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This is a master conference given by Enrique Dussel at the Intercultural Bilingual Normal School of Oaxaca, Mexico, on February 12, 2020. The conference shows that the original peoples are not included in history and that it is necessary to build a new history. in which they are included because it is the reality of America. He explains that despite the intercultural dialogue that has been established, it is necessary to carry out a "decolonized" intercultural dialogue, which allows a mental decolonization to abandon the Eurocentrism that is taught and persists even in the programs of progressive governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980's, the questioning of the national paradigm and, to a lesser extent, of the colonial one, has led to a renewal of modern studies of the Spanish monarchy. This article discusses the emerging body of academic literature about mercantile circulation, highlighting that there is still a need to reshape the relevant units of analysis. Based on the spatial economy, it sets forth a hypothesis about the markets which might have formed the Hispanic world and its dynamics. It also synthesizes the foundations and advances of the "River Plate economic space" (espacio económico rioplatense), polarized in the direction of the region of the Río de la Plata. Our hypothesis seeks to explain the historic foundations of the establishment of the internal market of the Republic of Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on American giant Pedro Antonio Cano and the history of Spanish America. Topics discussed include why this person, the giant became a symbol of the natural greatness of the Spanish America in some months of the year of 1792; his enormous stature; and his trip to the Penisula and his presentation to King of Spain Carlos IV.

The article discusses the history of the Spanish institution Cuzco in the New World in the 16th century. Topics discussed include the conquest and pacification of the new American territories by the Castilian Crown; actions, diplomacy and implementation of political-administrative structures in the period; and how it helped maintain control over a large population and a broader scope territory.

This article, initially presented at the Segundo Congreso Latinoamericano de Glotopolítica (Second Latin American Conference on Glottpolitics) in Bogotá, Colombia, August 11-13, 2016, discusses the ethics of language. The author comments on the history of the relationship between language and politics in Spain and its colonies dating from the early 18th century.

El artículo discurre sobre la historia de América Latina desde el periodo colonial hasta hoy en día. El autor comenta sobre los estudios historiográficos de la región y examina la relación entre la historia y los factores socioeconómicos, socioculturales y políticos que contribuyeron a la historia latinoamericana.

What was at stake in the process of notarial registration? Through the analysis of three situations that arose during the Catholic Monarchy between 1670 and 1720 in the territories of Spain, Peru and Chile, this article explores diverse social and cultural tensions perceived in the process of recording notarial documents and in the circulation of records and persons. It reveals a range of distances among facts, truth and the administration of justice. The writing appears to be a dialogue: the will of the grantors -- either individual or collective strategies to express sentiments and decisions-- are mixed with the ink of the clerks who were transcribing, co-authors whose identity is unknown but whose mark can nonetheless be seen in the documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the State's monopolization of the violence in the early cycle of southern Patagonia colonization, proposing first, that the local precariousness of Argentinean and Chilean states relied upon the expansive strength of the sheep farming industry for materializing their territorial sovereignty; and, secondly, that the enclosure of the international delimitation in the summer of 1922 resulted from the repression of the workers' insurgency. Based on a wide research on official and entrepreneurial sources, on Santa Cruz, Magallanes and Tierra del Fuego, as well as on local press, it examines and compares the presence of police and military forces in the extreme South, explaining the similitudes and differences of the strategies of social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the late seventeenth century, King Hespero and the Hesperides Islands reappeared to defend the Spanish origin of the Araucaria people in the History general del reino de Chile (General History of the Kingdom of Chile) by Diego Rosales. This study analyzes the process Rosales used in constructing his discourse. It also examines the way in which sources were used and inserted in his History... The coherence between these materials and the discursive context in which they were employed explain some apparent contradictions and discontinuities in his account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the Bourbon Dynasty, Spain tried to strengthen the state apparatus and widen the scope of its functions in its American domains. One of the results this had was the decision of the Crown to assume the management and control of the mail system, which brought substantial improvements in the expansion of the routes and reduction of the travel time, but some flaws and issues were still evident. This work attempts to examine the obstacles that hindered the proper operation of the postal service in the framework of the reforms implemented halfway the 18th century by Commissioner Joseph Antonio de Pando, namely: fraud, delays, violations; interceptions; and loss of letters and parcels. These obstacles led to a loss of prestige for the sector, and were an additional sign of the weakening and crisis of the colonial politic - administrative regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British and the Spanish empires contended for the possession of the southeastern corner of the Yucatán peninsula during the XVII and the XVIII centuries, a region known at the time as Walix (northern Belize). The Treaty of Versailles of 1783 and the Agreement of London of 1786 finally defined the regional situation. The former created a district between the rivers Hondo and Belize in order to concentrate all the Englishmen dispersed trough out the Central American coast; the latter treaty enlarged this area up to the Sibún river. The king's lieutenant of Campeche endeavored to limit the territory of the new concession by erecting a series of Doric columns in situ in the year 1787, defining thus, the area of the British Settlements in the Walix. In retrospective, this was the very moment that the modern frontier between Mexico and Belize was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the different relations of miscegenation that occurred in the Pacific territory of the New Kingdom of Granada during the first two centuries of European occupation. The study reveals that, contrary to what a broad sector of historiography has sustained, the Conquest was not unilateral and compact, but rather a discontinuous and heterogeneous process that permitted the rise of new groups such as the Mestizos. When these groups were educated in the colonial world, they participated actively in the wars against the Indians, but when they were brought up within the indigenous societies, they also knew how to attack the Conquistadors. The study uses different sources to analyze the process of miscegenation not only from the biological perspective, but from the cultural perspective as well. It is thus possible to understand how an intense process of racial-mixing known as mestizaje took place on both sides of the colonial boundary line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the interethnic relationships between indigenous groups along the border region of Chile and Río de la Plata in South America during the 18th century. The authors comment on the impact of Spanish colonial government on these ethnic relations and describe the difficulties in communication between the Spanish authorities and the native groups. The understanding of the Mapuche indigenous language, referred to as mapu dungum, in the years since Spanish colonization is also examined.

This paper analyzes that the colonial discourse by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, the Official Chronicler of Indies in the first half of the 16th century, takes in contact with certain pre-Columbian indigenous expressions of the Caribbean and Central America. In particular, we focus on the representations that the chronicler creates about the areíto, or Indian feast, the most indescribable and incomprehensible manifestation among their practices. I propose that, in presence of the areitos, Oviedo's colonial discourse becomes brittle and contradictory, plurivalent. Thus, to approach the symbolic level of the Historia General j Hatural de las Indias, I utilize a literary-critical perspective together with the help of the study of some information provided by ethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza la desconocida divulgación de la ilustración peruana en Madrid a partir del discurso que sobre la ‘idea del Perú’ impulsó la Sociedad de Amantes del País en el Mercurio Peruano a fines del siglo XVIII. Este proyecto utilitario de los mercuristas se hizo manifiesto durante tres momentos: primero, en la confección del informe político sobre el Perú que redactó el marino ilustrado Alejandro Malaspina en 1795; segundo, en la divulgación que impulso el ilustrado vasco José Ignacio de Lecuanda en las páginas del periódico titulado Viajero Universal en 1798; tercero, en el diseño que patrocinó el propio Lecuanda en el Cuadro de historia civil, natural y geográfica del Perú pintado por Luis Thiebaut (1799). El estudio discute las razones por las cuales Malaspina y Lecuanda creyeron que la exportación de este proyecto ilustrado iba a convertir al Perú en un reino utilitario para la Monarquía hispánica. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, we will highlight the influence and the role of the Iroquois nation-a group of North American Indians-in the unification of the English colonies of America and in the creation of the American federal system. Due to the work of intellectuals like Franklin and Morgan, the Iroquois influence can be seen in Marx and Engels and in the twentieth century movements of cultural revindication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution is due to the perplexity of banning the natives of the overseas provinces become part of the judiciary during the 1st Republic, although the Organic Decree of 25th October, 1870 organizing the judiciary overseas had allowed it. On the score of this episode, this work tries to reflect on the sense of the recovery of these veto and arguments of Indian Law for the colonies precisely during a revolutionary and liberal context in the metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reprint of a historical document from 1631, which discusses the relationship between indigenous Mexicans and Spanish government official Gonzalo Fernández Madaleno in Santa Clara de los Cobres, Michoacán, Mexico. The author examines the government treatment of and policies towards indigenous groups in the region, as evidenced in the document.

The article has a twofold purpose: to appraise the father Kino participation in the Isidoro Atondo's expedition to Lower California and give academic recognition to the memory of Miguel Mathes for recording Kino's endeavors. The text goes through the Spanish Crown attempts to colonize California, and portrays a brief biography of Atondo. Finally, it reviews the implementation of the project seri, conceived by Kino in order to fight for the Californians' rights to be evangelized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the probanzas de méritos y servicios have been used to reconstruct the history of the New World Conquest from the viewpoint of Spaniards. However, many Indians quickly familiarized with this legal tool and employed it in order to defend their own interests in the colonial system. This paper aims to examine the use that Mayas, Chontales or Mexicans made of the probanzas in sixteenth-century Yucatán. I will try to highlight how the strategies they implemented in order to present their merits and deeds not only depended on the objectives they followed and on their familiarity with the colonial legal culture, but also on their knowledge of the agents and interests at stake in the peninsula. Therefore, I will claim the intrinsic political value of the probanzas, being their authors either Indians or Spaniards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses the articles in this issue, including one on Maya natives in Yucatán, Mexico, during the 16th century, one on the Spanish conquest of the Americas, and one on the colonial law of Chile.

The establishment of the "mita" for silver exploitation in the Mariquita Mines in the New Kingdom of Granada produced the incorporation of Indians as workforce for its benefit. The mitayos were recruited through the socalled "conductions" from their settlement areas in the provinces of Tunja and Santa Fe, and then they were taken to the silver mining areas. Facing the recognition of natives as vassals of the king, the authorities of the Royal Court had to establish a "salary" in order to recognize the work in the mines. The complexity of these circumstances for the survival of the indigenous workers and the operation of the exploitation mechanisms are the coordinates that will be analyzed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el conflicto y las sublevaciones en el Virreinato de Nueva Granada en América del Sur durante el siglo 18. La autora comenta sobre la influencia de las políticas de la monarquía borbónica en España durante este tiempo en la violencia y la insurgencia en las colonias. También se ofrece un análisis historiográfico de las sublevaciones neogranadinas.

This article discusses the 19th century French merchant Vincent Bauver and brothers Christian and Conrad Heuland of Germany and the history of commercial relations between France and Spain. The authors comment specifically on commerce in the Spanish colonies of the Americas at this time and describe the trade routes of Bauver to these regions based on historical documents written at the time. Particular focus is given to trade with Chile between 1707-1795. A history of commercial activities among France, Spain, and the Americas dating from the early 16th century is also provided.

El artículo discurre sobre el intercambio y los mercados en México durante el periodo colonial. La autora comenta sobre la influencia de las tradiciones mercantiles antes de la llegada de los españoles en los mercados de los siglos 16 y 17. Se consideran los productos principales ofrecidos por los mercaderes, especialmente a causa de las industrias minerales. También se describen las rutas comerciales por la región.

This paper deals with the disappearance of indigenous villages during the colonial period in the region of Los Altos de Jalisco. Several authors have analyzed the catastrophic decline of this population following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas; however, at least for western Mexico there are no detailed studies that address the redistribution of space after the loss of population. Such a situation is even more obvious in the case of Los Altos de Jalisco, where, although there have been many studies aiming to understand the ranch property as a typical local settlement, the ancient indigenous villages in the area have been almost unnoticed, hence the relevance of this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key aspects to understanding the dynamics of power of the American colonial system is how the local authorities managed to put into practice the royal decrees sent by the King. This article analyzes the viceroyship of the Count of Chinchón, looking to show that his administration of the intense taxation policy elaborated in Madrid to be carried out in Peru determined the alternatives of the entire fiscal process. In fact, it not only affected the rhythm with which the royal decrees were put into practice but, also the selection of the fiscal mechanisms that were effectively used, the institutional dynamics and the conditions under which the vice royal elite accepted this process. In this way, the king's representative became the principal agent of the negotiation and obligated the central power to tolerate the delay of the enforcement of fiscal measures for almost a decade, compromising before the interest of the local elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies certain forms of violence which occurred during the conquest of Antioquia between 1540 and 1550. As this province was a border area, both because of the aboriginal resistance and because of the confrontation between the governorates of Cartagena and Popayan, war and punishment against indigenous peoples was gruesome, even for the context of the Conquest. The aim of the paper is not to study the uniqueness of Antioquia, but to show that the border war was an imperial problem and that it relaxed morals allowing a punitive system foreign to civilized confrontation but valid in peripheral areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the political representation in the Spanish colonies in the Americas during the early 19th century. The author comments on the role of the Cortes de Cádiz, the Spanish national assembly established in 1810. He also considers the evolution of the concept of citizenship, civil rights, and political equality during this period.

The article discusses the importance of mesones or inns in San Luis Potosí, Mexico during the 17th and 18th centuries, with a focus on food trade and mining activities. Particular attention is given to the creation of an alhóndiga, which was a place to store and trade grain, in 1609, including a typology of alhóndiga in colonial Mexico. Subjects discussed include inns administrated by the Franciscan order, the inn of Manuel Gitart, whose first reference appears in 1775, and the inn Santa Clara, founded by French merchant Jerónimo Berdier.

The article discusses the figure of provincial authorities in the colonies of Spain known as alcaldes mayores, focusing on Santa María de los Lagos, Nueva Galicia, which was an autonomous kingdom of New Spain, now modern day Mexico. Particular focus is given to the relationships established by Felipe de Otaduy y Avendaño and Francisco Javier Arriola, the first and the last alcaldes mayores of María de los Lagos from 1686 to 1799. Subjects discussed include social networks during colonial times, the instauration of the Bourbon dynasty at the beginning of the 18th century, and the political elites in the colonial society.

The article discusses the felling and trafficking of logwood in the Laguna de Campeche, Mexico, now modern day Isla del Carmen, in the 16th and 18th centuries to obtain haematoxylin for textile dyeing. Subjects include a historical overview of piracy in Central America and the Gulf of Mexico, the commerce of logwood by Spain in the context of the colonization of Mexico, and the concept of world-economy developed by U.S. sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein.

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses the articles in this issue, including one on the Spanish colonies in the Americas, one on the economic importance and development of major cities in Latin America during the 19th century, and one on urbanism in Mexico.

Based on new archival information, this article examines as-of-yet unknown details of the life of poet Diego Mexía de Fernangil in Potosí; his mercantile activities, personal relationships, family life, as well as details of his death in 1634. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre las rebeliones armadas de los mayas contra los españoles durante el periodo de la conquista española. El autor examina el primer relato de la resistencia armada, la cual ocurrió en noviembre de 1546 en Valladolid, México, cuando los españoles tomó control de una ciudad maya. Se mencionan varias rebeliones mayas contra el gobierno español hasta el siglo 20, incluyendo la Guerra de Castas que duró por más de cincuenta años.

El artículo presenta una reimpresión de una disertación pronunciada por el jurista español Isidoro de Antillón en la real academia Matritense de derecho español y público el 2 de abril de 1802 y publicado en Mallorca, España, en 1811. Los temas discutidos incluyen la historia y orígenes de la esclavitud, la defensa de la abolición de la esclavitud en la colonias españolas de América y los derechos naturales del hombre.

In this essay, I analyze the way in which the independence of the American viceroyalties affects the formation of concepts such as nation and nationality in the context of the Iberian Peninsula. This political environment is the unstable background that illuminates the animosity raised by the ethnic, social and, racial identity of the mestizo, in the society drawn by the Duke of Rivas in Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino. In 1835, the indiano is an uncomfortable reminder of those Iimits within which citizenship is defined in the newly constituted nation-state. Don Alvaro, emblem of the irreducible dialectics between loyalty and rebellion, reveals the crisis underneath the discourses in charge of defining the new political body of citizenship, whose task is to give birth to a modern nation from the colonial ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various policies generated among the colonial legal history, such as the Bourbon measures, limited the foreign trade in Latin America, producing the necessity of a self-regulating economy system, however, this was hindered by the decisions of men who at the same time of founding us, were melting us2. Thus, the core purpose is to understand the birth of the foreign debt in our country since the revolution of 1810, as a major fact for the Colombian international trade development, that’s why its analysis deserves great importance to the national academy, on these grounds, considering that this is a disease that afflicts all the Latin American countries, its origins will help to understand the reason of the current international economy situation, mainly in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to capture the characteristics which were held the view that the black and the Indian were in the state and the church, it centers colonial authority, the study focuses on the sources of the city of Santo Domingo between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quechua was in contact and alternation with Spanish for more than 300 years, and it acquired a particular poetic value in the 1840s and 1860s. At that time, some appraising studies of indigenous languages were published which resemantized the descriptions of the colonial period and contributed to establish images that were projected until the end of the 19th century and, in some cases, the mid-20th century. This article analyzes the characteristics of the eloquence and elegance bestowed upon Quechua in these studies, in relation to the mark of the Royal Commentaries by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, the construction of the first lexicographical repertoires, and the coinciding 19th-century postulation of an American literature. Other themes include the poeticism of Quechua as a philological and ideological answer to the political hypotheses of exclusion and confrontation vis-à-vis native peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of Andean textiles following the Spanish conquest and during the establishment of the colonial system from the late 16th century to the early 17th century. It asserts that textiles were the primary form through which pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Andes gave shape to and communicated their ideas, formalized social and political relationships, and interacted with the spiritual world. The article further maintains that Andean textiles and dress revealed information about the economic policy of the Inca state, facilitating the conquest and colonization, and that they informed strategies developed to convert native peoples to Christianity.

In the first decades of the seventeenth century, a war to exterminate the Sindagua indigenous group was carried out. A few documents from this military campaign survive. Although limited in number and short on information, these documents, written in 1634 and 1635, are one of the few available sources through which we can develop a sense of this group. This article analyzes these documents to try and understand the cultural practices of the Sindagua. The analysis rests on the idea that culture understood (in Geertzian terms) as the structure of meanings through which the phenomena of daily life are interpreted- is somewhat organic. This implies that the practices of warfare within a particular group of people exhibit an underlying structure that is congruous with its other cultural practices. Thus, practices related to warfare can shed light on cultural elements beyond war. In this manner, the article offers a methodology that expands the utility of existing archival documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a number of key issues in the history of sixteenth-century Iberian science: the role of sixteenth-century Spanish science in the construction of modern science; the encounter of Western science with other forms of knowledge; the relationship between science and empire; and the construction of a Eurocentric world order. The author concludes by suggesting that the idea of "comprehension" -as both a form of appropriation and a process of self-construction- can help explain the political character of science and its role in the Iberian conquest of the New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the emergence of empirical practices in the context of the sixteenth-century Spanish American empire. My thesis is simple: the commercial and imperial expansion of Spain in America (as well as the expansion of other European kingdoms afterwards) fostered the creation and institutionalization of empirical practices for the study of the natural world. This was a significant event that has not yet been well understood in history of science. In the traditional historiography of the history of science the emphasis has been placed on the European social mechanisms that helped to establish empirical practices. It does not consider the American experience central in the understanding of the emergence and institutionalization of those practices; I argue that the American experience was central in the development of modern science. This article studies the creation of questionnaires and expeditions not only as part of state formation but also as part of the development of modern science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the financing of Christopher Columbus' transatlantic voyages based on the documentary evidence from the 1495-1504 accounting records of Alonso de Morales, Treasurer of Spanish monarch Isabel I. It considers the use of extraordinary finances for the funding of activities related to Spain's foreign policy and explores the sources of those monetary resources. The author describes the expenses of Columbus's second and fourth voyage as well as that of Indias governor Nicolás de Ovando among others. A list of crew members and passengers of Columbus's second voyage is also included in the article.

This article discusses the independence movements in the post-colonial period in Latin America. It considers the relationship between indigenous conflict against Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century with the uprisings and revolutions of the 19th century, a comparison that was first proposed by Chilean author José Victorino Lastarria in his book "Memoria histórica." The author examines the political violence directed toward the native population during the time period, which he relates to acts of genocide. The varying opinions of Lastarria and fellow writers Andrés Bello and Domingo Faustino Sarmiento regarding the political situation in Latin America are also explored.

El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la conquista español del siglo 16 en la salud de las civilizaciones indígenas de la región de Mesoamérica. El autor comenta sobre la introducción de una serie de epidemias por los conquistadores y describe sus consecuencias, especialmente en el caso de la viruela, en la demografía de la región. También se compara la devastación causada por la conquista misma y por las enfermedades introducidas.

This article discusses the representation of cannibalism in Latin American culture, particularly the fields of art and literature in the 19th century. The author makes reference to the relationship between Spain and its colonies in Latin America, the former of which was viewed as a cannibalistic entity due to its exploitation of the colonies since the late 15th century. He also considers the societal and cultural differences between Spain and Latin America, especially the marginalization by Spain of the native population.

El artículo discurre sobre el sistema de tributo en el sitio arqueológico de Coyoacán, México, durante el siglo 16. La autora comenta sobre el desarrollo de la sociedad colonial realizada por los conquistadores españoles y examina su impacto en la civilización indígena de la región. También se considera la implementación del servicio personal y la manutención del clero.

El artículo pretende separar la verdad de la ficción en cuanto a las posibles causas para la caída de Tenochtitlán, una ciudad central para los aztecas de México. El autor comenta sobre el impacto de la llegada de los conquistadores españoles en 1519. También se consideran los problemas económicas experimentadas por los aztecas durante este periodo.