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Salt stress is a significant abiotic factor affecting the growth and development of alfalfa. Malondialdehyde (MDA) serves as a critical biomarker for assessing alfalfa's salt tolerance. Traditional methods for measuring MDA are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. Recent advances in remote sensing technology have made non-destructive estimation of metabolites feasible, positioning the accurate estimation of MDA content in alfalfa as a key focus in intelligent breeding. To address the challenge of detecting subtle changes in MDA content, this study developed a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model specifically for Medicago truncatula. This study utilized leaf reflectance hyperspectral data across the visible near-infrared–shortwave infrared (VIR-NIR-SWIR) spectrum, applying multi-order spectral transformation methods, including continuous wavelet transform (CWT), fractional differential (FD), and multi-granularity spectral segmentation (MGSS). Feature selection techniques, such as sequential forward selection (SFS), Least-Squares Boosting (LSBoost), and feature selection using neighborhood component analysis for regression (FSRNCA), were employed to enhance the efficiency of the MDA estimation. The findings revealed that the optimal PLSR model for MDA estimation was achieved by integrating CWT features across orders 1–30 with the SFS method. This model demonstrated robust estimation capabilities under varying salt stress conditions, significantly outperforming the original spectral data (R2 = 0.654, RMSE = 22.567 vs. R2 = 0.242, RMSE = 33.411). A comparative analysis of feature selection methods confirmed that SFS was the most effective for estimating MDA content in alfalfa. These results provide valuable insights and methodologies for MDA estimation and evaluating salt tolerance in alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation sought to comprehensively evaluate the protective properties of Milk Thistle seeds against Supracideinduced oxidative stress in the Marbled Spinefoot fish. Liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry (LC--MS) was employed to identify metabolites present in Silybum marianum seeds. The LC50 value of organophosphorous insecticide was determined as 7.5 μg L-1 through a 24-hour bath exposure. The experimental setup involved a 14-day dietary supplementation of S. marianum seeds followed by exposure to the determined Supracide LC50. Various physiological parameters, including lipid degradation, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Total cholesterol (T.ch) levels, were measured to assess fish health and stress. Additionally, histopathological examinations were conducted on the hepatopancreas tissues of both normal and stressed fish. The obtained results indicated significant increases (P<0.05) in serum ALT and LDH activities in the group of fish exposed to the toxin. Moreover, the levels of lipid peroxidation products in hepatopancreas homogenates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the exposed fish group, except for total cholesterol, which exhibited a significant decrease. Histological analysis further revealed notable tissue modifications in the examined organs, while the control group of fish exhibited normal appearance. Taken together, these findings suggest that Milk thistle seeds may possess protective effects against Supracide-induced oxidative stress in challenged S. rivulatus fish. As a result, this study provides valuable insights into potential alternative ameliorating agents for addressing aquaculture contamination caused by organophosphate insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke is a clinical syndrome consisting of rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function. Antioxidants are exogenous or endogenous compounds acting by scavenging reactive oxygen species or their precursors, inhibiting reactive oxygen species formation and binding metal ions needed for the catalysis of its generation. Atherogenic index, a predictor of atherosclerosis, increases in dyslipidemia also shows a positive association with oxidative stress. Aims and Objectives: Our objective was to compare the lipid profile, the markers of lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde and paraoxonase [PON]), and atherogenic index in non-diabetic stroke patients with healthy controls and to evaluate the correlation between the lipid parameters with markers of lipid peroxidation and atherogenic index in those patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred diagnosed stroke patients from the Neurology department were compared with 100 age-matched healthy controls. Estimation of lipid profile parameters was done by AutoAnalyzer using standardized kits. Estimation of serum malonaldehyde was done based on the principle of utilization of Thiobarbituric acid. Serum PON1 activity was estimated using paranitrophenyl acetate substrate. Results: Among the lipid profile parameters, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly lower (P<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly higher among stroke patients. Serum malonaldehyde level was significantly increased and PON1 activity was significantly decreased in stroke patients in comparison to healthy individuals. A significant positive correlation between HDL and PON1 and a negative correlation between LDL and PON1 were found. Atherogenic index is negatively correlated with PON1. Conclusion: Low level of PON1 activity and an increased level of malonaldehyde were found in stroke patients indicating an imbalance between free radical generation and its scavenging action and also associated with more chance of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that causes high blood glucose which is called hyperglycemia. In addition to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, which raises the risk of complications, is one of the many other important factors that contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetes. The goal of the current study was to determine how well (Ganoderma lucidum) ethanol extract (GLE) intervenes against oxidative stress in living cells, with a focus on its mechanistic elements in the management of diabetes mellitus. Rats treated with alloxan showed a significant (p≤0.01) increase in serum glucose levels from 92.67 mg/dL in normal control rats to 311.24 mg/dL in treated rats. Serum glucose levels in rats fed GLE (200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg bw) for 28 days showed a significant (p≤0.05) decline, with values recorded at 294.26, 268.34, 210.17, and 192.78, respectively. With GLE intervention, there was a dose-dependent increase in the rate of serum glucose decrease. The biochemical indicators of oxidative stress levels in plasma, nitric oxide (NO), malonaldehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), all exhibited the same conduct. However, there was a notable (P≤0.05) increase in the various antioxidant protective mechanisms in the serum, which included bioactive molecules (GSH fractions), antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E), and antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalases (CAT)]. Ultimately, these results establish a foundation for the application of (Ganoderma lucidum) extracts in the prevention and/or treatment of T2D by inhibiting oxidative stress, which is one of the factors contributing to the illness and its consequent challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress (SOX) has been frequently correlated with hypothyroidism. SOX are openly produced during the overproduction of TSH. Hence there may be higher lipoxidation and protein carbonylation. Although, the link between oxidation of lipid and protein has not been well illustrated in circumstances of elevated TSH levels. Material and Methods: Approximation of free T3 levels, free T4 levels, TSH levels, peroxidation of lipids like MDA levels, and carbonylation of proteins as PCO were projected in hypothyroidism. Around 175 patients in each diseased category, against 175 euthyroid controls were taken under study. The links between MDA, TSH, and PCO were also calculated. Results: Noteworthy rise in MDA and PCO levels in hypothyroidism reflected enlarged oxidative damage when compared with the euthyroid group (p<0.01). MDA and TSH levels had a significant relationship with PCO in both hypothyroid patients. Investigation of Pearson partial correlation exposed a mutual relationship of overloaded TSH levels and increased MDA levels in manipulating the increase of PCO in clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Parallel damage to MDA and PCO was seen due to enhanced oxidative stress in both hypothyroid patients leading to lipoxidation and protein carbonylation. Excess TSH and high MDA levels may be cumulatively caught up in the rise of protein carbonylation in hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the changes of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels after replantation of severed finger, to clarify their relationships with the occurrence of arterial crisis in patients, and to further understand its effectiveness in predicting the occurrence of arterial crises. Methods Patients with early arterial crisis after replantation of severed finger (observation group) and patients without vascular crisis (control group) were selected. The levels of MDA, SOD and VEGF were compared between the two groups at different time （before surgery, 24 h after surgery, and when the arterial crisis was confirmed). Spearman correlation and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the correlations between serum MDA, SOD and VEGF levels and postoperative arterial crisis, and to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of MDA, SOD and VEGF on postoperative arterial crisis at 24 h after replantation of severed finger. The relationships between serum levels of MDA, SOD and VEGF and the risk of arterial crisis after finger replantation was verified again by comparing the risk of arterial crisis in patients with different levels of MDA, SOD and VEGF. Results Compared with pre-operation, MDA and VEGF increased and SOD decreased in both groups at 24 h after operation and at the time of diagnosis of arterial crisis （all P<0. 05). Compared with 24 h after operation, MDA and VEGF decreased and SOD increased in both groups at the time of diagnosis of arterial crisis （all P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the MDA was higher and the SOD and VEGF were lower in the ob‐ servation group at 24 h after operation （all P<0. 05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum MDA was positively correlated with arterial crisis after replantation of severed finger at 24 h after operation and at the time of diagnosis of arteri‐ al crisis （r=0. 859，0. 954, all P<0. 05)； at 24 h after operation and at the time of diagnosis of arterial crisis, serum SOD and VEGF were negatively correlated with arterial crisis after replantation of severed finger （r=-0. 826，-0. 915，-0. 801, -0. 887, all P<0. 05), and serum MDA, SOD and VEGF at 24 h after operation were independent influencing factors of ar‐ terial crisis after replantation of severed finger （all P<0. 05). At 24 h after operation, the best diagnostic thresholds of MDA, SOD and VEGF in predicting arterial crisis were 8. 21，64. 35 and 126. 37 pg/mL, respectively, AUC was 0. 776, 0. 794 and 0. 714, respectively，95% CI was 0. 691–0. 847，0. 711–0. 863, and 0. 625–0. 793 respectively, their sensitivities were 72. 50%，85. 00% and 57. 50%, and specificities were 76. 25%，70. 00% and 76. 25%, respectively. The risk of arterial crisis in patients with high level of MDA （MDA≥8. 21 nmol/mL) was 6. 795 times that of patients with low level （MDA<8. 21 nmol/mL), the risk of arterial crisis in patients with high level of SOD （SOD≥64. 35 nmol/mL) was 0. 065 times that of patients with low level （SOD<64. 35 nmol/mL), and the risk of arterial crisis in patients with high lev‐ el of VEGF (VEGF≥126. 37 pg/mL) was 0. 189 times that of patients with low level （VEGF<126. 37 pg/mL)（all P< 0. 05). Conclusion The serum levels of MDA, SOD and VEGF after replantation of severed finger are related to the occurrence of arterial crisis, and the detection of MDA, SOD and VEGF at 24 h after the operation can predict the occurrence of arterial crisis after replantation of severed finger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract：Objective To observe regulatory effects of metformin on oxidative stress and inflammatory response of human renal tubular epithelial cells HK-2 induced by calcium oxalate. Methods HK-2 cells were randomly divided into five groups： the control group, calcium oxalate group, metformin group 1, metformin group 2, and PDTC group. Cells in the control group were cultured in serum-free DMEM medium, cells in the calcium oxalate group were added with 100 µg/mL calcium oxalate crystal suspension, cells in the metformin group 1 were added with 100 µg/mL calcium oxa‐ late crystal suspension and 1. 20 mmol/L metformin crystal suspension, cells in the metformin group 2 were added with 100 µg/mL calcium oxalate crystal suspension and 0. 80 mmol/L metformin crystal suspension, and cells in the PDTC group were added with 100 µg/mL calcium oxalate crystal suspension and 100 mmol/L NF-κB specific inhibitor PDTC crystal suspension. The cells in each group continued to be cultured for 6 h； colorimetric method was used to detect malo‐ ndialdehyde (MDA) in cell supernatant, ELISA was used to detect the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) protein in cell supernatant, and RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNAs of NF-κB and MCP-1. Results The content of MDA in the cell supernatant of the control group, calcium oxalate group, metformin group 1, metformin group 2, and PDTC group was (0. 21±0. 02), (1. 62±0. 09), (1. 04±0. 01), (1. 27±0. 12) and (0. 83±0. 02) mmol/mg, respectively； the protein content of MCP-1 was (8. 25±0. 62), (66. 31±3. 78), (31. 54±2. 15), (42. 26±2. 10), and (20. 36±1. 92) pg/mL, re‐ spectively； there were significant differences between groups (all P<0. 05) . The relative expression levels of NFκB mRNA in the control group, calcium oxalate group, metformin group 1, metformin group 2, and PDTC group were 1. 00±0. 01, 1. 68±0. 02, 1. 23±0. 02, 1. 41±0. 01, and 1. 09±0. 01, respectively； the relative expression levels of MCP-1 mRNA were 1. 00±0. 01, 2. 39±0. 01, 1. 64±0. 02, 1. 89±0. 01, and 1. 44±0. 01, respectively； there were significant dif‐ ferences in the mRNA expression levels of NF-κB and MCP-1 between groups (all P<0. 05) . Conclusion Metformin (1. 20 or 0. 80 mmol/L) inhibited oxidative stress of HK-2 cells induced by calcium oxalate, and further inhibited down‐ stream inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This experiment was conducted to study the effects of malondialdehyde(MDA)on protein oxidation of soybean meal and the alleviation of tea polyphenols(TP). [Methods] Fresh soybean meal was divided into eight treatment groups, which was treated with 0,0.1,1 and 10 mmol·L-1 MDA, and also treated with 0,0.1,1 and 10 mmol·L-1 MDA and 0.6 mg·mL-1 TP, respectively, and the contents of carbonyl, sulfhydryl, and amino acid in soybean meal were determined. [Results]With the increasing concentration of MDA, the carbonyl content of soybean meal gradually increased(P<0.05),whereas the sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl groups content, methionine, tyrosine, lysine contents, and in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein decreased accordingly(P<0.05),the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of tryptophan increased first and then decreased, and its max peak was gradually blue-shifted, accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence intensity of Schiff base. In the oxidative group with the MDA concentration of 1 mmol·L-1, the carbonyl content in soybean meal significantly increased(P<0.05), the contents of sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl groups significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein significantly decreased(P<0.01). In the high concentration MDA group (10 mmol·L-1),the carbonyl content in soybean meal significantly increased(P<0.01),and the contents of sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl, the in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein significantly decreased(P<0.01). Meanwhile, the methionine, tyrosine, lysine content in soybean meal were remarkably lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). TP addition could mitigate the increase of carbonyl content, the decrease of sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl groups, the decrease of methionine content, the decrease of in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein, the decrease of intrinsic fluorescence intensity of tryptophan and the increase of Schiff base content in soybean meal. [Conclusions]1 mmol·L-1MDA can trigger protein oxidation in soybean meal, resulting in a large change in the structure of soybean meal protein and the reduce in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein. At this time,TP can effectively alleviate the MDA-induced protein oxidation in soybean meal and the reduced in vitro digestibility of soybean meal protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nitric oxide modulators (NO-modulators) and antioxidants on acute (RSx1) restraint stress induced endocrine, cellular and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers was studied in Wistar rats. The results of our study revealed that exposure to RS(x1) enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA), heat shock protein (HSP-70), corticosterone, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels and suppressed glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx) levels. NO precursor and NO synthase inhibitors were found to differentially modulate stress mechanisms, by altering NF-κB, HSP-70 and corticosterone levels. l -Ascorbic acid significantly suppressed acute stress induced elevation of NF-κB and HSP-70 levels depicting protective effects, as also evidenced by reversal of elevated plasma corticosterone levels. Therefore, modulation of oxidative and nitrosative pathways, offers an approach in modulating stress induced changes associated with various disorders. • Exposure of rats to acute stress enhanced MDA, HSP-70, corticosterone, nuclear NF-κB levels. • Exposure of rats to acute stress decreased GSH, SOD and NOx levels. • Modulation of oxidative and nitrosative pathways, offers an approach in modulating stress induced changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to estimate the shelf life of tuna fillet in oil subjected to three temperatures (28, 35 and 42 °C). To carry out the durability study, the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characterization of the product were evaluated. The indicators of deterioration were the sensory attribute (rancid taste) and evaluation of lipid oxidation based on the concentration of malonaldehyde. The shelf life was determined when the product reached a value of two points (sensorially unacceptable). From the results obtained, the kinetics of the deterioration reaction were defined and the activation energy was obtained using the Arrhenius model. The calculated shelf life, according to the sensory evaluation, were 277, 265 and 130 days, respectively, at the referred temperatures. Lipid oxidation kinetics were determined to be zero order with an activation energy of 42.17 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a synthesis of pyranylidene-substituted malonaldehyde, the main reaction product was a ketoaldehyde that was generated by further ANRORC rearrangement of the formed malonaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to compare the egg quality, fatty acid (FA) profiles, and oxidative stability of yolks from hens maintained in cages and fed a conventional diet (CON), those fed a conventional diet with free access to outdoor grassy area (5 m2/hens) under free-range conditions (FR), and those fed an organic diet and free access to outdoor grassy area (10 m2/hens) under in organic system (ORG). Heavier eggs were produced by CON, while percentages of yolk and eggshell were greater in eggs of FR and ORG hens. The FR and ORG hens produced eggs that contained significantly more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) but less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than CON hens. Eggs from FR and ORG hens had a lower concentration of PUFA n-6 because of less C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid) and a higher percentage of PUFA n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid). Consequently, the ratio of PUFA n-6 to n-3 for eggs from FR and ORG hens was healthier for consumers compared with CON. However, eggs from the ORG hens had a similar FA profile to those from the FR hens. No significant differences were noted in hypocholesterolaemic (HI), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic indexes. Antioxidant concentration was greatest in eggs from ORG hens (retinol-14.32 μg/g and α -tocopherol-98.7 μg/g/yolk). Thus, the oxidative stability of eggs measured after storage at 4 °Cfor 15 or 30 days was improved. The best eggs in terms of nutritional value were from the ORG system in which hens lived in their natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ligustrazine has been shown to protect the rat skeletal muscle under state of disuse, and protect against skeletal muscle atrophy in denervated rats. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ligustrazine on different phases of free radicals and enzyme metabolism after static postural load in rats. METHODS: The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethical Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Thirty-six SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control, model and ligustrazine groups. At 0.5 hour before experiment, the rats in the control and model groups were given 2 mL solvent via gavage, and ligustrazine group was given 2 mL ligustrazine solution. During the experiment, the rats in the control group received no load. The rats in the model and ligustrazine groups were fixed with the splint to maintain the static posture load, and the trunk part was fixed in the pre-made wooden box to maintain the straight state for 10 hours, to establish a static posture load rat model. The serum level of malonaldehyde, serum lactic dehydrogenase activity and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the soleus at different phases (2,5,8 and 10 hours) were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The serum level of malonaldehyde, serum lactic dehydrogenase activity and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the soleus did not change with time in the control group. Compared with 2 hours, in the model group, the serum level of malonaldehyde and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity were increased, and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly decreased at 5, 8 and 10 hours (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with 2 hours, in the ligustrazine group, the serum level of malonaldehyde and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity were decreased, and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly increased at 5, 8 and 10 hours (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the control group at the same phase, the serum level of malonaldehyde and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity in the model group were increased, and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group at the same phase (except 2 hours), the serum level of malonaldehyde and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity were significantly decreased in the ligustrazine group, and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.01). (2) These results indicate that ligustrazine can significantly reduce the serum malonaldehyde content and serum lactic dehydrogenase activity caused by static postural load at different phases, and significantly increase the Ca2+-ATPase activity in the soleus, so as to alleviate the body injury caused by long-term static postural load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effect of polydatin on the proliferation of renal cell line MPC5 induced by TGF-β1 in mice, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods MPC5 cells were divided into four groups: groups A, B, C, and D. The cells in the groups A, B and C were pretreated with polydatin 100 μmol/L for 24 h. After pretreatment, cells in the group A were cultured with polydatin for 2 h, and two hours later, 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 were added in cells for 24 h. In the group B, 30 μmol/L of the inhibitor of miR-21 was added, and six hours later, 100 μmol/L polydatin were added, for 2 h, followed by addition of TGF-β1 for culturing 24 h. In the group C, 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 were added for culturing 24 h. However, the group D was regarded as the blank control group, and it was added the ordinary culture medium. At the end of the training, the cell proliferation [optical density (OD value J was determined by MTT, the cell oxidative stress indicators superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was detected by spectrophotometer, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was detected by 2', 7 '-dichloro dihydrogen fluorescein diacetate ester load method, and the miR-21 and Nod-like receptor pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) protein were determined by Western blotting. Results The OD values in the groups A, B, C and D were 14. 73 ± l. 60, 12. 70 ± l. 13, 19. 31 ± l. 79 and 12. 62 ± l. 26, respectively. Compared with group D, the OD value increased in the group C (P < 0. 05); compared with group C, the OD value decreased in the group A (P < 0. 05); compared with group B, the OD value of the group A increased (P <0. 05). At 24 h after culture, compared with group D, the relative expression levels of MDA, ROS, miR-21, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in the group C all increased, while the relative expression level of SOD decreased (all P < 0. 05). Compared with the group C, the relative expression levels of MDA, ROS, miR-21, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in the group A all decreased, while the relative expression level of SOD increased (all P < 0. 05). Compared with the group B, the relative expression levels of MDA, ROS, miR-21, NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1 β in the group A increased, while the relative expression of SOD decreased (all P < 0. 05). Conclusions Polydatin can inhibit the proliferation of MPC5 cells induced by TGF-β1. The possible mechanism is that polydatin regulates miR-21-related signaling pathways, further increases SOD content, reduces intracellular MDA and ROS content, and inhibits the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study was carried out to assess supplemental effects of dietary reduced ubiquinol (rCoQ10) on lipid profile and serum antioxidant activity in broiler chicks fed diets with three energy levels. 270 broiler chicks divided into nine groups (3 energy levels x 3 levels of rCoQ10) with three replicates. Birds were fed with basal energy (BE), low energy (BE-100 (kcal)) and high energy (BE+100 (kcal.kg-1) feed) and rCoQ10 at 0, 20 and 40ppm. Broiler chicks were distributed in completely randomized design and reared for 42d and at end of study, serum and muscle samples were collected for antioxidant activities, lipid contents. The activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, vitamin E were increased and serum malonaldehyde, total, LDL-cholesterol as well as muscle cholesterol were reduced by intake of rCoQ10. The consumption of rCoQ10 improved muscle oxidative stability than the control. Ubiquinol at 20ppm favourably altered lipid profile with reduced lipid peroxidation and improved serum antioxidants activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the learning and memory abilities in mice with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) after preintragastric infusion of Centella asiatica water decoction. Methods Sixty SPF Kunming mice (half male and half female)were screened and trained by the Morris water maze before the formal experiment began. Then they were randomly divided into six groups: the control group,the model group,high-dose group,medium-dose group,low-dose group,and the positive drug group. Each group was administered relative drugs or water with the volume of 25 m L/kg by gavage for 30 days.The control group and the model group were administered distilled water; the high-,medium-,and low-dose groups were given 0.624,0.312 and 0.156 g/m L Centella asiatica water decoction,respectively. On the 31 st day,each group (except the control group) was intraperitoneally injected with hyoscine to make the AD models. The learning and memory abilities of mice were tested by using the Morris water maze 30 minutes later. After that,all the mice were euthanized and their brains were taken out so that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) could be measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer,and the levels of MDA,acetylcholin esterase and choline acetyltransferase (Ch AT) were detected by microlab FAME system. Results Compared with the model group,the latent period in the highdose group,medium-dose group,and low-dose group was shorter and the number of mice passing the platform increased (P< 0.05),with a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group,the latent period in the model group was prolonged and the number of mice passing the platform decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group,the activity of SOD,GSH-Px and the level of Ch AT in the model group decreased,while the levels of MDA and ACh E increases (P <0.05). Compared with the model group,the activity of GSH-Px and the level of Ch AT in the high-dose increased,while the level of MDA decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusion Pre-intragastric infusion of Centella asiatica water decoction can alleviate the decline of learning and memory abilites in AD model mice by increasing the level of Ch AT and the activity of GSH-Px,and decreasing the level of MDA in the brain tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of Xingnaojing combined with Gluthion on the acute alcoholism and influence on the levels of serum hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）, superoxide dismutase（SOD）, malonaldehyde（MDA）, and inducible nitric oxide synthase（i NOS）. Methods: 80 cases of patients with acute alcoholism admitted in our hospital from April 2015 to April 2017 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. 40 patients from the control group were treated with Xingnaojing, while the other 40 patients from the observation group were administrated with a combination of Xingnaojing and Gluthion. The time for improvement in symptoms, the liver function and changes of serological indicators before and after treatment, the clinical effect, and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The time to resume normal blood pressure, heart rate and consciousness of observation group were significantly shorter than those of the control group（P<0.01）. The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase（GGT）, aspartate transaminase（AST）, and alanine transaminase（ALT） levels in both groups were evidently decreased as compared with those before treatment,and the above indexes in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group（P<0.01）. For both groups, at 4, 8 h after treatment, the levels of H2O2, MDA and i NOS were dipped（P<0.01） and that of SOD jumped（P<0.01）, and the improvement in the observation group was larger than that in the control group（P<0.01）. The overall effective rate of observation group reached 97.50% which was slightly higher than 90.00% of the control group, but showed no statistical difference（P>0.05）. The proportion of patients feeling uncomfortable after waking up was 27.5% in the observation group, which was much lower than 67.5% in the control group（P<0.01）.Conclusion: Xingnaojing and Gluthion has better a clinical effect in treating patients with acute alcoholism by eliminating patients symptoms in a faster manner, improving their liver function and reducing their discomfor, which may be associated with its effect in reducing patients’ serum MDA and i NOS lelves, and increasing their SOD levels as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of hydrogen on the growth of primary human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and its influencing factors. Methods Resected tumor fragments from 30 cases of patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma were obtained and primarily cultured after trypsin digestion. Tumor cells were divided into the control group and hydrogen group. The cells in the control group were cultured with DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% serum,and the cells in the hydrogen group were cultured with DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% serum and saturated hydrogen( ≥0. 6 mmol/L). The cell viability( OD value) of the two groups was detected by MTT,the cell proliferation was assessed by cloning formation assay,and the apoptotic rate was measured by flow cytometry. The clinicopathological data of patients were collected to analyze the factors that might affect the anti-tumor effect of hydrogen. Results The OD values and formed clone number of primary colorectal cancer cells from 15 patients in the hydrogen group were lower( both P 0. 05) and the apoptosis rate was higher than that of the control group( P 0. 05),suggesting that hydrogen intervention was effective. Univariate analysis was carried out on the clinicopathological parameters of primary colorectal adenocarcinoma primary cells derived from 15 patients with effective hydrogen intervention. The results showed that the primary colorectal adenocarcinoma cells were more likely to be inhibited by hydrogen in patients with plasma malondialdehyde( MDA) 3 μmol/L and positive rate of Ki67 expression of cancer cells 70% than in patients with plasma malondialdehyde( MDA) 3 μmol/L and the positive rate of Ki67 expression of cancer cells 70%( P 0. 05). The gender,age of patients,location and Dukes stage of tumors had no significant effect on whether primary cancer cells were inhibited by hydrogen( all P 0. 05). Conclusion Hydrogen has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells,the plasma MDA content and the expression of Ki67 in the tumor tissues may affect the clinical antitumor effect of hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by the steatosis of hepatocytes, which induces oxidative stress (OS). Thus, OS has an important role in the development of NAFLD. In the present study, the L‑02 hepatocyte cell line was used to develop a steatosis cell model. The best model was determined using an MTT assay and the triglyceride levels. Model cells were treated with high concentrations of uric acid (UA; 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/dl) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Indicators of oxidation were then measured, which included total superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and the transcriptional and translational levels of SOD1 and γ‑glutamate‑cysteine ligase (γ‑GCLC) were also determined. In addition, the intracellular levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were detected. The activity of SOD1 decreased over time and the result was supported by the results of western blotting. The transcriptional levels of SOD1 in model cells was significantly higher than untreated cells at 48 h. With the decreased levels of SOD1 and GSH, MDA increased in a time‑dependent manner. The content of GSH decreased with time as well, which was also reflected in the results of western blotting. The transcriptional levels of γ‑GCLC in all UA‑treated groups were lower when compared with those observed in the model group. The activity of ALT tended to increase, depending on the duration of treatment. Treatment with 5 and 10 mg/dl UA had an antioxidative effect on the model cells, and 30 mg/dl UA treatment for 48 h increased OS in the cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, oxidative stability of sunflower oil was studied under accelerated oxidation conditions. First, refined commercial sunflower oil was examined for its composition of fatty acids and tocopherols. Then, oil samples were prepared with Fe+2 and Cu+2 ions (0, 0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg) and ascorbyl palmitate (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Oil samples were kept at different temperatures (30, 50 and 70°C) for 20 days. Oxidation parameters including peroxide value, malonaldehyde concentration and hexanal content were periodically followed during the storage to investigate the effects of metal ions and ascorbyl palmitate on oxidation of sunflower oil. Results showed that temperature had significant effects on elevation of all oxidation parameters studied (P<0.05). It was also found that the concentrations of metal ions and ascorbyl palmitate significantly affected the oxidation of sunflower oil. Addition of 400 mg/kg ascorbyl palmitate restricted increment of peroxide value in both Fe[sup 2+]and Cu[sup 2+] added samples. While Fe[sup 2+] significantly increased the hexanal content, the presence of Cu[sup 2+] increased both hexanal and malonaldehyde values in sunflower oil during oxidation. In samples held at lower temperatures, the hexanal content was almost steady but dramatically increased at higher temperatures. It is concluded that hexanal content could be well considered as an indicator of oil oxidation along with malonaldehyde concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deltamethrin (DM) is being used as a substitute for organochlorines and organophosphates in pest control because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. But it has become an environmental contaminant as it has been used widely. In this study, we investigated the effect of DM (technical grade) on the antioxidant system of adult zebrafish. For this, six-month-old fish were exposed to 2, 4 and 6 μg/L of DM for 96 h. The tissues selected were liver and ovary. Our data showed that exposure to DM increases CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant enzymes), LPO (lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant) and GST (glutathioneS-transferase, detoxifying enzyme) in liver and ovary. Increased GST could detoxify the toxicant; still there could be enough DM to cause oxidative stress. It appears from our study that zebrafish used compensatory mechanisms in eliminating reactive oxygen species. These data will be useful as oxidative stress is being used as a biomarker for aquatic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of vitamin E (VE) and levetiracetam (LEV) on the epilepsy and serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-Aoc) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of patients. Methods: 134 cases with epilepsy who were treated in our hospital from June 2013 to September 2015 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The patients in the control group were treated with LEV, while the patients in the observation group were treated with vitamin E on the basis of the control group. Then the clinical efficacy, the EEG background activity, plasma levels of T-Aoc and MDA of two groups were recorded and compared before and after the treatment, and the safety of treatment was also evaluated. Results: After the treatment, the total effective rate of observation group was 88.1%, which was higher than 74.6% in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the frequency of δ wave, and the θ wave of EEG in the two groups were increased, while the α wave frequency was decreased (P<0.05). After treatment, the improvement of EEG in the observation group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the plasma levels of T-Aoc in the observation group significantly increased, and the MDA decreased (P<0.01); In the control group, the plasma T-Aoc level slightly increased, and the MDA level slightly decreased, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0. 05). Compared with control group, the improvement degree of oxidative stress indexes in the observation group were significantly better (P<0.01). The adverse reaction rate o f the observation group was 10.4%, which was higher than 7.5% in the control group, while there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: VE and LEV could effectively reduce the seizure frequency, improve the EEG background activity, balance oxidative/antioxidant system, and control recurrence in the treatment of in patients with epilepsy assisted treatment with high safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to investigate the effects of (-)-Linarinic acid (LA) and one of its derivatives (LAd) on brain injury induced by ischemia. Malonaldehyde (MDA) is determined as an index for lipid peroxidation both in vitro and vivo. Mice were pre-treated with LA and LAd for 3 d. Thereafter, they were induced to have incomplete cerebral ischemia with both bilateral carotid artery occlusion and hypotension (BCAOH). In the first part of the in vivo experiment, mice were divided into four groups: sham (control), ischemia, ischemia + LA (200 mg/kg, i.g.) and ischemia + LAd (200 mg/kg, i.g.). In the second part, the dose-response of LAd was investigated at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg i.g., respectively. A modified neurological severity score was developed for evaluating behavioral deficits of the mice with ischemia. Brains of the mice were excised in order to determinate MDA after ischemia for 6 h. Survival time, survival rate, neurological injury score and MDA level in brains were observed. Results were: 1) The data in vitro showed that both LA and LAd could inhibit the generation of MDA. IC50 values obtained by Probit analysis were 2.9 mM for LAd and 4.88 mM for LA; 2) BCAOH could significantly shorten the survival span, reduce the survival rate and cause neurological deficits, which were associated with high level of lipid hydroperoxide production in cerebral tissues; 3) LAd decreased lipid peroxidation and improved the neurological outcome more than LA. It is concluded that LAd offers a better neuroprotection than LA against brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphenocentrum jollyanum whole stem extract is used traditionally in combination with its leaves to treat chronic wounds and also ameliorate conditions that exacerbate wounds such as diabetes mellitus. The study isolated the major wound healing bioactive compound from the non-polar fraction of S. jollyanum extract and evaluated the in vivo wound healing activity of a 0.10% w/w 1,4-polyisoprene-based ointment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The major bioactive constituent of S. jollyanum was isolated using a wound healing activity-guided approach and characterized the compound using 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The wound healing activity study adopted both excision (wound contraction) and incision (biochemical) models. In the excision model, the 1,4-polyisoprene caused 99% wound closure and restored the excised wound on day 12. On the 6th and 12th post-wounding days, 1,4-polyisoprene caused a significant (p < 0.001) elevation in the tensile strength (486 g) of the incision wound compared with the control (388 g). The biochemical (hexosamine and hydroxyproline) and antioxidant/inflammatory (ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) parameters increased significantly while malondialdehyde was down-regulated in the wounds treated with 1,4-polyisoprene compared with control. The histological analysis of tissue sections taken from the edge and center of the wounds at 0–12 days post wounding revealed an increased tissue regeneration, accelerated collagen formation, and epidermal regeneration without edema or inflammation on the 12th day. The major wound healing constituent of S. jollyanum is 1,4-polyisoprene and the study has provided a new class of compounds for further optimization. [Display omitted] • Sphenocentrum jollyanum is known in folk medicine for the management of chronic wounds. • A 1,4-polyisoprene was isolated from S. jollyanum for the first time. • Biochemical and histological evidence suggests that 1,4-polyisoprene possesses strong diabetic wound healing activity. • The finding is a pathway for the discovery of a new class of phytochemicals in diabetic and chronic wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nitrite, nitrate, and hydrogen peroxide were the main ROS/RNS in PAW. • PAW treatment reduced the MDA content in tuna muscle. • The reaction of nitrite in PAW with MDA during its measurement processes reduced the MDA content. • Nitrite in PAW cannot react with MDA during the storage period of tuna muscle. An interesting phenomenon that plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment reduced the malonaldehyde (MDA) content in muscle foods was observed in both previous reports and the present study. However, the mechanism remains unclear. To clarify the theoretical basis of this phenomenon, the main reactive components in PAW were determined, and the changes in the fatty acid profile in tuna muscle after PAW treatment were analyzed. The results showed that the MDA content reduction upon PAW treatment was not due to the inhibition of lipid oxidation. To mimic the possible reaction of the components in PAW with MDA, individual hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and nitrate or their mixture solution were added into MDA standard and tuna muscle. The results showed that the reaction of nitrite in PAW with MDA occurred during its measurement processes caused its reduction. The results in this work fully explained why PAW treatment reduced the MDA content in muscle foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of oregano essential oil (OEO) Lippia origanoides Kunth in diets enriched with poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on oxidative stability of eggs during storage. A total of 216 layer hens were randomly assigned of one of six treatments: 1) Basal diet with 2% of (Elaeis guineensis) palm oil (CONTP), 2) Basal diet with 2% of fish oil (CONT), 3) Basal diet with fish oil and 200 g/t of vitamin E (VITE), 4) Basal diet with fish oil and 100 g/t AEO (O100), 5) Basal diet with fish oil and 150 g/t AEO (O150), 6) Basal diet with fish oil and 200 g/t AEO (O200). At the end of the period, 14 freshly eggs from each replicate were collated, totaling 504 eggs. Seventy-two eggs were used to evaluate the initial state of the lipid oxidation and the remaining were storage at 4°C and -10°C, and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in yolk at 15, 30 and 60 days of storage. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized factorial design 6 x 2; Factor A dietary treatment, Factor B temperature (4°C and -10°C) with repeated measures of days of storage (15, 30 60 days). Tukey method was used to compared means (p<0.05). The effect of storage temperature showed that the MDA value was lower in the eggs stored at -10°C compared to 4°C. In both temperatures, the CONTP group exhibited the lower MDA value (24.1 and 28.4 ng de MDA/g of yolk, respectively). At 4°C, the treatments VITE, O150 O200 (38.7, 41.4, 38.6 ng MDA/g of yolk, respectively) showed similar (p>0.05) MDA value in egg yolk, showing better oxidative stability (p<0.05) compared to CONT and O100 (50.6 y 48.3 ng MDA/g of yolk, respectively). In the yolk of fresh eggs and stored during 60 days at 4°C, there was an inverse relationship between level of OEO in the diet and MDA concentration in the egg yolk (Y= 60.5 - 0.08 OEO; R2= 0.7028; p<0.0001 and Y= 47.3 - 0.09 OEO; R2= 0.8569; p<0.0001, respectively). It can be concluded that there is a clear oxidative stability effect of OEO supplementation in n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ContextAlthough olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is a good source of bioactive phenolic compounds, disposing OMWW is a serious environmental challenge. Production of wine via fermenting OMWW may be a promising alternative to deal with OMWW. However, whether or not olive wine from OMWW still reserves its original bioactivities remains unclear. ObjectiveThis study examines antioxidant activity of olive wine fermented from OMWW. Materials and methodsHydroxytyrosol in olive oil was determined by HPLC. Total flavonoid, total polyphenol andin vitroantioxidant activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Aged mice were intragastricly administered 7, 14 and 28 mL/kg olive wine consecutively for 30 d. Afterward, levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione (GSH) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed in mouse plasma and liver. ResultsContents of hydroxytyrosol, total flavonoid and total polyphenol in olive wine were 0.14 ± 0.01, 0.29 ± 0.06 and 0.43 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. The IC50value of olive wine to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals was 2.5% and 3.2% (v/v), respectively. Compared with the solvent control group, olive wine with a dose of 28 mL/kg remarkably lowered mouse MDA concentration in liver, and reduced protein carbonyl level in plasma (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, olive wine at doses of 7 and 28 mL/kg notably enhanced SOD activity in both mouse plasma and liver (p < 0.05). The beneficial effect on liver was superior to that of γ-tocopherol. ConclusionThe study demonstrated that olive wine from OMWW has potential for treating oxidative stress-associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

BACKGROUND Malonaldehyde, the primary by-product of lipid peroxidation in food, modifies the structural and functional properties of proteins by cross-linking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of malonaldehyde on the allergenicity of shrimp tropomyosin. RESULTS RBL-2H3 cells, a model of type I allergic reactions, were sensitised with sera from patients allergic to shrimp, and were stimulated with native and cross-linked tropomyosin. Release of inflammatory mediators such as β-hexosaminidase, histamine, tryptase, cysteinyl leukotriene, and prostaglandin D2 was clearly suppressed in a manner that depended on the extent of tropomyosin cross-linking. Release of interleukin-4 ( IL-4) and IL-13 was similarly decreased. Notably, cells sensitised with one patient's serum released IL-4 at comparable levels in response to native and cross-linked tropomyosin. CONCLUSION Cross-linking strongly modulates the ability of shrimp tropomyosin to induce release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators from activated RBL-2H3 cells. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Multiple line of evidence suggested that diabetes has adverse effects on male sexual and reproductive functions. The aim of present study was to investigate the protective effect of colostrum (COL) on sperm parameters, sex hormones, testes histopathological changes, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 30 diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) and were treated either by saline (model) or COL (100-200 mg/kg). Also, 10 healthy age matched rats were allocated as normal control group which received only saline. The rats in the COL treated groups were given colostrum at 100-200mg/kg once a day orally for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, epididymal sperms were counted, and testis tissues and blood samples were collected for histopathologic and biochemical analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests in SPSS V.18. Results: COL treatment (at both doses) significantly decreased the elevated glucose (P<0.01) and tissue malonaldehyde (MDA) (P<0.05) levels in plasma and testis tissues samples, respectively. The COL treated rats showed an improved histologic appearance (germinal layer thickness, spermatogonia number, seminiferous tubule diameters) and serum testosterone levels. Conclusion: The results clearly provide evidence that CLO treatment can inhibit the progression of reproductive system complication in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a delayed increase in arterial stiffness after eccentric exercise that is possibly mediated by the concurrent delayed increase in circulating oxidative stress. Taurine has anti-oxidant action, and taurine supplementation may be able to attenuate the increase in oxidative stress after exercise. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether taurine supplementation attenuates the delayed increase in arterial stiffness after eccentric exercise. In the present double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial, we divided 29 young, healthy men into 2 groups. Subjects received either 2.0 g of placebo ( n = 14) or taurine ( n = 15) 3 times per day for 14 days prior to the exercise, on the day of exercise, and the following 3 days. The exercise consisted of 2 sets of 20 maximal-effort eccentric repetitions with the nondominant arm only. On the morning of exercise and for 4 days thereafter, we measured serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) as indices of oxidative stress and arterial stiffness, respectively. On the third and fourth days after exercise, both MDA and cfPWV significantly increased in the placebo group. However, these elevations were significantly attenuated in the taurine group. The increase in MDA was associated with an increase in cfPWV from before exercise to 4 days after exercise ( r = 0.597, p < 0.05) in the placebo group, but not in the taurine group. Our results suggest that delayed increase in arterial stiffness after eccentric exercise was probably affected by the exercise-induced oxidative stress and was attenuated by the taurine supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a novel gaseous messenger molecule, plays an important role in signal transduction and biological modulation.Purpose: In the present study the effect of H2S after compression injury of cauda equina was studied.Study Design: The setting of this study is the laboratory investigation.Methods: A total of 162 rats were randomly allocated into three groups: sham group, compression group, and H2S group. Cauda equina compression (CEC) injury in rats was induced by implanting silicone gels (10×1×1 mm) into the epidural spaces L5 and L6; laminectomy was performed at the L4 level of the vertebra in the sham-operated group. The experimental group was treated with sodium hydrosulfide intraperitoneally (20 µmol/kg body weight), whereas the compression and sham groups received equal volumes of physiological saline. Levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were determined immediately before CEC surgery, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after CEC surgery. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed 48 h after CEC.Results: Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that myelin sheath and the cauda equina fibers in the compression group were less compact and highly degenerated compared with the sham group, and that H2S treatment could improve the status. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick-end labeling staining exhibited that decreased number of TUNEL positive cells was found in the H2S group than in the compression group. The level of MDA was increased in the sham and H2S groups compared with the compression group (p<.05, p<.01), whereas the level of GSH was decreased (p<.05, p<.01).Conclusions: With the above data, we conclude that H2S could reduce the oxidative stress and has neuroprotective effect in acute cauda equina syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effects of lead exposure through drinking water on the expression of APE1 protein in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of rats and its relationship with oxidative stress. Methods Forty weaned male SD rats were randomly assigned to five groups (control group and four exposure groups) according to body weights of rats. Rats in control group were given deionized water as drinking water. Rats in four exposure groups were given 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L lead acetate solution for 60 days. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus were measured using kits. The protein level of APE1 in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus were detected by Western blotting assay. Results After being exposed to lead, the APE1 protein levels were significantly decreased in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus (P < 0.05). The protein level showed a trend of gradual decline with the increase of exposed lead (P < 0.05). With the increase of dye lead dose, the activity of SOD in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus showed a downward trend, while the contents of H2O2 and MDA showed a rising trend. The activity of SOD was positively correlated with APE1 protein level in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus (r=0.619, 0.380 and 0.375，P < 0.05). While the contents of H2O2 and MDA were negatively correlated with APE1 protein level in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus (r=-0.472,-0.535,-0.436,-0.514,-0.486 and -0.316，P < 0.05). Conclusion Lead exposure through drinking water can affect the expression of APE1 protein through inducing oxidative stress in brain tissues of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional free energy surfaces for four rotamers ofcis-enol malonaldehyde in water have been investigated by umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. Biasing potential used in the umbrella sampling calculation was adopted to be the minus of conformational free energy preliminary obtained by the thermodynamic integration MD calculations for the rigid malonaldehyde whose stretching and bending were all fixed. The calculated free energy surface shows that, in water, a rotamer that has an intramolecular hydrogen bond is most stable among the rotamers. This is the same as that in vacuum, while order of relative stability of the other three rotamers is different in water and in vacuum. Inclusion of intramolecular vibrations changed the free energy surface little, i.e. at most 2.6 kJ/mol, which is much smaller than the solvation free energy. Free energy barriers from the most stable intramolecular hydrogen bonded rotamer to the others are lowered by hydration but they are still very high, >50 kJ/mol, such that the malonaldehyde molecule spends most of its time in water taking this conformation. Thus, reaction coordinate for intramolecular proton transfer reaction in water may be constructed assuming this rotamer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, specific and simple procedure is proposed for the determination of free malonaldehyde (MA) contained in fish tissue. The method is the optimization of the reaction of MA with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene to afford a naphtodiazepinium ion that present a UV absorption at 311 nm, useful for MA determination by HPLC with UV detection. The reaction proceeds in the presence of 25% acetonitrile at 37 °C in 20 min at pH 2 using 2,4-pentanedione as internal standard. The method has been applied to homogenized samples of canned mackerel fillets that were treated with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene in an acidic aqueous:acetonitrile mixture. The produced naphtodiazepinium ion was extracted in acetonitrile by a salting-out homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction. A standard calibration was carried out in the range 0.625–10 nmol/g. The reliability of the procedure is demonstrated by linearity ( r 2 = 0.998), limit of detection (0.16 nmol/g), limit of quantification (0.22 nmol/g), repeatibility (RSD 5.57%), and intermediate precision (RSD 8.92%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive pathogenesis and prevention of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unknown at present. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible progressive pathogenesis and prevention of PD. Our study investigated the content of glutamate, mitochondria calcium, calmodulin, malonaldehyde and trace elements in striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissues; and the expression of bcl-2, bax and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in substantia nigra and striatum; and the change of apomorphine induced rotation behavior; and the treatmental effect of monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) intraperitoneal administration for 14 days in a PD rat model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. The results revealed that the content of glutamate significantly decreased, and that of mitochondria calcium, calmodulin, malonaldehyde and ferrum significantly increased in striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissues; the content of magnesium significantly decreased, and that of cuprum and zinc significantly increased in cerebral cortex; the expression of bcl-2 significantly decreased, and that of bax and nNOS significantly increased in substantia nigra and striatum in PD rat. GM1 can partially improve the apomorphine induced rotation behavior and changes of glutamate, mitochondria calcium, calmodulin content in striatum of PD rat. Data suggested that dysfunction of excitatory amino acids neurotransmitter, calcium homeostasis disorder, abnormal metabolism of oxygen free radicals, abnormal trace elements distribution and/or deposition and excessive apoptosis participated in the progressive process of PD, and that GM1 could partially prevent the progressive damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune disease whose etiology remains unknown, but studies have consistently implicated a plethora of inflammatory mechanisms culminating in chronic symmetric and erosive synovitis. Importantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been attributed to directly contribute towards the destructive, proliferative synovitis evident in RA. Accordingly, this study aimed to establish whether the degree of oxidative stress and disease activity score (DAS28) correlated with the downstream effects of oxidative damage. The redox status of neutrophils sourced from synovial fluid (SF) was measured by flow cytometry in terms of total ROS and hydroxyl radicals. Among the molecular damage markers, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation were detected by spectrophotometry and S-nitrosothiols by fluorimetry. Neutrophils constituted the major cellular component of the SF of patients with RA and their levels of ROS and hydroxyl radicals correlated strongly with protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation. However, all the oxidative damage markers correlated positively with DAS28. Taken together, in patients with RA, the strong correlation between levels of ROS and DAS28 with markers of oxidative damage suggests that measurement of oxidative stress could serve as a biomarker for monitoring disease severity in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraquot (PQ) is widely and commonly used as herbicide and has been reported to be hazardous as it causes lung injury. However, molecular mechanism underlying lung toxicity caused by PQ has not been elucidated. Curcumin, a known anti-inflammatory molecule derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa has variety of pharmacological activities including free-radical scavenging properties but the protective effects of curcumin on PQ-induced acute lung injury (ALI) have not been studied. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of curcumin on ALI caused by PQ in male parke's strain mice which were challenged acutely by PQ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without curcumin an hour before (5 mg/kg, i.n.) PQ intoxication. Lung specimens and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were isolated for pathological and biochemical analysis after 48 h of PQ exposure. Curcumin administration has significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Lung wet/dry weight ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, total cell number and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in BALF as well as neutrophil infiltration were attenuated by curcumin. Pathological studies also revealed that intranasal curcumin alleviate PQ-induced pulmonary damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO). These results suggest that intranasal curcumin may directly target lungs and curcumin inhalers may prove to be effective in PQ-induced ALI treatment in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous experimental and epidemiologic studies shown that oxygen-free-radicals are elevated in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM). Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) has been reported to confer antioxidant activities by decreasing the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. This study was designed to investigate the role of PON1 activity, glutathione reductase (GR), and lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). 70 subjects were included in the study: 30 as a control, 20 with type 2 DM (T2DM) with nephropathy (DN), 20 T2DM without nephropathy. All studied groups are subjected to the following laboratory investigations after their consents: fasting and postprandial blood glucose, Serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), HbA1c, blood urea, serum creatinine, urine microalbumin, serum PON1 activity, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and serum GR activity. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, and HbA1c was significantly higher in the DN group than the diabetic or control group (p=0.0001). Serum creatinine show a significant rise in the DN group than diabetic or control group (p=0.0001). Microalbuminuria show a significant rise in the DN group than the control or diabetic group as well as in the diabetic group than control group (p=0.0001). Serum PON1 activity and GR level showed significant decrease in diabetic patients with or without nephropathy compared to the control group with a significant decrease in its activity in the DN group while there was a significant a rise of MDA in diabetic groups than control with a significant rise in DN. The decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in DN patients, suggesting that oxidative stress may contribute to the development of DN and other microvascular complications beside chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Measurement of PNO1, MDA and GR levels may be a helpful marker in the diagnosis and follow up DN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise requires more oxygen input and cannot be fully obtained through breathing. The body has a homeostatic system, when more ATP is needed, the more oxygen is required by the body. Limited supply of oxygen such as those happens in athlete's body automatically switches the respiration from aerobic into anaerobic. This situation results in building up of lactic acid which in turn lowers the energy for cellular metabolism as well as energy for exercise. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of short-term and long-term drinking of oxygenated water on lactic acid and energy expenditure (EE) in exercise performance; Cluster of Differentiation-4 (CD4), CD8, CD56, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents; and level of malonaldehyde. During short-term intervention, 12 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (50, 80 and 130 ppm) water and normal mineral water, 15 minutes before treadmill and after treadmill (10 Kmh). The lactic acid concentration was measured before and after treadmill, and 5 minutes after the reconsumption of the oxygenated water. During long-term intervention, 17 male student volunteers drank oxygenated (100 ppm) water twice a day for 21 days. The blood plasma and lymphocyte sampled before and after intervention were analyzed for the same parameters. The results showed that oxygenated water had no effect on lactic acid accumulations and EE. Similarly the long-term study showed that oxygenated water did not affect CD4 and CD8, had no harmful effect on IL-6 and malonaldehyde, yet it significantly increased the CD56 content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aldehyde stress contributes to molecular mechanisms of cell death and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The neurotoxin 1-Methy-4-Phenylpyridinium Ion (MPP) is commonly used to model PD. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH) is an important enzyme detoxifying aldehydes. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether MPP-induced neurotoxicity is involved in aldehyde stress by modulation of ALDH. Our results demonstrated that treatment of PC12 cells with MPP leads to aldehyde stress by increasing in loads of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, which indicated that MPP-induced aldehyde stress contributes to its cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. We also showed that MPP up-regulates the expression and activity of ALDH in PC12 cells and that inhibition of ALDH by its specific inhibitor daidzin prevents MPP-induced decrease in cell viability and increases in apoptosis, oxidative stress and aldehyde stress in PC12 cells. These findings suggest that aldehyde stress contributes to MPP-induced toxicity in PC12 cells by upregulation of ALDH. This study provides a novel insight into the role of ALDH in the neurotoxicity of MPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This research was conducted to reduce nitrite residue and malonaldehyde (MDA) content of dendeng through modifying the formulation of spices, curing technique and precooking preparation. The result showed that spiced fried dendeng was likely to contain high total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Wet cured dendeng combined with spices containing 2.0% coriander and 10.0% garlic and preparation by soaking before frying was effective to produce dendeng that had no detected nitrite residue and low MDA. In conclusion, the spice formulas used in this study could reduce nitrite residue and MDA level of dendeng, and the treatment prior to frying, by soaking the dendeng briefly in water, lowered MDA of non-spiced dendeng, but no effect of soaking was observed in spiced samples due to the very low MDA found in the samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Removal of protein-bound uremic toxins by dialysis therapy is limited. The effect of oral adsorbent AST-120 in chronic dialysis patients has rarely been investigated. Methods: AST-120 was administered 6.0 g/day for 3 months in 69 chronic dialysis patients. The blood concentrations of indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk were determined before and after AST-120 treatment. Results: AST-120 significantly decreased both the total and free forms of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate ranging from 21.9 to 58.3%. There were significant simultaneous changes of the soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK, 24% increase), malondialdehyde (14% decrease) and interleukin-6 (19% decrease). A significant association between the decrease of indoxyl sulfate and changes of sTWEAK and interleukin-6 was noted. Conclusions: AST-120 effectively decreased indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate levels in both total and free forms. AST-120 also improved the profile of cardiovascular biomarkers. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is a standard parameter in the evaluation of meat quality. It is most often used when the composition of the meat is modified, either by changing the animal's diet or by adding food supplements during post-slaughter meat processing. Malonaldehyde (MA) is commonly accepted as the main lipid oxidation product in meat. In this study, changes in MA contents in chicken meat enriched with n3-PUFA during cooking were analysed. Small samples (1.5 g) of ground chicken thighs were placed in plastic bags, wrapped in thin film, and immersed in a water bath at different temperatures (50, 70 and 100°C) for cooking times ranging from 0 to 30 min. MA content was measured by liquid chromatography. MA content first increased rapidly and then decreased. The kinetics were fitted to a model using sequential first-order reactions including appearance and disappearance rate constants. The temperature influenced the rate constants according to Arrhenius' law, with the highest activation energy for the appearance rate constant. An increase in the vitamin E content of the meat reduced the appearance rate but not the disappearance rate constant. Practical applications: This study investigates the possibility of modelling the MA content in n3-PUFA enriched chicken meat during cooking in order to predict the lipid oxidation state of the meat consumers would eat. By understanding the mechanisms of MA appearance and disappearance reactions according to the level of antioxidant present in the meat, this study enables to monitor the lipid oxidation extent. The utility of vitamin E as an antioxidant in n3-PUFA enriched chicken meat is demonstrated. This study also enlightens the behaviour of the MA, the compound most widely used in literature to characterize the lipid oxidation extent, which is a transition product and must be used with care. In fact, it is clearly shown that a single value of MA content cannot express an oxidation state due to cooking without prior focus on the complete kinetics to determine the appearance and disappearance phases of the MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Position of substituents (R 1 = H and R 2 , R 3 = H, F, C n H n+1) on malonaldehyde has been changed to amplify its intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) interaction. Results show that π-conjugated substituents at R 3 position cause increase of IHB energies of the substituted malonaldehydes. Then, amplification of the IHB interaction in malonaldehyde with C 20 H 21 group at R 3 position was verified. Thus, polyethylene chains influence on resonance-assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) of malonaldehyde and can form malonaldehyde-polyene materials with improved properties. Then, hydrogen bond (HB) interaction of formaldehyde with the substituted malonaldehydes without RAHB ring was studied and HB interaction energies calculated. The HB interaction energies have linear relation with intermolecular hydrogen bond length (d HB). A procedure was employed to estimate IHB energies of the substituted malonaldehydes using the mentioned relation and intramolecular hydrogen bond length (d IHB). Relation between geometrical parameters, spectroscopic data, topological properties, and molecular orbital descriptors with the estimated IHB energies were surveyed. Moreover, IHB energies of the current system were estimated using some quantum chemistry methods to validate the data and find more consistent method with the proposed viewpoint. Results indicated that the estimated IHB energies using proposed procedure have good correlations with other methods. Also, energy decomposition of the IHB interactions in the substituted malonaldehydes was performed using a new method and results showed that electrostatic term has major contribution in the IHB energies. The π-conjugated chains at R 3 position with R 2 = H improve strength of intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) interactions. A new decomposition viewpoint has presented for the IHB energies. [Display omitted] • RAHB theory was confirmed in the substituted malonaldehydes. • Elongation of the π-conjugated chains promotes IHB energies. • IHB energies estimate using a new viewpoint. • There is good consistency between new viewpoint and Espinosa' method. • Decomposition of IHB energies revealed role of electrostatic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Open-chain and cyclic structures of malonaldehyde enol were compared. [•] Catemers up to 9 monomers have been calculated. [•] Bader QTAIM analysis was used to understand the structures. [•] NMR properties, 1H chemical shifts and 2h J OO coupling constants, were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress has been associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about oxidative stress in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aging. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary excretion rate of 8-isoprostane:creatinine (U8-isoPG:Cr) and malonaldehyde:creatinine (UMDA:Cr) to predict short-term POCD in elderly patients undergoing general and orthopedic surgery. 72 patients aged above 65 years were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Each patient underwent cognitive testing to determine POCD performed by an investigator before surgery and 1 week after surgery. Morning urine was collected at baseline, 1, 2, and 7 days postoperatively. U8-isoPG was performed using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and UMDA levels were measured by chemiluminescence detection. Creatinine levels were also analyzed if differences in the oxidative biomarkers were observed in the urine creatinine concentration. (1). Of 72 patients who completed cognitive testing, postoperative cognitive dysfunction was detected in 29.2 % (n = 21) of patients in 7 days. (2) U8-isoPG:Cr levels in 7 days postoperatively were significantly higher in POCD patients compared with the non-POCD group ( p = 0.01). When measuring change from baseline, U8-isoPG:Cr levels were higher than that of control groups ( p = 0.01). (3) UMDA:Cr levels were significantly elevated in 1 and 2 days postoperatively in both groups ( p < 0.05). U8-isoPG:Cr level seems to be a valuable marker to detect lipid peroxidation early in POCD patients. However, it will also be important to take into account or reduce potential confounders to improve the identification of changes in the status of oxidative stress as a marker for POCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review will discuss the concept of reproductive aging, which includes the definition of menopause, its symptoms, and predisposing conditions. It will elaborate upon the contributory factors implicated in the pathogenesis of menopause, focusing most prominently on oxidative stress. Specifically, this paper will explain how oxidative stress, in the form of free radicals and antioxidant deficiencies, has been directly linked to the decline of estrogen during reproductive aging. Additionally, this paper will elaborate upon the treatment options aimed at mitigating the menopausal symptoms and hormonal deficiencies that can lead to various disease processes. Treatment options such as hormonal therapy, antioxidant supplementation, and lifestyle modification have been explored for their effectiveness in treating and preventing the symptoms and sequelae of menopause. The majority of information in this review was obtained through PubMed and the National Library of Medicine. While most references in this paper are original research articles, a limited number of references are comprehensive reviews on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of substituted of 6- and 7-hydroxy-3-aryl coumarins were synthesized and tested for antioxidative activity in vitro. Some compounds were selected as promise for further preclinical investigation as antioxidant drugs by means of their biological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]