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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in the elderly. The treatment of this condition is based on anticoagulation to prevent stroke and systemic arterial embolism. Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have long been the only anticoagulants available for the management of AF. Administration is complex and is one of the main causes of iatrogenic disease in the elderly. In the past 10 years, direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have emerged, and large randomised trials (RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, ARISTOTLE, ENGAGE-AF) have demonstrated their superiority over VKAs in the management of AF. These trials were conducted on large numbers of patients (n=71,683), including 27,500 patients aged ≥75 years and nearly 8,000 subjects aged >80 years. Results from 11 recent meta-analyses of randomised trials and observational real-world studies of 660,896 elderly patients indicate that DOACs are more effective than VKA-based prophylaxis in preventing stroke (with a reduction in risk ranging from 13% to 26%), and carry a lower risk of cerebral haemorrhaging (50% reduction in risk). The risk of major haemorrhaging appears to be similar to, or lower than that with DOACs relative to VKAs (depending on the dosage, renal function, haemorrhagic site or type of DOAC). Moreover, improved outcomes with DOACs over VKA therapy have been demonstrated based on subgroup analyses in subjects aged over 75, in patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance: 30-50 mL/min) and in those with a history of falls. Analyses indicate that DOACs are a better choice than VKAs in the elderly because elderly patients are at greatest risk of stroke and cerebral haemorrhaging. In summary, DOACs have a better efficacy/tolerance profile than VKAs, which justifies their first-line use in subjects over 75 years of age.

Asthma often starts before six years of age. However, there remains uncertainty as to when and how a preschool-age child with symptoms suggestive of asthma can be diagnosed with this condition. This delays treatment and contributes to both short- and long-term morbidity. Members of the Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma Clinical Assembly partnered with the Canadian Paediatric Society to develop a joint working group with the mandate to develop a position paper on the diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers. In the absence of lung function tests, the diagnosis of asthma should be considered in children one to five years of age with frequent (≥8 days/month) asthma-like symptoms or recurrent (≥2) exacerbations (episodes with asthma-like signs). The diagnosis requires the objective document of signs or convincing parent-reported symptoms of airflow obstruction (improvement in these signs or symptoms with asthma therapy), and no clinical suspicion of an alternative diagnosis. The characteristic feature of airflow obstruction is wheezing, commonly accompanied by difficulty breathing and cough. Reversibility with asthma medications is defined as direct observation of improvement with short-acting ß2-agonists (SABA) (with or without oral corticosteroids) by a trained health care practitioner during an acute exacerbation (preferred method). However, in children with no wheezing (or other signs of airflow obstruction) on presentation, reversibility may be determined by convincing parental report of a symptomatic response to a three-month therapeutic trial of a medium dose of inhaled corticosteroids with as-needed SABA (alternative method), or as-needed SABA alone (weaker alternative method). The authors provide key messages regarding in whom to consider the diagnosis, terms to be abandoned, when to refer to an asthma specialist and the initial management strategy. Finally, dissemination plans and priority areas for research are identified.L’asthme fait souvent son apparition avant l’âge de six ans. Cependant, il subsiste des incertitudes relativement à quand et comment un enfant d’âge préscolaire ayant des symptômes de type asthmatique peut être diagnostiqué avec cette condition. Ceci retarde le traitement et contribue à la morbidité à court et à long terme. L’Assemblée clinique sur l’asthme de la Société canadienne de thoracologie s’est associée à la Société canadienne de pédiatrie pour créer un groupe de travail conjoint afin de préparer un document de principes sur le diagnostic et la prise en charge de l’asthme chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire. En l’absence de mesures de la fonction pulmonaire, le diagnostic d’asthme devrait être envisagé chez les enfants de un à cinq ans ayant des symptômes de type asthmatique fréquents (≥8 jours/mois) ou des exacerbations récurrentes (≥2) (épisodes accompagnés de signes compatibles). Le diagnostic nécessite une documentation objective des signes cliniques ou un compte rendu parental convaincant de symptômes d’obstruction des voies respiratoires et de réversibilité de l’ obstruction (amélioration suite à un traitement pour l’asthme), ainsi que l’absence de suspicion clinique de tout autre diagnostic. La respiration sifflante, souvent accompagnée de difficultés respiratoires et de toux, est le signe cardinal de l’obstruction des voies respiratoires. La réversibilité à la suite de la prise de médicaments pour l’asthme se définie par l’observation directe par un professionnel de la santé compétent, d’une amélioration après l’administration de ß

National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

Hermann Schmitz, the author of the text that is presented here in translation, can be regarded as a founding father of research on atmosphere for the German-speaking world. He is however not a founder in the sense of having intentionally laid a foundation stone for a field of research, by publishing a monograph or important essay on the subject of atmospheres, which was subsequently developed and became more differentiated. Rather, his first use of the concept of atmospheres was in a subordin...

Frailty in the older population is a clinical syndrome which evaluate a risk level. The Frailty syndrome defines a reduction of the adaptation capacity to a stress. It can be modulated by physical, psychological and social factors. The screening of the frailty syndrome is relevant for older people without disability for basic activities of daily living. The clinical criteria of frailty must be predictive of the risk of functional decline and adverse outcomes, consensual at the international level, and easy to perform in primary care as well as in the clinical researches.

Biochemical diagnosis of hereditary metabolic diseases requires the detection and simultaneous identification of a large number of compounds, hence the interest in metabolic profiles. Acylcarnitine profile allows the identification and quantification of more than thirty compounds. As part of the accreditation process for medical biology examinations according to standard NF EN ISO 15189, the group from SFEIM recommends an approach to accredit acylcarnitine profile. Validation parameters and recommendations are discussed in this specific framework.

La biomasse est une source d’énergie renouvelable qui peut contribuer de manière significative à la réduction de la consommation de combustibles fossiles. L’utilisation de déchets agricoles ou agro-industriels tels que les grignons d’olives est particulièrement pertinente. La gazéification est une technique prometteuse de valorisation énergétique des déchets pour ce type de résidus lignocellulosiques. La technologie est cependant adaptée à un panel relativement limité de combustibles solides ayant des spécifications définies, qui doivent donc être caractérisées correctement. Le but de cette étude était d’analyser et de comparer des grignons d’olives de 3 origines différentes par des techniques complémentaires telles que la spectroscopie infrarouge à transformer de Fourier, la thermogravimétrie couplée à l’analyse calorimétrique différentielle et la pyrolyse suivie d’une chromatographie en phase gazeuse / spectrométrie de masse (Py-CG/SM). Les résultats soulignent la nature complexe des grignons qui sont principalement organiques. En plus des principaux composés organiques (cellulose, hémicelluloses et lignine), la présence de plusieurs constituants organiques mineurs a été montrée. La Py-CG/SM a montré que le gaz produit par pyrolyse contient plusieurs produits de dégradation de la matière lignocellulosique et de l’huile d’olive. L’influence du procédé d’extraction de l’huile d’olive (à deux phases ou à trois phases) a également été mise en évidence. La dégradation thermochimique des grignons suit un mécanisme complexe mais la composition des grignons répond à la plupart des spécifications requises par la gazéification., Biomass is a renewable energy source that can make a significant contribution to reducing fossil fuels consumption. The use of agricultural or agro-industrial waste such as olive mill solid residues is particularly relevant. Gasification is a promising waste-to-energy technique for this type of lignocellulosic residues. The technology however is adapted to a relatively limited panel of solid waste fuels of defined specifications, which must therefore be characterized properly. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare olive mill solid residues from 3 different origins by complementary techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry coupled to differential scanning calorimetry and analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-CG/SM). The results underlined the complex nature of the residues, which are mainly organic. In addition to the major compounds (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin), the presence of several minor organic constituents was shown. Py-CG/SM showed that the gas produced by pyrolysis contains several degradation products of lignocellulosic material and olive oil. The influence of the olive oil extraction process (two-phase or three-phase) was also highlighted. The thermochemical degradation of olive mill residues follows a complex pathway but the composition of the residues meets most of the requirements parameters for gasification.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This position paper summarizes theoretical and practical aspects of the monitoring of artificial nutrition and metabolism in critically ill patients, thereby completing ESPEN guidelines on intensive care unit (ICU) nutrition. METHODS: Available literature and personal clinical experience on monitoring of nutrition and metabolism was systematically reviewed by the ESPEN group for ICU nutrition guidelines. RESULTS: We did not identify any studies comparing outcomes with monitoring versus not monitoring nutrition therapy. The potential for abnormal values to be associated with harm was clearly recognized. The necessity to create locally adapted standard operating procedures (SOPs) for follow up of enteral and parenteral nutrition is emphasised. Clinical observations, laboratory parameters (including blood glucose, electrolytes, triglycerides, liver tests), and monitoring of energy expenditure and body composition are addressed, focusing on prevention, and early detection of nutrition-related complications. CONCLUSION: Understanding and defining risks and developing local SOPs are critical to reduce specific risks. ispartof: CLINICAL NUTRITION vol:38 issue:2 pages:584-593 ispartof: location:England status: published

ObjectiveTo develop an index to assess the nutritional quality of household food purchases based on food expenditures only.DesignA database of monthly food purchases of a convenience sample of low-income households was used to develop the Healthy Purchase Index (HPI). The HPI is the sum of two sub-scores based on expenditure shares of food categories in total household food expenditure: the purchase diversity sub-score and the purchase quality sub-score. The first was adapted from an existing diversity score. The second integrated those food categories identified as the best predictors of the nutritional quality of purchases based on associations between expenditure shares of food categories and two nutritional quality indicators: the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and the mean excess ratio (MER). Correlation between the HPI and a score assessing adherence to French dietary guidelines (PNNS-GSmod) was performed as a first validation.Setting/ParticpantsFood purchases of 112 households from deprived neighbourhoods of Marseille (France), participating in the Opticourses and Jassur projects (2012–2015).ResultsThe purchase diversity sub-score reflects the presence in food purchases of five food categories: fruits, vegetables, starches, dairy products, and meat, fish & eggs. The purchase quality sub-score is based on expenditure shares for fruit & vegetables, added fats & seasonings, sweet snacks, cheese, sugary drinks, refined grains and fish, as these were identified as predictors of the nutritional quality of purchases. The HPI was positively associated with the PNNS-GSmod(rs=0·378;PConclusionsThe HPI helps assess the healthiness of household food purchases.

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a chaperone protein that has a high frequency in tumor cells. Normally it is found in the endoplasmic reticulum to assist in protein folding, but under cellular stress, GRP78 influences proliferative signaling pathways at the cell surface. The increased expression elicits autoantibody production, providing a biomarker of ovarian cancer, as well as other types of cancer. This study aims to determine the epitope recognition of GRP78 autoantibodies isolated from serum of ovarian cancer patients and use the identified antibodies to design new drug delivery systems to specifically target cancer cells. We first confirmed that the membrane GRP78 levels are increased in ovarian cancer cells and positively correlate with proliferation. However, the level of circulating GRP78 autoantibodies did not correlate with membrane GRP78 expression in ovarian cancer cells and was lower, although not significantly, compared to control patients. We then determined the epitope recognition of GRP78 autoantibodies and showed that treatment with paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles coated with anti-GRP78 antibodies significantly decreased tumor development in chick embryo culture of ovarian cancer cell tumors compared to paclitaxel treatment alone. This evidence suggests that nanoparticle drug delivery systems coupled with antibodies against GRP78 has potential as a powerful therapy against ovarian cancer.

Background: Web-based surveys have become a new and popular method for collecting data, but only a few studies have directly compared postal and Web-based surveys among physicians, and none to our knowledge among general practitioners (GPs). Objective: Our aim is to compare two modes of survey delivery (postal and Web-based) in terms of participation rates, response times, and completeness of questionnaires in a study assessing GPs’ preventive practices. Methods: This randomized study was conducted in Western Switzerland (Geneva and Vaud) and in France (Alsace and Pays de la Loire) in 2015. A random selection of community-based GPs (1000 GPs in Switzerland and 2400 GPs in France) were randomly allocated to receive a questionnaire about preventive care activities either by post (n=700 in Switzerland, n=400 in France) or by email (n=300 in Switzerland, n=2000 in France). Reminder messages were sent once in the postal group and twice in the Web-based group. Any GPs practicing only complementary and alternative medicine were excluded from the study. Results: Among the 3400 contacted GPs, 764 (22.47%, 95% CI 21.07%-23.87%) returned the questionnaire. Compared to the postal group, the participation rate in the Web-based group was more than four times lower (246/2300, 10.70% vs 518/1100, 47.09%, P

The competency-based approach “APC” is considered one of the most appropriate pedagogical approaches for effective learning. However, although it is increasingly recommended by the Moroccan educational system, we realize a reticence of its application. The purpose of this research is to approach the representation of teachers about the “APC” in order to assess the level of its implementation in the Moroccan educational system. Thus, we elaborated a questionnaire. The collection of information by means of this questionnaire was conducted among 300 secondary school teachers performing in the Regional Academy of Education and Training AREF Fes-Boulemane and the number of responses received is only 115. The data obtained show a significant rate of application of this approach in several educational institutions. The reasons for not adopting this approach by some teachers can be categorized into several ranks: working conditions, lack of training (initial and continuous), socio-cultural conditions. The success of education depends heavily on the development of human resources education and training, which begins with an advanced initial training in teachers training centers, continues through self-study and is followed by continuous training., L’approche par compétence « APC » est considérée comme l’une des approches pédagogiques les plus appropriées pour un apprentissage efficace. Cependant, bien qu’elle soit de plus en plus recommandée par le système éducatif marocain, on constate une réticence de son application. La finalité de ce travail est d’approcher les représentations des enseignants sur l’APC et cela afin d’apprécier leur degré d’implication dans sa mise en œuvre dans le système éducatif marocain. Ainsi, nous avons élaboré un questionnaire. La collecte d’informations, au moyen de ce questionnaire, a été faite auprès de 300 professeurs du cycle secondaire exerçant dans l’Académie Régionale d’Éducation et de Formation AREF Fès-Boulemane et le nombre des réponses reçu n’est que 115 seulement. Les données obtenues mettent en évidence un taux significatif d’application de cette approche dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement. Les causes présentées de la non adoption de cette approche par quelques enseignants peuvent être catégorisés en plusieurs rangs : les conditions de travail, le manque de formation (initiale ou continue), conditions socioculturelles. La réussite de l’enseignement dépend étroitement du développement des ressources humaines de l’éducation et de la formation, qui commence par un perfectionnement de la formation initiale dans des centres de formation des enseignants, continue par l’autoformation et se poursuit par les formations continues.

Improving school management has become a necessity in education systems, given the constraints of current changes. This is why the development of the role of the director is placed as a priority, and this is how we are currently focusing on his continuing education. We seek to ensure that this training contributes to involving the heads of educational establishments in the process of change, and to ensuring a real transition among these actors, so that they voluntarily and effectively engage in innovation in the management of their schools. Moroccan experience shows that following continuous reform processes, decision-makers have become aware of the need to move in a managerial direction, and to consider innovation in school management and the role of the director, as a point of departure to arrive at a performance of the system. Among the tools used to achieve these objectives, continuing education for managers came first. However, the study of the field shows that this training, as conceived and delivered, could not ensure the total commitment of the heads of the educational establishments in the introduction of the desired change., L'amélioration de la gestion scolaire est devenue une nécessité dans les systêmes éducatifs vue les contraintes des changements actuels, c'est pourquoi le développement du rôle du directeur est placé en priorité et c'est ainsi qu'on mise actuellement sur la formation continue de ce dernier. On cherche à ce que cette formation contribue à impliquer les chefs des établissements scolaires dans le processus de changement et à assurer une transition réelle chez ces acteurs pour qu'ils s'engagent volontairement et effectivement dans l'innovation de la gestion de leurs écoles. L'expérience Marocaine montre que suite à des processus continus de réforme, les décideurs sont devenus conscients de la nécessité de s'orienter dans un sens managérial et de considérer l'innovation dans la gestion scolaire et le rôle du directeur comme point de départ pour arriver à une performance du systême. Parmi les outils exploités pour atteindre ces objectifs, la formation continue des directeurs est venue en premier lieu. Cependant l'étude du terrain montre que cette formation comme conçue et dispensée n'a pas pu assurer l'engagement total des chefs des établissements scolaires dans l'introduction du changement voulu.

Background The Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most widely used questionnaire to screen for problematic Internet use. Nevertheless, its factorial structure is still debated, which complicates comparisons among existing studies. Most previous studies were performed with students or community samples despite the probability of there being more problematic Internet use among users of specific applications, such as online gaming or gambling. Objective To assess the factorial structure of a modified version of the IAT that addresses specific applications, such as video games and online poker. Methods Two adult samples—one sample of Internet gamers (n=920) and one sample of online poker players (n=214)—were recruited and completed an online version of the modified IAT. Both samples were split into two subsamples. Two principal component analyses (PCAs) followed by two confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were run separately. Results The results of principal component analysis indicated that a one-factor model fit the data well across both samples. In consideration of the weakness of some IAT items, a 17-item modified version of the IAT was proposed. Conclusions This study assessed, for the first time, the factorial structure of a modified version of an Internet-administered IAT on a sample of Internet gamers and a sample of online poker players. The scale seems appropriate for the assessment of such online behaviors. Further studies on the modified 17-item IAT version are needed.

Cutaneous neurofibromas are benign dermal tumors composed of spindle cells in a myxoid stroma containing numerous blood vessels. Here we describe 6 cases of solitary cutaneous neurofibroma showing unusually higher density of blood vessels in the stroma when compared to that of classical neurofibromas. We propose this lesion to be a new histopathological variant of neurofibroma and name it angioneurofibroma. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

International audience; This short paper compares two approaches of the state of the art, to implement Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. By com- paring the two approaches, we aim to show that combining them could lead to an improvement of the offered response of the system. It shows that it could be interesting to develop a proof-of-concept system from a combination of these approaches, as it would improve the state of the art in AAL systems.

Profitable use of vegetable oil by-products by anaerobic digestion The productions of vegetable oil and methyl esters of vegetable oil lead to the generation of a lot of by-products. The purpose of this work was to study an alternative solution for a profitable use of vegetable oil by-products: anaerobic digestion. The potential for anaerobic digestion of 24 by-products was studied. The results show that most of oil by-products had a good capacity for anaerobic digestion. Then, the effects of the addition of oil by-products on the behavior of one reactor treating a mixture of grass, cow manure and fruit and vegetable waste and another reactor treating household waste were investigated. Most of the by-products tested improved significantly the production of methane indicating that the addition of by-products from oil production could represent a significant financial earning for the digester operators. Discussions are in progress involving oil producers and biogas plant operators to assess the opportunity of supporting the addition of by-products from oil refining in their facilities. A first evaluation of the costs and potential benefits of by-product treatment was performed. These costs should be reviewed in line with the increased development of anaerobic digestion and the expected benefits due to the digestion of by-products.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

International university rankings are attracting growing interest among public opinion, universities and nations, which is evident in a global knowledge economy, improving the competitiveness and reputation of universities becomes an end in itself. Their public nature draws attention to concerns for excellence in higher education and seems to produce a spirit of competitiveness among universities and encourages them to perform better. The university charts show more and more the supremacy of the elite universities which are always at the top and which maintain their reputation. This article focuses on the predominant global characteristics that determine the quality and competitiveness of elite universities and suggests some strategies that universities can adopt to improve their competitiveness by drawing on the different indicators selected by the different rankings of universities., Les classements internationaux des universités suscitent un intérêt croissant parmi l'opinion public, les universités et les nations, ce qui est évident dans une économie mondiale du savoir, améliorer la compétitivité et la réputation des universités devient une fin en soi même. Leur caractêre public attire l'attention sur les préoccupations pour l'excellence dans l'enseignement supérieur et semble produire un esprit de compétitivité parmi les universités et les encourage à mieux performer. Les palmarês universitaires montrent de plus en plus la suprématie des universités d'élite qui sont toujours au top et qui maintiennent leur réputation. Le présent article met l'accent sur les caractéristiques globales prédominantes qui déterminent la qualité et la compétitivité des universités d'élite et propose quelques stratégies que les universités peuvent adopter pour améliorer leur compétitivité en s'inspirant des différents indicateurs retenus par les différents classements des universités.

"This article explores the roots of the American art music tradition in the aesthetics of John Sullivan Dwight (1813-1893), the most influential writer on music in 19th century America. As a Brook Farmer and a former Unitarian minister, Dwight articulated a conception of music simultaneously endowed with deep spiritual content and social import. Steeped in the literary and musical traditions of German Romanticism, especially the works of Schiller and Beethoven, Dwight's musical Transcendentalism echoed many of Emerson's themes and contributed to fashioning the key notions that nurtured the aesthetic tradition in which Charles Ives was raised. His utopian musical anthropology turned music into a form of spiritual experience reorienting our relation to the world and thus foreshadowing the refounding of society."

Cet article a pour objectifs : • de présenter un ensemble de bonnes pratiques qui peuvent être inspirées de l'application de la norme internationale ISO 10006 (2003) : « Systêmes de management de la qualité - Lignes directrices pour le management de la qualité dans les projets », dans l'organisation et la réalisation d'une recherche universitaire, débouchant sur une matrice de 54 éléments, • d'illustrer au travers de huit bonnes pratiques la maniêre de mettre en application sur le terrain une telle approche, • de positionner ces concepts dans la stratégie qualité globale de l'institution universitaire concernée, • de suggérer l'élaboration de 3 nouvelles normes internationales en relation avec les démarches qualité en recherche., The objectives of this article are: - to present a set of good practices which can be inspired by the application of the international standard ISO 10006 (2003): "Quality management systems - Guidelines for quality management in projects", in the organization and carrying out university research, leading to a matrix of 54 elements, - to illustrate through eight good practices the way to apply such an approach in the field, - to position these concepts in the overall quality strategy of the university institution concerned, to suggest the development of 3 new international standards in relation to quality approaches in research.

In this paper, we propose a method for coarse camera pose computation which is robust to viewing conditions and does not require a detailed model of the scene. This method meets the growing need of easy deployment of robotics or augmented reality applications in any environments, especially those for which no accurate 3D model nor huge amount of ground truth data are available. It exploits the ability of deep learning techniques to reliably detect objects regardless of viewing conditions. Previous works have also shown that abstracting the geometry of a scene of objects by an ellipsoid cloud allows to compute the camera pose accurately enough for various application needs. Though promising, these approaches use the ellipses fitted to the detection bounding boxes as an approximation of the imaged objects. In this paper, we go one step further and propose a learning-based method which detects improved elliptic approximations of objects which are coherent with the 3D ellipsoid in terms of perspective projection. Experiments prove that the accuracy of the computed pose significantly increases thanks to our method and is more robust to the variability of the boundaries of the detection boxes. This is achieved with very little effort in terms of training data acquisition -- a few hundred calibrated images of which only three need manual object annotation. Code and models are released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization., Comment: Presented at 3DV 2020. Code and models released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization

The digital battle has become the most important factor of economic and social development. In fact, there is no doubt on the fact that establishing E-government systems can improve the quality of government services and enhance the citizens’ life. However, E-government projects cannot be successful if they are not adapted to the specific cultural and social needs of the final users. Taking into consideration the high illiteracy rate within the Moroccan population, we conducted our research in order to design an E-government portal for the old city of Fez that is accessible by the majority of the citizens especially those who are illiterate. The objective of this research is exploring the different architectures, scenarios and technologies for designing an E-government portal that is usable and accessible by all Fez citizens whether they are literate or illiterate. Hence, the concrete output of this project is a usable graphical user interface accessible to both literate and illiterate people in order for them to interact with the static content and to use the online transactions. In the process of achieving our goal, we had to discover and create design principles and to test them with real users. To achieve our goal we had to pay particular attention to the following points: • Considering the two existing types of illiteracy: literal illiteracy and digital illiteracy. • Designing the GUI so that it is not dedicated mainly to illiterate people: literate people too should be able to use the e-government system without frustration. • Since it is the first portal targeting illiterate users in Morocco, we were interested also in building conventions on the type of symbols to be used. In fact, the main two assumptions behind this project are: • Effective electronic service delivery has to enable citizens to access government services in a new and more effective way than the traditional ways. • Government services have to be presented to citizens in a usable format and in a human centred manner. In that way, we can express the goals that are aimed to be achieved by this project as being: • Improving knowledge about how illiterate citizens in Morocco can interact with E- government services. • Developing a methodology and architecture for e-government application development that fulfils the needs of Arabic developing countries. • Demonstrating the ability of Moroccan illiterate citizens to interact with e-government portals that uses new technologies. This paper describes and justifies the chosen methodology, architecture and tools that were applied in order to develop Fez e-government portal’s graphical user interface. The results of the designed graphical user interface’ s testing are presented and discussed in order to assess the project’s success., Revue Marocaine des Sciences de Management, No 7 (2017)

Summary — Consequences of the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in diets for early weaned and growing pigs. The effect of extrusion of wheat and of the inclusion of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a pelleted starter on the performance of the weaned piglet has been studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, 80 crossbred castrated male and female piglets weaned at 21 days of age raised individually y were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to compare their performance between weaning and 25 kg g live weight. Average feed intake was similar between treatments, but extrusion of wheat had no significant effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratio. The association of normal wheat with sugar beet pulp improved significantly growth rate (P < 0.02) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.06), in particular during the period following immediatly weaning, ie, 193 vs 156 g/day and 193 vs 2.32, respectively. In the second experiment, 32 crossbred castrated piglets were used to evaluate faecal, then ileal digestibilities of dietary components. Extrusion did not improve digestibility. Ileal digestibility but not faecal digestibility of dry matter and energy was reduced (P < 0.001 ) by the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in the diet. Post-ileal digestibility of all dietary components was higher in animals fed fibrous diet. During the growing-finishing period between 25 and 100 kg live weight, the inclusion of a similar level of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a normal wheat based diet was tested. Piglets of the first experiment were randomly affected to one of the two diets taking into account their previous diet, sex and weight. The average daily gain for the whole period was slighly but not significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio was unchanged in animals receiving sugar beet pulp. However, feed conversion ratio expressed as digeatible energy per kg of body weight gain was reduced in animals receiving beet pulp in their diet. At slaughter, the percentage of lean meat was improved from 52.8 to 54.0% (P < 0.05) as a consequence of a linear decrease in the backfat thickness (P < 0.05) of carcasses of animals receiving sugar beet pulp. No difference in the weight of lean cuts was observed but the use of sugar beet pulp decreased significantly the weight of fat cuts (P < 0.01 It was suggested that for a similar nitrogen retention a reduction in the digestible energy intake reduces the deposition of fatty tissues but the total amount of lean meat in the carcass was not affected by the inclusion of sugar beet in the diet.

The very strong constraint of the globalization of the economy generates increasing needs in skills, with as a corollary a revision of the training programs in the national educational systems. In addition, in the Moroccan context, new challenges such as the target of 10,000 engineers per year by 2010. In this work, we treat the case of the training of the electrical engineer within the Superior School of Electricity and Mechanics of Casablanca (ENSEM). Our goal is to initiate an approach to improve the quality of training in this establishment based on the needs of companies considered as customers of ENSEM, supplier of skills on the job market. Our approach began with the collection of needs through a survey of a sample of companies in the activity sector concerned. To this end, we have segmented the target market. Beforehand, we developed a pre questionnaire that we tested with a limited number of client companies. Then, we submitted a questionnaire to a representative sample of companies grouped within the National Federation of Electricity and Electronics (FENELEC). This allowed us to define new needs in managerial and cognitive skills. The responses to the questionnaire served as the basis for weighting each expectation, which was integrated into the use of the QFD., La três forte contrainte de la mondialisation de l'économie génêre des besoins croissants en compétences, avec pour corollaire une révision des programmes de formation dans les systêmes éducatifs nationaux. A cela s'ajoutent, dans le contexte marocain, de nouveaux défis tels l'objectif de 10.000 ingénieurs par an à l'horizon 2010. Dans ce travail, nous traitons le cas de la formation de l'ingénieur électricien au sein de l'Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité et de Mécanique de Casablanca (ENSEM). Notre objectif est d'initier une démarche d'amélioration de la qualité de la formation dans cet établissement basée sur les besoins des entreprises considérées comme les clients de l'ENSEM, fournisseur de compétences sur le marché de l'emploi. Notre démarche a débuté par le recueil des besoins à travers une enquête auprês d'un échantillon d'entreprises du secteur d'activité concerné. A cette fin, nous avons segmenté le marché cible. Au préalable, nous avons élaboré un pré questionnaire que nous avons testé auprês d'un nombre restreint d'entreprises clientes. Ensuite, nous avons soumis un questionnaire à un échantillon représentatif d'entreprises regroupées au sein de la Fédération Nationale de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique (FENELEC). Cela nous a permis de définir de nouveaux besoins en compétences managériales et cognitives. Les réponses au questionnaire ont servi de base de pondération de chaque attente, qui a été intégrée dans l'utilisation du QFD.

Many assume that theories of distributive justice must obviously take people’s lifetimes, and only their lifetimes, as the relevant period across which we distribute. Although the question of the temporal subject has risen in prominence, it is still relatively underdeveloped, particularly in the sphere of health and healthcare. This paper defends a particular view, “momentary sufficientarianism,” as being an important element of healthcare justice. At the heart of the argument is a commitment to pluralism about justice, where theorizing about just principles demands paying attention to the role particular goods play in our lives. This means that different approaches to the temporal subject—as well as other relevant issues—may be appropriate for different goods, including different goods within healthcare. In particular, the paper discusses two central goods targeted by healthcare: life-saving and pain relief. The view is offered as complementary to, rather than competitive with, lifetime approaches. As such, the paper finishes by considering how a pluralist approach, which engages both with people’s lives as a whole and with their states at particular moments, can reconcile the potentially competing claims in healthcare that emerge from these two perspectives., Plusieurs présument qu’il est clair que les théories de justice distributive doivent prendre la durée de vie des gens comme seule et unique période de distribution pertinente. Même si la question du sujet temporel a gagné en importance, elle demeure relativement sous-exploitée, et ce, particulièrement dans le domaine de la santé et des soins de santé. Cet article présente une conception particulière, le « suffisantisme momentané », comme une composante importante de la justice en santé. Cet argument se centre sur un engagement pluraliste en matière de justice, qui implique que toute théorisation de principes justes doit prendre en compte le rôle que jouent des biens particuliers dans nos vies. Cela signifie que différentes approches du sujet temporel - ainsi que d’autres enjeux pertinents - peuvent convenir a différents bien, y compris des biens dans le domaine de la santé. Plus précisément, l’article traite de deux biens principaux que visent les soins de santé : l’aide vitale et le soulagement de la douleur. Cette conception s’articule en complémentarité avec les approches de la durée de vie, plutôt qu’en compétition avec elles. Dans cette optique, l’article examine pour finir comment une approche pluraliste, qui concerne a la fois la vie des gens dans sa totalité ainsi que leur condition a des moments précis, peut arriver a concilier les thèses émergeant de ces deux perspectives sur les soins de santé qui, autrement, entreraient potentiellement en conflit.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children, which has a multifactorial origin, can lead, if not treated, to severe medical complications, growth disturbances, behavioural changes and reduced quality of life. Nowadays, it is underdiagnosed whereas early screening, diagnosis and interdisciplinary treatment are essential. Furthermore, many families and health professionals do not often know where to go when there is suspicion of OSA for a child. Orthodontists are uniquely positioned to screen, to refer to the appropriate specialist and to treat, if needed, patients who may be at high risk for OSA. The authors describe the synergistic means to screen, diagnose and treat paediatric OSA in a collaborative and interactive approach between ENT, orthodontists, pneumo-allergologists, sleep physicians, endocrinologists, orofacial myo-functional therapists and speech therapists. These means which are clinically illustrated in this paper fit the guidelines which have been recently published as white papers by official professional specialists organisations involved in paediatric OSA treatment (AAPD, AAO, FFO, SFORL, SFRMS…). The development of multidisciplinary teams gathering specialists who are conscious about the mutual benefits of the specialties involved in paediatric OSA should contribute to optimize the child treatment care pathway and the short, mid and long term outcomes.

In the Crown of Aragon, where usury was permitted through regulation, especially in Catalonia and Mallorca, brokers were not all Jews who were usually seen as being the specialists in monetary transactions. Jews were certainly over-represented in trade but it is also now known that they could hold a wide variety of jobs. There are in fact few traders or lenders among the Jewish community from the 14th century, such roles tending instead to belong to members of urban and intellectual elites. This paper compares two social networks: that of Pons de Gualba, bishop of Barcelona, and that of Bartomeu de Mans, magistrate/provost of Vilafranca del Pénedes, who had links with Berenger de Finestres, a money-changer of Barcelona. The networks of these two eminent men were interlinked, in the sense that the roles played by Jews and Christians in the trading process were neither strictly segregated nor exactly the same, the precise distribution of these roles depending on the subtlest of nuances in terms of how the members of the two religions related to each other. The trade associations of Jews and Christians were different, as were the insults used to deprecate rivals. It is thus not that trade took no account of religion but rather that religious difference could be used as a means to colour the expression of the normal love-hate relationships between men who were involved in the business of trade. Dans les pays de la Couronne d’Aragon où l’usure est réglementée, donc autorisée, spécialement en Catalogne et à Majorque, les courtiers ne sont pas nécessairement ou seulement des juifs appréciés pour leurs qualités de « passeurs ». Nous savions déjà que les juifs, certes surreprésentés dans le commerce, exercent des activités très variées, à l’instar des chrétiens et que l’entreprise et le crédit restent au XIVe siècle l’apanage d’un groupe de plus en plus réduit, membre des élites urbaines et intellectuelles. Deux réseaux d’affaires sont comparés : celui de Pons de Gualba, qui fut évêque de Barcelone, et celui de Bartomeu de Mans, viguier à Vilafranca del Pénedes, associé à Berenger de Finestres, changeur barcelonais. Malgré l’imbrication des réseaux dominés par d’éminents personnages et malgré la proximité des entrepreneurs juifs et chrétiens et l’exercice de rôles comparables par les membres de religions différentes, la position des uns et des autres dans un réseau précis introduit des nuances subtiles, l’emploi des juifs et des chrétiens n’y est pas interchangeable alors qu’il l’est dans la société, les structures d’association choisies diffèrent, de même que les moyens employés pour attaquer et insulter un concurrent. Nous n’observons pas l’échange sans la religion mais un jeu de positions qui utilise la différence religieuse pour exprimer très normalement le bon amour ou la haine que se portent les hommes d’affaires.

Tourism is one of the world economy pillars. In the last decades, it underwent an evolution related to consumer behaviour and technological progress. Facing this evolution, several efforts were made by companies; for example, some of them looked for new ways to create value. Despite a great number of studies conducted, the literature shows less evidence related to the variables that affect value creation in tourism companies. Hence, the objective of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework of value creation measurement in tourism through mapping the most frequent indicators in literature. To do so, the authors asked the following research question: what indicators of value creation in tourism were the most mobilized during the last twenty years? Then they performed a meta-analysis based on value creation papers published during the period ranging from 1997 to 2017. Furthermore, based on the NVivo 11 coding method, they processed 747 indicators, of which they considered that 66 were more frequently used as they had been cited at least twice. The main ones are service quality, customer satisfaction, environmental management, and profitability. They grouped these frequent indicators in five categories, namely: customers (10), employees and skills improvement (9), environment and natural resources (6), finance (20), and internal processes (21). Le tourisme est l'un des piliers de l'économie mondiale. Au cours des dernières décennies, il a connu une évolution liée au comportement des consommateurs et au progrès technologique. Face à cette évolution, plusieurs efforts ont été déployés par les entreprises; par exemple, certaines d'entre elles ont cherché de nouveaux moyens de créer de la valeur. Malgré un grand nombre d'études, peu d'entre elles présentent des preuves liées aux variables qui affectent la création de richesse dans les entreprises touristiques. L'objectif de ce document est donc de proposer un cadre conceptuel de mesure de la création de valeur dans le tourisme en cartographiant les indicateurs les plus fréquents dans la littérature. Pour ce faire, les auteurs ont posé la question de recherche suivante : quels indicateurs de création de valeur dans le tourisme ont été les plus mobilisés au cours des vingt dernières années ? Ils ont ensuite effectué une méta-analyse basée sur des documents de création de valeur publiés au cours de la période allant de 1997 à 2017. À l’aide de codage dans le logiciel NVivo 11, ils ont traité 747 indicateurs, dont 66 sont, selon eux, plus fréquemment utilisés car ils ont été cités au moins deux fois. Les principaux sont la qualité du service, la satisfaction du client, la gestion de l'environnement et la rentabilité. Ils ont regroupé ces indicateurs les plus fréquents en cinq catégories, à savoir : clients (10), employés et amélioration des compétences (9), environnement et ressources naturelles (6), finances (20) et processus internes (21).

International audience; Objectives: This paper aims to provide physicians with knowledge about the motivational processes surrounding exercise and diet for patients with type 2 diabetes and to offer patient support measures to favor self-management. To respond to this objective, the links between two kind of motivators (i.e., promotion and prevention foci), the Selection, Optimization and Compensation (SOC) self-management strategy, and adherence to exercise and diet of patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated for the first time in the literature.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 491 French volunteer participants with type 2 diabetes diagnosed for at least 3 months (Age = 61.66 ± 9.63; BMI = 29.8 ± 5.9). Participants completed an online self-report survey measuring SOC strategy, promotion and prevention foci, and adherence to exercise and diet.Results: The main results of path and bootstrapping analysis demonstrated that promotion focus was positively related with SOC strategy (β = .69, p < .001) whereas prevention focus was not (β = −.01, ns.). On the other hand, SOC strategy was positively related with exercise (β = .20, p < .05), general diet (β = .49, p < .001), fruit and vegetable consumption (β = .27, p < .001), and spacing of carbohydrates (β = .40, p < .001), and mediated the positive link between promotion focus and these behaviors (bootstrapped 95% CI: [.11; .40], [.52; .81], [.22; .54], [.37; .70], respectively).Conclusion: This paper addresses a gap in previous research by evidencing a motivator that promotes self-management for exercise and diet among patients with type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest that physicians should privilege an interaction with patients oriented toward promotional motivation so as to favor their patients’ self-management regarding exercise and diet.

PurposeCompanies today observe an increase in the complexity and vulnerability of their supply chains (SCs) as a result of global scale networks and a turbulent environment. The purpose of this paper is to explore knowledge management (KM) as a potential way of reducing SC vulnerability and answer the following question: how does inter-organisational KM influence efforts to reduce SC vulnerability?Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the resource-based view and the knowledge-based view (KBV), a single case study in the energy industry is conducted by collecting various data through interviews, observations and internal documents.FindingsThis edifying case study indicates that a lack of KM hinders any attempt to mitigate SC vulnerability.Research limitations/implicationsThis research shows several limitations such as data privacy, generalisation and the decision to study an atypical SC.Practical implicationsThe paper points out in a dedicated section the key actions a company should take in order to develop the required characteristics of knowledge expressed in the KBV.Originality/valueThis is the first qualitative research that investigates the relationships between SC vulnerability and KM, and more particularly in a recycling context where a strong research gap exists.

How does geographic distance affect the impact of trade agreements on bilateral exports, and through what channels? This paper examines these questions in a gravity model context for different types of goods for 185 countries over the period 1965–2010. Three stylized facts emerge. First, although economic integration agreements have a positive impact on trade flows, geographic distance significantly decreases their effect. Second, this phenomenon is in large part explained by the impact of economic integration agreements on intermediate goods. These results hold when controlling for trade agreement depth, measured by the type of agreement and content of provisions, and economic similarity among trading partners. Third, this paper finds either a smaller negative effect or no effect on the interaction between distance and economic integration agreements for non-intermediates. This underscores that while economic integration agreements promote trade in all goods, there is an additional benefit to intermediates which diminishes faster with distance.

This paper provides a general method for analysing the sentiments expressed in the language of judicial rulings. We apply natural language processing tools to the text of US appellate court opinions to extrapolate judges' sentiments (positive/good vs. negative/bad) towards a number of target social groups. We explore descriptively how these sentiments vary over time and across types of judges. In addition, we provide a method for using random assignment of judges in an instrumental variables framework to estimate causal effects of judges' sentiments. In an empirical application, we show that more positive sentiment influences future judges by increasing the likelihood of reversal but also increasing the number of forward citations., Economica, 89 (354)

This systematic review aims to compare conventional corticotomy with minimally-invasive protocols (MIP). Electronic database, in MEDLINE and CENTRAL, and hand search were performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and randomized split-mouth designed studies (RSMSs) were selected for inclusion, reporting either the use of a corticotomy procedure or a MIP. The main outcomes were the rate/velocity of tooth movement, type of tooth movement observed, loss of anchorage, periodontal indexes, inflammatory mediators, root resorption, patient's pain experience, impact on the quality of life, and satisfaction. Twenty-two papers were included for the qualitative synthesis, from which ten RCTs and twelve RSMSs. Eighteen of them compared a conventional orthodontic treatment without and with a surgical adjunctive procedure, two with conventional corticotomy and sixteen with a MIP (piezocision, micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) or interseptal bone reduction). Four trials compared a surgical procedure to another one. Corticotomy, piezocision and MOPs are likely to accelerate tooth movement, in decreasing order. Pain is reported to be higher in experimental groups only on the first day after surgery. Patient satisfaction is high after surgical procedures. Loss of anchorage, periodontal indexes, or root resorption occurrence show no differences between groups. Corticotomy stands as the gold-standard procedure for surgically-assisted orthodontics, but piezocision appears as a good compromise solution as well as MOPs, in a lesser extent. MIP are known to accelerate tooth movement only during the first three months.

International audience; Scattering of coherent light from a disordered material produces a complex distribution of intensity known as a speckle pattern. Speckle patterns are not as random as they appear at first glance. Their statistical properties exhibit universal features, as already recognized in the first paper on laser speckle. The existence of short-range and long-range spatial correlations in speckles has been shown to be fundamental in wave physics. It has also led to the emergence of novel approaches for imaging through scattering media.

This paper has set the objective of researching how education is influenced by the information society. The first step was to define more precisely the information space. The second step was to identify how information space intersects with the family space and institutional space educational levels represented by pre-school / school and pre-university (kindergarten, at elementary / middle school / high school). Interrelationship between the above mentioned areas was another objective of the research. All these elements have been investigated through the original intention to identify how the information space can become an educational tool to support the family space, education and institutional space. Also, the aim of this research is to offer some solutions in this regard. Often the educational efforts appear to be blocked by the existence of this space. But this paper demonstrates that Informational space can be an enemy of the educational system or can support systems if we knew the internal structure and mechanisms. We can make the Informational Space to work in order to accomplish the educational scope.

Academics’ have always had an interest in creativity, although the literature on this subject began to develop once the rate of progress in science, technology and other fields started to increase. Currently, it is generally considered that the countries with a less creative population will fail to be competitive at an international level. This principle can easily be applied in the business environment, where creativity is needed in order to innovate and to gain competitive advantage. The paper focuses on creativity in a specific economic sector: the hotel industry, aiming at highlighting the way this extremely needed ability is influenced by cultural values. As a result, the paper presents the influence of three of Hofstede’s socio-cultural values (individualism, power distance and long term orientation) on employees’ creativity in the Romanian hotel industry.

The European social models that emerged in Europe are answers to various problems faced by micro and macroeconomic activity. An insight into the economic situation of all European social models emphasizes that the Nordic model has the highest efficiency in terms of economic results. The states that belong to the scandinavian model are characterized by stable economic growth, strong social democracy, a strong trade union movement, low levels of corruption and universality of the system that helps companies to overcome difficult moments. This paper highlights the micro and macroeconomic policies that have led to economic stability and very good results in terms of living standards. The main hypothesis of the paper assumes that investments in education and workforce improvement led to the growth of the living standards in the Scandinavian model.

ParticipACTION is the Canadian physical activity communications and social marketing organization first launched in the fall of 1971 and then ceased operations in 2001. ParticipACTION was relaunched in 2007. Framed as a public health natural experiment, evidence was collected from a population-based survey of knowledge, awareness, understanding of physical activity, and physical activity levels among Canadians (individual level), and key informant surveys and interviews examining capacity, readiness and advocacy for physical activity promotion among physical activity organizations (organizational level). The purpose of this paper is to first provide an overview of some of the major initiatives undertaken by the 'new' ParticipACTION that may have contributed to any changes at these individual or organizational levels. Second, the paper sets the stage for the three empirical papers in this special series reporting follow-up results.ParticipACTION est un organisme de communications et de marketing social voué à la promotion de l’activité physique au Canada, qui a été fondé à l’automne 1971, a cessé ses activités en 2001 et a été relancé en 2007. Conçues comme une expérience naturelle en santé publique, les données probantes ont été tirées à la fois d’une enquête fondée sur la population et portant sur les connaissances, la sensibilisation, la compréhension de l’activité physique et les niveaux d’activité physique des Canadiens (à l’échelle de l’individu) et de sondages et d’entrevues auprès d’informateurs clés visant à examiner le pouvoir d’action, l’état de préparation et le soutien des organisations en matière de promotion de l’activité physique (à l’échelle de l’organisation). Cet article vise en premier lieu à donner un aperçu de certaines des principales initiatives entreprises par la « nouvelle version » de ParticipACTION susceptibles d’avoir contribué à des changements sur le plan individuel ou organisationnel. En second lieu, il prépare le terrain pour les trois études empiriques de cette série d’articles consacrée aux résultats de suivi.

The SFBC Working Group on critical care testing describes in this paper the SFBC recommendations for the determination of maximal turnaround times (TAT) for laboratory medicine examination in emergency conditions. The table presented in a previous paper was updated, taken into account the clinical situations, as well as the emergency response capabilities of the medical laboratory. These new French recommendations must to be based to each local situation in a clinical-biological context between the physicians and the specialist in Lab Medicine.

This paper is meant as an introduction to a special issue on circulating mathematics via journals, from ca 1850 to 1950. It intends to study the practices, actors, places and institutions involved in mathematical circulation. Journals constitute one of the main carriers of mathematical knowledge and hence the main vehicle for its circulation. The focus of the paper is on ‘mathematical’ (understood very broadly) journals and the various forms of interplay between them. In order to understand and analyse the processes of circulation that are an important feature of mathematical production, the interactions that take place between journals are considered across different scales, from local practices and representations to more global appraisals. We shall use the notion of circulation space in order to break down the representations of the mathematical world in terms of the centres and peripheries suggested by the geographical area, with its massive publishing centres at different times – Paris, London, Berlin, Leipzig, New York, etc. Besides the geographical dimensions, the focus is on connections between journals, polarisations, competition, rivalries, etc.

Artykuł ukazuje dwie sylwetki spekulantów – bohaterów XIX-wiecznych powieści E. Zoli (Aristide Saccard) i G. de Maupassanta (William Andermatt). Pierwszy ucieleśnia gorączkowość, chaos i rozrzutność parweniusza z prowincji, który stał się milionerem. Drugi to bankier, którego niezwykły talent do zarabiania pieniędzy opiera się na racjonalizmie, chłodnej kalkulacji i wyjątkowej intuicji. Mimo dzielących ich różnic, obaj stanowią inkarnację podstawowych cech biznesmena: pragnienia, woli i władzy., The paper discusses two characters of speculators as shown in two 19th century novels. Zola’s Aristide Saccard incarnates fever, chaos and prodigality of a provincial who has become a millionaire pursuing his dream of fortune. Guy de Maupassant’s William Andermatt is a banker whose extraordinary capacity of making money is based on rationalism, cold calculation and exceptional intuition. Despite all the differences, they both embody three basic features of a businessman: desire, will and power.

Enjeu de société, le service public s’inscrit au cœur du débat politique français et subit depuis deux décennies une transformation historique. Au-delà des analyses et injonctions théoriques sur les réformes du service public en général, comment cette modernisation prend-elle forme dans une entreprise en particulier ? Quels en sont les enjeux et les conséquences sur le quotidien des personnels et des usagers ? Ethnologue de l’entreprise, mon choix s’est porté sur la Régie des transports de Marseille (RTM), entreprise qui constitue un terrain propice pour répondre à ces questionnements. J’ai ainsi effectué une analyse diachronique des processus liés à la modernisation de cette régie. Tout au long de ce travail de terrain de près d’une décennie, j’ai privilégié la méthode de l’observation participante en occupant plusieurs emplois au sein de l’entreprise. Ce chapitre déroule le fil rouge au sein duquel chaque temps fort – histoire de l’entreprise, conflit social (grève de 1995), changement technologique (billetterie électronique), et sentiment d’insécurité – ne prend sens que par rapport aux phases qui le précèdent. Ces temps forts ne représentent pas ici une simple concaténation d’étapes chronologiques mais répondent à une vision holiste et explicative de l’enchaînement des dynamiques sociales mises en œuvre par le processus de modernisation. Des liens logiques se dessinent ainsi entre une phase et un phénomène qui apparemment ne devraient rien avoir en commun, tels histoire et insécurité. As a societal challenge, public utility has been located into the firing line of the French political system for two decades and has been undergoing historical changes. Beyond main theory analyses and injunctions about public service, how can such a modernization process take place ? How are daily practices from the staff and the users being confronted with such a modernization process ? As an anthropologist of firms, I decided to select the Public Transportation Company of Marseilles as a fieldwork which seemed to tune with such an issue. I therefore conducted a diachronic investigation about the process linked to the modernization of this public company. Through this ten-year long fieldwork, I gave the priority to participant observation by occupying several jobs within the enterprise. This paper unwinds the guiding thread among which each upbeat – company history, social conflict (year 1995 strike), technological changes (ticketing), feeling of insecurity – only gets a meaning through its preceding steps. These upbeats do not match with a simple following of steps but tune with a holist and explanatory linking of social dynamics implemented by the modernization process.

The purpose of this study is to enrich the Romanian historiographical research concerning the British interest towards the Romanian Principalities in the nineteenth century. Historians such as Paul Cernovodeanu, Radu Florescu, Beatrice Marinescu and Constantin Ardeleanu presented us with different phases of this interest. Two of them, Marinescu and Florescu, also approached the subject of Stratford Canning`s preoccupation towards the Principalities, but Marinescu did not have access to the ambassador`s correspondence with the British State Secretary, the correspondence being at the Foreign Office Archives, while Florescu focused more on the British Consuls`activity in the Principalities than on the activity of the ambassador at Constantinople. Having access to the papers at the British Archives, this study comes to enrich the view of how the Principalities`space was perceived by Great Britain through the work and the diplomatic papers of a British ambassador in the capital of the suzerain power in a time when the Principalities were going through significant changes.

In this paper the authors aim to analyze the impact of the implementation of the quality system based on ISO 9001:2008, on the overall efficiency of the organizations. For this purpose non-quality costs will be defined, classified and evaluated and there will be made relevant proposals for highlighting and quantifying them. The approach is focused on studying the effects of the failures in quality and the cost of these failures, but also on non-quality and its assessment methodology and benchmarks to monitor the progress in improving quality. At the end of the paper some methods are proposed to improve the control of non-quality costs.

The once-forgotten poet Evaristo Carriego, since rediscovered by Jorge Luis Borges in his eponymous work Evaristo Carriego (1955), is considered today to be one of the leading Argentinian modernist poets, but also, and most importantly, the inventor of a ‘poetry of the outskirts’ and the creator of one of the major trends in the poetics of contemporary tango, tango canyengue (‘rabble’ tango). This article traces the singular trajectory of the poet: first, a singer of the ‘low life’ of the outskirts of Buenos Aires at the end of the 19th century, of the misfortunes and debauchery of outlaws, prostitutes and the working class; inventor of a ‘cantatory’ poetry, which draws on popular song and dance of the time, and which we propose to consider as a form of tanguera poetry. Secondly, his influence on the lyricists of contemporary tango leads us to consider him as the precursor of tango canyengue. Finally, he became a founding and guardian figure of contemporary tango, the object of tributes from the greatest composers, and whose name alone has become a poetic and musical trope that invokes a picturesque imagination of the end-of-the-century suburbs of Buenos Aires. Hence, we are faced with an intermedia corpus, that borrows from the world of popular song to produce a written, erudite and precious poetry, and which in turn becomes one of the main sources of popular song. Carriego’s tanguera poetry effectively interlaces word, sound and movement. This paper thus analyses the transmedia trajectory along which the poet sings the tango, and the tango then the poet, in a play of ‘inversions’ that are indicative of the reciprocal exchanges, transfers and mediations occurring between poetry, song and music, both textual and figurative, from the end of the 19th century to the present day. At the same time, we examine how song, music and dance can ‘inhabit’ poetry, and poetry ‘inhabit’ song and music, without constituting, strictly speaking, poetic material or an element of repertoire. It also shows how an authoritative author such as Borges has contributed to shaping the tango tradition by inventing its own genealogy., ATeM Archives Texte et Musique, No 6,2: Special issue 6,2 (2021): Chanter les poètes

When mentioned at all, Hieroglyphics is usually described as an essay in which Arthur Machen exposes his views on literature. The aim of this paper is to show how the “Prefatory Note”, a sort of frame narrative, blurs the borderline between essay and fiction and makes the status of the text problematic. In this preliminary text, a narrator bearing the initials “A. M.” explains that he spent long hours listening to a scholarly hermit whose views on literature he later put down on paper. Machen thus encourages the reader to identify him not as the enunciator but as the listener ; he dissociates himself from the essayist, even though the latter expresses ideas that are also his. This is part of a game of masks that is played on several textual levels.

This article argues that a fragment from a lost treatise by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (d. 925) is preserved in theBook on Morphology Kitāb al-Taṣrīf) by Ps-Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān. Paul Kraus reached the conclusion that the collection to which this book belongs was written between the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth century AD. This fragment represents the first attempt – to our knowledge – to analyze the logical structure of sign-based inference in Arabic, which is known asistidlāl bi-al-šāhid ʿalā al-ġāʾibamong theologians and philosophers. The author distinguishes between sign-inferences based on homogeneity (al-muǧānasa), course of habit (maǧrā al-ʿāda) and traces (āṯār). After providing a translation of the fragment, the first part of this paper argues that its author is Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. My argument is based on a comparison between this text and a passage from theDoubts About Galen, which is also by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. I hypothesize that at least two other fragments from the same work or from different works by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī are preserved in the corpus attributed to Ps-Ǧābir. The second part of the paper aims to reconstruct Abū Bakr al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference. In so doing, I show the historical influence that Hellenistic debates on sign-inference might have had on al-Rāzī, and I situate al-Rāzī’s theory in the context of the prominent use that the theologians of thekalāmmade of theistidlāl bi-al-šāhid ʿalā al-ġāʾib. To offer a more comprehensive reconstruction of al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference, this article compares the critical approach presented in the newly identified fragment with the epistemological framework outlined in theDoubts About Galen.Finally, this article shows that Abū Bakr al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference had a strong influence on al-Fārābī’s logical developments especially in hisEpitome of the Prior Analytics, even if he does not acknowledge this intellectual debt.

The European Union (EU) often conditions preferential access to its market on compliance with Non-Trade Policy Objectives (NTPOs), including human rights and labor and environmental standards. In this paper, we first systematically document the coverage of NTPOs across the main tools of EU trade policy: its (association and non-association) trade agreements and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs. We then discuss the extent to which the EU can use these tools as a ‘carrot-and-stick’ mechanism to promote NTPOs in trading partners. We argue that, within trade agreements, the EU has limited scope to extend or restrict tariff preferences to ‘reward good behavior’ or ‘punish bad behavior’ on NTPOs, partly because multilateral rules require members to eliminate tariffs on substantially all trade. By contrast, GSP preferences are granted on a unilateral basis, and can thus more easily be extended or limited, depending on compliance with NTPOs. Our analysis also suggests that the commercial interests of the EU inhibit the full pursuit of NTPOs in its trade agreements and GSP programs.