Search

This article contends that Article 51 of the United Nations Charter (UN), which gives inherent right to states for individual or collective self-defense, should be construed by taking a greater account of the charter as an integrated whole. This approach can resolve the conflict of interpretation between the U.S., which wants a more expansive interpretation, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), wants a more restrictive interpretation. It explains that Chapter 51 aims to create a collective self-defense without limiting national security.

Despite widespread beliefs that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) would become obsolete after the end of the Cold War, it has endured. Initially established in response to the Soviet threat, NATO's existence after the collapse of the Soviet Union was supposed to be irrelevant. However, NATO, a prominent symbol of the Cold War, continues to function. This paper addresses the main hypotheses explaining NATO's resilience in the post-Cold War era by examining two theoretical perspectives: Realism and Liberalism. Realism assesses NATO's post-Cold War relevance through the lens of power politics and the balance of interests, while Liberalism draws on the concept of interdependence. The conclusion suggests that Realism justifies NATO's endurance due to its shift from power balancing to bandwagoning strategy, thus moving from security-driven alliance to interests-focused organization. Additionally, the Liberalism approach identifies interconnectedness and shared democratic systems as the main factors ensuring NATO's persistence. The ongoing changes taking place in the international security environment as a consequence of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as well as NATO's enlargement to the North (Finland and Sweden) brought the puzzle of NATO's post-Cold War relevance into the political and academic agenda. Hence, this research analyzes NATO's persistence after the end of the Cold war by applying two dominant theories of International Relations: Realism and Liberalism. The time frame spans from the fall of the USSR in 1991 to 1999 when NATO's Strategic Concept 1999 was adopted, diversifying the alliance functions and expanding its geographical area of operation. The article intends to respond to the following research question: Why did NATO endure after the collapse of the USSA, when its main threat was eliminated? In doing so the qualitative study of secondary (scientific articles, research papers and books) and primary sources (reports, strategic concepts and agreements) was conducted. As a theory-based and qualitative research, this paper seeks to contribute to the existing academic literature on the Transatlantic Alliance with particular arguments on NATO's resilience under Realism and Liberalism paradigms. The first section covers NATO's transformation from a Westphalian collective defensive alliance to a post-Westphalian collective security organization. Then the second section projects the main hypotheses of Realism and Liberalism on the case of NATO through two sub-sections. Finally, the article concludes that two oldest theories of International Relations, Realism and Liberalism have distinct explanations to the question of why NATO persisted even after its primary threat disappeared. While Realism justifies NATO's endurance due to its shift from power balancing to band wagoning strategy, Liberalism identifies interconnectedness and shared democratic systems as the main factors ensuring NATO's persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS PAPER CRITICALLY EXAMINES THE MULTIFACETED IMPLICATIONS OF RUSSIA'S AGGRESSION TOWARDS UKRAINE POST-FEBRUARY 2, 2022, ON EUROPEAN BORDER DYNAMICS. THE PAPERS BRINGS TO OUR ATTENTION THE ROMANIA-UKRAINE BORDER INTERACTIONS. BEGINNING WITH A HISTORICAL CONTEXTUALIZATION, THE STUDY EXPLORES UKRAINE'S EVOLVING TIES WITH EUROPEAN ENTITIES IN LIGHT OF RUSSIA'S ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA. FOCUSING ON THE ROMANIA-UKRAINE FRONTIER, AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE EU'S EASTERN BORDER, THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTS ITS SHIFT FROM A RESTRICTIVE BOUNDARY TO A BUSY TRADE HUB, FACILITATED BY EUROPEAN LEGISLATION AND UKRAINE'S GROWING ECONOMY. FURTHERMORE, IT ASSESSES THE EUROPEAN UNION'S ADJUSTMENT OF BORDER SECURITY MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO THE UKRAINIAN REFUGEE CRISIS, PRIORITIZING HUMANITARIAN AID OVER STRICT CONTROLS. THE PAPER ALSO POINTS OUT THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETIES IN AIDING REFUGEES. IN CONCLUSION, WHILE ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES CAUSED BY RUSSIAN ACTIONS, THE PAPER IDENTIFIES A POSITIVE OUTCOME: ENHANCED COOPERATION BETWEEN ROMANIA AND UKRAINE. THE ARTICLE ADVOCATES FOR ONGOING SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE'S EUROPEAN AMBITIONS AND PROMOTES INCREASED CROSS-BORDER COLLABORATIONS TO FOSTER REGIONAL PEACE AND PROSPERITY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentions of "radical Islam" can be heard weekly, if not daily, on various media platforms. The "umbrella" term "radical Islam" is often used to describe extremist interpretations of Islam that involve violence and terrorism, therefore the term by itself encompasses several concepts, which lack clear definitions not only in academia, but also international legal system. The research question is: "What concepts constitute "Radical Islam" and whether their terminology corresponds to Islamic teachings". Aim of this paper is to compare proposed terminologies of different authors, to propose a more unified terminological framework while analyzing the term "radical Islam" itself. Methods included but were not limited to literature analysis, document analysis, context and content analysis. The obtained results include terminology comparative analysis, and a new terminology framework proposed by the authors which contributes to the originality of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing critical literature constructs Smart Cities (SC) as sites of technocratic governance, hidden within a socio-technically imagined utopian discourse that originated in the "Global North" but has already deeply penetrated the "Global South". The substantial inflow of SC-related foreign investment into emerging Asian countries, such as Thailand, has motivated this paper to shed new light on the extensive nature of investment in the region. The authors have chosen to examine a SC project supported by Japanese Official Development Assistance in Bangkok's Bang Sue district. This case study enables them to investigate the SC concept within the broader context of international politico-economic power struggles, particularly between Thailand and Japan in the realm of international cooperation. Using the concept of strategy, this study conceptualises the establishment of Smart Cities as each nation's approach to advancing both national economic interests and international security. The examination of the policy history of SC conception in Thailand and Japan reveals diverse motivations behind these initiatives. Thailand seeks to shift its economic weight to the digital and knowledge sectors, while Japan targets economic and security enhancements in the Indo-Pacific region. Despite the common strategy of developing SC infrastructure in the Bang Sue area, the analysis identified nuanced differences in their goals. Further scrutiny of project documents revealed: 1) strategic distancing within the project, 2) technocratic traits within the project process, and 3) the role of socio-technical utopian discourse beyond ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Military use of drones is surging globally. This paper argues that regional powers, particularly Iran, Israel, and Türkiye, are driving the proliferation of military drone exports due to cost efficiencies, improved capabilities, and minimal export restrictions. These exports have allowed Iran, Israel, and Türkiye to enhance their political leverage and increase their geopolitical clout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper discusses a network study in the IT-Security niche, covering Design, Implementation, Analysis and key foundational issues. • In particular, it focuses on trust-building with participants in a particular social niche, and intersecting requirements that the author had to consider and address. • The paper argues that contextual awareness and understanding are extremely important for niche studies, and underlines the importance of co-design and flexibility. • The author's experience suggests that authors should spend some time learning about the niche they are interested in, potentially using qualitative methods, before designing and administering a network study. As part of a larger project on trust and co-operation in IT-Security, the author collected network data from an international security team specialized in cyber-incident response, leading to the only dataset of its kind. Collecting these data involved a number of challenges. First, the team in question had recently been established and was based in a large international firm. Thus, the author had to navigate legal and procedural issues, and stay on top of a changing environment. Second, actors in IT-Security are acutely aware of how data can be misused, requiring the author to build trust and demonstrate appropriate data handling. Attaining support from security managers was a key step to build trust with participants and the host organization. Third, precautions were necessary due to the project's security implications, as the study data could be abused by adversaries. Consequentially, it was necessary to engage in a co-design process, negotiating technical and procedural precautions. Not all measures initially agreed upon were feasible in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Procesos Historicos is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrating migrants into the host society is one of the most problematic issues that European societies are concerned with. In terms of national and, on a larger scale, European security, successful integration policies and procedures lead to increased levels of protection perceived by both the "newcomers" and the host societies. In all the mechanisms and programs, employment stands out to be a vital part of the integration process. Several studies reveal the existence of a direct connection between the integration of migrants -- in all its dimensions -- and the level of potential threat to national security their arrival implies. The aim of this paper is to assess the current European policy development in terms of third-country nationals' employment, and, furthermore, to evaluate the ongoing efforts of the Eastern EU members to provide proper labor-market integration for both refugees and regular migrants, as means to increase the level of national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of ethnonationalism as the foundation of terrorist groups was long suspected to be true, yet only in the last decade, could the research prove to be so. These non-statal actors, which do not act in a violent manner, can become important threats for the national of international security, if provided with the right interest. Stating this, the implications for the regional and European security can be tremendous, as the civilian society will suffer greatly as an aftermath of a terrorist attack. Following this study, knowledge will be gained that will help to better understand the dynamics of relations developed between statal and non-statal actors. This paper is also an instrument underlying the concept of ethnonationalism and the connection of the term with terrorism, as we presently know it. From a methodological point of view, a qualitative method of research was used - the analysis of a case study, alongside a brief specialty literature review, in which research results regarding the topic were described. This article is open to any and all society members and can raise awareness of the public regarding the phenomenon of transformation of a non-statal actor, by providing some well-needed indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Asian security dynamics - shaped by persistent bilateral conflicts between Pakistan and India, changing force postures, India's continued aspirations to seek strategic supremacy, development and possible employment of emerging technologies, suspension of the composite dialogue process, and absence of concrete arms control between the two nuclear adversaries - increase the salience of nuclear deterrence in security doctrines and offer few prospects for arms control and disarmament. This paper offers an assessment of the strategic situation in the region and argues that the prevailing regional environment seems less favourable to nuclear disarmament and more inclined to arms racing. It suggests that the two nuclear adversaries in South Asia need to engage in meaningful dialogue and pursue an incremental approach to build trust, resolve outstanding disputes, promote nuclear restraint and hence enter into effective arms control mechanisms to eventually promote disarmament. This requires eschewing aspirations for strategic supremacy and reaching a consensus on mutual vulnerability as being the basic framework for deterrence stability between the two states. This approach may pave the way towards institutionalized measures to avoid war, promote an arms control culture and stabilize deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia Americana y Argentina is the property of Universidad Nacional de Cuyo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

THIS PAPER PROVIDES A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY FROM A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE THAT EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN PROMOTING AND MAINTAINING INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH AN EXTENSIVE PARTNERSHIP OF COMMITTED STATES. THE STUDY IS BUILT AROUND THE ROLE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION AS A BASTION OF UNITY, SOLIDARITY, PEACEKEEPING AND SECURITY BETWEEN NATIONS. THE PURPOSE IS TO ANALYZE THE EVOLUTION OF NATO FROM A COLLECTIVE DEFENSE ORGANIZATION DURING THE PERIOD OF COLD WAR, TO A COLLECTIVE SECURITY ORGANIZATION IN OUR PRESENT DAYS. IN THE LIGHT OF THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED THE FALL OF COMMUNISM IN EUROPE, THE PRINCIPLE OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY HAS STARTED TO REPLACE THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE DEFENSE, BY SHAPING NATO DIMENSION FROM A REGIONAL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION TO AN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATION IN THE EURO-ATLANTIC REGION. BY FULFILLING ITS COMMITMENT TO PROTECT AND ENSURE PEACE ON THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT AGAINST VARIOUS THREATS, SUCH AS COMMUNISM EXPANSION, CIVIL WARS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS, THE ALLIANCE CAN BE CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST SUITABLE EXAMPLES THAT ILLUSTRATES THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY. THE EMPIRICAL DATA USE TO ANALYZE THE ROLE OF NATO REGARDING THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY INCLUDES RELEVANT ARTICLES AND REPORTS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, SECURITY STUDIES AND POLITICAL SCIENCES FIELD. THE FINDINGS REVEALED THAT IMPORTANT EVENTS WHICH TOOK PLACE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY, SUCH AS THE ENLARGEMENT OF NATO, NEW THREATS TO THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND A CHANGE FROM DIRECT THREATS TO RISK SITUATIONS HAS SHAPED A NEW IDENTITY AND EXTENDED THE ROLE OF THE ALLIANCE TO A MORE GLOBAL ONE. ALSO, WE CAN ARGUE THAT NATO'S MEMBERS HAVE CHANGED THEIR APPROACH FROM A STATIC, REACTIVE AND TERRITORIAL CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE DEFENSE TOWARD A PROACTIVE AND ANTICIPATORY APPROACH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper is to analyze the role that United States had on Kosovo’s international security. More specifically, the study is focused on three U.S. presidential administrations, from 1989 to 2009. In order to accomplish this study, a discourse analysis is used as the methodological approach. The used sources are mainly secondary, but the primary sources are also considered. Structurally the research paper is divided in four main parts. The first part deals with the attitude of President George H.W. Bush administration vis-a-vis Kosovo international security that culminated with so called: “Christmas warning”. In the second part is analyzed the Clinton Administration which is characterized by “humanitarian intervention” as a doctrine and foreign policy. Whereas, the third part reflects the role of George W. Bush Administration in the process of Kosovo’s declaration of independence. The fourth part, and the last one, deals with the analysis of Kosovo public opinion perception regarding the United States of America as a state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper proves, that during the natural development of social system, there are numerous of actual norms, but only some of them will become law. Others of them can: 1) to die out with the corresponding relations; 2) to disappear due to the emergence of new regulators of different nature; 3) to exist alongside the law, without intersecting with it or supplementing its norms; 4) to exist alongside the law and contradict it covertly or explicitly. And just the latter type of actual regulators is understood as shadow norms. Shadow norms find their expression in: shadow economy, shadow politics, shadow justice. While "shadow law" is not an independent sphere, but mediates the above-mentioned. Shadow norms have different degrees of danger, although in general all of them are negative phenomena in the legal system. Also they require different means of counteraction, both at the national and international levels (social and legal). The most severe reaction should be applied to such shadow norms as criminal subculture, shadow justice etc. But this is the most difficult task in the sphere of shadow politics, especially at the international level, in relation to strong players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's security cooperation that requires fast, effective and secure sharing of information across national borders and agency bureaucracies increasingly emphasizes the role of networks. This paper introduces the concept of snowball networking - developing security professional networks through personal recommendations - and explores specific factors of international security policy education (ISPE) that lead to building, utilizing and expanding professional networks in the field of international security. Based on a survey administered to alumni of the George C. Marshal European Center of Security Studies (MC) in Germany, the research found that trust in classmates, hierarchical standing, education level, and duration of ISPE engagement were the key determinants for the development and utilization of professional networks. Additionally, MC alumni who, upon graduation, maintained personal communication with classmates were inclined to engage in snowball networking and to build new contacts with heretofore unknown members of the MC network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has recently been able to recruit hundreds of women from around the world. This development may pose a severe threat to international security. This paper addresses the question: Why should Western women want to join a political struggle like the ISIS that so blatantly oppresses them? Based on the concept of female Jihad women do not seek the male’s honor (sharaf) through martyrdom but take up mainly non-combatant roles. Following this notion, it can be hypothesized that through female Jihad these women aim for a form of emancipation in the new Caliphate. Along the Merriam Webster’s definition of emancipation, the women’s motivation to join ISIS as a form of emancipation is analyzed with very recent accounts from women in Syria over social media as well as experts’ evaluations. The findings reveal that from a Western point of view the women participating in the ISIS often seem to be instrumentalized in order to enforce misogynistic ideologies, and thus, are still acting within a strongly patriarchal system. Yet, the emancipation is very real for many women that do take the journey (hijra) and perceive the confinements of such a system not as restricting. The paper underlines the importance of understanding the mechanisms within female Jihad and the security threat it poses. Female jihadist propaganda may be especially dangerous because we do not take these motivations as valid nor female Jihad as serious as the (predominantly) male suicide bombings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of official documents is not only interesting for the recognition of historical facts, but also for the preservation of future knowledge. The present paper focused on analyzing UN Security Council resolutions in the period 2012-2014 presents a particular allow to recognize document analysis for experience and knowledge purposes. The development of the United Nations system has created a complex and various set of documents. Along with many meetings and conferences, the official documents clearly state the international peace and security cause have attracted growing interest in the last years. Furthermore, the present paper analyzes and incorporates keywords resolutions content into ''pattern themes''. A separate ''rating theme coding'' is used to notice the appearance of these themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UNTIL RECENTLY, CYBER THREATS WERE CONSIDERED A QUASI-LIMITED SECURITY RISK. HOWEVER, THE WIDESPREAD OF ICT IN THE LAST DECADE CAUSES A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CYBER RISKS, VULNERABILITIES, AND THREATS TO BOTH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY. UNDOUBTEDLY, NOWADAYS, CYBERSPACE IS A STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT AS VALUABLE AS THE LAND, AIR, SEA OR SPACE DOMAIN. IN ESSENCE, THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTS THAT CYBER SECURITY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE SHOULD NOT BE NEGLECTED IN ANY WAY BY ANY STATE OR NON-STATE COMPETITIVE ACTORS. IN PARTICULAR, THIS PAPER SELECTIVELY EXAMINES THE PATHWAYS FOLLOWED BY NATO, THROUGH CONTINUOUS REFORM, MODERNIZATION, AND TRANSFORMATION, TO ADAPT ITSELF AND EFFECTIVELY RESPOND TO INFORMATION AGE CHALLENGES WITHIN CYBERSPACE. NOT THE LEAST, THIS PAPER SELECTIVELY DISCUSSES THE USE OF (ARMED?) FORCE, IF ANY, WITHIN CYBERSPACE AND CYBER OPERATIONS, USING A CONSTRUCTIVE AND THEORETICAL APPROACH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central Asian & Caucasian Studies is the property of International Strategic Research Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina is the property of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this collection is to provide a footing for charting the course of policy actions relating to EÚs future role in the world by a comprehensive and systematic analysis of driving forces that will shape the relations between the European Union and its neighbours as well as strategic partners. The included papers offer a far-reaching overview of the EÚs external relations in 2025 and allow conclusions to be drawn that can inspire the shaping of its foreign and security policy. The premise of the special issue is the assumption that only by proactively facing challenges ahead, will the European Union have a chance maintain its impact on the global order. Thus, this collection aims at making a contribution to define EU’s future-oriented interests and to tackle the question of how these interests can be reconciled with values that the Union attempts to project and protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sri Lankan civil war was ended in 2009, keeping a great role to be played the actors in terms of peace building. Among them reconciliation has become the foremost approach in peace building discourse. According to the current discourse, the civil war has ended with a unilateral war victory the ethnic conflict is still going on with no war conditions and with absence of holistic approach to solve it. Therefore, there will be a great contingency for the reproduction of civil war in future. Thus, it is very important to identify the major issues which direct to the reproduction of war in future. Civil war is also a kind of disaster which can be categorized as a manmade disaster. Hence, this paper seeks to explore the following research problem. Why that is the reconciliation become a difficult and complex in Sri Lanka? This study employed a multiple methods to gather data including a survey and in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted in the districts of Mannar, Vauvniya, Mullativu and Thrincomalee with a total sample of 200. Similarly 30 in-depth interviews were carried out with policy makers, politicians, academics, journalists, activists of civil society and researchers. When it comes to the initial findings, following reasons can be identifies as the potential facts for the reproduction of civil war in future. 1) Lack of unanimity amongst the actors within the government regarding the post war reconciliation, 2) Confrontational agenda between the government, civil society organizations and international community, 3) Ambiguity maintained with regard to policies on reconciliation and peace building, 4) Contradiction among the key policy makers in the reconciliation process and 6) Greater deal of the ignorance among the general public. Therefore, national security and restoration of normalcy are being regarded as the salient issues in the post-war landscape in Sri Lanka. Hence, end of the civil war, it has opened up a new opportunity and time to focus more on sustainable peace and space to deal with the ethnic problem in Sri Lanka. In this no war condition, still Sri Lanka has filed to overcome the risk of war in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ESPREssO project (funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under Grant Agreement No. 700342) prioritises the need for overcoming barriers to disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Europe, with cross-border crisis management identified as one of its three central challenges. In this paper, we present a synthesis of the different legal, policy and scientific approaches to DRR in France, Germany and Switzerland, through work carried out for the ESPREssO project on the basis of stakeholder interviews and an analysis of legal and policy references. A comparison of these three differing DRR strategies is then carried out, focusing specifically on resulting impacts for cross-border crisis management, capitalizing on lessons learned from the tri-national border region Upper Rhine Valley to complete the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)