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In order to clarify the current situation of digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, explore the coupling coordination and interaction between these two aspects and provide a reference for implementing ecological protection and high-quality development strategies in the Yellow River Basin, the interactive mechanism between digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin was analyzed theoretically. Based on the panel data 2011 to 2020, a total of 64 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin were selected. This paper measured the development level of the digital economy and high-quality development level, empirically examined the coupling coordination relationship between these two dimensions by using coupling coordination degree model and explored the interactive relationship between the two through a PVAR model. The results of the study show that a) the development level of the digital economy in the Yellow River Basin has shown improvement during the research period, however, it remains generally lower with significant regional differences, which forms a circle distribution pattern with Jinan, Zhengzhou, Xi’an, Taiyuan and Hohhot as the core cities, and has the spatial distribution characteristics of high in the east and low in the west. b) The imbalance of high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin is prominent, characterized by the polarization and a distinct circle structure. This has resulted in the formation of a high-value area with Jinan, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, Xi’an, Lanzhou and other provincial capitals as the core cities. c) The coupling coordination degree between the digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin has been increasing annually, but the overall coordination level remains insufficient. The current implementation only achieves the transition from the mild imbalance to near imbalance levels, and the coordination degree also illustrates a pattern of lower reaches＞middle reaches＞upper reaches. d) Both the digital economy and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin are characterized by self-reliance. High-quality development plays a significant role in promoting the digital economy, while the role of the digital economy in enhancing high-quality development needs to be reinforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing carbon productivity is an effective means to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. To coordinate the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions reduction in the Yellow River Basin, the carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017 is calculated. Based on DEA-Malmquist’s total factor carbon productivity model, the spatiotemporal evolution trajectory and spatial distribution pattern of total factor carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） is deduced. The potential improvement space of total factor carbon productivity is scientifically decomposed and the influencing factors of the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon productivity is identified. Based on this, the improvement path of carbon productivity in the Yellow River Basin is condensed. The results show that, 1) in the time dimension, the carbon productivity of 9 provinces（regions） rise steadily with the growth of per capita GDP,an increase of 283.3%, while the total factor carbon productivity remains at around 1.000. 2) In the spatial dimension, the regional heterogeneity of carbon productivity and total factor carbon productivity is relatively large affected by economic development and resource endowments, showing a spatial evolution pattern of “downstream significantly higher than midstream, and midstream slightly higher than upstream”. 3) From the point of influencing factors, the midstream and upstream belong to technical efficiency-driven, the role of technological progress is weak, while the downstream is a co-promotion type of technological progress and technological efficiency. Based on this, this paper proposes strategic suggestions such as innovating institutional mechanisms, promoting low-carbon development models, focusing on lowcarbon technology innovation, accelerating energy structure adjustment, strengthening regional integration cooperation, and improving factor allocation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiaolangdi Reservoir is the key project of flood control and security in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the sediment retention period of the reservoir is the most significant period for flood control and sediment reduction benefits. This paper analyzed the new requirements for flood control and security of Xiaolangdi Reservoir under the new situation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and pointed out that it was of great strategic significance to extend the sediment retention period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir as much as possible, so as to maintain the effective storage capacity of the reservoir as long as possible, especially the flood control storage capacity. The research shows that the larger reservoir capacity has a strong ability to deal with large floods, which is conducive to the prevention of “black swan” events; after the flood control operation of the reservoir, the loss of the beach storage capacity is small, which is conducive to the long-term maintenance of the reservoir’s strong flood control capacity; the combination of sediment storage capacity and water and sediment regulation capacity can significantly enhance the vitality of water and sediment regulation, and create storage conditions for the Guxian Reservoir to exert the overall joint force of the water and sediment regulation system after putting into operation; the use of the sediment storage capacity for flood control in the downstream beach area is conducive to improving the flood control standard of the beach area and reducing the loss of the beach area in the normal flooding. Optimizing the operation mode of reservoir operation, implementing reservoir dredging and building Guxian Water Control Project as soon as possible are important measures to extend the sediment retention period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the annual variation of the distribution of water, heat and salt in the dry soil in the gullied rolling loess area after continuous mulching for many years and provide reference for further research on improving the water, heat and salt status of dry layer soil, the paper took jujube woodland that covering with the white film (colorless transparent plastic film), black film (black bovine felt) and bared ground control test plots continuously for 5 years in Mizhi County, Northern Shaanxi Province as the research object, the paper analyzed the migration and changes of water, temperature and salt in different soil layers during the year based on the location monitoring data of soil water content, temperature and conductivity by GS3 sensors with buried depths of 5, 15, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 cm. The results show that a) after continuous film mulching for 5 years, the water content of 0-150 cm soil layer is significantly higher than that of bared soil, especially the water storage of 0-60 cm soil layer is significantly increased, and the black film mulching has a better effect on rain collection and water conservation than that of the white film mulching. b) The soil temperature in each soil layer of the two mulching plots is significantly higher than that of the bared plots. The white film mulching has a better thermal insulation effect in the cold period, and the black film mulching has a certain regulatory effect on the soil temperature in the 0-60 cm tilling layer in the high temperature period. c) After many years of film mulching, the phenomenon of surface soil salt accumulation will occur, but it will not cause soil secondary salinization. d) There is a significant positive correlation between soil water and salt in each plot at different stages, and the correlation between water and salt is relatively weaker in the plot covered with black film, while the correlation between soil water and heat and salt is significantly different. The two kinds of film mulch have different regulatory effects on soil water, heat and salt at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtual water trade in a region is affected by both natural factors and human activities. In order to quantitatively study the influence of human activities to the virtual water trade, a new quantitative comparative analysis method was proposed in this paper. By adjusting the natural climate factors into a uniform standard, this paper quantitatively analyzed the impact of the increase and decrease of external water diversion and the strictest water resources management policies on the virtual water trade in agricultural and industrial sectors by year and inter-year. Taking Shandong Province as an example, this study applied this method to make a quantitative analysis of virtual water trade in Shandong Province in the past 20 years. The results show that with the development of economy, the net output curves of agricultural and industrial virtual water are U-shaped and irregular inverted U-shaped, respectively. Virtual net water output can adversely affect the local water environment. In 1997, when the Yellow River stopped flowing, the decrease of water diversion reduced the net virtual water output of agriculture and industry by 20.13% and 49.67%, respectively. In 2017, the input of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project increased the net virtual water output of agriculture and industry by 1.32% and 41.99%, respectively, compared with that without the diversion, while the implementation of the strictest water resources management policy reduced it by 10.01% and 20.39%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Protection Law makes full use of the concept of systematic and cooperative thinking to perfect the ecological management system of the Yellow River Basin, which is a system supply meeting the legislative demand of the Yellow River Basin and plays an important leading role in perfecting the legislation and management system of river basin. Under the background of the promulgation and implementation of the Yellow River Protection Law, this paper analyzed the issues of the current ecological management system in the Yellow River Basin, such as the lack of systematic integration, the lack of implementation supervision, the imperfect ecological compensation mechanism, the single regulation type and the imperfect supporting policies. Guided by the “Yellow River Protection Law” to the planning guidance of the basin ecological management system and the top-level logic of coordinated governance, this paper put forward to pay attention to the systematic and holistic concept, improve the legal system for ecological governance, strengthen the supervision of ecological environmental governance; strengthen the combination of “government supervision” and “enterprise supervision”, broaden the judicial linkage of law enforcement; strengthen the regular of market operation, optimize the mechanism of ecological compensation; improve the scientific and efficient supporting policies, and unblock the mechanism of multi-participation in governance so as to innovate innovative thinking and methods, promote the implementation of the Yellow River Basin management system, promote high-quality development of the whole basin and ensure the long-term stability of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great theoretical significance and application value for the sustainable operation of water diversion project to clarify the relationship among stakeholders of sustainable supply chain of water diversion project. Through literature research and field investigation, this paper took the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as an example, based on the stakeholder theory, and used the Mitchell scoring method to identify and quantitatively rank the stakeholders of the sustainable supply chain of the water diversion project. The research results show that the sequence of stakeholders is as follows: Government, key related enterprises of water diversion projects, individual water users, and other related enterprises of water diversion projects; At the same time, the rationality of the comprehensive ranking results of the stakeholders in the sustainable supply chain of the water transfer project was analyzed based on the results of the questionnaires. This paper presents the relationship among the stakeholders in the sustainable supply chain of the water transfer project in a quantitative form, which provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the coordination of interests among the stakeholders of the water transfer project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compaction quality evaluation is one of the key technologies of dam intelligent construction, which has an important impact on the safety and stability of dam body. However, there is no consensus on its evaluation method at present. In this paper, based on the Artash concrete face rockfill dam in Xinjiang and combined with the results of field test, the BP neural network algorithm based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO-BP) was proposed. The accuracy and superiority of the model were proved by comparing with BP model, GA-BP model and PSO-BP model. The result shows that the GA-PSO-BP model, proposed by the paper, has faster convergence speed and better performance. And, the BP neural network compaction quality evaluation model, based on GA-PSO hybrid optimization, has relatively higher accuracy, which can be used to evaluate the compaction quality of Xinjiang Artash concrete face rockfill dam under similar working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide and debris flow are common geo-hazards in mountainous areas, which are characterized by sudden occurrence and serious damage. The study of its occurrence mechanism is the premise of early prevention and warning. Based on the existing research progress, this paper analyzed the physical picture of the formation and dynamics of excess pore water pressure and its influence to the initiation and evolution of landslide and debris flow. The paper also discussed the possibility and main difficulties that currently existed on predicting the initiation of landslide and debris flow by using the dynamic change of pore water pressure. Many research results show that the generation and maintenance of slope pore water pressure, especially excess pore water pressure, is closely related to landslide triggered by unstable slope, land-slide liquefaction and debris flow propagation process. The outburst process of landslide triggered by unstable slope and the soil-mechanical debris flow is usually accompanied by the rapid change of pore water pressure. The generation of excess pore water pressure is the result of soil deformation, that is dislocation of soil particles, rather than a cause, while the generation of excess pore water pressure will further pro-mote slope instability. The key to the formation of excess pore water pressure is the relative rate of pore volume change and pore water pressure dissipation. The pore volume change is mainly affected by soil deformation and the pore water pressure dissipation is mainly affected by particle size distribution and fine particle content. At present, the research on the relationship between pore water pressure and excess pore water pressure and the initiation and evolution of landslide and debris flow have made many achievements. But it is still difficult to predict the initiation of landslide and debris flow on the basis of pore water pressure. The main difficulty is that it is not easy to effectively monitor and timely predict the dynamics of natural slope pore water pressure, which is an important content worthy of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the influencing factors and reasonable parameters of the calibration test for measuring soil density and moisture content and by using the complex impedance method, this paper adopted a combination of indoor experiments and on-site verification methods for research. By configuring multiple sets of soil samples with dry density and mass moisture content, and selecting different numbers of samples and sample combinations, a calibration relationship between dry density, complex impedance, volume moisture content, and capacitance resistance ratio of soil samples was built. The experimental results indicate that selecting a reasonable range of soil sample dry density and mass moisture content, as well as the number of samples, can significantly improve the fitting degree of the calibration relationship, while the sample combination method has a relatively smaller impact. In addition, the calibration relationship obtained based on the above experiments has been applied to engineering field testing with good accuracy, verifying the rationality of the above parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the land use data of phase 4 of Qinghai Province from 1990 to 2020, the paper built a “production-living-ecological” space classification system and explored the spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factors of the “production-living-ecological” spatial pattern in Qinghai Province. The results show that from 1990 to 2020, all spatial types in Qinghai Province have different degrees of mutual transformation, from 2010 to 2020, the overall performance is characterized by a shift from potential space to production ecological space and ecological space, as well as the mutual transfer between production ecological space and ecological space, elevation and slope have greater influence to the spatial type distribution. As of the year of 2020, the proportion of production ecological space area in Qinghai Province is the highest, with an area of 408 011.90 km² and the production-living space area is 1 769.47 km². The trend of fragmentation and complexity of the spatial landscape pattern of the “production-living-ecological” in Qinghai Province has slowed down over the past 30 years, with a decrease in heterogeneity and an increase in connectivity. Economic scale, urbanization level, transportation conditions and carbon emission intensity are the main influencing factors of the spatial pattern of the “production-living-ecological” in Qinghai Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the impact and loss of mountain torrents and debris flows caused by sudden rainstorm in mountainous and valley areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, based on the disaster system theory, the causes of Datong August 17 Mountain Flood Disaster were analyzed from three dimensions of disaster causing factors, disaster bearing bodies and hazard-inducing environment. The results indicate that: a) From the perspective of disaster causing factors, the disaster is caused by two consecutive extreme precipitation events on the day of the disaster and before the third day. In the early stage, the extreme precipitation causes the surface soil to absorb a certain amount of water, making it easy for the extreme precipitation on that day to form excessive seepage and flow, and quickly converging on the surface to cause the disaster; b) From the perspective of disaster bearers, when a disaster occurs, various types of disaster bearers such as population, buildings, livestock, and farmland are highly concentrated at the flood discharge outlet of the river. Brick concrete structures and simple sheds have limited capacity to withstand mountain floods and mudslides. At the same time, the cultivated land in the disaster area is widely distributed in the wide valleys downstream of rivers. When mountain floods carry a large amount of sediment to the downstream, they cause flooding, causing over 90% of the cultivated land to suffer from disasters and have no harvest; c) In terms of natural hazard-inducing environment, the “air resistance effect” of loess and the steep slope of V-shaped river valleys jointly cause rapid surface water convergence to form mountain torrents. The confluence of multiple tributaries in the upstream of the river causes a sudden increase in the flow of mountain torrents, and the gravitational potential energy generated by the high slope of the river along the way provides sufficient power for the migration of mountain torrents. Therefore, rare mountain torrents with fast convergence speed, large flood discharge, and strong migration impact have been formed locally. In terms of the social hazard-inducing environment, the main issue is the unreasonable location selection of production and living places, which increases the avoidable disaster losses. Based on the above content, this paper proposes the prevention and emergency response of mountain flood disasters in the valley area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to find out the variation law of total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater in different buried depth areas, this paper took the People’s Victory Canal Irrigation Area as the research area, and divided into high value area, transition area and low value area according to TDS value, the optimal Copula function was selected by AIC criterion, the optimal Copula function was used to build the joint distribution between groundwater depth and TDS in different regions and analyze the relationship between the two. The results show that there is a strong positive correlation between groundwater depth and TDS in different regions, the optimal edge distribution of groundwater depth and TDS in the high value area is Gamma distribution, the optimal edge distribution of groundwater depth in transition area and low value area is Weibull distribution, and the optimal edge distribution of TDS is Gamma distribution. The optimal joint distribution function of the burial depth of each typical observation well and TDS is the Frank Copula function. According to the joint probability contour, when the groundwater depth and TDS increase, the joint probability value also increases; When the joint probability value is constant, TDS decreases with the increase of groundwater depth and tends to be stable; The joint probability contour can also reflect the probability of TDS under any groundwater depth, and the possible combination between different groundwater depths and TDS under the same probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Landsat satellite images and social statistical data in 2000 and 2020, this paper quantitatively analyzed the temporal and spatial evolution and comparative advantages of the “production-living-ecological” functions in Liaoning Province by using land transfer matrix, functional values and comparative advantages of the “production-living-ecological” functions, and put forward some policy suggestions. The results show that: the land use of Liaoning Province is mainly woodland, agriculture, rural area and water area, accounting for 42.83%, 41.00%, 5.21% and 3.42% of the total area. The production function is high in the middle and low in the east and west, and the production function value ranges from 0.01 to 0.21. The living function is distributed from east to west, and the living function value is decreased from the plain to the surrounding mountains. There is a significant correlation between ecological function and landform, with ecological function values ranging from 0.01 to 0.65. The central Liaoning Plain and Dalian have comparative advantages in production function. The central Liaoning Plain and Dalian have comparative advantages in living function, and the eastern and western Liaoning have comparative advantages in ecological function. It is suggested to design a policy framework for coordinating the functions of “production-living-ecological”, and improve the mechanism of ecological and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In orderto effectively optimize the allocation of water resources and maximize the overall benefits of the Zhaokou Yellow River Irrigation Area Phase II, this paper established a bi-level multi-objective model for water resources optimization allocation and scheduling modelling. This model employed genetic algorithms to optimize canal water scheduling schemes and the allocation volumes for six water users, including residential livestock, agriculture, secondary industry, tertiary industry, environmental sanitation and greening, as well as river and lake ecosystems under designed frequencies of 50%, 75%,95% in the planning year of 2030. Findings reveal that, at different designed frequencies, the optimal water allocation scheme successfully satisfies the fundamental needs of the diverse water users within the irrigation area. It also ensures adequate water supply for residential livestock, secondary and tertiary industries. Additionally, the agricultural sector maintains a supply-demand ratio exceeding 0.76. Under the different designed frequencies, the proportion of water diverted from the Yellow River by each canal in the irrigation area is 46.61%, 42.28%, and 48.58%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a vehicle load-bearing substrate, the frame carries the main load in its various processes such as loading, transportation, and unloading, and the quality of the frame has a direct impact on the service life of the whole vehicle. Therefore, the frame must have enough stiffness to ensure that the relative position between the components remains unchanged in the bagging machine driving process, and minimize the deformation of the body. At the same time, the frame should also have enough strength to ensure its reliability and service life. The paper used the finite element analysis method to analyze the frame force, mainly on the frame in the static bending and torsion conditions, and the dynamic modal analysis of the frame, calibrate the frame and calculate the stiffness and strength of the frame. Finally, it established a multi-objective optimization mathematical model of the flood control and rescue bagging machine and optimized its design to ensure that the machine had the best efficiency and performance while meeting the use requirements. Through the optimization design, the mass of the frame can be effectively reduced under the premise of ensuring that the strength and stiffness of the frame meet the requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation and dispersion of raindrops by canopy affect the mass and kinetic energy of raindrops under the forest. A new parameter “raindrop convergence rate” was defined in this paper to describe the raindrop convergence capacity of the forest canopy. By quantifying how many small raindrops outside the forest converge into one large raindrop inside the forest, the canopy’s effect on raindrop convergence was studied under the conditions of rainfall intensity and rainfall. The main research results are as follows: a) The proportion of total rainfall in Robinia pseudoacacin forest is the highest, followed by canopy interception, and the proportion of stem flow is the lowest. b) The contribution rate of small diameter raindrop (＜1 mm) to rainfall intensity inside and outside the forest is always the highest, while that of large diameter raindrop (＞3 mm) is always the lowest. c) The raindrop convergence rate curve shows a unimodal trend under different rainfall intensification conditions, and a bimodal trend under different rainfall conditions. When the rain intensity is 2.20 mm/h, the convergence rate of raindrop is 9, that is, 9 small raindrops outside the forest are transformed into 1 large raindrop inside the forest. It can be seen that the canopy of Robinia pseudoacacin in Beijing mountain area mainly plays an aggregation role in raindrops, and its aggregation capacity presents a unimodal curve with rainfall intensity and a bimodal curve with rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin are significant national strategies. The “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” provides legal guarantees for comprehensive management at the basin level, high-level protection of the Yellow River, high-quality development, and the building of a “Happy River” benefiting the people. The legislative basis of the “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” includes legislation at the national, local, and basin levels. It addresses the issues of unclear jurisdiction of Yellow River Basin management institutions and the lack of uniformity and coordination among provincial regulations. The paper proposed recommendations for the prompt building of a legal framework system based on the “Yellow River Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China” and the timely promotion and evaluation of the legislation and its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heishanxia Key Water Control Project is given a new and higher positioning in the new era. As the center and main power source of multi energy complementary clean energy base, it will give full play to the capacity role of hydropower, meet the peak shaving and new energy consumption needs of the power system better, and assist in achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. This paper studied the optimization and adjustment of the installed scale of Heishanxia Key Water Control Project, analyzed the boundary conditions that the development of Heishanxia section was restricted by the regional comprehensive demand, calculated the output and peak shaving indexes of the hydropower station in each frequency year, proposed several adjustment schemes of the installed scale and made a comparative analysis. According to the research, Heishanxia Hydropower Station has the best power generation and peak shaving indicators in wet years, low average output and small adjustable output in dry years. Its peak shaving capacity is restricted by the power generation in dry years. It is more appropriate to increase the installed capacity of the station from 2 million kW to 2.4 million kW in each installed scale adjustment scheme. After the installed capacity is increased, the power generation will increase by 310 million kWh, and the guaranteed output will increase by 400 kW, the average adjustable output in dry years increases by 8 000 kW and 13 000 kW in the whole year and non ice flood season respectively, and the maximum peak shaving capacity increases by 233 000 kw and 400 000 kW in the whole year and non ice flood season respectively, which can bring better power generation benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most hydraulic engineering works have a wide construction scope and on-site construction supervision is difficult. The supervision of hydraulic engineering construction is more important for the efficient implementation of engineering projects. Based on the data collected through the survey of Ningxia hydraulic projects construction, this paper had proposed and verified the influence factor model on performance of hydraulic project construction supervision. The results show that all the three factors of supervisors' capability, bidding system and information management are significantly correlated with project construction supervision performance. Supervisors' capability has the strongest impact on construction supervision performance, followed with bidding system and information management. The above findings indicate that strengthening the construction of supervision capacity is critical to improve the performance of supervision work, and at the same time, improving bidding system for selecting competent supervisors and enhancing information management for improving supervision efficiency should be emphasized. Specific measures to improve hydraulic project construction supervision include: a) improving bidding system for selecting competent supervisors; b) establishing a supervision performance evaluation system to promote the supervisors' capability; c) setting up construction supervision incentives; d) applying advanced information, digital and smart management tools to project construction supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically analyze the current situation and development trend of water resources conservation and intensive utilization in irrigation areas, taking the People’s Victory Canal irrigation area in the Yellow River Basin as an example, this paper used the TOPSIS evaluation method combining with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy method to evaluate the water resources conservation and intensive utilization, which was divided into four subsystems of agricultural water use, domestic water use, ecological water use, and industrial water use. A comprehensive evaluation of water resources conservation and intensive utilization was conducted, and obstacle factors were identified. The results show that the overall level of water resources conservation and intensive utilization in the People’s Victory Canal Irrigation Area is “medium”, and shows an upward trend. The closeness of water resources conservation and intensive utilization in Yuanyang County, Yanjin County, Weihui City, and Xinxiang County is relatively higher. Agricultural water consumption rate, popularization rate of water-saving irrigation equipment, per capita grain yield, and other agricultural water use indicators are the main obstacles to water resources conservation and intensive utilization in the irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately evaluate the amount of groundwater resources in confined overflow aquifers, it is a key issue to explore a simple and accurate method for calculating hydrogeological parameters. Based on the pumping test data of unsteady flow over-flow confined aquifer in Balizhuang water source exploration project of Qingfeng County, this paper used Aquifer Test software to calculate the hydrogeological parameters of confined aquifer according to the unsteady well flow theory of over-flow confined aquifer, and the calculation results were compared and analyzed by numerical simulation method. The results show that the calculation of hydrogeological parameters by Aquifer Test software is simple and fast, and the calculation results are in line with the actual situation of hydrogeology, which provides a more accurate calculation method for the reasonable selection of hydrogeological parameters of overflow confined aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is affected by the multi-scale of the surface. However, it is difficult to eliminate multiple confounding by simply using the traditional remote sensing inversion model effectively. In this paper, taking the vegetation coverage area of Dongying City in Shandong Province as an example, based on the optical remote sensing and Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR) data, the Vegetation Water Content（VWC) in the water cloud model was modified by calculating the vegetation spectral index. The modified water cloud model was coupled with the Advanced Integral Equation Model（AIEM), so the effects of vegetation water content and soil roughness on the soil moisture retrieval results were eliminated, as well achieved the goal of improving the accuracy of soil moisture inversion by using remote sensing models. The results show that after modifying the VWC of water cloud model described by the Simple Ratio index（SR) quadratic function, the accuracy of soil moisture content inversion has the highest precision by coupling with the AIEM model, the correlation coefficient is more than 0.5, and the root mean square error（RMSE) of fitting with the measured data is less than 2.290. Moreover, the spatial distribution of soil moisture shows a continuous pattern of the highest in the northwest and gradually decreasing towards the south, further indicating that the coupled model has high accuracy and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to facilitate the efficient utilization of water resources and the high-quality development of economy and society in the national central cities of the Yellow River Basin, this paper analyzed the water resources utilization efficiency, annual changes and influencing factors of Zhengzhou and Xi’an, the national central cities of the Yellow River basin, in terms of water resources utilization, social economy and ecological environment, based on the super efficiency SBM model, DEA Malmquist index and Tobit regression model. The results show that: a) In 2005-2020, Zhengzhou and Xi’an have moderate water resources utilization efficiency. In terms of water resources utilization and socio-economic sub-systems, the efficiency of water resources utilization of Zhengzhou is higher than that of Xi’an; In terms of ecological environment, the water resources utilization efficiency of Xi’an is higher than that of Zhengzhou; The comprehensive water resources utilization efficiency of Zhengzhou is higher than that of Xi’an. b) The total factor productivity of water resources utilization in Zhengzhou City is in an overall rising state in three sub-systems, Xi’an City is in an overall rising state in social and economic sub-systems of water resources utilization, and is in a declining state in water resources utilization and ecological environment. c) Economic development level is positively correlated with water resources utilization efficiency. The correlation between industrial structure, scientific and technological innovation level and water resources utilization efficiency is not significant. There is a negative correlation between water resources endowment and water resources utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the influence of heavy rainfall on July 20, the large flood discharge of Changzhuang Reservoir has a significant impact on downstream flood control risk, especially the safe flood discharge in the inverted siphon section of Jiayu River in the downstream is directly related to the safety operation of the main cannel of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project. In this paper, firstly, the process of flood inflow and flood discharge caused by heavy rainfall on July 20 was calculated through reservoir operation records, and the flood discharge and inundation information was obtained by integrating multi-source image data during flood discharge. Then, the terrain data of the downstream analysis area of the reservoir was obtained based on UAV aerial photography and motion recovery structure technology, and the inundation of the downstream of the reservoir during the heavy rainfall on July 20 was inversely analyzed with the aid of two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. By simulating and analyzing the characteristic data of the submerged depth, duration and submerged velocity at the inverted siphon of Jiayu River, the safety of the inverted siphon of Jiayu River during the heavy rainfall on July 20 was studied and analyzed, and the flood risk caused by the flood discharge of Changzhuang Reservoir was comprehensively assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the green, low-carbon and high-quality development of agriculture in the yellow river basin, this paper uses the carbon emission coefficient method to calculate the agricultural carbon emissions of nine provinces（autonomous regions）in the yellow river basin from 2010 to 2020 on the basis of considering the matching factors of water and soil. kaya identity and lmdi decomposition model were used to decompose the contribution of each influencing factor to the change of agricultural carbon emissions in the yellow river basin, the results showed that:a)The agricultural water-soil matching degree in the yellow river basin showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2020, and its spatial and temporal differences were large;b)The agricultural carbon emissions in the yellow river basin showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017, and decreased significantly from 2018 to 2020, There are great differences in agricultural carbon emissions among provinces（autonomous regions); c) From the perspective of the basin as a whole, the main driving factor of agricultural carbon emissions is the economic output of agricultural water resources, and the main inhibiting factor is the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions. the main driving factor and the main inhibiting factor of agricultural carbon emissions are different in each province（autonomous region); d) The use of water and soil resources is closely related to agricultural carbon emissions, the effects of agricultural water-soil matching degree and agricultural water resources economic output on agricultural carbon emissions are positive and negative in different years and provinces, and the reasons need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for the formulation of relevant policies for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper started from the perspective of the dual coupling of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin to build separate evaluation indicator systems for development quality and ecological protection. Then, it calculated the development quality index and ecological protection index of each province (autonomous region) in the year 2020 by using entropy method. It built a two-dimensional quadrant model of ecological protection and development quality with the national average development quality index and ecological protection index as the coordinate origin. Based on the distribution of each province (autonomous region) in the two-dimensional quadrants, it determined the coordination status of ecological protection and high-quality development. The results show that there is significant variation in ecological protection and development quality among provinces (autonomous regions) in the Yellow River Basin, with prominent issues of imbalance and inadequacy. Using the national average development quality index and ecological protection index as benchmarks, considering a development quality index higher than the national average as high quality and an ecological protection index higher than the national average as good ecological quality, the coordination status of ecological protection and high-quality development in the various provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin is classified into four types of excellent ecology-high quality, excellent ecology-low quality, low ecology-low quality and low ecology-high quality. The results show that only Sichuan is in a relatively ideal state of excellent ecology-high quality, while the other provinces (autonomous regions) are in the three types of non-coordinated states of excellent ecology-low quality, low ecology-low quality and low ecology-high quality. Finally, it proposes the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the coordinated advancement of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, focusing on the six aspects of top-level strategic design, inter-provincial (autonomous regional) collaborative control, public participation, rigid constraints on ecological protection, constraints on rights, responsibilities and interests and ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore an effective way to improve the coupling and coordination between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, build a high-quality development evaluation index system including five dimensions of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development, and an ecological evaluation index system including three dimensions of ecological environment resources, ecological environment carrying capacity and ecological environment management and based on panel data from nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin from 2002 to 2021, the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method was used to calculate the high-quality development index and ecological protection index. Then it calculated the coupling coordination degree and the decoupling index of the two and analyzed the coupling coordination level, decoupling state and its temporal and spatial changes. The results show that a) from 2002 to 2021, the level of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin has been improved and the trend of change is steadily improving. However, the issues of uneven high-quality development in the western region lagging behind the eastern region, the larger differences in ecological protection among the provinces (regions) and the fragile ecological environment have not been fundamentally changed. b) The coupling coordination degree between ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin fluctuated significantly before 2010 and the coupling coordination level was basically imbalanced. After 2010, the coupling coordination degree has been steadily improved, and the coupling coordination level is gradually shifted from primary coordination to good coordination and high-quality coordination. However, there are significant differences in the coupling coordination degree and coupling coordination level among different provinces (regions) . c) The decoupling state between ecological protection and high-quality development in the nine provinces (regions) of the Yellow River Basin from 2002 to 2021, in a few years, it is an expansion connection or weak decoupling, and most years experiencing unsatisfactory strong decoupling, strong negative decoupling, weak negative decoupling or declining coupling. At the end of the research period, most provinces (regions) experience a decline in high-quality development level accompanied by a strong negative decoupling state of improved ecological environment. This paper puts forward the path to enhance the coupling coordination between ecological environment protection and high-quality development of strengthening the flow of industrial development factors, accelerating industrial transformation and upgrading, and promoting the development of digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of the arch dam shoulder is an important element in the analysis of the safety and stability of arch dams. The classical calculation method of arch dam shoulder slip resistance needs to assume the bottom sliding surface of the dam shoulder slider and ignore the influence of the fault and fracture joint group in the rock body of the dam shoulder on its shoulder slip resistance stability. In order to take into account the influence of faults and fracture joint groups to the rock mass, this paper used genetic algorithm to search for the critical sliding surface of the dam shoulder anti-slip based on the time course analysis method and analyzed the change of vibration intensity anywhere on the critical sliding surface of the dam shoulder slider. The slip resistance of the concrete arch dam shoulder was investigated in terms of sensitivity to shear strength parameters and ground vibration. The study result shows that the friction coefficient of the structural surface has less influence to the slip resistance stability of the dam shoulder, while the slip resistance stability performance of the dam shoulder is most sensitive to the cohesive force on the rock bridge, and the influence of cohesive force to the slip resistance stability performance is stronger than that of the friction coefficient, and the influence of ground vibration to the slip resistance stability performance of the arch dam shoulder is weaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of high slope of hydropower station is one of the key geological issues that need to be paid attention to in the process of engineering construction. The stability analysis is more complicated due to the influence of structural plane type, occurrence and scale. In this paper, the right bank slope of a large hydropower station was taken as the research object. According to the characteristics and position of the internal structural plane, the possible block combinations of each structural plane were analyzed, and the slope stability was preliminarily judged. According to the specification requirements, the limit equilibrium analysis was calculated through Rocscience software, the strength reduction was further introduced into the discrete element method to verify the calculation results of the limit equilibrium method, and the dangerous sliding surface was given. The results show that the sliding blocks of some sections are slightly thinner, and the slope is in a stable state, but on the whole, reinforcement measures need to be taken. It is suggested that dynamic design should be carried out according to the relevant information of geological conditions and safety monitoring feedback during excavation during construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically and reasonably evaluate the carrying capacity of regional groundwater resources, this paper proposed an evaluation method of groundwater resources carrying capacity based on projection pursuit improved TOPSIS. Firstly, it determined the evaluation indexes of groundwater resources carrying capacity of 11 regions, and calculated the weight of each evaluating index by expert consultation and genetic analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, it determined 5 evaluation grade standards of each evaluation index, and then built the evaluation model of groundwater resources carrying capacity based on projection pursuit improved TOPSIS (GRCC-TPP). The GRCC-TPP model was used to evaluate the groundwater resources carrying capacity of five prefecture level cities in northern Henan in 2015. The results show that the carrying capacity of groundwater resources in Jiaozuo City is the best, which is grade Ⅱ (basically loadable); the situation of Hebi, Xinxiang and Puyang cities is grade Ⅲ (critical overload) and Anyang City is the worst, which is grade Ⅳ (overload). The evaluation results are basically consistent with the actual groundwater resources carrying capacity in northern Henan, indicating that GRCC-TPP model has good applicability in the quantitative evaluation of regional groundwater resources carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically evaluate the building performance of sponge city and solve the issue that the evaluation method of sponge city performance is too subjective, this paper innovatively attempted to propose a new comprehensive sponge city building performance evaluation method based on data envelopment method and the principle of vector angle cosine. Firstly, the evaluation index system was built from the following six dimensions including water ecology, water environment, water resources, water security, system and implementation, and display degree. Then the weight of each index was obtained by applying the data envelopment method which could weaken the influence of the subjectivity of decision data to the weight of the index. Furthermore, the performance level of sponge city construction was obtained based on the variable of progress between the target to be evaluated and the desired target by utilizing the vector angle cosine method. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis was conducted to effectively identify which factors were the most susceptible during the performance of sponge city building. Finally, the method was applied to the sponge city building performance evaluation of Hebi City, and the evaluation results were compared with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, grey correlation method, analytic hierarchy process and vector included angle cosine method. The results show that the evaluation results of this method are consistent with those of other methods, and the building performance level of Hebi sponge city is level Ⅲ, which belongs to the medium level. However, the relative error of the evaluation results of this method is smaller and more close to the reality and the rationality of the model is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide a basis for the policy design of digital economy enabling the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin, this paper empirically tested the impact mechanism and effect of digital economy on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin by taking 57 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin as sample units, using the panel data from 2011 to 2019 and adopting a two-way fixed effect model of space and time. The results show that the digital economy has a significant promoting effect on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin, and technological innovation and human capital are important intermediary transmission factors. The development of digital economy can effectively promote the building of modern industrial systems in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, but its impact on the upper and middle reaches is not significant. The digital economy has a significant positive impact on the building of modern industrial systems in second-tier cities, third-tier cities and fourth-tier cities in the Yellow River Basin, but its impact on first-tier cities and fifth-tier cities is not significant. The promotion effect of digital economy on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin has a threshold effect. When the development level of digital economy is higher than the threshold value, its promotion effect on the building of modern industrial system in the Yellow River Basin is significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized reservoirs occupy an extremely important position in maintaining the sustainable development of our society, ecology and economy. Sediment deposition is a very prominent problem in the existing reservoir projects, especially for reservoir projects on the sandy rivers, where the sedimentation situation is more severe. The recovery of storage capacity of small and medium-sized silted reservoirs has become an urgent issue to be solved. This paper analyzed and summarized the traditional hydraulic desilting, mechanical dredging and newly-developed dredging techniques and methods, and discussed the dredging principle, dredging effect and applicable conditions of different dredging technologies. These dredging technologies were re-recognized from the aspects of high efficiency and environmental protection. This paper provided reference for the design and practice of storage capacity recovery for small and medium-sized silted reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative scheduling of water projects is a key means to control and manage floods in the basin, coordinate the relationship between water and sediment in the basin, reasonably allocate water resources in the basin and support ecological protection and high-quality development in the basin, which must coordinate the relationship between upstream and downstream, left and right banks, main and tributaries, and flood and non-flood periods in the basin. In this paper, we analyzed the synergy and competition of Yellow River water project regulation from five latitudes, i.e. synergy in nature, synergy in space, synergy in time, synergy in objectives and synergy in engineering, in view of the difficulties of synergy in multi-objective regulation, difficulty in sediment transport synergy of reservoir sediment discharge channel and difficulty in large-scale ecological control of the whole river. From the perspective of giving full play to the comprehensive benefits of basin water projects, this paper identified the sequential parameters and determined the thresholds for the synergistic regulation of Yellow River water projects, constructed a multi-dimensional synergistic scheduling model of Yellow River water projects and systematically proposed a preliminary theoretical framework for the study of multi-dimensional synergistic scheduling of Yellow River water projects. It was hoped that this paper could provide a reference for the research on collaborative regulation of water projects in river basins where there were multi-objectives in fierce competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stepped slope protection can not only meet the needs of cultural landscape, but also has a good effect of reducing waves. In recent years, it has been applied in some dam projects, but there is still a lack of systematic research on relevant design parameters. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical wave model was established based on the velocity boundary method according to the medium and large reservoir dams. The influence of step layout range, step size, dam slope degree and wave smoothness for wave run-up was analyzed. The results show that, compared with the smooth slope protection, the stepped slope protection can effectively reduce the wave run-up. For the same wave smoothness and dam slope degree, the wave run-up decreases with the increase of step layout range, and decreases first and then increases with the increase of step height. The recommended step layout range is 1 times the wave height above the free water surface to 2 times the wave height below the free water surface. The recommended step height is 0.4 times of the incident wave height, and the wave attenuation coefficient is between 60% and 70%. In the recommended stepped slope protection arrangement, the wave run-up increases with the increase of wave smoothness and decreases with the softening of dam slope. When the slope is lower than 1∶3.0, the influence of slope coefficient on wave run-up weakens to some extent. According to the comprehensive roughness and osmosis coefficient calculated in this paper, the wave run-up of stepped slope protection can be estimated preliminarily, which provides reference for similar engineering design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During present major regional strategy implementation, water scarcity and spatial imbalances conflicts with increasing industrial water use demand restrict the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Improvement of economic benefit and precaution of the water pollution are effective initiatives for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. This paper calculated the industrial water use efficiency from 2005 to 2019 at provincial and city level by Super-SBM model, and then used GWR model to analyze emphatically the spatial heterogeneity of influence of natural factors and socio-economic factors on industrial water use efficiency. The results show that: the greatest influence factors are GDP per capita, followed by R＆D ratio, industrial water recycling rate, industrial value-added ratio, and industrial water consumption rate. Based on the analysis of different regional development level, rationalization of industrial structure and industrial wastewater discharge, this paper put forward the promotion strategy of industrial water use efficiency at provincial and cities level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed an accurate online hierarchical warning method of the uplift pressure of the gate dam. Considering the impact of the uplift pressure on the concrete gravity dam safety, the real uplift pressure distribution of the dam foundation was approximated by the measured uplift pressure connecting line of two adjacent points on the transverse monitoring section. The measured uplifting pressure was obtained by calculating the area between the connecting line and the dam foundation line using an embedded system of edge computing. Based on the measured uplift pressure, the vertical normal stress and principal stress at the dam heel and toe were calculated, and the stability safety factors of the anti-sliding and anti-overturning were also computed. The online hierarchical warning of the uplift pressure of the dam was realized by comparing the calculated results with the corresponding requirements. In order to convert daily conditions into standard typical conditions, the stability safety factor of typical working conditions was calculated by mapping the measured uplift pressure to typical control working conditions using GRU (Gate Recurrent Unit), which was a deep learning model with low complexity and was suitable for the embedded system of edge computing. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified with a practical engineering example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale irrigation area water-saving renovation projects have large investment and many influencing factors. In order to objectively evaluate the implementation effect of large-scale irrigation area water-saving renovation projects, it is necessary to judge whether the renovation goals are achieved. This paper selected 25 evaluation indicators from four aspects of project construction, water-saving and incomeincreasing benefits, irrigation area management reform and irrigation area sustainable development, put forward 4-level classification standards and methods and established a large-scale irrigation area water-saving renovation project implementation effect evaluation system. The membership function was determined by logistic distribution, the maximum membership method was improved and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for the implementation effect of large-scale irrigation area water-saving renovation projects based on logistic distribution was proposed. Taking a large-scale irrigation area in Hebei Province as an example to conduct an example evaluation, it is concluded that the comprehensive membership degree of the implementation effect of the water-saving renovation project in this irrigation area is 0.573 0 and the overall evaluation is good (II). The evaluation results are basically consistent with the actual situation of the implementation of the watersaving renovation project in the irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the weathering rate of arsenic sandstone and the main influence factors of the area with abundant and coarse sediment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the paper selected 3 original rock samples (test blocks) for each red and grayishwhite arsenic sandstone from Erlaohugou small watershed in Jungar Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It conducted continuous observation of the morphological changes and weathering erosion amount of each sample for nearly 3 years by using the 3 treatment methods of completely exposed, rainproof and windproof. It calculated the weathering rate based on the proportion of weathering denudation amount to the initial mass of the sample and analyzed the main influence factors of the arsenic sandstone weathering rate and its contribution rate. The results show that the bare in natural state, the grayishwhite arsenic sandstone weathering rate is greater than the red arsenic sandstone weathering rate, average annual weathering rate calculated according to the specimen quality are 32.61% and 21.88% respectively. The contribution rates of precipitation, wind power and freeze-thaw to the weathering of grayishwhite Pisha sandstone are 80.96%, 10.24% and 8.80% respectively, while the contributions to the weathering of red Pisha sandstone are 88.53%, 4.89% and 6.58% respectively. The influence of precipitation to the weathering rate of Pisha sandstone is significantly greater than that of wind power and freeze-thaw. The alternately or superimposed weathering forces of precipitation, wind and freeze-thaw accelerate the weathering of feldspathic sandstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River source is important runoff yield area in the Yellow River Basin, and the hydrological forecast is vital importance to the flood water resources optimal operation of the cascade reservoirs in the upper Yellow River such as Longyangxia and Liujiaxia, even to the prevention of flood and drought disasters of the entire Yellow River Basin. In this paper, the applicability of the Sacramento model, Luhun model and vertically-mixed runoff model were studied in the main generation regions of Maqu to Tangnaihai. The results show that the qualified rate of peak flow and secondary flood volume simulated by the three models is more than 85% and the certainty coefficient is more than 0.7. It shows that the three models can well simulate the flood process of the region. The three models cannot achieve satisfactory results for the simulation accuracy of all floods. Therefore, the multi-model integrated forecasting method should be adopted for flood operation forecast in the source area of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to scientifically predict the future sediment load of the Yellow River, support the Yellow River harnessing and development and major project construction and based on the analysis of the characteristics and causes of the variation of water and sediment in the near future, this paper used the hydrological method and the genetic analysis method to predict the future sediment amount of the Yellow River, at the same time, the large flow duration and the water volume which were beneficial to sediment transport were greatly reduced, the dynamics of flow and sediment transport were greatly weakened, and the relationship between water and sediment was still not coordinated. Without considering the sediment retention of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir, the downstream channel would still be silted up. It is considered that the main influencing factors of the recent sediment reduction are the massive construction of water conservancy and soil and water conservation measures and the reduction of rainfall intensity, which account for 80% and 20% respectively, taking into account the existing research results and the uncertainty of the forecast, it is suggested that the average annual sediment hydraulic engineering of the Yellow River in the future should be about 800 million tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science and technology innovation is an important support for the ecological protection and high-quality development strategy of the Yellow River Basin, and the Regional Science and Technology Innovation Center is an important carrier for realizing regional innovation. The paper took 67 prefecture-level cities in the Yellow River Basin as the research objects, analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of science and technology innovation level in the Yellow River Basin by using entropy TOPSIS, kernel density, spatial autocorrelation and standard deviation ellipse, and proposed the enhancement path of science and technology innovation center in the Yellow River Basin. The result shows that temporally, the level of science and technology innovation development in the Yellow River Basin shows a gradual growth trend, from 0.084 in 2011 to 0.137 in 2020. Furthermore, the level of science and technology innovation in the basin as a whole shows a pattern of polarization, with the absolute difference gradually decreasing and the imbalance decreasing. Spatially, the level of science and technology innovation in the Yellow River Basin has significant spatial differentiation characteristics, with a "block-shaped" distribution pattern, and the overall level is still in the low and lower level areas, and the downstream area > midstream area > upper stream area. In addition, the level of science and technology innovation in the Yellow River Basin has significant spatial clustering characteristics, and the spatial clustering characteristics are gradually enhanced with the passage of time. The science and technology innovation centers in the Yellow River Basin need to improve the development level of regional innovation centers by focusing on the advantages of innovation center cities, accelerating industrial structure upgrading, promoting industrial integration and agglomeration development and promoting the spatial model of "multicore drive and point-axis extension" in central cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the key and difficult issues faced by the Yellow River Basin, such as water resources shortage, unbalanced economic development and fragile ecological environment, the research and development of the Yellow River Simulator has become the next important work goal of the protection and management of the Yellow River Basin in the new era. With reference to the expression of Yangtze River Simulator, this paper combined with the characteristics of the Yellow River Basin, proposed and interpreted the concept and cognition of Yellow River Simulator and planned the top-level design of the construction of the Yellow River Simulator. From three aspects of perception system, simulation system and service system, the construction framework of Yellow River Simulator was designed. On this basis, the development layout of Yellow River Simulator 1.0 to 4.0 was further proposed, and the construction blueprint for the next 50 or even 100 years was looked forward. The construction of the Yellow River Simulator can provide simulation and decision-making support for disaster prevention and control, resources supply, public management, cultural inheritance and other fields, to promote the systematic protection and governance of the Yellow River Basin, and promote the implementation of the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of slope is very important to ensure the safety of long-distance water transfer project. In order to compare and study the slope stability of the fracture slope and the pore slope on both sides of the channel, this paper used Comsol multiphysics finite element numerical calculation software to establish a two-dimensional random fracture model of the channel slope by coupling the Darcy's law module and the solid mechanics module. The strength reduction method was used to simulate and compare the slope stability of two media models (fracture model and pore model) under two rainfall conditions (long and weak, short and strong) and under the condition of changing the initial groundwater level elevation. The results show that the plastic deformation degree of the fractured slope is greater than that of the porous slope and the slope instability is more likely to occur; under the same rainfall conditions, the lower the groundwater level is, the more stable the slope will be, regardless of the fracture model or the pore model; under the same groundwater level, the slope is more stable when the rainfall intensity is smaller; traction sliding may occur when the fracture model slope is unstable under high rainfall intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the current situation of standardized management of rural water supply projects in Henan Province and improve the standardization level of rural water supply projects, this paper conducted a comprehensive evaluation on the standardized management level of rural water supply projects for thousand tons and tens thousands people in Henan Province. It built an evaluation index system for the standardized management level of rural water supply engineering from five criteria of facilities, management, water supply, water price, and operation, and used a combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method for analysis and evaluation. The results show that the standardized management level of Puyang rural water supply project is “high”; Jiyuan, Pingdingshan, Zhengzhou, Zhoukou, Xinyang, Shangqiu, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Xuchang are “higher”; Hebi, Luohe, Nanyang, Zhumadian, Anyang and Xinxiang are “medium"; Jiaozuo and Sanmenxia are "general". Lower-level cities with a low level of standardized management in rural water supply projects should refer to the "Puyang Mode" to enhance their standardization management. The standardized management level of rural water supply projects in Henan Province is quite different, and the standardized management level of cities at various levels needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively understand the variation law of groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin and rationally develop and utilize regional groundwater resources, based on GRACE satellite data and GLDAS data, this paper applied M-K trend analysis, correlation analysis and random forest algorithm to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and driving factors of groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021. The results show that; from 2003 to 2021, groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin has an extremely significant decline trend, and the decrease of groundwater storage in the lower reaches is the largest (1.4 cm/a). The spatial distribution of annual average groundwater storage in the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021 shows a gradual increase in the decrease of ground- water storage in the upper reaches to the lower reaches. Vegetation restoration is the main factor of groundwater storage change in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin from 2003 to 2021, while the decrease of groundwater storage in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Ba- sin may be related to the change of land use types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a joint power generation operation of cascade reservoirs in the upper Yellow River was carried out with consideration of the requirement of increasing discharge from cascade reservoirs during flood season for deposition reduction in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. The influences of the increasing discharge during flood season to the power generation of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia cascade reservoirs were analyzed in the cases with and without the Heishanxia Reservoir respectively. In order to meet the operation require- ments of upstream and downstream reservoirs, the water level of upstream reservoirs should be adjusted according to the storage and operation requirements of downstream reservoirs in the calculation of cascade reservoirs operation. The results show that if the discharge from cascade reservoirs during flood season is increased only by the Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs, the contradiction between power generation and ice-run flood control operations will be aggravated, which can lead to an obvious reduction of the power generation of the two reservoirs during ice-run flood and non-flood season. Because of the reverse regulation of Heishanxia Reservoir, the joint operation of Longyangxia, Liujiaxia and Heishanxia cascade reservoirs can not only increase the discharge from the cascade reservoirs during flood season and meet the deposition reduction in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach, but also can alleviate the conflicts between power generation and ice-run flood control operation effectively, which can increase the power generation of Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs during ice-run flood season significantly, so as to improve the annual power generation of the two reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in Qinghai Province, based on the relevant statistical data of Qing-hai Province from 2003 to 2020, this paper built a water footprint model to evaluate the utilization level of water resources in Qinghai Province. It used Tapio decoupling model and LMDI model to analyze the decoupling status of water resources utilization and economic growth in Qinghai Province, and to explore the driving factors of water resources utilization in Qinghai Province. The results show that the total water footprint of Qinghai Province fluctuates from 2003 to 2020, and the agricultural water footprint is the main part of water resources utilization. The evaluation index of water resources utilization is at a high level and continued to improve. The water resources utilization is relatively safe, the water resources self-sufficiency rate is high, and the water footprint benefit is steadily improved. In general, water resources utilization and economic growth are weakly decoupled, while industrial water use and economic growth are strongly decoupled. The contribution rate of driving factors of water resources utilization is scale economy effect > industrial structure effect > technology effect > population effect, among which technology effect and industrial structure effect are negative effects, scale economy effect and population effect are positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of ecological barrier of the Yellow River Basin and the "Water Tower of China", ecological management of the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan Province plays an important role. Based on the importance and particularity of ecological governance for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan Province, this paper systematically analyzed the contradictions between ecological protection and economic development, ecological governance and capital investment, ecological governance and scientific and technological support, as well as the contradictions between departments and regions. Based on the experience of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is suggested that the ecological governance for the Yellow River Basin in Sichuan should be combined with cultural research, people's livelihood development, green industry development, the construction of ecological civilization system and the cultivation of ecological consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]