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Ce travail évalue la licéité des systèmes d’armes autonomes au regard du droit international humanitaire en utilisant le mécanisme d’examen juridique des nouvelles armes prévu à l’article 36 du Protocole additionnel I de 1977 additionnel aux Conventions de Genève de 1949 (Protocole I). Il aborde également la responsabilité internationale, tant individuelle qu’étatique, pour les crimes commis à l’aide de ceux-ci. Il examine finalement l’état des discussions internationales et la position juridique des États au sujet des systèmes d’armes autonomes., This work assesses the legality of autonomous weapon systems under international humanitarian law using the legal review mechanism of new weapons under Article 36 of 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Protocol I). It also addresses both individual liability and state accountability for crimes committed using autonomous weapon systems. Finally, it examines international discussions and the legal position of States regarding autonomous weapon systems.

L’examen de nouvelles diffusées en Europe en lien avec la Nouvelle-France à l’époque de la guerre de Succession d’Espagne dans le Mercure galant par rapport aux autres journaux publiés en France permet de dégager les affinités électives entre les collaborateurs qui peuvent influencer le traitement d’une même nouvelle. Le présent article amène donc à saisir les jeux de pouvoir qui irriguaient les relations entre le pouvoir royal et ses dépositaires en Nouvelle-France.

Limited studies have explored different extraction techniques that improve cannabis extraction with scale-up potential. Ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction were evaluated to maximize the yield and concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes. A central composite rotatable design was used to optimize independent factors (sample-to-solvent ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, and duty cycle). The optimal conditions for ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction were the sample-to-solvent ratios of 1:15 and 1:14.4, respectively, for 30 min at 60 °C. Ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded 14.4% and 14.2% more oil and terpenes, respectively, compared with microwave-assisted extracts. Ultrasound-assisted extraction increased cannabinoid concentration from 13.2–39.2%. Considering reference ground samples, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid increased from 17.9 (g 100 g dry matter−1) to 28.5 and 20 with extraction efficiencies of 159.2% and 111.4% for ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction, respectively. Principal component analyses indicate that the first two principal components accounted for 96.6% of the total variance (PC1 = 93.2% and PC2 = 3.4%) for ultrasound-assisted extraction and 92.4% of the total variance (PC1 = 85.4% and PC2 = 7%) for microwave-assisted extraction. Sample-to-solvent ratios significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the secondary metabolite profiles and yields for ultrasound-assisted extracts, but not microwave-assisted extracts.

Efficient cannabis biomass extraction can increase yield while reducing costs and minimizing waste. Cold ethanol extraction was evaluated to maximize yield and concentrations of cannabinoids and terpenes at different temperatures. Central composite rotatable design was used to optimize two independent factors: sample-to-solvent ratio (1:2.9 to 1:17.1) and extraction time (5.7 min–34.1 min). With response surface methodology, predicted optimal conditions at different extraction temperatures were a cannabis-to-ethanol ratio of 1:15 and a 10 min extraction time. With these conditions, yields (g 100 g dry matter−1) were 18.2, 19.7, and 18.5 for −20 °C, −40 °C and room temperature, respectively. Compared to the reference ground sample, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid changed from 17.9 (g 100 g dry matter−1) to 15, 17.5, and 18.3 with an extraction efficiency of 83.6%, 97.7%, 102.1% for −20 °C, −40 °C, and room temperature, respectively. Terpene content decreased by 54.1% and 32.2% for extraction at −20 °C and room temperature, respectively, compared to extraction at −40 °C. Principal component analysis showed that principal component 1 and principal component 2 account for 88% and 7.31% of total variance, respectively, although no significant differences in cold ethanol extraction at different temperatures were observed.

PurposeThis article explores the protective measures and the occupational health and safety (OHS) prevention strategies in place in the formal electronic equipment recycling (e-recycling) industry, more specifically in the Greater Montreal area (Quebec, Canada) and their consequences: health inequalities and level of compliance with environmental standards.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted using two respondent-specific questionnaires, one for workers and one for supervisors. Data collection and analytic procedures drew from qualitative content analysis. It was tempted to identify differences in OHS practices in relation to the workers' employment status and to link the companies' OHS concerns to their level of compliance with environmental standards.FindingsThe article highlights specific OHS issues in the formal e-recycling industry. Enforcing compliance with environmental standards as a lever for promoting OHS appears to be a promising strategy. Another main finding was the workforce diversity and related OHS vulnerabilities in this industry and the challenges they pose to employers' ability to adequately and equally reach and protect all workers involved.Originality/valueTo date, too little attention appears to have been paid to working conditions and worker protection in this rapidly growing sector. Specific prevention programmes could be implemented and adapted to the industry's diverse workforce and its multiple OHS vulnerabilities. This issue calls for the international community to take responsibility, as many electronic waste (e-waste) generated worldwide is shipped to developing countries, where lack of regulation and control is much more striking in a sector that remains very largely informal.

PurposeThe electrical and electronic recycling industry is experiencing significant growth while paying no particular attention to the health and safety of recycling workers. Who are these recycling workers? How are they recruited and trained in OHS measures? This article will attempt to answer these questions.Design/methodology/approachAs part of a toxicological study carried out on five companies, samples were taken from employees (n = 100) and their working environment. Among them, 26 workers and six managers also participated in interviews on the management of OHS preventive practices. This article presents analyses of the recruitment strategies for these workers and the management of preventive measures.FindingsThe main findings were that preventive practices vary according to the company's social mission and recruitment strategy. OHS preventive practices vary among the companies, even though the workers are similarly exposed to multiple contaminants. Precarious employment relationships put these workers in a vulnerable position.Originality/valueAlthough recycling electrical and electronic equipment (e-recycling) has been an ecological and moral concern in Western societies for several decades, occupational health and safety (OHS) management in recycling plants has received little attention.

In this paper, we present the conceptual framework, objectives, and methodology of an interdisciplinary research program (2018–2022) on the media literacy competence of teenagers in French-speaking Belgium, Quebec, France, and Switzerland. The program is undertaken by researchers in four universities, one in each national context. Focusing on information search and multimodal production as core media literacy activities, this program develops a multi-level assessment method to measure media literacy competence at varying levels of complexity. Additionally, we relate task-based measures of competence with self-reported competence and practices and seek to document the influence of the students’ interpretation of the tasks contexts and purposes, their motivation and feeling of empowerment, and their collaborative practices on the exercise of their media literacy. Preliminary results reveal that students report substantially higher levels of competence in information search than in web production; however, this difference is reduced when students assess their ability to perform specific search-related or production-related actions. These results are discussed in light of the potential usefulness of the program for teachers and for curricular design.

Une nouvelle rationalité économique, fondée sur la liberté du commerce et des hommes, a émergé au xviiie siècle, entre autres de la critique du modèle de gestion monopolistique de la Compagnie perpétuelle des Indes par le groupe de Vincent de Gournay, dans le mouvement d’idées libérales porté par John Locke en Angleterre dès la fin du xviie siècle et relayé en France au début du xviiie siècle par Condillac et Montesquieu notamment.

Cet article propose d���observer la mani��re dont les autrices du xviiie si��cle conjuguent les principes r��gissant une galanterie libertine avec l���argument moral servant traditionnellement �� justifier la pratique lettr��e des femmes, �� partir d���un cas exemplaire, celui de Charlotte Bourrette. Plus particuli��rement, on y interroge la mani��re dont se modifie le rapport des po��tesses �� la vertu, lequel rend compte d���une transformation de la figure m��me de la femme de lettres.

Dans l’Avis du libraire figurant en tete du Nouveau tresor du Parnasse en 1772, on peut lire que ce siecle « [est] le siecle des Dictionnaires, des Recueils et des Compilations dans tous les genres ». De fait, s’il est un genre, avec le roman, qui envahit au xviiie siecle les etageres des libraires et les bibliotheques privees, c’est bien le recueil. Qu’il soit compose d’anas, d’historiettes ou encore d’epigrammes et de madrigaux, le recueil semble en effet le media privilegie d’un siecle qui...

A significant proportion of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer cases will progress to muscle invasive disease. Transurethral resection followed by Bacillus Calmette Guerin immunotherapy can reduce this risk, while cystectomy prior to muscle invasion provides the best option for survival. Currently, there are no effective treatments for Bacillus Calmette Guerin refractory disease. A novel oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus containing the human GM-CSF transgene (VSVd51-hGM-CSF) was rescued and tested as a potential bladder-sparing therapy for aggressive bladder cancer. The existing variant expressing mouse GM-CSF was also used. Measurement of gene expression and protein level alterations of canonical immunogenic cell death associated events on mouse and human bladder cancer cell lines and spheroids showed enhanced release of danger signals and immunogenic factors following infection with VSVd51-m/hGM-CSF. Intravesical instillation of VSVd51-mGM-CSF into MB49 bladder cancer bearing C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated enhanced activation of peripheral and bladder infiltrating effector immune cells, along with improved survival and reduced tumor volume. Importantly, virus-mediated anti-tumor immunity was recapitulated in bladder cancer patient-derived organoids. These results suggest that VSVd51-hGM-CSF is a promising viro/immunotherapy that could benefit bladder cancer patients.

The Johnny Mountain Mine (JMM) was an underground mine that produced gold, silver, and copper concentrate. Located north of the 56th parallel at an elevation of approximately 1,100 m above mean sea level (amsl), mining operations occurred from November 1988 to August 1990 and from September to November 1993. The Johnny Mountain Mine was owned by SnipGold Corporation (SnipGold). SnipGold was subsequently acquired by Seabridge Gold in 2016 and currently operates as a subsidiary of Seabridge Gold. Upon the acquisition of SnipGold in 2016, Seabridge Gold committed to closing JMM in accordance with the existing approved reclamation plan. During the construction and operation of the mine historical spills of fuels occurred causing petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) impacts to soil and groundwater. As part of the on-going reclamation activities at JMM, SnipGold is conducting in-situ bioremediation of PHC contaminated soil caused by historical fuel storage and equipment fueling activities. The intent of this paper is to discuss the analysis of the bioremediation feasibility completed for the JMM site and explore the site-specific remedial methodology employed to augment the rate of bioremediation at this remote northern site. The intent of this paper is to discuss the analysis of the bioremediation feasibility completed for the JMM site and explore the site-specific remedial methodology employed to augment the natural ability of HUB and thereby, the rate of bioremediation at this remote northern site.

Le personnage de Tullie, fille de Cicéron, a été représenté par plusieurs auteur·trices au XVIIIe siècle, en vertu d’un engouement qui tient sans doute autant à l’estime dont jouit le souvenir de son père qu’à un phénomène de mode selon lequel on s’intéresse aux femmes illustres de l’Antiquité. Ce sont les différentes modalités de ces représentations et de leur mise en discours qui ont retenu notre attention, dans une étude qui prend plus précisément pour objets trois oeuvres où intervient le personnage de Tullie : le roman de la marquise de Lassay, Histoire de Tullie, fille de Cicéron (1726), la tragédie Catilina (1748) de Crébillon père et enfin, le dialogue des morts de Voltaire intitulé « Les Anciens et les Modernes ou la toilette de Mme de Pompadour » (1761). Nous verrons en quoi la représentation du personnage et sa prise de parole sont tributaires de contingences liées au genre littéraire auquel appartient l’oeuvre, dans une perspective à la fois générique et dialogique., This article examines various representations of Tullie, Cicero’s daughter, in 18th century literature through a close analysis of three works: the novel Histoire de Tullie, fille de Cicéron (1726) by the Marquess de Lassay, the tragedy Catilina (1748) by Crébillon senior, and the dialogue “Les Anciens et les Modernes ou la toilette de Mme de Pompadour” (1761) by Voltaire. It shows how these different representations of Tullie are shaped by the literary genre of each work, in a perspective that is both generic and dialogical.

La querelle sur le genre pastoral, qui occupera la critique des années 1685 à 1730, suppose une entreprise de redéfinition générique selon laquelle les théoriciens chercheront de nouveaux modèles pouvant exemplifier la nouvelle pastorale française et galante qu’ils envisagent. C’est ainsi que la réception critique qu’on fera des œuvres de Madame Deshoulières participera au développement d’un style champêtre moderne qui sera pleinement investi par les poètes de la fin du siècle. Dans cette optique, on verra s’affirmer un goût renouvelé pour l’élégie, genre généralement délaissé dans la première moitié du siècle, qui accompagnera cette fois la vogue en faveur d’une poésie sentimentaliste. Deux facteurs semblent alors avoir contribué à faire de Madame Deshoulières un modèle dans ce domaine : d’abord, elle constitue une figure marquante de ce passage du genre de l’élégie vers un mode élégiaque adossé à l’esthétique galante et rattaché à une promotion des genres mineurs ; ensuite, les qualités de naturel et de délicatesse qu’on accorde au style de la poétesse ont favorisé sa mise à profit dans le cadre d’une revalorisation de la sensibilité servant désormais de socle à la poésie pastorale en général et à l’élégie en particulier. The quarrel about the pastoral style, which was a focus of criticism from 1685 to 1730, supposed a major generic redefinition, where theoreticians looked for new models to exemplify the new French pastoral and galant mode they envisioned. Accordingly, the critical reception of the works of Madame Deshoulières contributed to the development of a modern pastoral style that would be widely practiced by poets in the late eighteenth century. From this perspective, one notices a renewed taste for the elegy, a genre generally neglected during the first half of the century, which now accompanied the vogue for sentimental poetry. Accordingly, Madame Deshoulières became a model in this area for two reasons: first, she was a leading figure during this passage from the elegy genre to an elegiac mode based on the galant aesthetic and associated with a promotion of minor genres; and second, the qualities of naturalness and delicacy imputed to the poetess’s style were useful for reevaluating the sensibility that was henceforth the cornerstone of pastoral poetry in general and the elegy in particular.

The French Compagnie des Indes in the 18th century has been iconic of a new trade opening on new markets in America and the Far East, implying large amounts of capital and committed men whose significant achievements, though, could not prevent it from collapse. How can we understand and explain such a failure? Subsidiarily, this issue questions the management of the company: how efficiently has the Compagnie des Indes run its costs and expenses ? By efficiency, we understand here the result process of a rational use of available means in view of achieving a priority objective: earning profits. By examining the way executive officers have monitored costs and expenses, we can shed light on management and frame of governance permanently influenced by the representatives of the King. Somehow offsetting this, we note a board of qualified directors coming from the trade and finance sectors, operating under an innovative system of management and control of costs and expenses which was remarkably developed for the time. Such a system as a whole was meant to rationalise and optimise costs and expenses on a large scale. From shipbuilding and ship operating to the management of dockyards and staff, including sailors as well as craftsmen, the Compagnie constantly searched, somehow successfully, to improve the economic performance of its means. However, as soon as the beginning of the second half of the 18th century, the management system gave rise to strong criticism. First, from those who, as Dupleix, could perceive its weaknesses as they had been practicing this system for a long time. Next, from those who, as Gournay, had been considering on a theoretical plan that granting a commercial monopoly to a company could only be detrimental to it. Each of both protagonists offered his own solution: whereas Dupleix advocated a sovereignist model of management, Gournay pleaded for a complete liberalisation of trade. The failure of both new management models added finally to the failure of the Company itself. Through a critical analysis of these different managerial approaches, the researcher can open a new path to a renewed understanding of the causes for the downfall of the Compagnie des Indes. This analysis shows the importance of the exceptional expenses the Company had to deal with but underlines even more the difficulties encountered in the management of its material and human means while being unable to promote its own economic efficiency., La Compagnie des Indes a été, au XVIIIe siècle, la figure emblématique d’un commerce qui s’est ouvert aux nouveaux marchés de l’Amérique et de l’Extrême-Orient, mettant en oeuvre des capitaux importants et des hommes motivés dont les incontestables succès ne purent, malgré tout, empêcher sa ruine. Comment expliquer et comprendre un tel échec ? Question qui renvoie de façon subsidiaire à celle de sa gestion : avec quelle efficacité, la Compagnie des Indes a-t-elle géré ses coûts et ses charges ? L’efficacité étant comprise, ici, comme la résultante d’une utilisation rationnelle des moyens qui ont été mis à sa disposition en vue de la réalisation d’un objectif prioritaire : la constitution de profits. L’examen du type de pilotage des coûts et des charges suivi par la direction met en lumière une organisation et un cadre de gouvernance marqués par l’influence permanente des représentants du Roi. Situation contrebalancée dans une certaine mesure par la présence d’administrateurs compétents issus du commerce et de la finance et la création d’un système de gestion et de contrôle des coûts et des charges remarquablement développé pour cette époque. L’ensemble de ce dispositif fut mis au service d’une politique de rationalisation et d’optimisation des coûts et des charges d’une grande ampleur. De la construction des navires et de leur utilisation jusqu’à la gestion d’un arsenal et d’un personnel composé autant de marins que d’artisans-ouvriers, la Compagnie chercha de façon constante, avec un succès certain, à améliorer la performance économique de ses moyens. Cependant, dès le début de la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle son modèle de gestion suscita de fortes critiques. D’abord, de la part de ceux qui, à l’instar de Dupleix, et en raison de leur longue pratique du système, en avaient perçu les insuffisances. Ensuite de ceux qui, comme Gournay, considéraient sur un plan théorique, que l’octroi d’un monopole commercial à une compagnie ne pouvait lui être que défavorable. Chacun de ces deux protagonistes proposa sa solution : alors que Dupleix plaida pour un modèle souverainiste de gestion, Gournay demanda une libération complète des échanges. L’échec qui sanctionna ces nouveaux modèles de gestion s’ajoutait en fin de compte à celui de la Compagnie elle-même. C’est dans une analyse critique de ces différentes approches gestionnaires qu’une nouvelle compréhension des causes de la chute de la Compagnie s’ouvre au chercheur. Analyse qui nous révèle ainsi l’importance des dépenses exceptionnelles dont la Compagnie eut à assumer la charge, mais qui souligne plus encore, les difficultés qu’elle rencontra dans la gestion de ses moyens matériels et humains dont elle ne sut promouvoir suffisamment l’efficacité économique.

The effective decommissioning and remediation of subsurface contamination (soil and groundwater) at former remote mine sites in British Columbia’s Northwest is challenging mainly due to seasonal and locational site access limitations. A Site Reclamation Execution Plan was developed to identify the best approach to decommissioning and remediation of the site that included innovative site-specific low-energy remedial methods coupled with site-specific risk-based remedial targets and on-site treatment/disposal. The site reclamation execution plan is supported by site investigations conducted from 2017 to 2019 to characterize potential contamination. The Johnny Mountain Mine was an underground gold mine located in traditional Tahltan Territory. Core components included underground workings, tailings storage facility, fuel storage and ancillary fuel distribution facilities, the air strip and the mill building. The approved reclamation plan included designing and constructing the upgrade of the existing landfill to hold non-hazardous demolition waste from the former structures, including historic burial sites, cleaned fuel tanks and the mill building. Shallow fuel-impacted soil in and around the fuel storage and distribution facilities is being actively remediated on site while any deeper soil and groundwater contamination will follow a site-specific risk based remedial approach. Reclamation of the site is possible with the collaborative support of the Tahltan Nation.

Occupation littéraire jugée accessible et moyen de subsistance, la traduction fait partie des genres pratiqués par les femmes au XVIIIe siècle. Octavie Belot (1719-1804) offre un exemple éloquent de la manière dont elles purent ainsi jouer un rôle de médiatrices dans la diffusion d’idées philosophiques, et intervenir dans les débats contemporains par le biais des préfaces, dans les Mélanges de littérature angloise (1759) et l’Histoire de Rasselas, prince d’Abyssinie, de Samuel Johnson (1760).

This intent of this paper is to map out the regulatory process for managing soil and groundwater contamination during the operation and reclamation life stages of a mine in British Columbia. There are numerous Federal and Provincial acts and regulations, protocols, guidelines and codes, that set out legal requirements for environmental remediation, risk assessment and risk management at a mine site. There are also multiple regulatory authorities involved in managing environmental protection at mine sites in British Columbia including the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Depending on the life stage of the mine and the activities being permitted, there are differences in the environmental regulatory process between active mines, suspended operations and abandoned mines. This paper will provide an overview of the regulatory permit, authorization, reporting and notification requirements under the different scenarios that can be encountered when managing contaminated soil and groundwater at a mine site. The intent of this paper is not to provide a legal interpretation of the law related to environmental management at a mine sites, but rather to provide insight to the regulatory process for managing and remediating contamination at these sites.

La querelle sur le genre pastoral, qui occupera la critique des années 1685 à 1730, suppose une entreprise de redéfinition générique selon laquelle les théoriciens chercheront de nouveaux modèles pouvant exemplifier la nouvelle pastorale française et galante qu’ils envisagent. C’est ainsi que la réception critique qu’on fera des oeuvres de Madame Deshoulières participera au développement d’un style champêtre moderne qui sera pleinement investi par les poètes de la fin du siècle. Dans cette optique, on verra s’affirmer un goût renouvelé pour l’élégie, genre généralement délaissé dans la première moitié du siècle, qui accompagnera cette fois la vogue en faveur d’une poésie sentimentaliste. Deux facteurs semblent alors avoir contribué à faire de Madame Deshoulières un modèle dans ce domaine : d’abord, elle constitue une figure marquante de ce passage du genre de l’élégie vers un mode élégiaque adossé à l’esthétique galante et rattaché à une promotion des genres mineurs ; ensuite, les qualités de naturel et de délicatesse qu’on accorde au style de la poétesse ont favorisé sa mise à profit dans le cadre d’une revalorisation de la sensibilité servant désormais de socle à la poésie pastorale en général et à l’élégie en particulier., The quarrel about the pastoral style, which was a focus of criticism from 1685 to 1730, supposed a major generic redefinition, where theoreticians looked for new models to exemplify the new French pastoral and galant mode they envisioned. Accordingly, the critical reception of the works of Madame Deshoulières contributed to the development of a modern pastoral style that would be widely practiced by poets in the late eighteenth century. From this perspective, one notices a renewed taste for the elegy, a genre generally neglected during the first half of the century, which now accompanied the vogue for sentimental poetry. Accordingly, Madame Deshoulières became a model in this area for two reasons: first, she was a leading figure during this passage from the elegy genre to an elegiac mode based on the galant aesthetic and associated with a promotion of minor genres; and second, the qualities of naturalness and delicacy imputed to the poetess’s style were useful for reevaluating the sensibility that was henceforth the cornerstone of pastoral poetry in general and the elegy in particular.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) encompasses disease of all arteries of the body except the coronary arteries. The main etiology whatever the patient's age is atherosclerosis. Different etiologies can induce PAD especially when patients are younger than 50 years old and have no cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes…). PAD that appears before 50 years old can be named juvenile PAD (JPAD) although there is no consensus about the definition. The aim of this work is to present the different etiologies of JPAD according to their hereditary, acquired or mixed origins. The following hereditary causes are addressed: Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, homocystinuria, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, osteogenesis imperfecta "mid-aortic" syndrome. Among the acquired etiologies, inflammatory JPADs without extravascular signs such as atherosclerosis and Buerger's disease, inflammatory JPADs with extravascular signs as Takayasu's disease, Behcet's disease and Cogan's syndrome, JPADs like aortitis, embolic JPADs, iatrogenic JPADs, and mechanical or traumatic JPADs are described. Finally, mixed origins as thrombotic disease and fibromuscular dysplasia are presented. This work will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of JPAD.

Deliberative democracy has received growing attention in business ethics as well as in management and organization studies. We consider dialogue a central feature of democratic deliberation and exa...

Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy of Celon radiofrequency-induced thermal therapy for endovenous treatment of incompetent great saphenous vein. The secondary objectives were to report on possible short-term side effects and complications. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 112 consecutive patients included between 2013 and June 2015. These patients were treated (146 great saphenous vein, C2–C6) either at the hemodynamic room using local anesthesia or at the operating theater under general anesthesia with or without phlebectomy. All patients received radiofrequency-induced thermal therapy at 18 W power, 1 s/cm pullback rate and 5–7 pullbacks per segment of 10 cm (i.e. maximum 10 pullbacks). A clinical follow-up via ultrasound monitoring was done at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years. Results: The 3-year survival occlusion rate was 96.71% and 98% for overall and radiofrequency-induced thermal therapy patients, respectively. No major side effects were observed. A case of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis was reported. Slight neurological disorders were reported (0.88%). Conclusion: Our unit’s endovenous Celon radiofrequency-induced thermal therapy of incompetent great saphenous vein was efficient, well tolerated, without major side effects. Moreover, in order to reduce possible neurological disorders, we advise multiple pullbacks at 1 s/cm and using tumescence anesthesia.

Alors qu’émergent les Salons du Louvre, c’est surtout ce que les historiens de l’art ont identifié comme un courant rococo qui marque le domaine des beaux-arts en France. Toutefois, cette esthétique féminisée fait l’objet de plusieurs critiques qui jugent sévèrement les toiles d’un Boucher, considérées comme symptomatiques d’une ère de décadence mis en parallèle avec le style pastoral de Fontenelle. Ce parallèle permet en effet de mieux cerner ce style poétique qualifiée de mondain et de fugitif.

Background and objectiveElectronic waste recycling (e-recycling) has received little attention from an occupational health and safety (OHS) perspective. Our objective was to describe hiring and OHS management practices in a sample of formal e-recycling facilities.MethodsWithin a cross-sectional study of exposure of e-recycling workers to various contaminants, we conducted semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a sample of 26 workers and 6 managers, employed in four companies. Thematic analyses, followed by a matrix analysis based on the companies’ missions were conducted on the recorded interviews.ResultsThree companies are small enterprises: one receives young offenders/ex-prisoners for up to six months of vocational internships; another is a private company recruiting its workforce through governmental programs integrating people with chronic health problems; the third, a family business, mainly employs workers within neighbouring communities. Lastly, a medium-sized unionized company recruits its employees through staffing agencies, offering permanent jobs to the best candidates after a three-month trial period. Most participants were male, aged between 20–50 years old, and had not completed high school, except for a few recent immigrants with graduate degrees. Regarding occupational hazards in their workplace, 40% of interviewees reported chemicals, 31% mentioned the danger of being struck by lift trucks, and less than 25% identified toxic vapours, inappropriate protective personal equipments (PPEs), cuts, dusts, musculoskeletal or back pain. Some workers expressed concern about the pace of work (and resulting stress), which they identified as an injury risk factor. None of the participants received any mentoring upon entering the job. Agency workers had inferior wages and did not have access to the same OHS preventive practices or PPEs as regular workers.ConclusionsIn our sample, OHS management practices varied according to the employment relationship, although workers are exposed to similar working conditions. Working conditions in the growing e-recycling industry need our attention.

EnglishThis article focuses on the use of the phrase ‘couleur de rose’ in literature on the basis of an exemplary work by Marguerite de Lubert, La Princesse Couleur-derose et le Prince Celadon (1743). ‘Couleur de rose’ is used as a metaphor for rococo style which strives to impact the reader’s sensibility, as exemplified by a close scrutiny of the episode when the princess is turned into a book, becoming an object for Prince Celadon’s reading, watching and avid caresses. The text makes the most of pure pleasure writing as defined in the celebrated preliminary discourse prefacing Tecserion (1743), which became all too familiar to colour theorists in the province of fine arts francaisCet article se penche sur l’usage de la « couleur de rose » en litterature, a partir d’un texte exemplaire a cet egard : La Princesse Couleur-de-rose et le Prince Celadon (1743) de Marguerite de Lubert. On verra que la couleur de rose y sert de metaphore du style rococo qui cherche a creer un effet sensible sur le lecteur, particulierement a travers l’analyse de l’episode ou la princesse se trouve metamorphosee en livre et offerte a la lecture, au regard et aux caresses avides du prince Celadon. Le texte met alors a profit une ecriture du plaisir pur, tel que defini dans le celebre discours preliminaire servant de preface a Tecserion (1743), et qui n’est pas etrangere aux reflexions sur le coloris dans le domaine des beaux-arts

International audience; Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) encompasses disease of all arteries of the body except the coronary arteries. The main etiology whatever the patient's age is atherosclerosis. Different etiologies can induce PAD especially when patients are younger than 50 years old and have no cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes…). PAD that appears before 50 years old can be named juvenile PAD (JPAD) although there is no consensus about the definition. The aim of this work is to present the different etiologies of JPAD according to their hereditary, acquired or mixed origins. The following hereditary causes are addressed: Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, homocystinuria, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, osteogenesis imperfecta “mid-aortic” syndrome. Among the acquired etiologies, inflammatory JPADs without extravascular signs such as atherosclerosis and Buerger's disease, inflammatory JPADs with extravascular signs as Takayasu's disease, Behçet's disease and Cogan's syndrome, JPADs like aortitis, embolic JPADs, iatrogenic JPADs, and mechanical or traumatic JPADs are described. Finally, mixed origins as thrombotic disease and fibromuscular dysplasia are presented. This work will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of JPAD. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS

Resume Objectif Le depistage de l’arteriopathie obliterante des membres inferieurs (AOMI) se fait par la mesure des index de pression a la cheville (IPSc) par Doppler continu. Cette methode de reference est peu utilisee en pratique, notamment aupres des medecins vasculaires en raison de la disparition des sondes de Doppler continu sur les echographes recents. Le but de notre etude etait d’evaluer la reproductibilite interobservateur par Doppler couleur sur une premiere population puis d’etudier la correlation de mesure des IPSc par Doppler couleur et Doppler continu sur une deuxieme population. Methodes Cent vingt patients remplissant les criteres de depistage de l’AOMI definis par la Haute Autorite de sante (HAS 2006) ont participe a l’etude entre octobre 2010 et avril 2011 au CHU de Brest dans l’unite d’echo-Doppler et de medecine vasculaire. Vingt-deux patients pour l’etude de la reproductibilite interobservateur, 98 patients pour l’etude de la correlation de mesure entre Doppler continu et Doppler couleur. Chacun des 98 patients a beneficie par deux operateurs independants d’une mesure des IPSc par Doppler couleur et Doppler continu de facon aleatoire permettant d’obtenir 353 valeurs d’IPSc. La concordance et la reproductibilite ont ete evaluees selon la methode de Bland et Altman et le coefficient de correlation intraclasse selon la methode de Spearman. Resultats Soixante-deux pour cent des patients depistes etaient arteriopathes (IPSc Conclusion La methode de depistage et/ou de suivi de l’AOMI par Doppler couleur pourrait etre une alternative au Doppler continu sous reserve de nouvelles evaluations sur une population plus large.

A comparison between HBr-HCl and HBr-HNO(3) based anion chemistry is presented to test the efficiency of Pb purification in the preparation of samples for isotope ratio measurement by ICP-MS. It was found that the small advantages in yield and blank offered by the HNO(3)-based method were more than compensated by the more effective matrix removal of the HCl-based method. Apart from very zinc rich matrices (e.g., sphalerite), a careful single pass purification using HBr and HCl removed more than 99.9% of the matrix. In preparation for the isotope ratio analysis, a small (2-5% m/v) liquid sample aliquot was analysed to determine U, Th and Pb concentrations by solution quadrupole ICP-MS. This allowed accurate prediction of the expected ion signal and permitted optimal spiking with Tl, if desired, for mass bias correction. Long-term results for international rock reference materials showed reproducibilities of better than 1% (Th/U) and 1.5% (U/Pb). For most geological applications, such analyses obviate the need for isotope dilution concentration measurements.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) encompasses disease of all arteries of the body except the coronary arteries. The main etiology whatever the patient's age is atherosclerosis. Different etiologies can induce PAD especially when patients are younger than 50 years old and have no cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes…). PAD that appears before 50 years old can be named juvenile PAD (JPAD) although there is no consensus about the definition. The aim of this work is to present the different etiologies of JPAD according to their hereditary, acquired or mixed origins. The following hereditary causes are addressed: Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, homocystinuria, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, osteogenesis imperfecta "mid-aortic" syndrome. Among the acquired etiologies, inflammatory JPADs without extravascular signs such as atherosclerosis and Buerger's disease, inflammatory JPADs with extravascular signs as Takayasu's disease, Behçet's disease and Cogan's syndrome, JPADs like aortitis, embolic JPADs, iatrogenic JPADs, and mechanical or traumatic JPADs are described. Finally, mixed origins as thrombotic disease and fibromuscular dysplasia are presented. This work will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of JPAD.

La non-violence fait référence à une idéologie et un ensemble de pratiques qui ont pour caractéristique commune de rejeter la violence sous toutes ses formes dans l’actualisation quotidienne. La non-violence est cependant devenue également un outil auquel certains recourrent dans des objectifs qui ne servent pas nécessairement le bien commun. En d’autres termes, la non-violence n’est pas systématiquement un outil de paix. Elle est un moyen d’obtenir ce que l’on veut, sans recourir à la violence. Cette thèse propose une vision de la non-violence au service du bien commun. Elle puise dans l’historicité de grands événements et acteurs qui ont utilisé la non-violence pour libérer une collectivité de formes d’oppression qui amenuisaient la dignité humaine. Elle fait référence à des auteurs et acteurs qui ont influencé le théologien processuel David Ray Griffin dans sa propre démarche d’enseignement et de recherche théologiques sur une quarantaine d’années, soient de la guerre du Vietnam à celle d’Iraq. Les dates survolées vont de 1968 à 2008. Une première démarche entreprise par la recherche est de comprendre le plus précisément possible quelles sont les avenues les plus récentes concernant la non-violence et d’explorer ses influences sur la vie et la carrière du théologien processuel États-Unien David Ray Griffin. En second lieu, une rétrospective historique des événements marquants aux États-Unis permet de cerner le contexte au sein duquel Griffin a évolué et comment son discours a laissé transparaître ces influences historiques, sociales et académiques. Une analyse plus centrée sur la politique extérieure des États-Unis en matière d’économie et de militarisme aiguille vers l’identification de signes que Griffin qualifie lui-même d’anti-théologiques, ce qui l’incite à élaborer une vision paradigmatique globalisante, équilibrée selon lui, où les ressources planétaires sont redistribuées dans un souci d’équité et de justice. Pour ce faire, un tribunal international, une religion globale, à l’image de ce que propose la pensée processuelle whiteheadienne-hartshornienne sont proposés. Griffin en brosse les grands traits dans un discours où l’exhortation s’assortit d’une méthodologie et d’une pédagogie éprouvés depuis 40 ans. Une grille d’analyse des textes griffiniens est par la suite élaborée, structurant les différentes composantes fondamentales de sa pensée. Un modèle d’intégration des valeurs de la non-violence est dégagé des lectures, applicable à d’autres disciplines. Appuyé sur une tradition authentique d’auteurs non-violents, David Ray Griffin présente les caractéristiques d’un homme de paix, duquel les idéaux débordent le cadre national pour rejoindre le planétaire, dans une visée résolument sotériologique. Cette visée devient urgente alors que les événements des attentats terroristes du World Trade Center du 11 septembre 2001 font dire à Griffin que non seulement les États-Unis sont engagés dans une démarche impérialiste démoniaque, mais qu’ils contribuent de manière accélérée à la destruction de la planète. Il faut absolument, croit-il, renverser le courant et devenir, pour le monde, un leader de la réparation des écosystèmes, des économies et des sociétés. S’adjoignant des auteurs d’autres disciplines, et toujours dans un cadre processuel, Griffin entreprend le long périple pédagogique qu’est celui de convaincre le plus grand nombre d’individus possible que le temps est venu d’agir., Non-violence primarily refers to an ideology and practices which reject any form of violence altogether in our everyday lives. It has become also, however, a tool used by pressure groups or individuals to obtain whatever they wish, as long as no violence is used. Therefore, there is no concern for the common good. Non-violence is merely a means to an end. This research is written in the perspective of non-violence serving the common good and features major history events and protagonists who have used non-violence in order to free a group of people from a form of oppression which undermined their dignity. It refers more specifically to authors who have influenced David Ray Griffin throughout his own teaching and research career on a 40-year span. It stretches from the Vietnam war to the Iraq War. Dates range from 1968 to 2008. A first step was to establish what exactly non-violence is and what are its most recent interpretations so that influences on David Ray Griffin’s life and work could be pinpointed. Secondly, national and international U.S-lead events are examined in retrospect, in order to set the context in which Griffin’s evolution has progressed and how his thinking and discourse have shown through those historical, sociological and academic influences, all along his carreer. A special focus is directed towards the United States’ foreign policy as well as economic and military implications leading to Griffin’s opinion that the US are engaged in an anti-theological journey. His response is that a global, more balanced paradigmatic change is urgently needed, in which planetary resources are spent and shared with justice for all. Hence, an international court of justice and a global religion are put forward, according to a whiteheadian-hartshornian process theology perspective. David Griffin demonstrates how this has become urgent and a methodology and pedagogy are thereby stated, inferred from his 40-year experience. Based on a tradition of genuine non-violent authors, David Ray Griffin’s life features the characteristics of a peace maker whose ideals jut out over the limits of nationalism, towards a global salvation perspective triggered by the September11th, 2001 World Trade Centre attacks. Griffin not only believes that the United States have undertaken an imperialistic, demonic predation approach towards the world, but that they must, at once, stop this course, reverse it, and lead the healing process of the planet’s ecosystems, economies and nations. As he is joined by other authors who share the same view in a process theology standpoint, Griffin travels along the road of pedagogy in order to convince as much people as possible, that now is the time to act upon our destinies. A standardized reading chart is then created and used to analyze Griffin’s texts, hence giving way to a structure of his basic ideas. Finally, the process of integrating non- violence values is modelized, so that the same process can be applied to other subjects of research.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a member of the serine protease family and can break down various components of the extracellular matrix to promote growth, invasion, and metastasis of several malignancies including breast cancer. In the current study we examined the role that the DNA methylation machinery might be playing in regulating differential uPA gene expression in breast cancer cell lines. uPA mRNA is expressed in the highly invasive, hormone-insensitive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 but not in hormone-responsive cell line MCF-7. Using methylation-sensitive PCR, we show that 90% of CpG dinucleotides in the uPA promoter are methylated in MCF-7 cells, whereas fully demethylated CpGs were detected in MDA-MB-231 cells. uPA promoter activity, which is directly regulated by the Ets-1 transcription factor, is inhibited by methylation as determined by uPA promoter-luciferase reporter assays. We then tested whether the state of expression and methylation of the uPA promoter correlates with the global level of DNA methyltransferase and demethylase activities in these cell lines. We show that maintenance DNA methyltransferase activity is significantly higher in MCF-7 cells than in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas demethylase activity is higher in MDA-MB-231 cells. We suggest that the combination of increased DNA methyltransferase activity with reduced demethylase activity contributes to the methylation and silencing of uPA expression in MCF-7 cells. The converse is true in MDA-MB-231 cells, which represents a late stage highly invasive breast cancer. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A, induces the expression of the uPA gene in MDA-MB-231 cells but not in MCF-7 cells. This supports the hypothesis that DNA methylation is the dominant mechanism involved in the silencing of uPA gene expression. Taken together, these results provide insight into the mechanism regulating the transcription of the uPA gene in the complex multistep process of breast cancer progression.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) can modulate the proliferation and differentiation of a number of cell types including osteoblasts. PTHrP can activate a G protein-coupled PTH/PTHrP receptor, which can interface with several second-messenger systems. In the current study, we have examined the signaling pathways involved in stimulated type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase expression in the human osteoblast-derived osteosarcoma cells, MG-63. By use of Northern blotting and histochemical analysis, maximum induction of these two markers of osteoblast differentiation occurred after 8 h of treatment with 100 nM PTHrP-(1-34). Chemical inhibitors of adenylate cyclase (H-89) or of protein kinase C (chelerythrine chloride) each diminished PTHrP-mediated type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. These effects of PTHrP could also be blocked by inhibiting the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with a Ras farnesylation inhibitor, B1086, or with a MAPK inhibitor, PD-98059. Transient transfection of MG-63 cells with a mutant form of Galpha, which can sequester betagamma-subunits, showed significant downregulation of PTHrP-stimulated type I collagen expression, as did inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) by wortmannin. Consequently, the betagamma-PI 3-kinase pathway may be involved in PTHrP stimulation of Ras. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, acting via its G protein-coupled receptor, PTHrP can induce indexes of osteoblast differentiation by utilizing multiple, perhaps parallel, signaling pathways.

We analyse through a case study the potential of wearing camera and microphone-equipped glasses in a museum to assess a visitor’s in situ museum experience. The qualitative analysis of gathered audiovisual data confirms that such a device does facilitate the assessment of the descriptive, appreciation, interactions and environment. Discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of such a device in the context of museum assessment.KEYWORDS: Museum evaluation; visit experience; glasses; audio-visual elementRésumé: A partir d’une étude de cas, nous analysons le potentiel du port de lunettes munies d’une caméra et d’un microphone lors de la visite d’une institution muséale pour évaluer in situ l’expérience muséale d’un visiteur. L’analyse qualitative des données audiovisuelles recueillies permet d’affirmer qu’un tel dispositif favorise l’évaluation de la signalétique, de l’appréciation, des interactions, et finalement de l’environnement. Les forces et les faiblesses de l’usage de ce dispositif en évaluation muséale sont discutées.MOTS CLES: Évaluation muséale; expérience de visite; lunettes; données audiovisuelles

It is well known that immersion pulmonary edema can be life-threatening for divers using a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba). Swimming-induced pulmonary edema in otherwise healthy individuals is not an object of dispute but its real severity is not well known and is probably underestimated. We report two cases of life-threatening acute respiratory distress while swimming and snorkeling, one of which is well documented for swimming-induced pulmonary edema. The interest of these case reports lies in the suddenness of these life-threatening events. Such accidents can mimic a loss of consciousness due to cardiac dysrhythmia and lead to drowning. In the case of swimming-induced pulmonary edema, the prognosis is far better than for a cardiac disorder, but it is also dependent on the efficiency of the supervision. Swimmers, divers, race organizers and supervising physicians should be given knowledge of this pathology and its potentially acute occurrence. Adequate organizational dispositions are mandatory to prevent swimming-induced pulmonary edema-related deaths.

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies affecting males, resulting in a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This hormone-dependent malignancy is characteristically associated with a high incidence of osteoblastic skeletal lesions. However, osteolytic lesions invariably accompany blastic ones. In the current study, we assessed the role of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP), a potent bone-resorbing agent, in contributing to bone breakdown and prostatic skeletal metastasis using a syngeneic rat prostate cancer model. The full-length cDNA encoding rat PTHRP was subcloned as a Hind III insert in the sense orientation into the mammalian expression vector pRc-CMV to generate the expression vector pRc-PTHRP-S. Both control and experimental plasmids were stably transfected into low PTHRP-producing Dunning R3227, Mat Ly Lu rat prostate cancer cells. Following antibiotic selection, monoclonal cell lines expressing the highest amount of PTHRP mRNA and immunoreactive PTHRP were selected as experimental tumor cells for further analysis. Increased PTHRP production by these cells had no significant effect in vitro on the invasive capacity of these cells. Control and experimental cells were inoculated s.c. into the right flank or by the intracardiac (i.c.) route into the left ventricle of inbred male Copenhagen rats. No skeletal metastases occurred after s.c. injection with either cells. In contrast, i.c. inoculation led to lumbar vertebra metastasis and consequent hind-limb paralysis. Furthermore, histological examination of skeletal metastases in experimental animals showed a marked increase in osteoclastic activity. Our results demonstrate that PTHRP can increase osteoclastic osteolysis in the presence of focal osseous prostate cancer metastases and may contribute to the lytic lesions which generally accompany osteoblastic lesions in prostate cancer.

Previous studies have demonstrated that overexpression of urinary plasminogen activator (uPA) in rat prostate cancer cells results in increased skeletal metastases, which are primarily of the osteoblastic variety. The osseous activation induced by the metastases appears to be mediated through the amino terminal fragment (ATF) of uPA, which lacks the catalytic domain and can act as a growth factor for osteoblasts. To explore further the mechanism of action of uPA in bone cells, we evaluated the effects of ATF on modulating the expression of various proto-oncogenes. Human-osteoblast-derived osteosarcoma cells, SaOS2, were treated with graded doses of ATF for 10–120 min, and effects on early response proto-oncogenes were monitored. ATF increased c-myc, c-jun, and c-fos gene expression in a time-dependent manner for up to 60 min, after which mRNA levels fell. The maximum induction was seen in c-fos gene expression, which was found to be dose dependent. This effect of ATF was localized to its growth-factorlike domain. Examination of the half life of these transcripts in the presence of the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D demonstrated that ATF does not alter the stability of c-fos mRNA in these bone cells. Nuclear run-off assays indicated that ATF effects were due to stimulation of c-fos gene transcription. An increase in c-fos protein levels was correlated with the augmentation of its mRNA in ATF-treated SaOS2 cells. Pretreatment of SaOS2 cells with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin and recombinant soluble uPA receptor (uPAR) caused a significant reduction in the ability of ATF to induce c-fos expression. These results demonstrate a novel role for uPA in activating early response proto-oncogenes, in particular c-fos, which plays an important role in bone cell growth and differentiation and may be a key factor in the signal transduction pathway of ATF. J. Cell. Physiol. 172:137–145, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) has been shown to be the major mediator of hypercalcemia of malignancy, but may also exert effects on cell growth and differentiation. The Leydig cell tumor H-500, when implanted in Fischer rats, produces abundant PTHrP and eventually causes the death of the host animal. In the present study we have used antisense RNA technology to block the effects of PTHrP in H-500 Leydig tumor cells in vivo. The full-length rat PTHrP complementary DNA encoding amino acid -36-->141 was subcloned as an EcoRI-BglII insert in the antisense orientation into the mammalian expression vector pRc/CMV to produce the plasmid pRc-PAS. This plasmid was then stably transfected into the H-500 Leydig tumor cells with a Lipofectin reagent. After selection with the neomycin derivative G-418, a stable cell line, H-500-PTHrP-AS, was obtained which showed 80% inhibition of endogenous PTHrP messenger RNA compared to wild-type or vector-only transfected H-500 cells. Conditioned culture medium from these experimental cells showed a marked decrease in PTHrP immunoreactivity and in the ability of the medium to stimulate adenylate cyclase in UMR-106 rat osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PTHrP production resulted in a significant increase in the doubling time of the H-500 cells. Transfection of the experimental plasmid into Rat-2 fibroblasts, which do not produce PTHrP, had no effect on cell growth. Control and experimental cells were then implanted sc into male Fischer rats. Animals were killed at timed intervals, and their tumor volumes were determined. Experimental animals receiving cells transfected with antisense PTHrP plasmid showed near-normal levels of plasma calcium and decreased expression of tumoral PTHrP messenger RNA. These animals also showed a 30-70% lower tumor volume during the course of the experiment compared to control animals. These studies have demonstrated that PTHrP can play a role as a promoter of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.

An examination of the sterols of UTEX 2341, a small (ca. 2μm), nonmotile unicellular marine alga identified as Chlorella minutissima Fott et Novakova, yielded results inconsistent with any of 35 Chlorella strains analyzed previously. UTEX 2341 contained cholesterol as the principal sterol, with 24-methylenecholesterol, fucosterol, and isofucosterol also present; these are not dominant sterols in any other Chlorella species. Presence of eicosapentaenoic acid in UTEX 2341 also contrasted with fatty acids of Chlorella strains analyzed previously. Pigment analysis of UTEX 2341 revealed that it contained chlorophyll a, but not chlorophylls b or c; violaxanthin was the only major xanthophyll pigment. Both lipid and pigment compositions suggest that UTEX 2341 is not a member of the genus Chlorella but, rather, belongs in the Eustigmatophyceae; it may be Nannochloropsis sp. Cells with possible extracellular structures were present at an appreciable percentage of the stationary-phase population studied; centrifuging removed or collapsed these structures. The high cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents of UTEX 2341 make it attractive as a potential aquaculturefeed, provided it is, or can be made, digestible.

International audience; OBJECTIVE: Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) by Doppler ultrasound is the gold standard non invasive method for screening of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This reference method is little used in routine practice, particularly by vascular disease specialists since the most recent ultrasound devices no longer have continuous wave probes. The purpose of our survey was to assess interobserver reproducibility of color-Doppler measurements made in a first population, then second, to assess the correlation between ABPI measurements made with color-Doppler and with ultrasound Doppler in a second population. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients meeting screening criteria for AOMI defined by the French Health Authorities (HAS, 2006) participated in the study between October 2010 and April 2011 in the Echo Doppler and Vascular Medicine unit of the Brest University teaching hospital: 22 patients for interobserver reproducibility and 98 for color-Doppler - continuous Doppler correlation study. Two independent operators measured the ABPI index in each of the 98 patients using color-Doppler and continuous Doppler in random order, producing 353 measurements. Reliability and reproducibility were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient of correlation (ICC) determined with Spearman and the Bland-Altman methods. RESULTS: The ABPI was less than 0.90 in 62% of patients. The color-Doppler reproducibility study showed a mean difference of 0.02 [95% CI: -0.02 to 0.17] using the Bland Altman method with ICC equal to 0.89 (P

The 13th North American Caribou Workshop in 2010 was the venue for a remarkable forum of Aboriginal knowledge holders in which experiences and ideas about caribou research and stewardship were shared in a Talking Circle format. Facilitated by Danny Beaulieu (Denesųłıné /Deninu Kųę First Nation) and Walter Bayha (Dé lįnęgotı˛nę/Dé lı˛nę First Nation), the Aboriginal Talking Circle took place over a full day as well as a half day, totalling more than ten hours. At least thirty-six Aboriginal people contributed to the discussion, representing thirty organisations and nearly as many First Nation, Inuit and Métis nations. Delegates converged from a geographical area spanning caribou ranges in six provinces and all three territories of northern Canada.

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Sterols were identified and quantified in six marine microalgal strains identified as belonging to the prymnesiophyte genus Isochrysis , several of these strains are in wide use in the commerical mariculture industry. One strain contained only cholesterol, and another contained a complex mixture of Δ 5 -sterols and dihydroxysterols. Two strains contained brassicasterol and two others contained epibrassicasterol as the principal sterol. The strains containing brassicasterol or epibrassicasterol also contained long chain alkenones characteristic of some members of the Prymnesiophyceae; whereas, those without brassicasterol or epibrassicasterol contained no long chain alkenones. These qualitative biochemical differences appear to have taxonomic significance and may be important in the value of these algae as live feeds for rearing marine invertebrates.