of the Russian medical care accessibility. Particular attention is given to the possibility of integrating of economic, organizational. socio-cultural dimensions for better sociological understanding of accessibility factors. Figures show, that pathognomonic factors in access to medical care in Russia are: increasing a private health sector, dysfunction of health institute (ineffective regulations and ineffective financing policy), low level of medical culture of the society. Despite considerable efforts by the health authorities to promote legislative and regulatory innovations, achievements in this field are minor. Organizational and financial barriers produce an alternative medical practice behavior, primarily in, the treatment without help of doctors. The data are presented by sociologists of «Russian Public Opinion Research Center» (OAO «VCIOM»), and other scientists, confirm this fact. In conclusion is argued about impossibility of sustainable transition the Russian health care to self-regulation in the medium term.

Рассматривается философия действия в поздних работах Людвига Витгенштейна. В первой части анализируется критика Витгенштейном различных вариантов каузальной теории действия: теории иннервации, идеомоторной теории действия У. Джеймса, теории действия как попытки. Во второй части предлагается развитие критических замечаний Витгенштейна в двух возможных направлениях: 1) натуралистической; 2) трансцендентальной философии., In this paper, I review and discuss the philosophy of action in Wittgenstein's later works. In the first part, I discuss Wittgenstein's criticism of the variety of contemporary theories in the philosophy of action: the theory of innervation, the ideomotor theory of action of William James, the "trying" theory of action. Key intuitions in Wittgenstein's criticism can be summarized in three points: 1) Action has an active as opposed to passive quality as it is given in our experience; 2) action is not produced by some kind of means, action has no prior phenomenal causes; 3) we know what movements are our actions. The first group denotes the property of "activeness", the second one denotes "non-causal" property of actions, and the third one denotes the property of "authorship". In the second part, I develop these intuitions. The problem goes as follows: how can we explain the property of "activeness" and the property of "authorship" of action without introducing in our account the phenomenally given antecedents of action? I propose to divide two types of action. Those actions that are done without much thought in everyday life (automatic), and those actions that occur with a high concentration of attention and deliberation (problematic). Further, I propose to consider the theory of action that is based on the following assumptions: real causes of action can not be given in experience. We should analyze the action as having two components: 1) a phenomenal and 2) non-phenomenal. The phenomenal component of action is what we can observe as the action like the bodily movements or the mental actions. Non-phenomenal includes the causes of this phenomenal part. There are two possible meanings of "non-phenomenal" causes of action. The first approach is naturalistic: the actions have unconscious physiological processes in our body (more precisely in our brains) as their causes. These processes produce the relevant experience of authorship and activity. The alternative approach is the "transcendentalist's" agent-cause: the cause of action is the transcendental will, which cause the phenomenal "action". The agent is the will and exists as the agent only when he wills, i.e. when he is doing something.

Автор фокусируется на изучении стратегий конструирования инаковости на примере контент-анализа репрезентаций мигрантов в российской прессе. Мигранты как социально уязвимая группа Других характеризуются признаками отчуждения: противопоставления («приезжие местные»), иерархиезации и подчинения (власть мигранты, второстепенные жители «гости»), десубъективации («трудовыересурсы»), There are many examples in the history of Western culture of how some of the social groups perceived as 'Other' strange, wild, irrational, alien or threatening to social order. They appeared as objects of subordination in the process of certain cultural policy that is divided social space into the "center" and "periphery", polarizing into the "us" and "them". The status of some increased by reducing the status of the Other. Different groups can be attributed as Other in modern society, for example: ethnic and sexual minorities, people with disabilities, migrants, poor, that exclude from the "normal values of Western culture" (Spivak, 1999). Social cohesion is questionable, because the society breaks up into different fragments influenced by efforts to protect the group boundaries. The objectives of this paper include the study of discursive mechanisms that are used for the division of "ours" from "aliens" and leading to objectification and subordination of the Others. At the beginning, based on the analysis of theoretical and empirical sources were identified certain signs, indicating in the text the presence of alienation process. Next, according to these attributes was created the program of content analysis of media representations of vulnerable groups, for example, migrants. As a result, it was found that migrants depicted in press as Other. Their images are characterized by signs of alienation: the opposition (using binary categories "locals-newcomers"), hierarhization and subordination ("hosts-guests''), desubjectivation (migrants are the "workforce"). In sum, the preliminary results of the analysis show that the official press is dominated by representation on behalf of the government, officials. There are no publications that describe the subjective experience of migrants. There is a neglect for cultural uniqueness and personality characteristics of migrants, which leads to perception of them in terms of economic value as a "workforce", more than in the discourses of equality and values diversity.

Рассматривается опыт изучения феноменов миграции и образовательной миграции в работах зарубежных авторов. Перечислены основные теории в изучении миграции, приведена и объяснена основная западная терминология феномена. Приведены основные аспекты в изучении образовательной миграции, а также направления для исследований., The paper is deal with the study of the educational experience of educational migration in the scientific researches of foreign authors. Due to the close relationship between the object of study with the general research field some main ways of studying the phenomenon of migration lists: economic theories, positivist, systems and transnational approaches. Using the experience of translating foreign sources concluded that the terminology and lexical combinations of "educational migration" in the English language are identical. Then the main aspects of the study of educational migration of western scientists are following: the problem of social inequality of migrants in the recipient country (social, political and national aspects), the degree of successful migration, depending on the age and sex of the migrant, the effect of stigma, the impact of the characteristics of the formation of the recipient country for migrants, various levels and adaptation strategies. Also takes into account the socio-cultural barriers between the local population and educational migrants (language, religion) and social networks formed by migrants.

Одним из главных условий адаптации студентов из Таджикистана в университетском пространстве Томска является хорошее владение русским языком. За четверть века после распада Советского Союза в языковой политике независимого Таджикистана произошли значительные перемены, отразившиеся на состоянии билингвизма в этой стране. В статье на основе индивидуальных глубинных интервью со студентами-таджиками, представителями таджикской диаспоры в Томске, преподавателями томских и московских университетов анализируется современное состояние владения русским языком студентами, приехавшими из Таджикистана. Обращается внимание на личностные, социальные и институциональные условия, способствующие или препятствующие хорошему освоению языка. Материалы интервью цитируются с сохранением лексических и грамматических особенностей речи респондентов и сохранением особенностей русского произношения. Владение языком рассматривается в контексте способности индивида к расшифровке культурных кодов принимающего сообщества. Высказывается мысль о том, что целями дискурса, складывающегося вокруг изучения русского языка мигрантами из Ближнего зарубежья, являются и стремление к реальному решению проблем, и некая имитация. Рассматриваются меры отдающего и принимающего сообществ Таджикистана и университетов Томска, которые необходимы для хорошего овладения студентами из Таджикистана русским языком, как условия их успешной адаптации к культурной среде принимающего сообщества, использования их потенциала в различных сферах народного хозяйства двух стран и в межгосударственных проектах. В качестве методологической основы исследования используютсяработы Э. Гидденса, М. Беннетта, Дж. Уивера., Competence in the Russian language is one of the main conditions of adaptation of students from Tajikistan studying at the universities of Tomsk. In the twenty-five years since the breakup of the Soviet Union, there have been significant changes in the country's language policy that have affected the state of bilingualism in independent Tajikistan. The article analyses the current level of competence in the Russian language of students from Tajikistan who study in Tomsk (Russia) using detailed individual interviews with Tajik students, representatives of the Tajik diaspora in Tomsk, and teachers at Tomsk and Moscow universities. Attention is given to the individual, social, and institutional conditions that contribute to successful or impeded Russian language acquisition.. The interview materials preserve the lexical and grammatical features of the speech of the respondents and the features of their Russian pronunciation. Competence in the language is considered in the context of the ability of an individual to decode the cultural codes of the receiving community. It is suggested that both a desire to solve the problem and a certain imitation are the objectives of discourse about Russian language acquisition by educational immigrants from near-abroad countries. The paper focuses on the methods of the sending and receiving communities for successful Russian language acquisition by students from Tajikistan as a condition of their successful adaptation to the culture of the receiving community, and the potential use of these methods in various spheres of the national economy of both countries and in international projects. The work of E. Giddens, M. Bennett, and J. Weaver are used as the methodological approach to the research.

Рассматрниваются базовые подхоы к изучению социологической природы фотографии в современном обществе. Первый из них опирается на анализ формирующихся в обществе благодаря визуализации социальной реальности паттернов поведения и новых механизмов идентификации. Второй предлагает изучение сходства и различия естественного языка и фотографического изображения и поиск вторичных смысловых значений. Третий акцентирует свое внимание на дискурсе символических значений визуалъности. Отталкиваясь от постулатов каждого теоретического направления, автор предпринимает попытку построения базовых принципов изучения визуалъности в современном обществе как источника качественно новой социальной информации., The paper presents review of basic sociological approaches to the study of nature of photography in modern society. The first one is based on the analysis of emerging in society due to visualization of social reality of behavior's patterns and new mechanisms of identification. The second approach suggests studying of similarities and differences between natural language and photographic image and it involves searching secondary meanings. The third one focuses on the discourse of symbolic meanings of the visualization. Starting from the basic tenets of each theoretical science's branch, the author attempts to uncover the main principles of studying visualization in modern society as the source of a qualitatively new social information.

Показано, что возможность актуализации межкультурной толерантности опирается на представление о бытийной основе каждой культуры как уникальной системе ментальных доминант. Система ментальных доминант задает интенцию на воспроизведение собственной идентичности, поэтому пространство культурной толерантности возможно при условии осознания каждой культурой статуса ментального ядра как предела межкультурного взаимовлияния, понимания своей индивидуальности иравновеликости всех культур., In this paper it''s showed that the accuteness of modern ethnical, confessional, intercultural conflicts makes actual the problem of forming of methodology of intercultural tolerance space building. Such methodology assumes revealing of ontological, existing foundations of tolerant intercultural interactions. At the level of existence each culture is the system of mental dominants. The system of mental dominants and mental nucleus of culture has its property of fullness and the property of effectiveness and an ability to modification. The property of fullness means that the system of mental dominants is embodied in all forms of culture, determining its qualitive originality. The property of effectiveness means its ability to self-development, to reservation of cultural identity by the interaction with other cultures. The ability to modification exists as at the level of phenomena, as at the level of essence. That means the level of change of different mental dominants by the reservation of their informative and structural invariance in general, by the preservation of its own identity. The system of mental dominants, emboding in all cultural phenomena determines not only their qualitive originality but the genesis of some or other cultural forms also. The system of mental dominants and the mental nucleus of culture has a property of originality, it becomes the basis for understanding of equivalence of all cultures. Mental nucleus of culture makes intention on self-preservation, on constant self-confirmation and crystallization of its own cultural identity, on eternal return to its existing foundation, to its dominant sources. By this given intention determines as the depth as the bounds of intercultural interactions and perceptions of different phenomena also. That is why, the space of cultural tolerance, the space of complemental and tolerant co-existence of different cultures can be realized on the basis of principles'' raw. Firstly, the realization of the principle of understanding by each culture of its originality and individuality. Secondly, it is a condition of realization равновеликое™ и equivalence of all cultures. Thirdly, it''s on condition of the status of the system of mental dominants as a limit of intercultural influence.

Автор обращается к социологическому применению одного из визуальных методов - фотоинтервъю. Метод предполагает глубинные интервью, в которых фотографии служат стимулами для ответов и рефлексии респондентов. Рассматривается опыт применения метода в исследовании производства новостной фотографии: возможности метода изучать профессиональные практики и принципы визуализации. Анализируются перспективы и трудности использования метода в изучении производства визуального., The paper considers sociological appliance of one of the visual methods photo-elicitation interview. The method implies interviews that use photographs as motivation for informants' responses and reflection. Despite the interest in visual culture in the contemporary social sciences the method is hardly ever used in the analysis of its production. There are works with photo-elicitation interviews that include the analysis of visual dimensions of the researched phenomena as well as photographic conventions. However the photo-elicitation interviews have not been used in order to get the narratives of the professional producers of the visual. The author presents her own experience of using of the method in the research of production of news images and shows its advantages and difficulties. The research was focused on the production process in the practice of employee of the photo department of major wire services. The ethnographic observation of the work of the photo departments showed that the photography should not be considered as something that appears at the end of the «production chain». Rather it should be noted that photography is present in all everyday practices of photojournalists. The traditional interviews allowed grasping the principles that guide the news images production in wire services. However, the informants had difficulties in giving examples and demonstrating how those principles are applied or missed in their professional practices. Thus, the photo-elicitation method was used so that the informant could have their own news photographs to rely on while sharing their experience. Moreover, the questions concerning concrete visual decisions were easier to ask having actual examples before the eyes. The photo-elicitation interviews made possible to study the practices of deviance from the visual format of wire services, to get the narratives on professional practices beyond self-representations of professionals, to contextualize the decision-making process concerning visual and to see the backstage of profession. The method proved to be fruitful for studies of professional production of the visual as well as for the studies of professional practices and the principles of visualization.

Реконструируется тематизация Л. Витгенштейном языка музыкального произведения. На материале заметок Витгенштейна о европейских композиторах анализируются отношения языка музыкального произведения и того, что не может быть к нему редуцировано. Путем сопоставления различных текстов Витгенштейна демонстрируется единство вопросов, поднимаемых философом при обсуждении как музыкального, так и логического/естественного языка., Ilya Pavlov's article searches the aspects of L. Wittgenstein's philosophical heritage, which can help researcher to find the new fruitful strategies for interpretation Wittgenstein's philosophy in general. Author emphasized that Wittgenstein's reflections on the music are one of these aspects because they helps to see how philosopher's ethical, cultural and religious concepts correlates with published works on analytical philosophy of language. For this research author uses L. Wittgenstein's notes "Culture and Value". In this source author analyzes philosopher's point of view on the great European composers as well as his reflections on the compositional technique, the musical form and the music. Then the paper deals with more general Wittgenstein's thoughts about the religion, culture, nations and the historical path of the Europe, which can be found in notes "Culture and Value". Author considers these general metaphysical ideas to be linked with the analogical places in Wittgenstein's notes and his published works "Logical-Philosophical Treatise" and "Philosophical Investigations", which demonstrate the correlation between the functions of the musical language and the natural language of people's everyday communication. Wittgenstein's judgments about the composers are analyzed not in order of appearance in the text of notes "Culture and Value", but in chronological order. So, chaotic notes of philosopher are grouped together in systematic review of European culture's history. Basing on the quotes from Wittgenstein's notes, author demonstrates the analogies in wittgensteinian description of polyphonic language of baroque music and solemn one of romantic music of XIX century. Both, they are some compositional techniques which can express the musical composition's spirit irreducible to this technique (Bach, Beethoven) as well as only develop empty musical form (Mendelssohn, Shubert). This irreducible spirit can't be analyzed. It designates that language of the music as well as the natural language in its everyday practice are based on people immediate life and the characters of the persons. Analysis of music, language and its understanding by human faces many philosophical problems because the human life can't be reduced to formal schemes and techniques. At the same time, these techniques (such as counterpoint) can't be abstracted from existential and metaphysical aspect of the life.

Рассмотрен вопрос, как меняется представление о научном знании в различных концепциях производства знания. С этой целью проводится сравнительный анализ концепта «знание» в обществе знаний и в технонауке. Если традиционно понятие «знание» имело смысл только в гносеологическом измерении, то в указанных концепциях знание имеет не только гносеологическое, но и онтологическое и этическое измерения., The paper is focused on the evolution of scientific knowledge interpretation in different concepts of knowledge production. To that end the comparative analysis of "knowledge" concept in knowledge society and in technoscience is done. Both conceptions significantly change the function of the knowledge, since it is shown as constituting element in the structure of the social reality. The reality studied by social epistemology and technoscience is more polydimensional. It is described not with fundamentalists'' position based on the subject-object dualism, but using functionalist ideology. Functional relations form independent theoretical frame for research of complex selfdeveloping systems of the various nature. In light of this approach the fears of loss of fundamental research significance as a result of technoscience development are not reasonable. Moreover the character of the scientific cognition is changed. Scientific knowledge is still directed at truth, but at the same time it found new dimensions. "Knowledge" in nonclassical epistemology acquired not only gnoseological, but ontological and ethical dimensions.