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The medical certificate issued by the Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées (MDPH) provides the information needed by the MDPH's multidisciplinary team to assess the child's compensation needs. This assessment, combined with consideration of the child's life project and environmental factors, will be decisive in the choice of measures to be implemented. It is therefore important that GPs are able to complete this certificate in a relevant manner. This seventh sheet highlights the essential elements to be included on the certificate, and lists the main functional impairments and activity limitations in the case of a child with a visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical burn injuries (EBI) affect both adults and children and are responsible for a very high number of major limb amputations. Their management is still a major challenge. This retrospective review concerns 42 children, admitted to an intensive burn care department in Tunisia for high electrical burns, from January 2016 to September 2022. The average age of our patients was 12 years, with a male predominance (90.5%). Electrotrauma was accidental in the majority of cases (93%) and secondary to a domestic accident in 54.8% of cases. Total body surface area was 19%. Burns were second degree in 2/3 of cases and third degree in 1/3 of cases. The most affected areas were distal extremities in 2/3 of the cases. Rhabdomyolysis was observed in 93% of cases and troponins were elevated in half of the patients. Escharotomy was required in 38% of cases. Amputation was performed in 18 children (43%): one limb (n=10); 2 limbs (n=6) and 3 limbs (n=2). The outcome was favorable in 9 children (21.4%); functional and cosmetic sequelae with an impact on schooling and psychology were reported in 25 cases. Mortality was 16.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to screens among young, developing children is a recurring topic in both the mainstream media and the medical community. Many people are warning about their harmful effects. National and international recommendations have been drawn up to govern the exhibition. Several scientific publications address this subject, and some authors go so far as to suggest "the etiology of autism" in the case of too early and intense use of screens during early childhood. The question also arises for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The aim of this article is to carry out a narrative review of the literature on the relationship between screens and ASD, in order to help the treating physician (general practitioner, pediatrician, child psychiatrist) to advise these families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies, a common skin condition primarily affecting children, was included among neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization in 2017, emphasizing the need for global action. Our study presents the findings of an investigation into 15 cases of scabies in children, highlighting clinical and dermoscopic features. We explore treatment, based on benzyl benzoate, along with aspects such as pathophysiology, transmission, and complications. Recommendations for environmental treatment and the effectiveness of certain biocides are also discussed. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of post-treatment medical follow-up for comprehensive scabies management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting almost 1% of children, starting the first months of life. In some journals, this prevalence is reported to be between 0.4 and 0.7%. We are reporting a case of childhood psoriasis in a 2-year-old patient. The case was observed in the Dermatology unit at the Hubert Koutoukou Maga National University Hospital of Cotonou (CNHU-HKM). The case clinical description will allow us to show the difficulties in establishing a diagnosis and how little are the treatment choices available in our clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The health district of Mopti is confronted with factors that influence its vaccination coverage [1]. The aim of the study was to study the factors influencing the low BCG vaccination coverage in VAR1 and Penta3 in children aged 0 to 23 months in the health district in 2021.Methodology: We carried out a descriptive cross-sectional study, collected information from 280 mothers questioned on the services provided by the vaccination service for children before the age of two, the reasons for incompleteness using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done for the variables using SPSS software. An association was significant when p < 0.05.Results: Vaccination completeness was 53.08%, varying from 94% BCG, 79% VAR1 and 83% Penta3. The analysis showed that mothers who spent more time at the vaccination center (P=0.098, Chi-square=18.617), who missed certain sessions (P=0.174, Chi-square=13.371) and who were informed of missed consumables (P=0.278, Chi-square= 7.485) are significantly associated with vaccine incompleteness. Conclusion: Vaccination completeness was insufficient despite good knowledge of the mothers on vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird breeders' lung disease is a rare hypersensitivity pneumonitis in childhood. The average age of diagnosis in pediatrics is approximately 10 years. The pathogenesis of bird breeders' lung disease is characterized by an immunoallergic response to avian antigens. The clinical picture is complex and variable in children, often presenting sub-acutely with cough and exertional dyspnea. It is essentially a presumptive diagnosis based on a combination of anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical findings. The therapeutic management is based on a complete and definitive avoidance of the antigen in question. The prognosis is generally favorable in children. We report the medical observation of an adolescent girl aged 12 years and 11 months old who was initially treated for asthma due to a dry cough and dyspnea evolving for 8 months. The chest X-ray showed a right basal interstitial syndrome. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a diffuse ground-glass appearance. Repeat questioning found massive contact at home with birds. The avian serum precipitin test was positive with lymphocytic alveolitis in bronchoalveolar lavage. The patient was put on oral corticosteroid therapy with avoidance of bird exposure. After 5 months, the evolution was favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to protect children from traumatic effects, it is crucial for the adults responsible for them to understand the associated risk factors. Parents, teachers, early childhood professionals, healthcare workers, doctors, and pediatricians all have a role to play in this endeavor. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a recognized psychiatric disorder in both adults and children, occurring after a potentially traumatic event. Approximately 15% of children in the general population experience PTSD, and this percentage can be much higher in the context of terrorist attacks. PTSD can become chronic in a significant number of children, leading to academic difficulties and risks of social isolation. Following the terrorist attack in Nice on July 14, 2016, a specialized center for psychotherapeutic care and evaluation of trauma in children was established. The center's multidisciplinary team offers integrative care based on different therapeutic approaches. A research program, called the "14-7program," was implemented to study the prevalence of PTSD and associated risk factors among children and parents exposed to the attack. Preliminary results of the study have shown a high rate of PTSD and anxiety disorders in children. The parents themselves are also affected by the traumatic events, making it more challenging for them to provide support to their children. Various environmental and familial factors can influence the development of PTSD in children. The reactions of parents and the family environment are of paramount importance, and it is essential to avoid dramatizing or stigmatizing the child who has experienced trauma. The presence of parental pathologies is also a significant risk factor, as the mental state of parents can influence that of their children. In the city of Nice, a systemic family support system in the areas of mental, psychological, social, and legal health is necessary to prevent the consequences of PTSD and associated disorders. Risk factors such as environmental reactions, attachment style, and parental pathologies should be considered in therapeutic decisions. Scientific literature confirms these findings in the field and emphasizes the importance of the involvement of adults and public authorities in supporting impacted families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy and various hygienic measures are the basis of Hepatitis A prevention but are difficult to reach. Also in a large part of South and East hemispheres, Hepatitis A remains endemic. In western countries, with the high heterogeneity of life and hygienic conditions, transmission of Hepatitis A is frequent by water, contaminated foods and familial contacts. High level of asymptomatic forms with absence of clinical symptoms but contagious is an important factor of dissemination, mainly in children. There is no specific treatment and liver graft is not rare even in vaccination era. French recommendations are focused on patients with chronic liver diseases and travellers going to an endemic area. The usual mode of contamination in France is a traveller, mainly a child with an asymptomatic infection, coming from an endemic area without vaccination. More than 25% of families staying in France have close contacts with their family members living in endemic areas. Also, as in a great number of western countries, the only possibility is to recommend universal Hepatitis A vaccination in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the study of family strategies during the transition to industrial capitalism in Quebec by examining a series of court documents, specifically, requests for authorization to sell minor children's property. These invaluable sources are especially useful in providing a firsthand perspective into the key moments experienced in families' trajectories, moments that entailed both enormous economic challenges and uncertainties in the search for a new future. Three objectives frame the study: first, to document the forms of precarity experienced by small, urban and rural property owners from 1880 to 1930; secondly, to underscore the family- and community-based relationships that have marked the course of these households; Finally, to see what the study results mean for the history of property-owning societies before the 1930s. Additionally, the article also shows that at the heart of private life, deep and brutal social inequalities were reproduced at the turn of the 20th century alongside the labour market and capitalist exploitation of the labour force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article regroups the scientific data available from the last ten years concerning exclusive yoga practice for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A checklist was designed and used to examine the participants characteristics and the modalities of this practice. The review suggests a positive influence of yoga programs on some associated behaviours affecting young with ASD such as irritability, restlessness, self-harm or agressive behaviours. This review provides a detailed representation of the yoga programs and their effects. Recommendations are provided for professionals who are interested in practicing yoga as a therapy for youth with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assumes that schoolyard could be the first scale to think and run the school outside. From the perspective to urban adaptation to climate change and after the lockdown of Covid-19 pandemic crisis, schoolyards in France lies at the crossroads of resilient planning's and pedagogical innovation's issues. This article is based on an investigation conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Parisian's schoolyards transformed by the project "cours Oasis". The aim is to question how schoolyard's greening and soil unsealing could contribute to renewing pedagogical and playful practices but also discard children's and adults' representations on interactions between the people and their environment at school. We show that schoolyard's greening creates opportunities for pedagogical experimentations that led to complementary and alternative learning's forms to classroom. This also reflects the role of adults' regulation on the interaction between children and their environment. The introduction of soil, vegetation and water put the pedagogical practices and the adults' representations to the test and highlight the schoolyard's natural elements' "playability". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes how the forest becomes a familiar space for children in a kindergarten who go out one morning a week with their teacher to do the class outside. It presents the free time proposed to the children by the teachers which allows them to develop their child culture by relying on the affordance of the forest, in other words by setting up occupations triggered by the possibilities offered by the forest, such as climbing trees and making houses for earthworms. Through these practices, they exercise their agency, their power to act, in agreement with the teachers who wish to be attentive to the activities carried out by the children and to share this space of freedom with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria and malnutrition are among the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five in Mali. This study is part of the analysis of the association between both in children under five after a seasonal malaria chemoprevention distribution campaign. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional household survey in rural areas after a seasonal malaria chemoprevention distribution campaign to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and parasitaemia in children under five who had passed the season of high transmission of malaria in the health district of Kita. After obtaining written consent, each child was given a physical examination, hemoglobin testing using the Hemocue machine, a thick drop and a thin smear., A rapid diagnostic test was performed in febrile children. The data was analyzed with ENA 2020 and Stata software version 15.0. Measures of association were made using the chi-square test and a multiple logistic regression model. Odds ratios were used with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 0.05. Results: We selected 308 children aged 6 to 59 months. The prevalence of malaria was 13.6%, it was 15%, 17% and 25% respectively for wasting, underweight and stunting. The susceptibility to malaria increased with age and that of wasting decreased with age. There was no significant relationship between malaria disease and nutritional status. Conclusion: There is no significant association between malaria and malnutrition in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to study the oral uses of donc in L1 and L2 French children. The main hypothesis is that the association of donc with other forms (notably euh/hum, après and/or voilà) leads to different uses that when donc is used alone. While the results show that the expression of consecutiveness is more specific to donc "alone", the distribution of co-occurrents of donc allows us to classify the less (or non) consecutive uses of donc in three main categories of use: "introducers", "junctors" and "closers". Finally, the article proposes new avenues for the teaching/learning of the oral uses of donc in French as a foreign language (FFL) and in French as a mother tongue (FML). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate feeding practices have a negative impact on children's health and growth during the first two years of life and increase their risk of undernutrition, morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with complementary feeding practices of children in a context of internal displacement in the Centre-North region of Burkina Faso. A community-based, descriptive and analytical cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the urban centre of Kaya. The cluster sampling method was used to select 197 mother-child pairs aged 6 to 23 months. Sociodemographic, health and child feeding practices data were collected from questionnaires administered to mothers. Analysis was performed using STATA 13 software. Descriptive analyses and binary logic regression were performed with a 95% confidence interval. In the present study, only a quarter of children aged 6 to 23 months have minimal dietary diversity, 17,8 % have achieved a minimum acceptable diet. The minimum meal frequency is 60.1% for all children. The practice of minimum dietary diversity of children aged 12 to 23 months is 2.8 times higher than that of children in the 6 to 8 months and 9 to 11 months age groups (OR=2.8; p=0.001) with a more acceptable minimum meal frequency. This study found that factors such as large household size (OR= 3.57; p=0.007), mother's residence in a rural area (OR= 2.8; p=0.004) and mother's low education level (OR= 1.8; p=0.045), mother's marital status (OR=2.3; p=0.015) and caregiver negatively influence children's complementary feeding practices. Adequate complementary feeding practices are still a concern in the study area and require the implementation of intervention strategies based mainly on nutritional education of mothers, taking into account the socio-cultural context of populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors, they can be complicated by very hemorrhagic ulcers and rarely by infections. Oral treatment with beta-blockers has revolutionized the management of complicated cutaneous hemangiomas. We report a case of a 4-month-old infant with no notable history, who consulted for purulent ulceration of a cutaneous hemangioma in the upper of thorax with fever from 3 days ago. The clinical examination finds a febrile infant at 39°C, the hemangioma of 10 cm large presents a central necrosis (A). The indication of hospitalization for management was indicated, but refused by the parents. The biological assessment revealed a CRP at 124mg/l with hyperleukocytosis at 15700/mm³ predominantly PNN. We started the outpatient treatment: daily local care of the infected ulceration, oral antibiotic therapy: Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid for 10 days and analgesics (Paracetamol). Faced with the hemorrhagic appearance of the ulceration measuring 3cm large diameter (B), we started the beta-blockers, outpatient, orally, after performing a normal ECG. (1mg/kg/day then 2mg/kg/day in two doses after the 1st week then 3mg/kg/day the third week). Twice-daily monitoring of capillary blood glucose, blood pressure and heart rate was performed at each dose increase. Clinical improvement was spectacular with significant involution of hemangioma (C) after 2 months of treatment with Propranolol. This observation recalls the importance of the introduction of betablockers in front of complicated hemangiomas as well as the possibility of their management on an outpatient basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the quality of pain assessment in children, it seems necessary to consider simultaneously the complexity of the pain phenomenon and the complexity of children's psychological development. Pain is now a wellknown multidimensional phenomenon involving biological, individual, and contextual factors, and pain assessment is a complex, dynamic task that requires wide professional training. Because expressing pain is not a problem-solving task for the child, we cannot focus on the child's cognitive development level only. To understand the child, we need to take into account genetic factors, gender, culture, the child's medical experiences and the model provided by adults to cope with pain. A transactional model of child development could help us to keep in mind the reciprocal influences of all the factors involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We set out our difficulties in caring for abused minors, our reflection on children at risk, based on clinical practice and a confrontation with other care systems. Can we approach the work of childhood without thinking about epidemiological and clinical categories, without addressing the question of the values and norms that underpin a society? How to work with abused children when the tools are lacking? How can we rely on a theoretical system of thinking in order to be able, despite everything, to move forward? So what changes can we expect for children at risk in Morocco? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) induce an increased risk of congenital anomalies? This is a major question, to which most of the available epidemiological studies unfortunately seem to answer positively. However, these results are based on data obtained at birth or during the neonatal period, on small populations, and above all without taking into account the possible role of underlying female infertility, a potential confounding factor. Using the French National Health System database, we performed a comparative analysis of all singleton births in France over a five-year period (2013-2017), by natural conception (NC), embryo transfer (ET) or IVF. A total of 3,501,496 singleton births were included (3,417,089 NC, 20,218 IUI and 64,188 ET). The risks of major congenital malformations (ICD-10) were investigated according to mode of conception in multivariate analyses using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, primiparity, obesity, smoking, history of hypertension or diabetes and female infertility. The prevalence of malformations after ET was significantly higher than after CN, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 1.15 and 1.13. The overall risk was similar in the IUI and NC groups (aOR of 1.01). An independent and overall increase in risk was observed in the presence of endometriosis (aOR of 1.16), polycystic ovary syndrome (1.20) or premature ovarian failure (1.52). This study therefore shows that causes of maternal infertility are associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies, in addition to that associated with IVF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorder (AD) comorbidity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common, with a prevalence ranging from 25 % of youth in the general population to 40 % of youth in the clinical population. Cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) is the recommended first line psychotherapy for children with anxiety disorders. However, the presence of comorbid ADHD may affect the response to CBT for anxiety. This systematic review aims to assess whether and how the presence of comorbid ADHD affects the efficacy of CBT for AD in children aged 4 to 18 years. A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA; Moher et al., 2009). The narrative review of the selected studies indicates a significant reduction of anxiety symptoms in children with comorbid AD and ADHD that appears similar to the one observed in children without comorbid ADHD. Parental participation and ADHD-specific adaptations to CBT may explain these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, deficiency rickets are the main cause of rickets. In Senegal, there are no national guidelines for vitamin D supplementation. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological profile, diagnosis and prognosis of rickets in children. This was a retrospective study carried out over 7 years and included all children under 15 years of age who were being followed for rickets. During this period, 13 cases of rickets were collected, representing 3.1% of endocrine pathologies (dysthyroidism, puberty disorders, growth disorders, sexual development abnormalities, diabetes) and 0.4%of hospitalizations. The M/F sex ratio was 0.8. The age range [6 months-2 years] was the most representative 46.1%. The mean age at diagnosis was 2 years [6 months-5 years]. More than 4 out of 5 children (84.6%) were breastfed in their first 6 months of life. Skeletal abnormalities and gait disorders were the main clinical signs. Blood calcium was low in 76.9 % and blood phosphorus in 92.3 %. Blood vitamin D3 was low in 100% of cases with a mean of 13.2 ng/mL. The rickets were either deficiency rickets (46.1%), vitamin resistant type 2 rickets (38.5 %) or rickets secondary to chronic renal disease (15.4%). Deficiency rickets remains the main cause of rickets in our country, especially in infants. There is a need to implement national guidelines for routine vitamin D supplementation and to raise awareness of good dietary practices on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this publication is to explore the ethical tensions during withholding and withdrawing treatment in infant decision making. The first difficulty is to identify an unreasonable obstinacy. Wilfulness, singularity of the situations, resort to dual effect theory, uncertainty, are studied. The parents' place is evocated. Collegiality and an ethical approach inspired by Ricoeur's thinking are proposed as a possible way to resolve some of the ethical tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Therapeutic education is a central element of the management of type 1 diabetes in children. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the therapeutic education needs of their parents by considering the views and experiences of parents and professional carers. Methods: Four focus groups of parents and 6 focus groups of professional carers explored the difficulties parents face in relation to their child's diabetes, and the most effective support for them. Results: Parents face difficulties in the daily medical care, in the relationship to their child in the family, in the relationship to others (school, family, friends, carers) until repercussion on their psychological well-being. Carers analyse differently some difficulties and underestimate how hard it is for parents to see their child undergoing unpleasant medical treatment as well as the other people's ignorance and fears. Participants identified therapeutic education and peer exchange as appropriate responses to these challenges. Putting these suggestions into practice in a therapeutic education setting would provide an opportunity for carers to learn more about the daily lives of families and adapt their medical practice. Conclusion: Crossing the points of view has led to the development of a parental skills matrix which could prove to be a useful therapeutic education tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les jeunes enfants, les enfants d'âge scolaire et les adolescents infectés par le SARS-CoV-2 ont généralement des symptômes moins nombreux et plus légers que les adultes et sont moins susceptibles de présenter des formes graves de la Covid-19. Parmi les cas ventilés par âge signalés à l'OMS du 30 décembre 2019 au 13 septembre 2021, les enfants de moins de 5 ans représentaient 1,8 % (1 695 265) de tous les cas et 0,1 % (1 721) de tous les décès enregistrés à l'échelle mondiale. Plus âgés, entre 5 et 14 ans, ils représentaient 6,3 % (6 020 084) de tous les cas et 0,1 % (1 245) de tous les décès, tandis que les adolescents plus âgés et les jeunes adultes (15 à 24 ans) représentaient 14,5 % (13 647 211) des cas et 0,4 % (6 436) des décès [1]. Young children, school-aged children and adolescents infected with SARS-CoV-2 generally have fewer and milder symptoms than adults and are less likely to have severe forms of Covid-19. Among the age-disaggregated cases reported to WHO from December 30, 2019 to September 13, 2021, children under 5 accounted for 1.8% (1,695,265) of all cases and 0.1% (1,721) of all deaths recorded worldwide. Older between 5 and 14 years old they accounted for 6.3% (6,020,084) of all cases and 0.1% (1,245) of all deaths, while older adolescents and young adults (15 to 24 years) accounted for 14.5% (13,647,211) of cases and 0.4% (6,436) of deaths [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern technological means have registered significant progress and large expansion in recent years. They have also taken an important place in family life. Even children were able to adapt at a very early age to these technologies, that many pupils of them became better proficient than their parents. These tools haven’t only benefits, but also special risks if a parental control disappeared. The aim of this study is to identify the nature of the use of these technologies by young children (6-11 years) as well as the parent’s perception about the dangers of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of study is to describe treatment and evolutionary aspects of sacrococcygeal teratoma at Treichville Teaching hospital. It was retrospective, prospective and descriptive study from 1st January 2011 to 31 December 2020. Data collected concerned treatment, complications, mortality, cosmetics aspects of scars. We collected 16 cases of sacrococcygeal Teratoma. Delivery was vaginally in 87.5% of cases without rupture of the sacrococcygeal mass. Sacrococcygeal mass remove was performed in 14 patients. We had 71.4% mature teratoma. Chemotherapy was performed in 3 patients including 1 preoperatively and 2 after incomplete tumor resection. Mortality was 31,25% (n=5) including 2 preoperative and 3 postoperative. We did not note any long-term complications in the survivors with a satisfactory surgical scar on a follow-up of 1 to 6 years.The treatment of sacrococcygeal teratoma in our context is based on tumor excision with or without chemotherapy. Mortality, which is still too high, can be improved by reducing the diagnostic delay. No long-term recurrence was found in the survivors after a follow-up of more than 1 year. The multidisciplinary approach must be the basis for the treatment of this malformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes to determine the influence of « grazing » on the sexual behavior of young people in Abidjan. The methodological approach used in its conduct is mixed for descriptive and analytical purposes. It revolved around 42 males « grazers » aged 13 to 25 years. The data was collected from July 10 to December 28, 2019, i.e. over a period of five months, by means of a semi-structured interview and urine tests for the detection of toxicological status carried out at the Addictology and Mental Hygiene of the National Institute of Public Health of Abidjan. The data collected, processed by Pearson's chi-square and the results obtained, interpreted in the light of Cohen’s deviant subcultures theory (1955), indicate a predominance of risky sexual behavior among « grazers », that is to say 92, 86%, versus 07,14% who was without risk; and then, these sexual behavior is not influenced by « grazing ». These results show the need to offer education on sexual risks to juvenile populations to Abidjan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent or recurrent pain has an impact on all areas of a child's or adolescent's life, affecting the child's ability to function both physically and in his or her relationship with others, whether this be within the family or in a social setting. It is often associated with sleep disorders, anxiety and depression or with generated or related psychopathological signs which may reinforce the pain experience. In these situations, but also in those cases where the pain does not respond to the usual treatments, the vicious circle of chronic pain is reinforced. Thus an overall assessment of the situation, according to the biopsychosocial model, is essential in order to offer a personalised and appropriate therapeutic programme. When the impact of this persistent, recurrent or treatment-resistant pain is too great the child must be referred to a Chronic Pain Unit in order to be treated by a multi professional and multidisciplinary team that will liaise with local health professionals (the family doctor or paediatrician, psychologist, physiotherapist, school health service, etc.). After a review of the main features in the literature dealing with chronic pain in children, we will look at how the treatment of chronic pain in children in France has developed since the 1990s and how it is currently managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epilepsy that occurs early and throughout childhood is the most difficult to control. Regarding the child population, about 20 to 30% continue to have seizures even if they do the drug treatment properly. Epilepsy that occurs early and throughout childhood is the most aggressive. Often epileptic seizures are harmful, affecting cognitive processing, behavior, mood and sleep. There is no standard protocol for the neuropsychological assessment of pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy. This article aim to conduct a systematic review to compile and analyze the empirical knowledge on neuropsychological assessment of refractory epilepsy in childhood of patients who are not undergoing surgery for seizure control. The research was conducted using the PRISMA method. We found six studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined for this search. None of the studies are Brazilian. Only a small portion of the published studies on neuropsychological assessment of children with refractory epilepsy did not have patients with surgical indication. Although all six studies found considered the assessment of cognitive functions in children with refractory epilepsy, they used different tests and tasks for investigations. Thus, based on the sample of the present study, it was evidenced that there is no standard investigation protocol. All studies resulting from this search were concerned with assessing intellectual skills, in four studies there was evaluation of memory systems, three articles performed evaluation of executive function components, and the same number of studies investigated participants' oral language components. It was possible to observe, with this study, the scarcity of published material on neuropsychological assessment of children with refractory epilepsy who are not submitted to surgery, even though this public exists and receives treatment in specialized centers. It can be seen that there is no standardization for the performed evaluations, which makes it difficult to compare data and results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid tumors of the child are characterized, apart from their evolution, by a notable metastatic power, notably in the bone marrow. This study examined a series of 19 cases of children's solid tumors with bone marrow involvement. In the light of this study, we analyzed the different aspects of bone marrow invasion during the initial diagnosis of solid tumors, diagnosed in the pediatric oncology department of the teaching hospital Hassan II -Fez for a five-year period from June 2011 to May 2016. The study of the bone marrow in the malignant solid tumors of the child conditions the therapeutic attitude and the evaluation of the response to the treatment. The presence of medullary metastases darkens the prognosis of these tumors. The role of the laboratory of biology, apart from the standard balances, is essential for the search for extra-hematopoietic cells evoking medullary metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writer, a psychoanalytic clinician, describes how reading "La Guerre des Tuques" brought her closer to an enigma about infantile sexuality, an enigma that is also summoned in the analytic encounter with children. This inspired a reverie which led to a reflection on analytic work with children, based on a case study. Spanning inter-generational issues, the relation to the infantile in oneself and others as well as the transferential relationship, this reverie's primary aim is to spark reflections rather than provide definite answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has pushed the world to implement drastic prevention methods based on limiting population movements that have an impact on public health policies, such as vaccination. The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of these preventive measures on routine immunization schedules in hospitals after the outbreak of this pandemic in Senegal. Methods: we conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in the Vaccination Unit of the Abass NDAO hospital center in August 2020. We compared data from the Vaccination Unit over the period March-August of the last three years (2018, 2019 and 2020). The parameter studied was the number of vaccine doses administered in the different periods according to the expanded immunization program. Results: in April, the number of doses of vaccines given at 6 weeks was 36 in 2018, 29 in 2019 and 15 in 2020, reflecting a decrease of 50% compared to March. In July, the number of doses given was 40 in 2018, 35 in 2019 and 15 in 2020, reflecting a reduction of 42% compared to 2019. Conclusion: measures to combat this pandemic should not affect routine immunization programmes, especially in our resource-constrained country. It is essential to continue vaccination schedule for children and to identify children who have missed vaccine doses in order to implement catch-up vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is genetically similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. In pediatrics, it has a benign clinical course. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea, whose epicenter was Conakry, pediatric cases have been reported at the CTEIP in Donka. The purpose of this study was to determine their epidemiological profile. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of children aged 0-16 years admitted to the CTEIP, Donka, over a period of four months. Out of 7308 patients, coming predominantly from 5 communes of Conakry and hospitalized in the CTEPI, 189 were aged between 0 and 16 years (2 .59%). The majority of patients were within the age-group 0-4-years (38.62%) with a sex-ratio (F/M) of 1.52; 62.96% were students, 70% of children lived in Conakry, 28.57% of mothers were traders and contact persons (39.68%); 37.57% of fathers were civil servants, 2.65% of children had a history of sickle cell disease and 1.59% had allergic rhinitis. Asymptomatic patients accounted for 52.38% of cases and diagnosed patients were 74.6%. Symptoms included fever, rhinorrhea, headache, cough, abdominal pain, sneezing, diarrhea, physical asthenia. The incidence of COVID- 19 among children hospitalized in the CTEIP of Donka is low. Children aged 5 years and older are more affected and nearly 50% are asymptomatic. Common symptoms are fever, headache, rhinorrhea, cough, abdominal pain, sneezing, diarrhea, physical asthenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the birth of the first baby conceived by In Vitro Fertilization, there has been a rapid and constant increase in the number of couples using assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Around 7 million of children have been born from couples experiencing fertility problems, through the use of ART, comprising roughly 2-6% of all births in Europe and U.S. That highlights that these modes of fertilization are now well assumed by our societies. However, several questions on health of these children remain to be elucidated. As evoked in this review, even if methodological limitations exist, numerous studies have reported increased risks of birth defects, like prematurity, foetal hypotrophy, neonatal complications, congenital malformations such as cardiovascular and epigenetic diseases among ART-conceived children as compared to naturally conceived children. Nowadays, it is difficult to determine if these increased risks found in ART infants are a consequence of the ART procedures or are inherent to the infertility problems per se. However, absolute risks remain moderate and reassuring and the prevalence of these pathologies is low. After adjusting for the confounding factors, the data are reassuring with a psychomotor development and cognition equivalent to those of children conceived naturally. In addition, the occurrence of chronic diseases in adulthood as well as cancer (e.g. hematological and neurological) could be increased which still requires all our vigilance and long-term follow-up studies of these children. These investigations are necessary to decipher the pathophysiological processes involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article on the history of the community child and adolescent psychiatry in France aims to investigate an ambitious project that never developed to its fullest potential: the "Service Unifié de l'Enfance" ("Unified Childhood Service"). This organization, which was created by child psychiatrist Michel Soulé in Paris 14th arrondissement, became a political project supported by Simone Veil when she became the French Health Minister. How, and in what context, was this project built? Who were its major players? How did it evolve, and what were its limits? And above all, why has the Service Unifié de l'Enfance seem to have been all but forgotten? At a time when the organisation of psychiatric care – under the guise of merging and uniting – is increasingly fragmented, the history of dividing up child and adolescent's institutions is more topical than ever. The starting point for this essay has its roots in a larger-scale research project currently being carried out at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris on the creation and history of community child psychiatry in France from the 1960s to the present day, under the direction of Nicolas Henckes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute malnutrition continues to be a real public health problem due to morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors related to acute malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months in the health district of Menaka. Methods: This is a case-control study that was conducted in the health district of Menaka over a period of six (6) months from January to June 2019. Data collection was done for patients in recovery and nutrition education units and for controls, in health centers and in the general population. Subjects were matched on age and sex. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Children with no immunization or incorrect immunization (OR = 18.17 [3.49-94.56]), children not fed exclusively with breast milk before 6 months (OR = 16.44 [3, 93-68.8]) and lack of compliance with the principle of spacing births (OR = 9.93 [1.65-59.8]) were strongly implicated in the occurrence of acute malnutrition. Conclusion: Efforts should be made by the authorities to improve population’s living conditions, which would improve the nutritional status of children under five and also reduce acute malnutrition prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: mortality risk is high at the Intensive Care Units (ICU) in developing countries. We here report the deaths occurred in the ICU at the Mother and Child Center in Yaounde, Cameroon. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study on the clinical, socio-demographic features, the therapeutic strategy as well as some of the factors associated with deaths occurred in 200 patients aged 3-59 months between 2010 and 2014. Results: out of 2675 patients included in the study, 1807 were aged 3-59 months and 303 died. The overall and cause-specific mortality rate in this age group was 11.3% and 16.7% respectively. Most patients (152/200; 76.0%) died within 24 months and the median admission time was 7 days. More than half of patients (57.0%) presented to a health center and only 66 (33.0%) presented to a referral hospital. Severe malaria (41.5%), pneumonia (22.7%) and gastroenteritis (27.8%) were the most common diseases. Malnutrition and HIV/AIDS were the underlying causes of death in 23.0% and 20.5% of patients respectively. Gastroenteritis multiplied the risk of death of approximately 6 times (OR = 5.76; p = 0.000) in patients affected by malnutrition and HIV infection. Deaths mainly occurred (90.0%) within 72 hours of admission. Conclusion: despite limited resources, some diseases could have been easily treated avoiding complications which require reanimation. It is essential to intensify the fight against malaria, HIV infection and malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiencies (CPD) are rare and caused by a defect in fatty acid oxidation. We here report the case of a 10-year-old patient with no particular previous history presenting with acute dyspnea associated with productive cough, fever and impaired general condition. The patient was polypneic with tachycardia, mitral systolic murmur and no sign of heart failure. Chest x-ray showed cardiomegaly and echocardiography revealed hypokinetic dilated cardiomyopathy. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency was diagnosed. Management was based on treatment for heart disease and strict hypopidic and hyperglucidic diet. Three months later, the patient presented with decompensated heart failure due to infection caused by antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas caviae identified in blood culture. CPD should be suspected in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. This would enable early management which influences prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicidal behaviours can be considered as ways people cope with situations in which they experience extreme suffering that they feel is impossible to alleviate or avoid. Research has shown that youths who have attempted suicide, when compared with youths who experienced comparable life difficulties but did not attempt suicide, can think of fewer ways to cope in hypothetical situations and they report having used fewer coping strategies in their own lives. There are school-based programmes that teach children to expand their repertory of helpful coping skills, which have been shown to be effective in scientific research. Zippy's Friends teaches five to seven year old children to increase their repertory of coping skills. To date, over 1.8 million children in 30 countries have participated in this programme. Research in five countries has shown that participants in this programme have increased coping skills. A new programme, Passport : Skills for Life, created for children in the 4th and 5th years of primary school (age 9-11), reinforces the use of effective coping strategies and increases their abilities to recognize their feeling and the feelings of others. We believe that if all children have the opportunity to increase their repertory of helpful coping skills, the incidence of suicidal behaviours in adolescence and adulthood will decrease considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the sensitivity to antibiotics of germs responsible for bacterial meningitis in children and the clinical course of treatment Methods This was a contemporary cross-sectional study, conducted from 15 December 2016 to 15 December 2017 in the Pediatrics Department and laboratory at Bonzola General Referral Hospital in Mbujimayi on 31 cases of meningitis aged from 1 month to 12 years. Results The prevalence of meningitis was 7.93%. The average age was 64 months with a sex ratio of 1.2 in favor of boys. Parents were of average socioeconomic status in 58.06% of cases. The clinical picture was dominated by fever and convulsions followed by consciousness disorders. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Streptococcus pneumoniae (74,19%) followed by Haemophilus influenzae (19,36%). Both showed high sensitivity to cephalosporins of 3rd generation and resistance to penicillins. Cefotaxime combined with other antibiotics or alone gave a cure rate between 58% and 78%. Overall mortality was high at 32,26% of cases. Conclusion The bacterial meningitis of the child is mainly due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, but also to Haemophilus influenzae. These germs are very sensitive to cephalosporins of 3rd generation and most often resistant to penicillins. Mortality is important around 32%. We recommend the use of antibiotics whose effectiveness is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le sommeil intervient dans le développement de l'enfant, mais il y a peu de données sur les habitudes de sommeil des 3 à 10 ans. Il a été réalisé une étude descriptive, anonyme, par auto-questionnaire auprès de parents (Loire, France), sur les habitudes de sommeil de leur enfant de 3 à 10 ans. Parmi 115 enfants, 14,8 % présentaient un trouble du sommeil. Un coucher tardif, des parents âgés, un père travaillant la nuit et l'utilisation des écrans le soir semblaient le favoriser. La moitié des parents d'enfants présentant un trouble du sommeil constataient une fatigue chez leur enfant. Sleep is involved in the child's development but there is little data on the sleep patterns of 3 to 10 years old. A descriptive, anonymous, self-administered study was conducted with parents on their child's sleep patterns from 3 to 10 years of age. Among 115 children, 14.8% had a sleep disorder. A late night, elderly parents, a father working at night and the use of screens in the evening seemed to favor it. Half of the parents of children with sleep disorders reported that their child was tired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dysthyroidism (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) in children and adolescents is much rarer than in adults. The purpose of our study was to study the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, etiological and etiological aspects and to specify the therapeutic and evolutionary modalities of this condition. Method: This was a five-year descriptive, retrospective and prospective study of children and adolescents under 18 years of age with dysthyroidism. Results: We collected 90 children and adolescents with dysthyroidism (hyperthyroidism 77.8% (n=70) and hypothyroidism 22.2% (n=20). For hyperthyroidism (n=70): the average age was 13.07 years and the sex ratio was 0.16. The family history of dysthyroidism was found in 24.3% (n=17). Clinical manifestations were dominated by tachycardia 88.57% (n=62), weight loss 87.14% (n=61), vibrating pulse 87.14% (n=61) and palpitation 81.42% (n=57). Bilateral exophthalmos was present in 70% of patients (n=49) with palpebral retraction in 51.42% (n=56). Goitre was present in 54 patients (77.1%). It was diffuse in 62.9% (n=44) and nodular in 12.9% (n=9). Basedow's disease represented the first etiology with 84.3% (n=59), followed by toxic multinodular goitre 12, 9% (n=9). Sixty-eight patients (97.1%) received medical treatment with synthetic antithyroid drugs. Clinical remission was achieved in 64.3% (n=45) and 54.3% of patients were in biological euthyroidism at 6 months follow-up. For hypothyroidism (n=20): the average age was 10.70 years and the sex ratio was 0.53. Six family cases of hypothyroidism and three cases of family goitre were found. The clinical picture was dominated by signs of hypo metabolism at hypersomnia type 95% (n=19) and anorexia 75% (n=15). The skin was dry in 60% (n=12). A staturo-weight delay in 65% (n=13), behavioural disorders in 55% (n=11), weight gain in 40% (n=8) and puberty delay in 10% (n=2). Goitre was nodular in 25% (n=5) with cervical adenopathy present in 15% (n=3). Hashimoto's thyroiditis accounted for 45% (n=9) of etiologies followed by iodine deficiency disorders in 15% (n=3) and iatrogenic causes (2 cases of thyroidectomy). All patients were started on hormone replacement therapy for life. Five patients with large multinodular goiter received total thyroidectomy in addition to medical treatment. Euthyroidism was observed in 55% (n=11) of patients at 6 months follow-up. Conclusion: Dysthyroidism in children and adolescents exists in our health facilities. Its management is deficient because of the technical and financial platform. Our public health decision-makers must help implement a screening strategy to facilitate faster diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The intention of the Theatre in the round is to develop self-confidence, opinions confrontation, cooperation practice, creation process, and all things that purchase adaptation competences in TPE. Aim: To practice Theatre in the round with children living with an haemorrhagic constitutional disease and their siblings to reveal everyone their ability to create something new, to recreate. Method: ten children attended a workshop lead by two artists and two nursing teachers. Leaders have used words circulation, sensory perceptions, spatial perception, and function concept as tools. Results: Final show contributed to observe skills as stress management, interpersonal relationships, and to make choices; individual interview, feeling of competence scales, indicate an improvement of self-confidence and self-assurance. Conclusion: Theatre in the round is a useful approach to achieve adaptation competences for children living with an haemorrhagic constitutional disease and their siblings. By enhancing creative process that will allow the children to extrapolate their own health standard and to confirm their choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, in Lac- Mégantic (Quebec, Canada), a train derailment resulted in significant loss of life and property in this small community. The article presents the psychosocial profile of young people (10 to 13 years old) and documents the impact of the exposure to this technological disaster on various aspects of their lives. Three and a half years after the tragedy, 144 students aged 10 to 13 years, completed a self-administered questionnaire in their class in two schools located in Lac-Mégantic and in two others in nearby municipalities. This study was conducted following a request from community organizations noting the limited information available on the health status of young people in the Lac- Mégantic community exposed to the train derailment. The results of the study show that direct or indirect exposure to this train accident has negative impacts on the psychological health of children, including the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder and a low level of self-esteem. Higher proportions of exposed youth also consider that the presence of stress, anxiety, or behavioral problems has a negative impact on their family and school life. This article demonstrates the importance to pay special attention to children during and after their exposure to a technological disaster in order to limit the short and long-term negative effects of disasters on their health. This is an original contribution as the majority of studies dealing with the consequences of technological disasters address the experiences of adults living either in the United States or in Europe. In addition, studies that document the impact of disasters on young people's health have mostly been conducted as a result of natural disasters and in countries other than Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatization refers to physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically and affect about 20% of children from the general population. Some concepts (e.g., alexithymia) and variables (e.g., anxiety) have been studied in order to identify the psychological factors related to somatization. This research aims to explore the contribution of affect awareness and mentalization biases to children's somatic complaints. Questionnaires measuring somatic complaints, affect awareness, mentalizing bias, and internalizing and externalizing behaviours were administered to 112 children aged 8 to 12 and their parents. The results demonstrate that affect awareness, mentalization bias and anxiety significantly predict children's somatic complaints. This research provides some insight about the variables related to the onset and maintenance of somatization in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of head trauma in children at the emergency room. Method: This was a descriptive longitudinal study over 1 year from February 2016 to February 2017, which included any patient aged 0 to 15 years who had cranial trauma The data were collected from a pre-established questionnaire, analyzed by the software (SPSS 22.0, EXCEL and WORD 2010).The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for the statistical analysis, a value <0.5 considered significant. Results: During the study period, 19825 consultations were performed at the emergency service of which 297 cranial trauma occurred in children, ie 1.5%. The male sex was predominant at 68% with a Sex ratio (H / F) = 2.13. The 6-10 age group was the most represented with 39.4%. The students were the most represented with 58.9%. Road accidents were the predominant mechanism of injury with 54.9%. Civil protection transported 29% of the wounded. The motorcycle-pedestrian mechanism was more frequent at 27.6% (n = 82). CT was severe in 17.8% (n = 53) of patients. The photomotor reflex was abnormal in 29% (n = 86). The trauma of the lower limb was associated in 39.3%. Craniosphalic CT with cervical scan was the most performed with 73.8%. The brain lesions were in the majority with 41.1%. The average care time was 9.82h in 54.2%. Exclusive medical treatment was adopted in 91.2% of cases. The tramadol and paracetamol combination was mainly used in analgesia with 78.1% of cases The evacuation of the hematoma was the most used surgical procedure with 65.4%. Hyperthermia was the most represented ACSOS (secondary cerebral aggression of systemic origin) with 6.7%. Death before care accounted for 5.4% (n = 16), hospital death at 12.8% (n = 38). The admission time to UE was 24-48h in 31.6% (n = 168). Prognostic factors were related to Motor Photo Reflex (p = 0.002), mechanism (p = 0.01), Glasgow score

Diarrhea remains a real public health problem as it is the second leading cause of under-five mortality. In tropical environments, studies show several factors contributing to the frequency and severity of diarrhea. It is in this context that the present study of the factors favoring diarrheal diseases in children from 0 to 5 years old has been carried out. Materials and methods: Crosssectional cluster survey involving 200 mothers of 0-5 year-old children from November 2015 to October 2016. The Pearson Chi² test was used with a 95% confidence level. Results: Married women accounted for 85.5% of our sample, 47% of whom had no education. Of the mothers surveyed, 17% of their children had had at least one episode of diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey. Almost all mothers (94%) washed their hands before feeding their children and 13% did not do so after cleaning the children. Regarding the cleanliness of the concession, it was bad in 23.5%. The majority of mothers (51%) did not know the significance of diarrhea, 43% reported the means of transmission, and 28% had inadequate practice in managing diarrhea. Some factors favor the occurrence of diarrhea such as: mixed breastfeeding that was statistically significant (p = 0.014), as well as poor hand hygiene practices (p = 0.027) and concessions (p = 0.000), as well as than the bad knowledge of the subject (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Our study shows that diarrhea was a disease of the hands rooms, hence the interest of strengthening the awareness of mothers for best practices for behavior change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-voltage electrical burn injuries are rare emergencies in pediatric units and always associated with a poor prognosis. Recklessness, lack of knowledge about electric currents and the lack of safety around public electricity infrastructures are the three main factors contributing to the occurrence of high-voltage electrical accidents in children. Mortality is due to acute cardiac and renal complications, and trauma associated with falls. Secondary evolution is dominated by the risk of infection and the severity of functional sequelae. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is needed to prevent these complications. Therapeutic management is based on early resuscitation and surgical management of tissue damage. We report three cases of high-voltage electrocution in children, with electro-thermal burns associated with severe head injury in one case, and myocardial damage and a compartment syndrome with severe functional sequelae in the other two. These three case reports are an opportunity to discuss literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]