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With the aim of analyzing the impact of employment in the observed flexible forms of work on the unemployment rate in Austria, Croatia, Italy, Hungary and Slovenia, the author systematically investigated and analyzed the impact of working time flexibility and labour law status flexibility on the unemployment rate. The aim of this paper is to investigate the connection between the unemployment rate and the proportion of people surveyed in the sample who work in the following flexible forms of work: work in shifts, evening work, night work, work on Saturdays, work on Sundays and work from home. The research in the paper was conducted on the EU LFS official data set obtained on the basis of the RPP 35/2020-LFS project approved by the European Commission and Eurostat. The author analyzed a sample of 447,031 respondents in the period from 2008 to 2018. In the research part of the work, a statistically significant model of the linear association of the criterion variable of the unemployment rate with the predictor variable SENSSH and a statistically significant model of the nonlinear association of the criterion variable of the unemployment rate with the predictor variable SENSSH will be generated for each observed EU country. Based on an extensive analysis of data from selected EU member states, results were obtained that indicate an evident reduction in the unemployment rate in 80% of the observed countries through the introduction of flexible forms of employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative school-to-work research has long emphasised the role of institutions in shaping youth labour market integration. This paper provides an overview of this research stream, consisting of four main sections. The first section introduces a variety of labour market outcomes of young graduates within Europe and identifies country clusters with higher and lower outcomes; this empirical evidence has so far remained limited in the multivariate oriented research stream. The second section links these labour market outcomes to the institutional settings of the education systems prevalent in the country clusters. By considering a wide country sample, it introduces a reliable country classification of transition regimes (along the OLM–ILM continuum), which has so far been partly inconclusive in research. The third section links labour market outcomes in turn to labour market institutions of the country clusters. This section emphasizes why labour market institutions drive only particular individual outcomes. Finally, the fourth section connects the previous three: it describes how certain institutional complementarities affect the youth labour market integration in the identified European country clusters. The review further identifies theoretical inconclusiveness or data-related desiderata, for which recommendations and solutions are proposed. The paper thus aims to assist both familiar and unfamiliar researchers to access the research stream by offering a comprehensive introduction and clear country classifications, linking research streams, and providing solutions to identified issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During COVID-19, female informal workers living in urban informal settlements in Bangladesh have faced greater challenges in re-entering the labour market than their male counterparts. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study, which has explored how the pre-existing socio-economic constraints around gender norms, gender roles, occupational sex-segregation, lack of education and skills, informality and restricted mobility have made the re-entry process extremely difficult for these workers during COVID-19 in Dhaka city. The paper also illustrates that these workers have adopted strategies catered for short-lasting crises to cope with the challenges arisen from their struggle to secure livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a Saudi woman living in times of rapid socioeconomic transformation, working in a low-paid job may feel both obligatory and shameful. This paper argues that Saudi women – torn between traditionalism and modernity – are deeply impacted, though in ambivalent ways, by the recent empowerment discourse. It examines how the corporate world adopts the empowerment narrative to promote progress, modernity, and openness at the expense of women's needs, preferences, and values. Through interviews with a diverse cohort of 20 employed women aged 20–45 years, this study seeks to unravel the motivations that drive women to pursue work in a patriarchal society where the conventional role of men entails assuming financial responsibility for women. Through an exploration of the motivations underlying women's decisions to work – a few of which are the desire for recognition, financial independence, and self-worth – this paper investigates issues of visibility, space, and social responsibility. These key issues emphasize the struggles encountered by working women in attaining empowerment, autonomy, and self-worth despite their participation in the labour market and their financial independence. By examining low-skilled sectors in which women struggle with challenging working conditions, this paper aims to give voice to disadvantaged women who, in the empowerment plans, are left unheard and their future obscured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses bibliometric analysis to integrate, synthesise, and expand the knowledge regarding the relationship between automation and the labour market. In this paper, the authors examined the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database for articles published between 2002 and 2022. The co-citation, co-occurrence, and publication patterns were analysed using VOSviewer 1.6.19. The study comprised 287 papers, with the United States having the highest percentage of research publications, followed by Germany, China, and the United Kingdom. The institutional study shows that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard University, and the University of London are all leading institutions in this field of study and have more than 100 links. The co-occurrence of keywords revealed "automation", "employment", "growth", and "jobs" as the most discussed terms. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and proposing possibilities for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically studies the implications of attractive government jobs for labour market. Exploiting an age ceiling policy that sets the age limit for eligibility for public employment at age 30, the study finds that the likelihood of private sector employment is about five percentage points higher for ineligible than eligible at the cutoff age of 30, mainly driven by females, particularly after doubling the public service salaries. The increase in employment after expiring the eligibility for government jobs is explained by increasing labour force participation rather than declining unemployment. During the eligibility period, candidates repeatedly try for government jobs and delay the pursuit of other opportunities, incurring substantial monetary expenses, time costs, and opportunity costs of time. At the same time, there is some evidence that public sector exam preparation gives rise to brain gain. While several papers studied this phenomenon theoretically, this study contributes by providing empirical evidence. The data for this study was drawn from population censuses and labour force surveys for the period 1991–2017 and a primary survey conducted online for this study in Bangladesh, and labour force surveys of India for 2011–2012, 2017–2018, and 2019–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The submitted paper is a literature review responding to the still existing controversy in the literature regarding the net result of structural changes in employment. These are caused by factors affecting labour demand and supply and can take either the form of polarized employment structure or professional upgrading. The objective of the paper is to explain the impacts of these incentives on individual skill groups of workers. These incentives act in mutual interaction and in a given institutional context. The polarized structure of employment can be rather seen in countries, which intensively trade with newly industrialized countries and invest in them then in countries with a lagging pace of growth in the supply of skilled workers, significant inflow of migrants, and finally, countries with more flexible labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender pay gap or gender gap is a relative disparity between women and men which is reflected in a variety of sectors in many societies. This difference exists in many countries and industries and is often related to factors such as occupational segregation, and differences in education and experience. The gender gap must also be considered in the context of gender inequality. The focus of this paper is to analyse the gender pay gap and gender inequality in participation in the labour market in Albanian society. Albanian society is committed to and has made significant progress towards gender equality policies. However, the gender gap is still present. The paper aims to analyse and interpret indicators of the Albanian gender pay gap in the context of culture of gender roles. Cultural values and socio-cultural conditions of one's society significantly impact the gender gap. The paper will highlight the sources of the gender gap in Albania as cultural and socio-economic. Understanding the gender inequality in Albanian society requires a complex analysis that examines the impact of socialisation, cultural norms and values, the division of gender roles, access to public life and the social privileges that gendering creates asymmetrically for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of university education in providing access to the labour market (employment) is reflected in increased employment opportunities for the educated population. The relationship between the unemployment rate and educational attainment is evident: the unemployment rate decreases as one moves from lower to higher levels of education. It can be seen that the unemployment rate, in terms of its size and dynamics, is inversely proportional to the level of education: it falls as the level of education rises, and vice versa. The aim of the research in this paper is to respond to the need to teach students with practical solutions for getting the skills needed to be easily employable in the labour market after graduation. The paper used a quantitative (questionnaire) and a qualitative (bibliometric) analysis. The data studied through the research shows the need for final-year students to receive additional practical skills training for employability. Entrepreneurship education, in addition to the university curriculum, can provide them with a viable alternative to increase their chances of integrating into the 21st century labour market. The innovative character of the work derives from the concrete practical activities that supported the optional entrepreneurial training of IULS students from Iasi. We can affirm, following the study undertaken, that the development of such additional and adapted educational activities increases young graduates' practical skills needed on the labour market. The access to non-reimbursable European funds, which offer additional educational opportunities to students, must be continued in order to produce the major economic effects expected by the whole Romanian society, with the aim of reducing youth unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question: This study investigates gender differences in job satisfaction among employees in Serbia. Motivation: The main goal of the research is examine and providing evidence the existence and scope of the paradox of gender job satisfaction. In his paper, Clark (1997) proves that women have greater job satisfaction than men. The author suggests that, in general, the higher satisfaction of women at work may be a consequence of lower job expectations as a result of the worse position in the labor market that women have had in the past. Idea: The starting point of this research is the assumption that employed women are on average more satisfied than men, despite the inferior position they occupy in the labor market. Data: The research was conducted among 468 employees in six privately owned IT and publishing companies and one state-owned company (The Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of the Republic of Serbia). The structured questionnaire was used and distributed during January 2021. Tools: The questionnaire has two parts. The first part pertains to the respondents' demographic information such as gender, age, level of education, the sectoral structure of the company in which they are employed, management positions and years of work experience. The second part of the questionnaire referred to questions related to job satisfaction, i.e. it contained 8 questions in accordance with the Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (Clark, 1997), which measured the degree of satisfaction with aspects of job including general satisfaction with current job. Findings: The results research show the women are more dissatisfied with their job compared to men, despite the fact that the distinction in job satisfaction between women and men is statistically insignificant. Finding that women on the average more dissatisfaction with their jobs than man appears to be contradictory to the most of studies report that women more satisfaction with their jobs than men. Accordingly, the idea of the gender-job satisfaction paradox in conditions of high levels of gender inequality that characterizes the labor market in Serbia cannot be confirmed and accepted as a universal phenomenon. Contribution: The paper adds existing knowledge about the job-gender paradox. Evidence that there are no differences in job satisfaction between female and male employees suggests that gender discrepancies is becoming less significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the demographic changes occurring in the Republic of North Macedonia and their impact on the economy, with a specific focus on labour market dynamics, aggregate demand and supply shifts, regional development disparities, and implications for economic growth. Through this analysis, the paper seeks to identify key challenges and propose strategic measures to address them. The research utilizes data from the 2021 census and other relevant sources to examine the demographic trends in the Republic of North Macedonia, including population decline, aging, and emigration patterns. By examining these interrelated factors, the paper aims to provide insights into the challenges faced by the Macedonian economy and propose policy recommendations to promote sustainable development and address demographic challenges effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze trends in income and consumption inequality for paid and self-employed households and examine to what extent changes in aggregate consumption and income inequality can be explained by changes in their permanent and transitory components over time using data from the Italian Survey of Household Wealth (SHIW) covering the period 1989-2016. The results obtained from the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis reveal differences in consumption and income inequality, as well as their permanent and transitory components, between self-employed and payroll households. In particular, self-employed households experience higher levels of both income and consumption inequality, the increase in total income and consumption inequality is mainly driven by an increase in its transitory component. Furthermore, findings from other descriptive measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, the variance of the log, 90th/10th, and 50th/10th percentile ratios, support the notion that income inequality is higher than consumption inequality across all groups, with self-employed households exhibiting a more pronounced difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is common agreement that we are facing a great transition, which poses a challenge for the labour market, too. The expending literature on soft skills reflects the restructuring of the competition factors, and several papers discuss the future of the labour market: what new professions may emerge and what new skills these jobs demand. However, the attention on the expectations of the future generation of the labour market is more neglected, mainly in terms of what they perceive of companies' expectations. The present research seeks information what soft skills university students think to possess and their views on companies' expectations for the future. In addition, we aimed at detecting the possible cultural differences between two similar countries. The study makes a comparative quantitative analysis of 931 Polish and Hungarian students by analysis of variance, logistic regression and cluster analysis with the PS Imago Pro and PAST programmes. The results reflect that students have a relevant perception of company needs; however, Polish and Hungarian future employees clearly differ in terms of both possession and expectations on soft skills. Additionally, these differences create patterns as well. Polish students are more team-related and prefer collaborative skills, while being more present-oriented. In terms of the future, the preferred skills rather help avoid uncertainties, and serve problem-solving, and hence, planning. Hungarian students highlight professional and individualistic skills to improve competitive abilities. They are more open to the future and recognise the importance of skills that help to unfold optional futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the main challenges in modern labour markets is to improve the mobility and employability of workers among workplaces, jobs and roles. This paper explores the factors that might influence people's beliefs about and attitudes towards the mechanisms for improving employability through training. We develop a research model and test it in Israel using surveys that were distributed at two points in time – before and during an acute crisis in the labour market – the Covid-19 pandemic. Perceptions about personal mobility and employability and prior educational experience play a major role in explaining citizens' attitudes towards training. Beliefs about the effectiveness of government training providers as well as employment security are relatively marginal in explaining the demand for training. Policy implications follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature review has clearly indicated that the scale and characteristics of demand for Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences experts across different countries is unknown. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate this issue. This paper presents the results of research on the real demand for GEES specialists. In the paper, real demand is expressed by job vacancies (N = 17 378) published in six European countries over a period of 18 months. To analyse such an extensive body of text data, we used data mining techniques such as: SVD, inter-factor correlation analysis, word frequency analysis and word significance indicators, which allowed us to recognise similarities and differences in the size and structure of demand for these specialists in specific groups of countries. Employers from the UK and Ireland offered the most comprehensive range of positions whereas the expectations of Polish employers were the least diverse. Word frequency analyses for each occupation group demonstrated which components of GEES experts' knowledge and skills are considered universal on the labour market and which are subject to substantial regional variations. Moreover, word significance analyses allowed us to identify the occupations where a wider range of general skill areas was required and the positions for which primarily geographic skills were in demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oeconomicus is the property of Znanstvena Rijec d.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The changes recorded in the business, professional and cultural environment at the global level explain the phenomenon of internationalization of demand for skills and competencies necessary for the labour market. Given the increasing influence of companies operating on international markets, in this article, it is proposed to identify the demand for skills and competencies required for the largest labour markets in Eastern Europe, respectively Romania and Poland. Starting from previous studies that highlighted the wide typology and the classification of skills and abilities based on the theoretical concepts related to global competencies formation, the present work analyzes the use of global competences in job requirements for HE Ecomomics’ graduates in Romania and Poland. Thus, the paper proposes an analysis at employers’ level in order to identify the demand for global competencies necessary for employment for HE Economics graduates. The study will use a qualitative research method based on content analysis of job announcements for HE Ecomomics’ graduates. The results are obtained from the uses of the contingency matrix for employment adverts from Romania and Poland that select HE Ecomomics’ graduates. The results identified a wide range of similarities but also a few differences in terms of demand of skills and abilities for HE Economics’ graduates from Romania and Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of the Faculty of Political Sciences / Godisnjak Fakultet Politickih Nauka Beograd is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between labour market requirements in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the 21st century and university graduates' level of knowledge, skills and aspects of competence (KSAs) qualification benchmark. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a discourse analysis methodology, which is a qualitative and interpretive method of analysing texts. The content for the analysis was extracted from Scopus, Ebscohost, Proquest, Google Scholar, Web of Science, news, publications, thesis papers, dissertations and other research papers. A narrative approach for analysing the content was adopted. Findings: The findings reveal that new graduates often encounter difficulties in searching for jobs due to a lack of awareness of how to conduct an employment search that best aligns their KSA with the requirements and needs of the labour market. The study concludes that to increase the employability of graduates, higher education institutions should reduce the KSAs gap by collaborating with the private sector and providing students with relevant, industry-based job experience before graduation. Originality/value: This study investigates the gap between graduate KSAs and labour market requirements in the 21st-century UAE. The findings of the study encapsulate the weaknesses and shortcomings of the current educational systems amid the reform agenda in the UAE. It also deliberates upon the state-of-the-art recommendations regarding making the country a knowledge-based economy and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This article attempts to answer questions about what employees of the younger generations, especially Generation Z, are looking for in today's labour market, what they get from their employers, what challenges they face, and what expectations the today’s reality has generated among representatives of this generation. The presented article presents selected results of research conducted among representatives of Generation Z in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical research was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire technique (27 questions). Statistical analyses were performed including - descriptive statistical analysis, attendance analysis, X² association test, and Fisher's exact test. Findings: The results presented in this article indicate problems related to psychophysical aspects affecting the functioning of Generation Z employees-depression, anxiety, poor wellbeing. The conducted research also indicates problems related to the sense of meaning at work, determining the preferred career path of Generation Z, as well as the importance of trust and relationships in the professional dimension. Research limitations/implications: Limited research sample. Originality/value: The article is addressed to scientists and business practitioners who research or employ representatives of Generation Z. The collected data show problematic areas of functioning: lack of sense of purpose, psychological problems, problems with defining professional goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the evolution of inequality in Greece from 2004 to 2021 in light of the Greek debt crisis that led to a sharp drop in gross domestic product per capita between 2008 and 2013. While aggregate measures of income inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, suggest a marginal improvement, domestic perceptions of social fairness remain bleak. To delve deeper into this paradox, we explore additional aggregate and distributional aspects of Greece's social landscape during this period. Our analysis reveals several contributing factors: a compression of earnings, benefits and pensions; a sharp increase in social exclusion; and high inequality in access to basic public services and housing. These factors go beyond what headline inequality indices indicate, illustrating how the sovereign debt crisis and subsequent austerity measures have affected individuals differently based on their socio‐economic background, while also reducing overall welfare across the Greek population. Moreover, chronic institutional inefficiencies and widening disparities in access to services and housing significantly influence perceptions of inequality and contribute negatively to the country's social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the global issues of youth unemployment using bibliometric analysis covering the period from 1983 to 2022. There is a dearth of a bibliometric study analysis on unemployment, particularly youth unemployment even at the global level. The present study seeks to fill this gap by exploring the prominent studies related to youth unemployment at the global level. Design/methodology/approach: Using VOSviewer software bibliometric results and the Scopus database, the study uncovered the most frequently cited, prominent and influential authors, as well as the institutions that have worked on youth unemployment and the most prominent keywords published on youth unemployment. Findings: Nearly 80% of the research articles on youth unemployment were published from 2005 to 2022, and a significant increase in publication after 2012 is observed. Based on the published papers, the most studied determinants of youth unemployment are increased levels of regional economic advances, state demographics, relocation, household conditions, regional openness and export/import. Economic freedom, labour market reforms, economic growth, high proportion of part-time employment, active labour market policies, minimum wage norms, extent of bargaining scope and alignment are prominent determinants that reduce unemployment at large and improve labour market performance of youth in particular. Research limitations/implications: Bibliometric analysis, like the present study, can narrow down the most prominent sources of information on youth unemployment for beginners in this field of research. Practical implications: This bibliometric study on youth employment assists researchers and policymakers in understanding and summarizing the necessary determinants of youth employment that are already being identified and studied based on practical evidence from the authors' case study-based research work. The present study raises the issue of youth unemployment at large. It helps in identifying factors in one place and thus new researchers can use it as a starting point for their research on youth unemployment. It helps in providing clustering of factors. It highlighted the significant studies, authors and institutions working in this field. Social implications: On social implication, it can be argued that studies on topics related to human resources have a direct impact on society standards. By producing scientific knowledge that aids in the recognition of the complexities of human processes and behaviours, social science research significantly contributes to the enrichment of the community as a whole. When young people are unemployed, it causes social unrest and may increase crime and terrorism, all of which contribute to political instability. Youth unemployment causes psychological illness because of anxiety, alienation and depression. As a result, it causes social instability and necessitates immediate attention in all societies. The present study highlights that although the unemployment rate of youth is significantly higher in underdeveloped countries than the developed countries, their representation in the publication is significantly low. This under-representation of countries shows their lack of commitment to society in working on the issue of youth unemployment. Originality/value: It is assumed that there are plenty of research studies on unemployment, particularly at the global level. However, various domains of researchers may require a bibliometric kind of analysis wherein they may get an idea about the prominent number of literatures arguing concerning issues at large, in the sense of "focused studies" covering the comprehensive viewpoint on youth unemployment. The paper aimed to emphasize the topic of youth unemployment, its development in the research field and the usefulness of bibliometric analysis in social sciences in general, and youth unemployment in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stanovništvo is the property of Demographic Research Center of Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The analysis of the employment situation of Polish women after the COVID-19 pandemic and identification of measures in the area of labour market equality policy, both at the legal level, i.e. national and European Union regulations, as well as good practices in this area applied by enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a review and attempts to analyse the professional situation of women on the Polish labour market after the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the latest Polish and foreign reports. Findings: Current social and economic changes create conditions for a greater participation of women in the labour market, including in management. Gender equality measures concerning formal guarantees of equal treatment of women and men in the professional sphere should ensure the equal participation of women in the labour market. The problem of gender inequality in the labour market described in this paper needs to be looked at from a broader perspective than just legal or social justice. It should be seen as an opportunity to harness the potential of women as a force for economic growth and the development of businesses and entire economies. It is therefore worth pursuing and promoting all measures aimed at increasing women's participation in the labour market, including in management positions. Research limitations/implications: The paper points out the benefits of taking pro-equality measures and supporting the conscious use of gender diversity as one of the organisational values. This should serve as a starting point for considering ways to avoid wasting the potential that makes up half of Polish society. Methods supporting gender equality in organisations were identified - both internal company regulations to ensure favourable working conditions for women, and those at the level of Polish socio-economic policy and European Union directives which make it easier to combine work and family responsibilities. Arguments are also provided for increasing the proportion of women in managerial positions with a view to gender diversity, which promotes the efficiency of companies and national economies. Practical implications: the author presented good practices of companies in terms of gender equality policies. Originality/value: Given the dynamic changes on the Polish labour market, which is already facing very strong supply pressures, seeking solutions to encourage as many people as possible on the labour market, including women, to remain economically active for as long as possible is a necessary condition for the development of the modern economy. Harnessing the potential of women brings tangible effects to economies and businesses, and therefore measures should be taken to redress the gender imbalance in various areas of the wider labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper evaluates the short-term impact of childcare centres' closures, due to COVID-19 restrictions, on Brazilian mothers' labour force participation and employment rates. Design/methodology/approach: Formal education is non-mandatory according to Brazilian law until the age of four, allowing the identification of children that attend childcare centres and of those that do not attend. Using data from the Brazilian Household Survey, PNAD Contínua/IBGE, the authors construct a two-period panel with women sampled in the second quarter of 2019 and 2020. The authors apply propensity score matching and differences-in-differences methods to control selection into treatment. Findings: The results show a negative impact in terms of employment for mothers whose children attended a childcare centre before the COVID-19 pandemic. But there was no impact in terms of labour force participation rates. Investigating heterogeneous effects associated with childcare centres' closures, the authors find that women with fewer years of schooling, with children aged two or three years old and located in urban areas, suffered greater penalties in the labour market due to the closure of childcare centres. Originality/value: Few studies could distinguish the pandemic effects directly associated with childcare centres' closures. The paper is the first to analyse the Brazilian case, undertaking an original approach to handle the problem of selection bias. The results help identify the most vulnerable groups of women in the labour market, shedding light on the importance of childcare centres on women's labour supply and of compensating mechanisms to serve as protection during the crisis. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-11-2022-0748. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education, innovation, the labour force, and new businesses are considered the key important sectors (factors) for developed and emerging economies. The paper analyses are performed by using the Cobb Douglas production function for analysing the impact and correlation of these factors (variables) on the economic growth of Kosova during the period 2013 - 2021. The variables of public expenditures on education as a percentage of GDP and the labour force have shown a negative impact on growth and they have operated under decreasing returns to scale (based on the Cobb-Douglas function), while the variables of information, computer and telecommunication services (which refer to innovation technology) and new business creation have indicated a positive impact on growth and they have operated under increasing returns to scale (based on the Cobb-Douglas function). In addition, this paper summarized a few useful conclusions: first, public expenditure on education should provide an important contribution on growth; second, enhancing the role of education to improve and develop new knowledge for the labour force in Kosova, and at the same time, to adapt with new labour market demand; third, information, computer and telecommunication is one of the leading export sectors and this sector should provide higher potential and contributions on the economic growth of Kosova; fourth, new businesses creation should provide a significant contribution to increase economic growth. These variables in many countries have made a key value contribution to the economy by driving it toward sustainability, development, and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the presence of startup subsidies to the unemployed influences the relationship between business cycle and entrepreneurial activity, and the implications on individuals' long-term earnings. We propose that on one hand, this measure fosters entrepreneurship, especially during recessions, by attracting individuals facing labour market constraints. On the other hand, the policy may unintentionally penalize counter-cyclical founders back to paid jobs if employers perceive them as less committed or of lower quality. Exploiting a change in Danish policy that abolishes a startup subsidy scheme for the unemployed, we compare the entrepreneurial population in two extended periods. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurship tends to be counter-cyclical during the subsidy period (1988–1996), while pro-cyclical in the post-reform period (1998–2006). Moreover, the results highlight an unintended consequence of the policy, i.e. a persistent and large (post-exit) wage gap between counter-cyclical and pro-cyclical founders, particularly pronounced for individuals with lower education, unobserved ability, and part-time job experience prior to transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of Indonesian migrant workers have sought employment in Malaysia during the last three decades. Many of them are skilled and unskilled laborers, and their incorporation into the host society's labor market has the potential to improve their own quality of life while also contributing significantly to the country's economy. However, Indonesian migrant workers encounter numerous problems in their professional and personal lives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the intercultural communicative competence (ICC) factors as one of the Indonesian migrant workers' strategies. This is qualitative exploratory research on the factors of ICC in the integration of Indonesian migrant workers into the Malaysian labor market. Focus groups were used to obtain data from 16 Indonesian migrant workers who had already successfully integrated into the Malaysian workforce as well as newcomers who were in the process of integrating into the local culture. In addition, interviews have been conducted with the 13 employers to complement the data from the migrant workers. The data was analyzed using rounds of deductive and inductive coding and analysis based on the five components of Byram's model. The findings suggest that practicing intercultural communication skills can help migrant employees overcome cultural difficulties in the Malaysian labor market. The Indonesian migrant workers and their employers also indicated that they have an advantage in cultural integration due to the cultural similarities. The paper discusses the implications of the findings in terms of ICC training offered to migrant workers themselves (culture and language) and to professionals who work with them, with the goal of facilitating and promoting Indonesian migrant workers' labor market integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Significant structural changes are currently occurring in the Indian labour sector. Artificial intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies are redefining the activities and skill requirements for various jobs in the healthcare sector. These adjustments have been accelerated by the economic crisis brought on by COVID-19, along with other considerations. Need for the Study: Skills shortages, job transitions, and the deployment of AI at the company level are the three main challenges confronting the Indian labour market. This chapter aims to discuss policy alternatives to address a rising need for health workers and provide an overview of changes to the healthcare sector's labour market. Methodology: A review of the available literature was conducted to determine the causes of the widening skill gap despite a vibrant and prodigious young population. The background of the sustainable labour market is examined in this chapter, with a focus on workforce migration and mobility. Findings: This chapter gives a comparative review of recent policy papers and evidence, as well as estimates of the health workforce and present Indian datasets. Furthermore, it highlights how important it is for all people concerned to invest in today's workforce to close the skill gap and create better future opportunities. Practical Implications: This chapter's findings imply a severe shortage of human intellectual capital in India and a need to bridge this gap in the Indian labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose of paper: This research paper examines the expectations of Generation Z (Gen Z) in relation to today's labor market in a case study sample comparing peers from Poland and Croatia. This article aims to analyze this generation's unique expectations, values and aspirations for the workplace. An additional goal of the article is to identify differences and similarities between Gen Z representatives in Poland and Croatia and to propose new model of HR dedicated for Gen Z. Design/approach: In order to achieve the intended purpose, a quantitative survey was conducted on Polish and Croatian management students. The article consists of 3 parts. The first deals with the theoretical context - as a brief review of related literature to recognize Generation Z in a brief description of the local (Polish and Croatian) labor market context. The second part includes a brief assumptions of the adopted methodology and presentation of research results related to the recognition of careers and workplace expectations of Polish and Croatian Generation Z on a preliminary research sample. The last part is the conclusions and an attempt to conceptualize our own proposal for a new HRM model for this new, non-examined so in depth generation. Practical implications: The study's primary outcomes revealed that Generation Z members value job security and financial stability, exhibiting a preference for employment within large corporations. Despite being commonly referred to as those proficient in digital technology, they must establish solid interpersonal connections with their colleagues and express their thoughts and opinions openly. Despite the cultural variations and various national identities, the representatives of Generation Z from Poland and Croatia had very similar outcomes regarding their aspirations and perspectives. Therefore, it can be deduced that the most recent cohort of individuals joining the workforce in the surveyed student population possesses a perception of a widespread and consistent comprehension of their occupational obligations. Social implications: There can be assumed some implications of the findings for employers, policymakers, and educators in both countries. Provide insights into how organizations can better attract, retain, and support the career development of Generation Z in light of their unique expectations, in particular in a lack of social competency in perspective of employeers. Findings: This study offers empirical evidence that supports the prevailing notion of Generation Z as a universally homogeneous cohort about their attitudes and behaviours within the workplace context. Originality/value: Comparing the expectations of the Polish and Croatian Generation Z entering the labor market could offer a valuable contribution to the field of cross-cultural studies, labor market research, and generational dynamics. Here are some potential points of originality and value for such presented results of research: cultural differences in work values between Poland and Croatia, educational systems and career preparedness, technological influences by how technology, digitalization, and connectivity have influenced the expectations of Generation Z in both countries, implications for employers and policymakers in both countries in proposition of 10 factors approach to new model of HCM dedicated to expectations of Gen Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An analysis of the situation of women on the Polish labour market and identification of arguments in favour of measures supporting the professional activation of women. Design/methodology/approach: This study is an overview and attempts to analyse the situation of women in the Polish economy on the basis of recent Polish and foreign reports. Findings: Macroeconomic benefits and the potential to improve business performance are arguments in favour of measures to activate women in the labour market, to support their career development and to promote gender diversity in companies to attract talent. Research limitations/implications: The paper identifies the micro- and macro-economic benefits of increasing women's participation in the labour market. Practical implications: The author characterises the changes taking place on the labour market in the context of the situation of women, with particular reference to Polish socio-economic policy regulations and European Union directives on equality policy. Originality/value: Given the dynamic changes on the Polish labour market, which is already facing very strong supply pressures, seeking solutions to encourage as many people as possible on the labour market, including women, to remain economically active for as long as possible is a necessary condition for the development of the modern economy. Harnessing the potential of women brings tangible results for economies and businesses, hence measures should be taken to redress the gender imbalance in various areas of the wider labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper reviews the literature on migrants in elderly care regarding their involvement in the host country's labour market. The study aimed to find the most commonly used research methods and what topics are popular when studying this phenomenon. It is needed because of the ageing of the population, particularly in Europe, and the growing interest in employing migrants in senior care. Design/methodology/approach: Fifty-seven articles selected from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases were analysed. I took only articles published in English into account. They were selected based on an analysis of abstracts. The MAXQDA software was used. Findings: The literature review showed that there are three main themes concerning migrants in senior care: labour market and institutional aspects, qualification aspects, and individual aspects. Very little is known about the long-term impacts of using migrant workers in elderly care, including how it may affect the local community. We know too little on the impact of migration restriction and immigration policies on the elderly care workforce. There is a gap in knowledge in relation to economic aspects of migrant work in elderly care. Research limitations/implications: The literature review has limitations. First, there may be a lack of consistency in the methods and outcomes reported across studies, making it difficult to compare and synthesize the findings. Secondly, it’s time-limited and does not include the most recent studies, which can lead to an incomplete picture of the current state of research. Thirdly, the findings of literature reviews are not generalizable to other populations or contexts. Because policies towards migrants in elderly care vary from country to country. Originality/value: The literature review showed that there is a gap in knowledge, especially about economic aspects of migrant work in elderly care, regarding the presence of migrants in senior care in Central and East European Countries (CEE). The recommendation for future research is to look at how migrant workers in elderly care interact with local labour markets and to what extent they meet the demand for care work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing informalisation, nuclearisation of family, inadequate social security for the aged, rising health care cost in many countries imposes some challenges before the elderly people like those in India. In today's world 60+populations are participating in the labour market. In this paper, I have examined the financial conditions of the elderly people in India. In particular, I have focused on the daily real earnings of the elderly people in India in recent years across six different geographical zones. Presence of discrimination that the elderly people are facing in the labour market has also been analysed here. For the purpose of analysis, NSS 68th round (2011-2012) data have been used. Bivariate analysis confirms that North-East Indian 60+populations earn more than their counter parts in all others regions. A negative relation between the daily average real earning and age of the elderly has been noticed in all the geographical zones except the above 75 years for the North-East Indian elderly. Across education level, the elderly who have secondary level of education and above, earn more than primary educated elderly in almost all the zones. Socio-religious identity of the aged depicts that in most of the zones the Muslim elderly earn more that the Hindu upper caste elderly in 2011-2012. Although the North-East Indian elderly are getting highest earnings compared to others but in the labour market they are facing highest discrimination in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to shed light on the link between 'onward migration' and 'onward precarity' as an experience of continuous precariousness by paying attention to crisis/post-crisis contexts and how these contexts have led to precarity becoming structurally embedded in migrant labour markets in Europe. Onward migration studies have centrally focused on crisis contexts, but very little attention has been paid to post-crisis contexts. Thus, this article contributes to complementing the previous research on onward migration and onward precarity. The paper follows a qualitative and multi-sited approach based on in-depth interviews and discussion groups with Latin American migrants living in Madrid, Lisbon, and London. Our empirical analysis elucidates that labour mobility and onward migration are embedded in intersectional dynamics of exclusion which entail a continuous experience of multifaceted precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The paper addresses the current subject matter related to the students' activity in the labour market and constitutes a part of the current research trend related to students' search for employment. Aim: The paper presents four research questions: What is important to students of economic studies in a job? What job offers do students of economic studies look for? Which characteristics of a job offer are important for students of economic studies and why? Is there a difference in the expectations of students of economic studies regarding job offers, which is determined by gender, age, place of residence, type of study and source of income? In order to obtain data, an online questionnaire was developed and filled out by students of the Cracow University of Economics (N=756). The search for employment is based on individual preferences, but the survey can identify those that are common to the surveyed group of students. In order to analyze the collected data the Factor Analysis was implemented, with-in which the Principal Components Analysis method was used. The rotation method and the scree criterion were used to determine the number of factors. Next, the factor analysis was used to show the differences in the answers given by students, depending on the variables adopted to characterize the study group. Results: Based on the results of the factor analysis, it was confirmed that the age, gender, place of residence, educational level and source of income of the surveyed students have an impact on the employment choices they make. The conclusions resulting from the study are of cognitive and applicable nature, especially for employers and recruiters who, with this knowledge, can react flexibly and prepare accordingly to attract and hire employees from the generation "Z". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School absences can negatively impact a child's schooling, including the loss of teacher‐led lessons, peer interactions, and, ultimately, academic achievement. However, little is known about the long‐term consequences of school absences for overall educational attainment and labour market outcomes. In this paper, we used data from the 1970 British Cohort Study to examine long‐term associations between school absences in late childhood and individuals' educational attainment, social class, unemployment and earnings at age 42 while adjusting for a comprehensive set of confounders. Our findings show that school absences are associated with lower educational attainment but are not associated with social class destination except for increasing the likelihood of being out of the labour force after adjusting for confounders. Individuals who missed five days of school at age 10 were 5.2% more likely to have obtained no qualifications and 4.1% more likely to be out of the labour force. However, we did not find a significant association between school absences and individuals' earnings or duration of unemployment. Our findings suggest that the detrimental consequences of school absences persist beyond schooling into adulthood. Overall, this study highlights the importance of addressing school absenteeism to promote educational and labour market participation over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young vocational graduates face many expectations related to the norms of worker-citizenship when entering the labour market. Due to contemporary uncertainties and the new realities of adulthood, meeting these expectations may not be easy. These expectations might also conflict with young adults' desires. This paper examines how vocational education graduates position themselves in the labour market and what kind of worker-citizenship they produce in their working-life stories. The study is based on 32 individual interviews with 18- to 25-year-old vocational graduates with different positions in the Finnish labour market. The findings support earlier research on the importance of assuming the position of worker-citizen for these graduates. In new adulthood, they aim but are also forced to shape their worker-citizenship when, for some, vocational qualification has not redeemed its promises. Based on empirical findings, the article argues that ideals maintained in vocational education may need to be shaped within the unpredictable realities of new adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to assess labour productivity in the bioeconomy and the significance of this sector to the labour market in the member states of the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The surveys were based on data retrieved from the EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System developed by the European Commission9s Joint Research Center for the years 2010-2020. The official classification of economic activity in Europe (NACE) was used. The analysis took into account the size and structure of employment, the percentage share of bioeconomy workers in the total workforce, and labour productivity. Findings: The study showed that in 2020 bioeconomy employed 16.5 million people in 27 EU member states, but in comparison to the year 2010, the rate of employment decreased by almost 14%. The agricultural and food sector, which from 2010 to 2020 employed 78.5% of bioeconomy workers, plays a predominant role in the market. Member states differ in the number and structure of bioeconomy workers, but also in labour productivity. Labour productivity leaders in the bioeconomy were Ireland, Belgium and Sweden, while the bio-based electricity sector was the most productive one. Agriculture achieved the lowest efficiency in utilising the labour factor, so countries with a high level of employment in agriculture also featured relatively low labour productivity in the bioeconomy. Practical and social implications: New conditions to which the European economy needs to adapt imply a need for the development and social acceptance of the bioeconomy. This also provides a rationale for further research taking into account new socio-economic conditions, including labour market conditions. Originality/value: The study fills the research gap in the assessment of the bioeconomy from the perspective of the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does state‐owned enterprise (SOE) prevalence affect the employment adjustments of firms after trade liberalisation? This paper estimates the role of the prevalence of SOEs in the labour market in import competition by using city‐industry level panel data in China from 2000 to 2006. Our results indicate that import competition decreases employment in the manufacturing industry and that SOE prevalence could partially offset the negative effect on employment. This offsetting effect is demonstrated at both extensive and intensive margins. Moreover, SOE prevalence has a positive externality for the employment of non‐SOEs under the import competition shock. Therefore, we verify the positive externality of SOEs in labour market adjustment in response to import competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, involuntary part-time (IPT) employment has become a more and more pressing issue in Europe, especially in the southern countries, where IPT today constitutes most part-time employment. Using INAPP-PLUS data and different discrete choice model estimations, this paper aims to shed light on the factors that explain the IPT growth in Italy, focusing on what influences the IPT status at the individual, household and labour market levels. The main hypothesis is that what influences the IPT work derive from a combination of workers' individual, household, and job characteristics which may engender limited power during the bargaining process. The empirical results, based on gender-specific models, highlight that characteristics associated with the IPT status significantly changed over time, reporting a convergent path between the gender profiles of IPT employment. However, IPT employment for women still appears to be mainly originated from the gendered division of domestic and care tasks, while this phenomenon seems to be mainly driven by the labour demand side for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines trends in working‐age labour market and disposable income inequalities in the United Kingdom from 1968 to 2021 using microdata harmonised with 16 other high‐income countries. In the UK, the 1980s was a period of rising labour market inequalities and inequality in disposable incomes. Since the 1980s, changes have been more modest. Changing hours of work and changes in family structure have been important for understanding trends in individual and household earnings inequalities, respectively. Tax and benefit reforms have also played an important role in driving disposable income inequalities, with notable redistribution towards low‐income households between 1997 and 2010. We also provide evidence on the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK. Disposable income inequality fell slightly as increases in state benefits during the pandemic boosted incomes of poorer households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on collective bargaining between 2012 and 2021. The main objective of this research is to analyze how scientific research on collective bargaining has evolved during this period and to identify current trends and future lines of research on the institution of governance of labor relations. For this purpose, 1676 documents collected in the Web of Science Core Collection and 1971 in Scopus have been analyzed. This analysis has made it possible to determine which have been the scientific papers with the greatest impact, the most relevant researchers, and the most used keywords. As a contribution, note the classification made in relation to which are the most relevant scientific journals, the most cited papers, or the most influential researchers in the field of collective bargaining. As conclusions and future lines of research identified, this research points out the need to delve into studies related to the promotion of dialogue between human resources management and the legal representation of workers about working conditions that positively affect workplace well-being, as well as investigations related to the power and legitimacy of negotiation by social and economic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]