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National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

The research consisted in having an Actionbound mobile hunt for A1 learners of Dutch designed by a group of language Student Teachers (STs) within the framework of a second year course on foreign language teaching. The game was then implemented with two groups of fifth grade primary school pupils during their visit of the Hergé Museum in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. These two steps allowed our multidisciplinary research team to analyse the use of the app from the perspective of not only the players but also the creators of the game. Research data was collected throughout the study via questionnaires, observations, and a focus group. A qualitative analysis of the STs’ data allowed us to establish their digital profiles, thereby situating each of them in the digital integration process. The results suggest that integrating technology and content when designing a pedagogical activity is a complex task. Support and guidance from teacher trainers could therefore be recommended in order to propose a pertinent integration of technologies in the language classroom.

Cette thèse cherche à construire des outils pour la communauté scientifique. Une des tâches d'un chercheur est la lecture d'articles scientifiques, que ce soit pour les comparer, pour identifier de nouveaux problèmes, pour situer son travail dans la littérature courante ou pour définir des propositions de recherche. Nous avons appliqué, combiné et modifié des techniques de résumé automatique pour la littérature scientifique. L'idée est de construire le résumé à partir de l'information que d'autres chercheurs ont retenue d'un l'article de référence. Plus particulièrement, le texte des citations vers l'article de référence est utilisé pour constituer la base du résumé. Ce résumé est donc construit à partir de l'analyse de plusieurs autres qui le citent. Une citation est un élément qu'un autre auteur (ou le même) a retenu en lisant l'article. À l'intérieur d'une citation, il y a une description des liens entre plusieurs articles. Cette information n'étant pas disponible lors de l'écriture de l'article, cela lui ajoute un niveau d'interprétation et nous donne un indice sur l'apport de l'article à la communauté scientifique. Pour construire le résumé d'un article, nous trouvons tous les articles qui lui font référence à l'aide d'une base de données RDF construite à partir des données de l'ACL Anthology Network. Ensuite, les citations sont extraites et classées selon leur contexte rhétorique. Afin de construire le résumé à l'aide de l'information trouvée, une technique basée sur la Maximal Marginal Relevance choisit certaines phrases parmi les citations en évitant la redondance. Finalement, le résumé est amélioré à l'aide d'extraits du texte original., The goals of this thesis are to build and improve tools for the scientific community. One of the tasks of a researcher is to read scientific papers, in order to compare them, identify new problems, place the work within the current literature or define new research proposals. We applied, combined and modified techniques of automatic summarization for the scientific literature. The underlying idea is to build the summary from the information that other researchers retained from a given paper called a reference paper. More particularly, the text of citations towards the reference paper is used for the base of the summary. The summary of the reference paper will thus be built from the analysis from several others who quote it. A citation is an element which another author (or the same) remembered from reading the paper. Inside a citation, there is a description of the links between several papers. This information was not available when writing the original paper, it thus adds a level of interpretation to the paper. It gives an indication of the contribution of the paper to the scientific community. The set of citations reflects the opinion of the scientific community (community insight). To build the summary of a paper, we find papers which reference to it. For this, we use a RDF database built from the data from the ACL Anthology Network. Then citations are extracted and classified according to their rhetorical context. To build the summary, we use a Maximal Marginal Relevance based technique to choose sentences among citations while avoiding the redundancy. Finally, the summary is improved by adding extracts from the original text.

International audience; This short paper compares two approaches of the state of the art, to implement Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. By com- paring the two approaches, we aim to show that combining them could lead to an improvement of the offered response of the system. It shows that it could be interesting to develop a proof-of-concept system from a combination of these approaches, as it would improve the state of the art in AAL systems.

Le présent article relate une expérience réalisée, dans le cadre de l'UFR Management des organisations, pour la formalisation de la recherche au niveau du DESA Management Industriel et ce en proposant un modêle type piloté via l'approche processus. Certes, la recherche scientifique ne peut, aujourd'hui, qu'être associée à la qualité. Cette derniêre est traduite, dans notre modêle, en une démarche bien décrite et soigneusement évaluée. Le choix de la démarche qualité comme cadre de pilotage de la recherche émane d'un bon esprit d'innovation et de créativité, et notre cartographie en témoigne. Nous avons essayé d'associer à cette approche processus un systême documentaire ayant pour objectif d'assurer la traçabilité et de capitaliser un savoir faire, désormais, intéressant. La mesure était aussi l'un des éléments sur lesquels nous nous sommes penchés. Convaincus de l'importance de l'amélioration continue, des indicateurs de qualité et de gestion ont servis de base pour notre systême de mesure. Simple dans sa conception et riche dans ses apports, ce modêle vient renforcer ce pont entre les questionnements théoriques et les aspects pratiques de la recherche et de proposer un cadre unifié de travail., This article relates an experiment carried out, within the framework of UFR Management of organizations, for the formalization of research at the level of Industrial Management DESA and this by proposing a model model piloted via the process approach. Admittedly, scientific research can today only be associated with quality. The latter is translated, in our model, into a well-described and carefully evaluated process. The choice of the quality approach as the framework for steering research emanates from a good spirit of innovation and creativity, and our mapping shows this. We have tried to associate a documentary system with this process approach, with the aim of ensuring traceability and capitalizing on know-how that is now interesting. Measurement was also one of the things we looked at. Convinced of the importance of continuous improvement, quality and management indicators served as the basis for our measurement system. Simple in its design and rich in its contributions, this model reinforces this bridge between theoretical questions and practical aspects of research and offers a unified working environment.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

The blackboard is the archetype of the media which hardly accept interactivity. However, although cybernetics has imposed itself since the 1940s as a new paradigm for the conceptualization of cognitive and intellectual activities, school practices remain attached to the blackboard as the main medium in the transmission of knowledge. And although we have passed, at the dawn of this century, from cybernetics to cognitive science, the blackboard, which has become white, still retains its place as an almost essential medium today. The prevalence of the blackboard is such that it is difficult to imagine that the nature of the educational content targeted can determine the appropriate mediums for them and that these could be incompatible with the blackboard. When the content includes dynamic and static, the use of this table makes the first implicit and leaves only the second explicit. The manipulations, in practical work, do not escape the grip of this static didactic approach immanent on the blackboard: these manipulations are most often reduced to simple demonstrations. We are trying to show how there is a very robust, although imperceptible modeling on the part of the noosphere, of the structuring of teaching content according to a single mold, that dictated by the blackboard and that this mold empties these contents of their morpho-dynamic content. The quality of teaching is compromised by this mold., Le tableau noir est l'archétype des médias qui accueillent difficilement l'interactivité. Or, bien que la cybernétique se soit imposée, depuis les années 40 du siêcle dernier, comme nouveau paradigme quant à la conceptualisation des activités cognitives et intellectuelles, les pratiques scolaires restent attachées au tableau noir comme principal médium dans la transmission des savoirs. Et bien qu'on ait passé, à l'aube de ce siêcle, de la cybernétique à la cognitique, le tableau noir, devenu blanc, conserve encore aujourd'hui sa place de médium quasi incontournable. La prégnance du tableau noir est telle qu'il est difficile d'imaginer que la nature des contenus d'enseignement visés puisse déterminer les médiums qui leur sont idoines et que ceux-ci puissent être incompatibles avec le tableau noir. Quand le contenu comporte du dynamique et du statique le recours à ce tableau rend implicite le premier et ne laisse explicite que le second. Les manipulations, en travaux pratiques, n'échappent pas à l'emprise de cet abord didactique statique immanent au tableau noir : ces manipulations se réduisent le plus souvent à de simples monstrations. Nous tentons de montrer en quoi il y a un modelage três robuste, bien qu'imperceptible de la part de la noosphêre, de la structuration des contenus d'enseignement selon un moule unique, celui dicté par le tableau noir et que ce moule vide ces contenus de leur teneur morpho-dynamique. La qualité d'enseignement est hypothéquée par ce moule.

The effectiveness of training in Business Schools must be constantly ensured and improved, which implies knowing how to evaluate it. The evaluation system is therefore an important element in the process of continuous improvement in the quality of training. In this work, we present a study carried out on the students of the fourth year Audit and Management Control of the National School of Commerce and Management in Tangier. The "Application Project" of the Quality Management module is an educational activity which allows students of the Audit and Management Control option to develop knowledge, attitudes and professional skills for managing and solving a problem. Quality within a team. In this study, we expose the approach of training by Application Project, and we answer the main question of our research: How can we carry out a quality evaluation of an Application Project in the Management module quality ? The objectives of this work are: to define a model for the evaluation of the Application Project of the Quality Management module; identify the criteria and indicators for the evaluation; build evaluation grids for an educational project applied to Quality Management and finally improve the quality of the monitoring and evaluation system of the Application Project. In addition, we have designed and implemented procedures and registration forms that consolidate everyone's knowledge, skills, attitudes and contribution., L'efficacité de la formation dans les Ecoles de Commerce doit être sans cesse assurée et améliorée, ce qui suppose de savoir l'évaluer. Le systême d'évaluation est donc un élément important du processus d'amélioration continue de la qualité de la formation. Dans ce travail, nous présentons, une étude réalisée sur les étudiants de la quatriême année Audit et Contrôle de Gestion de l'Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion à Tanger. Le « Projet d'Application » du module Gestion de la Qualité est une activité pédagogique qui permet aux étudiants de, l'option Audit et Contrôle de Gestion, de développer des connaissances, attitudes et habilités professionnelles de gestion et de résolution d'une problématique Qualité à l'intérieur d'une équipe. Dans cette étude, nous exposons la démarche de la formation par Projet d'Application, et nous répondons à la question principale de notre recherche : Comment peut-on procéder à une évaluation de qualité d'un Projet d'Application dans le module de Gestion de la Qualité ? Les objectifs de ce travail sont : définir un modêle pour l'évaluation du Projet d'Application du module Gestion de Qualité ; identifier les critêres et les indicateurs de l'évaluation ; bâtir les grilles d'évaluation pour un projet pédagogique appliqué à la Gestion de la Qualité et enfin améliorer la qualité du systême de suivi et d'évaluation du Projet d'Application. Par ailleurs, nous avons conçu et mis en place des procédures et des formulaires d'enregistrement qui permettent de consolider les connaissances, les habilités, les attitudes et la contribution de chacun.

In this paper, we propose a method for coarse camera pose computation which is robust to viewing conditions and does not require a detailed model of the scene. This method meets the growing need of easy deployment of robotics or augmented reality applications in any environments, especially those for which no accurate 3D model nor huge amount of ground truth data are available. It exploits the ability of deep learning techniques to reliably detect objects regardless of viewing conditions. Previous works have also shown that abstracting the geometry of a scene of objects by an ellipsoid cloud allows to compute the camera pose accurately enough for various application needs. Though promising, these approaches use the ellipses fitted to the detection bounding boxes as an approximation of the imaged objects. In this paper, we go one step further and propose a learning-based method which detects improved elliptic approximations of objects which are coherent with the 3D ellipsoid in terms of perspective projection. Experiments prove that the accuracy of the computed pose significantly increases thanks to our method and is more robust to the variability of the boundaries of the detection boxes. This is achieved with very little effort in terms of training data acquisition -- a few hundred calibrated images of which only three need manual object annotation. Code and models are released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization., Comment: Presented at 3DV 2020. Code and models released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization

The digital battle has become the most important factor of economic and social development. In fact, there is no doubt on the fact that establishing E-government systems can improve the quality of government services and enhance the citizens’ life. However, E-government projects cannot be successful if they are not adapted to the specific cultural and social needs of the final users. Taking into consideration the high illiteracy rate within the Moroccan population, we conducted our research in order to design an E-government portal for the old city of Fez that is accessible by the majority of the citizens especially those who are illiterate. The objective of this research is exploring the different architectures, scenarios and technologies for designing an E-government portal that is usable and accessible by all Fez citizens whether they are literate or illiterate. Hence, the concrete output of this project is a usable graphical user interface accessible to both literate and illiterate people in order for them to interact with the static content and to use the online transactions. In the process of achieving our goal, we had to discover and create design principles and to test them with real users. To achieve our goal we had to pay particular attention to the following points: • Considering the two existing types of illiteracy: literal illiteracy and digital illiteracy. • Designing the GUI so that it is not dedicated mainly to illiterate people: literate people too should be able to use the e-government system without frustration. • Since it is the first portal targeting illiterate users in Morocco, we were interested also in building conventions on the type of symbols to be used. In fact, the main two assumptions behind this project are: • Effective electronic service delivery has to enable citizens to access government services in a new and more effective way than the traditional ways. • Government services have to be presented to citizens in a usable format and in a human centred manner. In that way, we can express the goals that are aimed to be achieved by this project as being: • Improving knowledge about how illiterate citizens in Morocco can interact with E- government services. • Developing a methodology and architecture for e-government application development that fulfils the needs of Arabic developing countries. • Demonstrating the ability of Moroccan illiterate citizens to interact with e-government portals that uses new technologies. This paper describes and justifies the chosen methodology, architecture and tools that were applied in order to develop Fez e-government portal’s graphical user interface. The results of the designed graphical user interface’ s testing are presented and discussed in order to assess the project’s success., Revue Marocaine des Sciences de Management, No 7 (2017)

Cet article présente le cas de Pierre Bézier (1910-1999), un ingénieur issu des Arts et Métiers puis de l’École supérieure d’électricité qui a fait toute sa carrière (1933-1975) dans l’entreprise automobile Renault. Bézier a été tour à tour l’artisan d’une forme originale d’automatisation (1947), un pionnier en Europe de la commande numérique (1958), puis l’un des fondateurs, à l’échelle mondiale, de l’informatique industrielle (1966). Les « courbes et surfaces de Bézier » sont au fondement de la Conception et fabrication assistées par ordinateur (CFAO) qui ont réorganisé le design, la production de série et notre monde virtuel. Pourquoi cet innovateur important est-il resté un « inconnu célèbre » ? En confrontant les archives de l’entreprise aux documents conservés par l’un de ses ingénieurs l’article mesure le destin d’un électromécanicien de génie à l’aune de l’évolution d’une usine. Il montre qu’un parcours individuel peut requestionner le passé d’une entreprise. Comment une biographie sert-elle l’histoire globale ? This paper presents the case-study of Pierre Bézier (1910-1999) a former student of the École des arts et métiers then of the École supérieure d’électricité who spent his entire career (1933-1975) as an engineer in the Renault car company. Bézier was alternately the architect of an original form of automation (1947), a pioneer in Europe of digital control (1958), and last, one of the world founders of industrial computing (1966). The “Bézier curves and surfaces” are the roots of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADM) that have reorganized industrial drawing, mass production and our virtual world. Why has this key engineer remained an “unknown celebrity”? By comparing the company’s archives with the engineer’s personal documents, the paper measures the fate of a brilliant electromechanical innovator by the yardstick of his factory’s transformations. It shows how the story of a person can renew our understanding of the past of a firm. How can a biography serve global history?

Many online platforms rely on users to voluntarily provide content. What motivates users to contribute content for free, however, is not well understood. In this paper, we use a revealed-preference approach to show that career concerns play an important role in user contributions to Stack Overflow, the largest online question-and-answer community. We investigate how activities that can enhance a user’s reputation vary before and after the user finds a new job. We contrast this reputation-generating activity with activities that do not improve a user’s reputation. After finding a new job, users contribute 23.7% less in reputation-generating activity; by contrast, they reduce their non–reputation-generating activity by only 7.4%. These findings suggest that users contribute to Stack Overflow in part because they perceive such contributions as a way to improve future employment prospects. We provide direct evidence against alternative explanations such as integer constraints, skills mismatch, and dynamic selection effects. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.

Full understanding of this paper requires expertise in computer science, software engineering and algorithmics.; The CAP (Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance) also known as Brewer's theorem, states that it is impossible, on a distributed computer system, to guarantee at the same time the three qualities mentioned above. This issue affects all existing distributed engines and systems, which forces the administrators of these engines and systems to favor two qualities to the detriment of a third, when possible, despite the consequences. This paper technically and formally describes an inventive algorithm to locally weaken the said theorem when reading the data. This process combines three elements: a real-time system of key-value pairs distributed in memory cloud; a multi-planar index with concurrency avoidance; a distributed consolidated reading method called "LC4" based on a hysterical retroactive probabilistic effect. This inventive algorithm was implemented and tested successfully, jointly with a second invention playing the role of an application delivery controller (“A heuristic algorithm imitating social behaviours for intelligent routing of application flows” ⟨hal-02471814⟩ https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02471814). Full understanding of this paper requires expertise in computer science, software engineering and algorithmics.

In this article, following the TPACK framework, we study the content and technological knowledge of teachers who teach or are preparing to teach computer science in a francophone environment. The content knowledge is organised around the five main domains of computer science (algorithms, languages and programming, machines and networks, data representation, and computer science and society). Technological knowledge is studied based on current programming languages and educational programming languages. We administered a questionnaire around these questions and collected and analysed 339 valid responses. Through a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) we find that the knowledge declared by the teachers is varied. They are mainly organised in four groups (from poorly structured knowledge to complete knowledge) and follow a hierarchy depending on the content and technological context., Review of Science, Mathematics and ICT Education, Forthcoming papers

International audience; In this paper, we deal with a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar used for localizing and tracking targets by frequency evaluation of the received radar beat signal. We consider the transponder as target and we achieve an identification application through frequency identification thanks to the shift frequency induced by the active target. The localization performance of FMCW radars based on radio-identification in the range (SHF) are presented and studied. Simulations and measurements complete the paper.; Dans cet article, nous traitons d'un système radar à onde continue à modulation de fréquence (FMCW) utilisé pour localiser et suivre des cibles par l'évaluation de la fréquence du signal de battement radar reçu. Nous considérons un transpondeur linéaire comme cible et nous réalisons une identification de cible grâce à la fréquence de décalage induite par cette cible active. Les performances de localisation des radars FMCW basés sur la radio-identification dans la gamme (SHF) sont présentées et étudiées. Des simulations et des mesures viennent compléter le papier.

Cet article se propose d’analyser l’évolution de l’imaginaire informatique entre la fin des années 80 et les années 2010 au travers de l’étude de deux mondes fictionnels de jeu de rôle appartenant au genre du cyberpunk : Cyberpunk et Shadowrun. Après une rapide présentation de ces deux mondes fictionnels, il se livre dans un premier temps à l’étude des évolutions de l’imaginaire informatique constatées entre les différentes éditions de ces jeux afin de souligner deux idées importantes : la révolution que constitue un monde informatique sans fil et le paradoxe entre une démocratisation et une complexification de l’informatique. Dans un second temps, il s’efforce de dégager les grandes permanences de cet imaginaire informatique en montrant qu’il se cristallise autour des notions de capitalisme, de puissance, de violence et d’une étrange similitude entre magie et informatique. This paper aims to study how computer imaginary evolved from the end of the eighties until our days. To achieve this, we’ll scrutinize two famous cyberpunk pen and paper role playing game’s fictional worlds : Cyberpunk and Shadowrun. After a short description of those fictional worlds, we’ll study how computer imaginary evolved through the many editions of those RPG to emphasize two main ideas : the revolution of wireless hardware and the paradoxical democratization and complexity of computers. After which, we’ll show the permanence and consistency of some notions and representations : how computers are linked to capitalism and the idea of power or violence, and how computers are often related to the idea of magic.

TEC - Travaux en Cours; International audience; Multi-display environments (MDE) are becoming more and more common in public areas. They are mainly used to display information due to the limited interaction possibilities they offer. In this paper, we study how using everyday objects, available on or around users, could improve interaction with public multi-display environments. To this end, we conducted a study, in the form of a creativity session, to understand how participants would use everyday objects, to realize the most usual tasks in public MDEs. The results of this study are presented and discussed in this paper.; Les environnements multi-écrans (EME) se multiplient dans les lieux publics. Les possibilités d’interaction qu’ils offrent étant limitées, ils sont principalement utilisés pour afficher de l’information. Dans cet article, nous étudions comment les objets du quotidien, disponibles sur ou autour des utilisateurs, pourraient porter l’interaction avec les environnements multi-écrans publics. Cette approche fait émerger des solutions pour des interactions rapides, opportunistes et naturelles, ce qui répond aux besoins liés à ce type d’environnements (publics et peu sécurisés). Nous avons réalisé une séance de créativité à laquelle ont participé 8 personnes. Le but de cette séance était d’étudier la manière avec laquelle les participants exploiteraient différentes catégories d'objets du quotidien pour réaliser plusieurs tâches d’interaction avec des EME.

International audience; This paper introduces the Halphen distribution family for modeling travel time distributions and their reliability on single road links. This probability family originally used in hydrology has a set of relevant characteristics. It is composed of three probability distribution functions for which the mathematical properties are described here. The paper uses a graphical representation, the δ-Moment Ratio Diagram (δ-MRD). This tool allows characterizing travel time reliability as well as selecting best distribution candidates within the fitting processes, by considering empirical data sets. A systematic methodology is developed to take advantage of both aspects. From maximum log-likelihood estimation it is shown that Halphen distributions are amongst the best state-of-the-art solutions for the travel time modeling purpose. This global framework is validated using two empirical data sets: an urban data set gathered in Portland, Oregon (USA) and a periurban data set from Lyon (France). The model calibration is eased through the use of the δ-MRD; this property opens new research directions about the mapping between traffic states and statistical modeling. It comes out from all these considerations that the Halphen family is suitable to describe accurately the travel time dynamics on single links. Therefore it could be part of a decision support system for practitioners interested in travel time variability.

This paper gives some references used in computer science teachers professional development in France. In conclusion, it made proposals for research and the continuing education of teachers., À partir de l’expérience de l’auteur en formation d’enseignants d’informatique, cette rubrique propose un parcours subjectif parmi les travaux pouvant être référencés et utilisés en didactique de l’informatique pour répondre aux questions professionnelles des enseignants d’informatique au lycée en France. En conclusion des pistes pour la recherche et la formation continue des enseignants sont esquissées., Declercq Christophe. Didactique de l’informatique : une formation nécessaire. In: Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication pour l'Éducation et la Formation, volume 28 n°3, 2021. Numéro spécial. Technologies pour l'apprentissage de l'informatique de la maternelle à l'Université. pp. 233-249.

International audience; In the absence of a music score, tempo can only be defined by its perception by users. Thus recent studies have focused on the estimation of perceptual tempo defined by listening experiments. So far, algorithms have only been proposed to estimate the tempo when people agree on it. In this paper, we study the case when people disagree on the perception of tempo and propose an algorithm to predict this disagreement. For this, we hypothesize that the perception of tempo is correlated to a set of variations of various viewpoints on the audio content: energy, harmony, spectral-balance variations and short-term-similarity-rate. We suppose that when those variations are coherent, a shared perception of tempo is favoured and when they are not, people may perceive different tempi. We then propose several statistical models to predict the agreement or disagreement in the perception of tempo from these audio features. Finally, we evaluate the models using a test-set resulting from the perceptual experiment performed at Last-FM in 2011.

This paper proposes an instrumental variable approach for continuous-time system identification using fractional models with multiple input single output context. This work is an extension of the simplified refined instrumental variable approach (srivcf ) developed for single input-single output fractional model identification (Malti et al. (2008a); Victor et al. (2013)) to the multiple input-single output case. Monte Carlo simulation analysis is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. A study is then provided to motivate differentiation order estimation, and more specifically, commensurate order estimation.

This paper puts forward a new methodology to characterize and compare the examination practice of patent offices. The methodology codifies public information into a typology of chronological key ex...

Assessing the harmfulness of defects based on images is becoming more and more common in industry. Today these defects can be insert in digital twins that aim to replicated in a mechanical model what is observed on a component. We propose a methodology for defect classification and defect labeling in view of fast prediction of their harmfulness by using hyper-reduced order models. Mechanical models studied here are non parametric. This problematic issue is circumvent by introducing a classification of defect. Then, a local hyper-reduced order model is defined in each class of defect. The proposed methodology for the classification, consists in seeing each defect by its mechanical effects more than by its morphology. Each defect is encoded as a point on a Grassmann manifold. This data encoding uses a projection-based hyper-reduction. We restrict our attention to a mechanical modeling of elastic stresses around defects. We show that the hyper-reduced equations are similar to an oblique projection of the finite element prediction. Hence we obtain an upper bound of the approximation error for displacement that depends on a Chordal distance between points on a Grassmann manifold. From the available data set of defects, we have observed that the Grassmann distance is magnifying the Chordal distance between defects. A k-medoids algorithm is used in order to create clusters of defects from a matrix of Grassmann distance between defects. A simulation-based labeling of defect is proposed. This labeling procedure relies on hyper-reduction and a related error indicator. This error indicator measures the discrepancy between the stresses predicted via hyper-reduction and equilibrated stresses. In spite of the large variety of defects in the data set, we show accurate predictions of stresses for most of defects in the test set, while training the clustering and the hyper-reduced order model on a different training set. These accurate results are obtained by combining two contributions for a reduced basis for displacements : macroscopic modes related to a defect-free mechanical problem and elastic fluctuation modes specific to each class of defect. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the compromise to be made between the accuracy of the numerical approximations and the memory space required to save the reduced bases., L’évaluation de la nocivité des défauts à partir d’images est de plus en plus courante dans l’industrie. Aujourd’hui, ces défauts peuvent être insérés dans des jumeaux numériques qui visent à reproduire dans un modèle mécanique ce qui est observé sur un objet. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour la classification et l’étiquetage des défauts en vue de prédire rapidement leur nocivité en utilisant des modèles d’ordre hyperréduits. Les modèles mécaniques étudiés sont non paramétriques. Cette difficulté est contournée par l’introduction d’une classification des défauts. Ensuite, un modèle d’ordre hyperréduit local est défini dans chaque classe de défaut. La méthodologie proposée pour la classification, consiste à voir chaque défaut par ses effets mécaniques plus que par sa morphologie. Chaque défaut est encodé comme un point dans une variété de Grassmann. Ce codage des données utilise un modèle d’ordre réduit par projection. Nous nous limitons notre attention à une modélisation mécanique des contraintes élastiques autour des défauts. Nous montrons qu’une limite supérieure de l’erreur d’approximation pour le déplacement, dépend de la distance Chordal entre les points d’une variété de Grassmann, si une projection de Galerkin est effectuée pour la réduction du modèle. A partir de l’ensemble des données disponibles sur les défauts, nous avons observé que la distance de Grassmann amplifie la distance Chordal entre les défauts. Un algorithme de k-médoïdes est utilisé pour créer des groupes de défauts à partir d’une matrice de la distance de Grassmann entre les défauts. Un étiquetage des défauts basé sur la simulation est proposé. Cette procédure d’étiquetage repose sur l’hyper-réduction et un indicateur d’erreur associé. Cet indicateur d’erreur mesure l’écart entre les contraintes prédites par hyper-réduction et des contraintes équilibrées. Malgré la grande variété de défauts dans l’ensemble de données, nous montrons des prédictions précises des contraintes pour la plupart des défauts dans l’ensemble de test, tout en entraînant la classification et l’hyper-réduction sur un ensemble d’entraînement différent. Ces résultats précis sont obtenus en combinant deux contributions dans une base réduite pour les déplacements : des modes macroscopiques liés à un problème mécanique sans défaut et des modes de fluctuation élastique spécifiques à chaque classe de défaut. Dans cet article, nous accordons une attention particulière au compromis à faire entre la précision des approximations numériques et l’espace mémoire nécessaire pour enregistrer les bases réduites.

In free navigation applications, any viewpoint to a three-dimensional scene can be synthesized through Depth Image-Based Rendering (DIBR). In this paper we show that XSlit cameras achieve up to 3 dB PSNR gain over conventional pinhole camera arrays when synthesizing virtual views to the scene with DIBR for small camera displacements. XSlit cameras are a type of general linear cameras where the light rays pass through two non-intersecting slits instead of a single point (the optical center of conventional cameras), resulting in a different epipolar geometry and projection equations. Instead of synthesizing virtual views with DIBR from a set of conventional pinhole cameras, e.g. a stereo camera pair, a single XSlit camera exploits the distance between its slits and their relative rotation to obtain disparity, out of which DIBR virtual views can be synthesized. We first present a theoretical study to present the parameters of XSlit cameras, different from pinhole cameras, at the same time making sure that the XSlit camera is physically implementable. We then validate the study with DIBR achieved on synthetic content using perfect depth maps obtained from an in-house modified version of Blender's engine Cycles to simulate XSlit cameras. The virtual view synthesis uses an adapted version of the Reference View Synthesis software used in MPEG, the worldwide standardization committee for media compression. Our experiments show that for the same overall space covered by the studied camera architectures, XSlit cameras often obtain better DIBR view synthesis results, with up to 3 dB PSNR gain., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

À partir de la référence aux personnages des Démons de Dostoïevski mentionnés dans Le Jardin des Plantes, Kirilov et Chatov, l’article porte sur la place des Russes et de la Russie dans l’œuvre de Claude Simon. Si la critique politique de l’Union soviétique est aussi virulente dans Le Jardin des Plantes que dans L’Invitation et dans L’Acacia, la réflexion sur Dostoïevski montre l’importance persistante du romancier russe pour Simon. Based on references in Le Jardin des Plantes to Kirilov and Chatov, characters in The Possessed by Dostoievsky, this paper tackles the status of Russian people and Russia in Claude Simon’s work. Although the political criticism of the Soviet Union is as harsh in Le Jardin des Plantes as in L’Invitation and L’Acacia, Simon’s thought concerning Dostoievsky shows the on-going importance of the Russian novelist to him.

The placement of Virtual Network Function - Forwarding Graphs (VNF-FGs) is one of the basic operations in the networks of the future. Being NP-hard, several heuristics and metaheuristics have been proposed. However, these approaches are inefficient due to the need to recalculate the solution at each service placement. In this paper, we adapt one of the most advanced approaches in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), in order to improve exploration by generalizing the neural network calculating action values. We also propose an evolutionary algorithm to evolve these neural networks in order to discover better ones, which also avoids getting stuck in local minima. In order to avoid going through the almost innumerable number of infeasible solutions, we propose a heuristic, which combined with our DRL, makes it possible to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions and therefore to make the placement much more efficient. The simulation results we obtained confirm the quality of the solutions obtained as well as the superiority of the proposed solution over the existing one.

This paper presents a collection of frameworks aiming at mapping land cover, land use and estimate population densities from very-high resolution images and relying on open-source software. Using height information and landscape metrics, slums location and extent can be accurately extracted from the rest of the city. Moreover, the processing chain developed can deal with large amount of data and produce useful pieces of geographical information citywide. All the results, methods and computer code are available in open-access for anyone and any purpose., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how to model moral sensitivity and emotions in organizational setting by using the SocLab formal framework. SocLab is a platform for the modelling, simulation and analysis of cooperation relationships within social organizations – and more generally Systems of Organized Action. Design/methodology/approach – Simulation results, including an interesting tendency for a Free Rider model, will be given. Considering that actors’ decision-making processes are not just driven by instrumental interest, the SocLab learning simulation algorithm has been extended to represent moral sensitivity, making actors trying to prevent bad emotions and feel good ones. Findings – Some simulation results about actors’ collaboration and emotions in a Free Rider model were presented. A noteworthy tendency is that actors’ unconditional collaboration, which occurs when their moral sensitivity reaches its highest value, is not so good since it exempts other actors from collaboration (they take advantage from the unconditional collaboration), while values of moral sensitivity somewhat below the highest value (between 0.7 and 0.9) still induces collaboration from others. Originality/value – The research and results presented in this paper have not been presented in other papers or workshops. The presented quantitative definition of emotions (determining indexes of emotions) is different to previous approaches – for instance, to Ortony, Clore and Collins (OCC) qualitative descriptions and to logical descriptions. Similarly, simulation of morality in organizations is a new research field, which has received scarce attention up to now.

Given the evolution of wireless technologies, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) have appeared as an emerging low-cost solution to ensure last-mile connectivity to the Internet network. However, providing real-time and streaming applications, such as VoIP (Voice over IP) and VoD (Video on Demand), with a satisfying QoS level is considered as an important challenge within these networks. In this paper, we propose a QoS based routing protocol, called Hybrid QoS Mesh Routing (HQMR), jointly with a clustering algorithm to improve the scalability of mesh networks. HQMR is composed of two routing sub- protocols: a reactive QoS based routing protocol for intra-mesh infrastructure communications and a proactive QoS based multi- tree routing protocol for communications with external networks. We analyze in this paper the simulation results of different scenarios conducted on the network simulator ns-3 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the reactive routing sub-protocol while forwarding real-time applications with a QoS guarantee.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

This paper examines the semantics of AT in English, with a view to accounting for the way prepositional constructions are learned in a usage-based approach to language.Prepositions in their primary uses are shown to be both case and theta-role assigners, whose distribution in language use is semantically determined by their core value. The latter is established through the analogical processes which control the development of variables in the corresponding prepositional constructions.It is argued that AT has two main uses : an autonomous use in which the PP denotes a spatial or temporal adimensional landmark (there/then) and a dependent one in which the PP becomes part of a construction headed by a governing element, verb, adjective or noun (at + pronoun). AT PPs can instantiate three argument positions, Trigger, Target and Domain, depending on the governing element.The paper also discusses two values which are commonly associated with AT in governed PPs, namely aggressiveness and incompleteness, to show that neither can be considered as part of the core meaning of the preposition.

Our research is embedded in the framework of the development of free-hand drawing-based computer assisted architectural design environment. In this paper, we study the activity of drawings duplication, observed during the paper changes in the phase of preliminary sketching. We aim at identifying the impacts of two digital sketches environments, with or without drawings interpretation, on this activity and on the graphical productions. We observe six activities, two with paper-pencil and four distributed on our two prototypes, and draw some operational conclusions for the development of software designed to support the architectural sketches in the preliminary design stage.

Within the last two decades, text messaging by means of SMS has become a central tool of communication around the globe. The use of more than one language for composing a message is wide spread, but, to this day, is relatively underrepresented in research. This paper presents an analysis of the plurilingual nature of SMS communication in Switzerland with the limelight on the forms and functions of code-switching within a set of 345 messages, base language of which is French. Results show that SMS users regularly exhibit code-switching even if they are not members of a bilingual speech community. Code-switching most frequently consists of inserts, i.e. embeddings of single items or combinations of items within a message composed in another language, and this typically involves (only) a limited range of routinized expressions. While English is the most frequently used language for code-switching, German, Swiss German, Spanish and Italian are also recurrent, the latter two being particularly associated with terms of endearment. Code-switching regularly highlights the expression of actions that have a strong interpersonal (phatic) focus, such as greetings, good-byes or thanks. It elucidates the expressive character of the messages, and is also associated with the expression of affection. The specificity of the plurilingual SMS repertoire is discussed in the paper's conclusion.

The interest on the use of renewable energy resources is increasing, especially wind and hydro powers. To this aim, fuzzy control techniques represent viable strategies that can be employed for this purpose, thanks to the features of these nonlinear dynamic processes working over a wide range of operating conditions, driven by stochastic inputs, excitations and disturbances. Based on past investigations carried out by the authors about the control of wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants, this paper provides some guidelines on the design and application of the control strategies suitable to these energy conversion systems. The working conditions of these energy conversion systems are also taken into account to highlight the reliability and robustness characteristics of the developed control strategies.

Renewable resources like fish stock or forests should be exploited at a rate that supports regeneration and sustainability—a complex problem that requires adaptive approaches to maintain a sufficiently high exploitation while avoiding depletion. In the presence of oblivious agents that cannot keep track of all available resources—a frequent condition in swarm robotics—ensuring that the exploitation effort is correctly balanced is particularly challenging. Additionally, the possibility to exploit resources by multiple robots opens the way to focusing the effort either on a single or on multiple resources in parallel. This means that the swarm needs to collectively decide whether to remain cohesive or split among multiple resources, as a function of the ability of the available resources to replenish after exploitation. In this paper, we propose a decentralised strategy for a swarm of robots that adapts to the available resources and balances the effort among them, hence allowing to maximise the exploitation rate while avoiding to completely deplete the resources. A detailed analysis of the strategy parameters provides insights into the working principles and expected performance of the robot swarm., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; This paper aims at better understanding the transition from menus to shortcuts. We first discuss the limitations and the opportunities of the theoretical and empirical characterizations of this transition. We then consider keyboard shortcuts as a case study and manually annotate empirical data to estimate several behavioral markers such as the initial switch, the transition duration or the performance dip. These markers serve to precisely characterize and compare three interaction techniques. Finally, we compare two methods to automatically characterize the transition from menus to shortcuts.; Ce papier vise à mieux comprendre la transition des menus vers les raccourcis. Nous discutons d’abord les limitations et les opportuni- tés des caractérisations, théoriques et empiriques, de cette transition. Nous considérons ensuite les raccourcis claviers comme cas d’étude où nous annotons manuellement une collection de données pour estimer des marqueurs comportementaux comme le début de la transition, sa durée ou la chute de performance. Ceci permet de caractériser finement la transition de trois techniques d’interac- tion. Finalement, nous comparons deux méthodes pour caractériser automatiquement la transition des menus vers les raccourcis.

International audience; To execute a command, a user can make a selection in a menu using pointing actions, or, for example, use shortcuts such as gestures. To go faster, she can learn the positions to point or gestures to perform. In this paper, we present a study comparing learning of positions or directions to select commands. The results obtained reveal similar recall rates, with a slight advantage for positions. The qualitative results suggest an advantage of positions over directions for physical and mental demands. Finally, the study of memorization strategies developed by the subjects provides mnemonic methods that can be useful for designers and users.; Pour exécuter une commande, l’utilisateur peut effectuer une sélection dans un menu à l’aide d’actions de pointage, ou bien, par exemple, utiliser des raccourcis tels que des gestes. Pour aller plus vite, il peut apprendre les positions à pointer ou les gestes à exécuter. Nous présentons dans cet article une étude comparant l’apprentissage de positions et de directions pour sélectionner des commandes. Les résultats obtenus révèlent des taux de rappel sim- ilaires, avec un léger avantage pour les positions. Les résultats qualitatifs suggèrent un avantage des positions sur les gestes en ce qui concerne l’effort physique et cognitif. Finalement, l’étude des stratégies de mémorisation élaborées par les sujets fournit des méthodes mnémoniques pouvant être utiles aux designers et aux utilisateurs.

National audience; This paper introduces a new GUI framework based on the Entity- Component-System model (ECS), where interactive elements (Entities) can acquire any data (Components). Behaviors are managed by continuously running processes (Systems) which select entities by the components they possess. This model facilitates the handling and reuse of behaviors. It allows to define the interaction modalities of an application globally, by formulating them as a set of Systems. We present Polyphony, an experimental toolkit implementing this approach, detail our interpretation of the ECS model in the context of GUIs, and demonstrate its use with a sample application.; Cet article présente un nouveau cadre de conception d’IHM basé sur le modèle Entité-Composant-Système (ECS). Dans ce modèle, les éléments interactifs (Entités) acquièrent librement des données (Composants). Les comportements sont régis par des processus communs s’exécutant continuellement (Systèmes), qui sélection- nent les entités par les composants qu’elles possèdent. Ce modèle favorise la manipulation et la réutilisation des comportements. Il permet de définir globalement les modalités d’interaction d’une application, en les formulant par un ensemble de systèmes. Nous présentons Polyphony, une boîte à outils expérimentale implémen- tant cette approche, détaillons notre interprétation du modèle ECS en contexte IHM, et l’illustrons avec un exemple d’application.

International audience; Decreasing electricity consumption is a major challenge of our society. Eco-feedback methods allow users to get information about their electricity consumption to reduce it. However it is still difficult to determine what are the actions that impact the consumption in practice. In this paper we suggest to apply a What if approach to eco-feedback in a household context. We deploy the Activelec system in personal housings, which allows to apply virtual modifications in appliances usage and to evaluate the savings realized. The results of our experimentation show that participants appreciated the interaction method based on the What if. It allowed them to find and to evaluate efficient modifications in their appliances usage, and several have been applied in practice by the participants. This experimentation shows that the What if paradigm is a potential way for eco-feedback technologies.; Réduire la consommation d’électricité est un enjeu majeur de notre société. Les méthodes eco-feedback permettent aux utilisateurs d’obtenir un retour sur leur consommation d’électricité afin de la diminuer. Toutefois, il est toujours difficile de déterminer concrètement quelles actions impactent la consommation. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’appliquer une méthode What if à l’eco-feedback en contexte domestique. Nous déployons le système Activelec dans des logements personnels, qui permet d’appliquer des changements virtuels dans l’utilisation des appareils et d’évaluer les économies réalisées. Les résultats de notre expérimentation montrent que les participants ont apprécié la méthode d’interaction basée sur le What if. Celle-ci leur a permis de trouver et d’évaluer des modifications efficaces dans l’utilisation de leurs appareils, et certaines ont été appliquées en pratique par les participants. Cette expérimentation montre que le paradigme What if est une piste potentielle pour les technologies eco-feedback.

National audience; Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) are systems that allow multiple participants located remotely to collaborate in a shared virtual space. In order to take advantage of the possibilities offered by such systems, their design must allow users to interact and communicate effectively. One of the open questions in this area concerns the fidelity of the remote partner’s avatar. This can indeed have a direct effect on communication between remote users, more particularly regarding spatial interactions. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to analyze the fidelity of the remote partner’s avatar in CVE. We also present an ongoing study to compare the effects of two partner’s avatar types on spatial communication. This will permit extracting guidelines for designing CVEs including pointing and spatial guidance tasks.; Les environnements virtuels collaboratifs (EVC) permettent à plusieurs utilisateurs distants de collaborer dans un espace virtuel partagé. Pour tirer parti des possibilités offertes par les EVC, leur conception doit permettre aux utilisateurs d’interagir et de communiquer efficacement. Une des questions ouvertes dans ce domaine concerne la fidélité de l’avatar du partenaire distant. En effet, celle-ci peut avoir une influence directe sur la communication entres utilisateurs distants et plus particulièrement sur leurs interactions spatiales. Dans ce papier, nous présentons un cadre théorique pour analyser la fidélité de l’avatar du partenaire dans un EVC. Nous présentons également une étude expérimentale en cours pour étudier les effets de deux types d’avatars du partenaire sur la communication spatiale dans un EVC. Cette recherche permettra d’extraire des lignes directrices pour la conception des EVC supportant des tâches de pointage et de guidage spatial.

International audience; Belief propagation and variants are the usual decoding algorithms for low density parity check codes. In this paper, successive overrelaxations are applied to increase convergence speed of the decoding process. Performances are reported and improvements over reference algorithms are observed. This technique is also compatible with high speed parallel group decoding involved in modern standards like DVB-S2.

This paper investigates the automatic monitoring of tool usage during a surgery, with potential applications in report generation, surgical training and real-time decision support. Two surgeries are considered: cataract surgery, the most common surgical procedure, and cholecystectomy, one of the most common digestive surgeries. Tool usage is monitored in videos recorded either through a microscope (cataract surgery) or an endoscope (cholecystectomy). Following state-of-the-art video analysis solutions, each frame of the video is analyzed by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) whose outputs are fed to recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in order to take temporal relationships between events into account. Novelty lies in the way those CNNs and RNNs are trained. Computational complexity prevents the end-to-end training of "CNN+RNN" systems. Therefore, CNNs are usually trained first, independently from the RNNs. This approach is clearly suboptimal for surgical tool analysis: many tools are very similar to one another, but they can generally be differentiated based on past events. CNNs should be trained to extract the most useful visual features in combination with the temporal context. A novel boosting strategy is proposed to achieve this goal: the CNN and RNN parts of the system are simultaneously enriched by progressively adding weak classifiers (either CNNs or RNNs) trained to improve the overall classification accuracy. Experiments were performed in a dataset of 50 cataract surgery videos and a dataset of 80 cholecystectomy videos. Very good classification performance are achieved in both datasets: tool usage could be labeled with an average area under the ROC curve of $A_z = 0.9961$ and $A_z = 0.9939$, respectively, in offline mode (using past, present and future information), and $A_z = 0.9957$ and $A_z = 0.9936$, respectively, in online mode (using past and present information only)., Accepted for publication in Medical Image Analysis

International audience; This paper proposes a new construction of rate-adaptive coding schemes based on Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes for Slepian Wolf source coding. Unlike standard rate-adaptive source coding schemes, the code construction we propose is based on finite-length code design tools that permit to greatly improve the decoding performance at short to moderate length. In particular, our method permits to limit the number of short cycles in the codes at all rates of interest, and to avoid eliminating some source bits from the code constraints. The proposed method shows a performance improvement of up to an order of magnitude at almost all the considered rates compared to the standard LDPCA construction.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the challenge of designing an interface for a virtual class, where being represented together contributes to the learning process. It explores the possibility of virtual empathy.Design/methodology/approachThe challenges are: How can this feeling of empathy be recreated through a delicate staging of location and interactions? How can the feeling of togetherness be organized in a 3D environment without creating a feeling of distraction? What are the tools of empathy in a mediated situation? The authors propose to use the concept of “contradictory semiotic analysis” to describe the design process that taps into visual cultures to build a representation and tools that support users' empathetic interactions. The analysis of designers' work from a semiotic point of view shows that they do not necessarily paint after life but play with different media and representations to build “remediated” situations of use.FindingsThe paper introduces the concept of “control room” elaborated after Manovich's control panel, to describe the visual interface that supports a diversity of points of view, hence supporting mediated empathetic relationships.Originality/valueThe paper answers the design questions: how can the system of representation support the feeling of empathy amongst participants through a delicate staging of space, people and of interactions within this space? How can a participant get, first, a feeling of togetherness and, second, a feeling of empathy with other participants? The design methodology is explained based on a “contradictory semiotic analysis” made of the comparison with similar platforms and with other modalities of empathy in different media. Second, the design proposition is described. Third, the design challenges that this type of production entails are discussed and the difficulties faced during the design process are analyzed.

International audience; Given the maturity of Internet standards, inter-organizational workflow is expected to be deployed in environments that are more dynamic and open than before. This paper addresses Inter Organizational Workflow (IOW) coordination in such a context, mainly investigating autonomic coordination managed at run-time. It is based on the idea that an agent-based approach is suitable to deal with this issue. More precisely, this paper introduces a framework for dynamic IOW in which involved processes are encapsulated into agents, called Process Agents (PA) in order to give them the capability to autonomously decide with whom, when and how to cooperate, and in which involved processes can access protocol components for their coordination needs. Our approach is based on the capability of PAs in playing different coordination protocols in order to take part in new business opportunities. This solution has numerous advantages. First, it provides extendable and reusable coordination components. Then, it supports run-time protocol integration. Finally, it eases openness since it imposes very few constraints.

International audience; Create an electronic dictionary from scratch is an expensive job because this task mobilizes over a long period, the work of skilled contributors, if not in lexicology, at least in linguistics. The use of specialized computer tools is essential for resources used by programs in natural language processing. When the socio-economic environment does not gather the necessary resources to the drafting of an electronic dictionary and printed dictionaries exist, these dictionaries are an important resource that can be used to initialize the creation of electronic lexical resources. This paper presents theoretical and practical aspects concerning the conversion of publishing dictionaries to electronic lexical resources. It takes into account the issue of limited economic resources, technology and the availability of qualified persons. Our field experiments concerns under-resourced languages mainly in Southeast Asia (Khmer, Malay, Vietnamese) and the Sahel (Bambara, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamajaq, Zarma), as most of the examples and socio-linguistic situations described in the paper relate to these areas. After a brief history devoted to the formats of electronic dictionaries (SGML, XML, XSLT and CSS), we present two standards that are dedicated to them (Text Encoding Initiative and Lexical Markup Framework). The issue of under-resourced languages is exposed and is followed by some examples concerning published dictionaries. The main technical challenges are detailed like the lack of standardization of the alphabets used and special characters (outside the traditional latin range). The conversion methodology is outlined and then detailed. The conversion to a bridge format in XML can be done by regular expressions or using specialized tools. Then, the bridge format is converted into the target format in LMF. The last part is dedicated to the consultation of resources through an online platform resource management.

National audience; In real world scenarios, the formation of consensus is an self-organisation process by which actors have to make a joint assessment about a target subject being it a decision making problem or the formation of a collective opinion. In social simulation, models of opinion dynamics tackle the opinion formation phenomena. These models try to make an assessment, for instance, of the ideal conditions that lead an interacting group of agents to opinion consensus, polarisation or fragmentation. In this paper, we investigate the role of social relation structure in opinion dynamics using an interaction model of relative agreement. We present an agent-based model that defines social relations as multiple concomitant social networks and apply our model to an opinion dynamics model with bounded confidence. We discuss the influence of complex social network topologies where actors interact in multiple relations simultaneously. The paper builds on previous work about social space design with multiple contexts and context switching, to determine the influence of such complex social structures in a process such as opinion formation.

International audience; This paper presents some tests of adaptivity for the AS4DR (Adaptive Scheduling for Distributed Resources) scheduler. The objective of AS4DR is to maximize the CPU use efficiency when executing divisible load applications on heterogeneous distributed memory platforms. Furthermore, this scheduler can operate when the total workload is unknown and when the execution parameters (available communication speed, available computing speed, etc.) are unspecified or may vary through time.The paper analyzes results obtained when simulating AS4DR scheduling on platforms characterized by such type of execution parameters.