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"An Corpas Cliste" ('Clever Corpus') is an Irish language learner corpus. The corpus data comes from a purpose-built intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (iCALL) platform called "An Scéalaí" ('the Storyteller') and comprises both audio and text, produced by second and third level learners of Irish. Metadata (e.g. L1, level of Irish, dialect preference, age) is saved with every learner account, along with data on platform engagement (e.g. speech/language technologies employed, time spent on task). This paper illustrates how "An Corpas Cliste" is structured and is being prepared for analysis and the methodologies and resources that are being used to exploit it with a view to enhancing the learning experience. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This paper reports the results of a qualitative study based on the feminist perspective and qualitative feminist interviews. Before their interviews, the 10 participants wanted to share their negative experiences of underemployment; however, deep conversations revealed that while their stories were negative, they were also positive. Through the interviews, participants disclosed what motivated them to continue their careers despite the onus of gender-specific job segregation in the Korean job market that is biased against Korean Millennial women. As they were sharing their experiences, the participants had an A-Ha! moment that reshaped their definitions of the meaning of work. These findings have important implications for policy decisions regarding women's career development education and adult education programs for overqualified women in the workplace. [For the full proceedings, see ED631897.]

This article presents the insights collected from an engaged interactive round table session, where participants came together to collaboratively brainstorm and deliberate upon best practices for effectively educating and mentoring Generation Z adult learners in both classroom and workplace settings. Drawing upon the extensive body of literature on Generation Z characteristics, the session served as a solid foundation for the discussion. At the heart of this roundtable was the central theme: the pivotal role of educators and mentors in guiding and supporting Generation Z individuals. By exploring strategies, challenges, and innovative approaches, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted landscape of Generation Z education and mentoring, shedding light on key insights and actionable recommendations for educators and mentors. [For the full proceedings, see ED648717.]

In the era of digitalization, financial education is essential because it is one of the most critical skills a tech-savvy generation z can acquire. Seeing the rapid change in financial access from traditional to digital today, with bibliometric approach seeks to present how financial education is needed in digital finance. It is increasingly evolving so that Generation Z does not fall into digital traps such as credit and impulsive purchases. Based on the Scopus database, 137 documents have been published from 1999 to 2022. Journals, authors, countries, articles, themes, and publication trends have been used to identify influential works, describe financial education in the era of digitalization, and identify gaps. The United States is the leading producing country with 69 documents and is also the most in citations. In addition, bibliometric analysis shows that the journal of financial counseling is the most productive journal researchers often go to on financial education; next, there is Journal of Consumer Affair. Of the 332 keywords used in the document, financial literacy, financial knowledge, and financial behavior are often identified. Recent themes identified in the last three years include financial inclusion, digital finance, and financial technology. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on financial education in digital finance for generation z in the transition period to lead to financial well-being. The results are particularly relevant for children studying financial education, given the rising levels of credit and impulsive purchases for Generation Z in the digital financial age, which exposes individuals to fast financial services and requires informed decision-making. This study helps academic researchers know the core of financial education and identify relevant areas that need to be investigated in future research. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

The introduction, "Education and Local Development," provides a theme of rural education and development, with emphasis on widening the limits of programs and facilities to serve all age groups. International perspectives on rural education are infused into the 20 selected papers through the participation of several authorities from abroad. Four broad topics, with papers arranged from most general to specific are as follows: (1) "The Rural Situation in General" contains three papers that address quality, opportunity, and survival; (2) "The Community Situation" provides five papers dealing with community involvement, service centers, responsibilities, reorganisation and declining enrollments; (3) "The Financial Situation" offers four papers which provide a commonwealth perspective, a state perspective, and economic aspects or effectiveness; (4) "The In-School Situation" contains seven papers covering curriculum and staffing, pre-service teacher training, syllabus design, parental reaction, services and handicapped services. Conclusions provide suggestions for future efforts, emphasizing that they will need to be tractable and commensurate with specific needs of rural populations. Appendices provide the conference program and a description of the National Centre for Research on Rural Education. (AH)

This research investigates the mobile technology ownership concerning M-learning and identifies Tapscott's (2009) common traits of Millennials in a South African context. Technology growth and adoption is impacting the education sector by changing teaching and learning through an innovative form of learning commonly known as M-learning. Along with the growth in adoption of technology, students learning profiles have also changed over time, evolving toward another generation of learners referred to as Millennials. A total of 103 Millennial student respondents in a higher education institution in South Africa were surveyed to collect primary data and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results according to which the entire sample population owned at least one type of mobile devices. The findings also indicated that technology acquaintance and innovation are the most relatable attributes shared among Millennials. [For the full proceedings, see ED622227.]

The high dependence on technology for economic activities in developed countries stresses the importance of lifelong learning in order to equip adult workers with the skills required to perform work related tasks, and also increase labor force participation. We use data from the 2012/2014 Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine relationships among problem solving skills in technology-rich environments (PSTRE), participation in adult education and training (AET), and income in Australia, Finland, Japan (high PSTRE scoring countries), Chile, Greece (low PSTRE scoring countries), Ireland, Estonia, and the United States (similarly scoring countries). Although PIAAC measured literacy, numeracy, and PSTRE skills, our research focus is on PSTRE because of its emphasis on problem-solving skills and critical thinking. These skills are undoubtedly important in any global economy currently experiencing rapid technological transformation. In four of five age groups, Japan had the highest PSTRE scores. With the exception of Greece, PIAAC respondents in the oldest age group had lower PSTRE scores than younger age groups. Men had higher PSTRE scores than women in all countries except Australia and Greece. Overall, those with higher PSTRE scores were more likely to participate in AET but there were variations by age, income, and education categories. Greater PSTRE scores were associated with higher hourly wages in the U.S. Australia and Estonia whereas no significant association was observed in other countries. With limited availability of data, females benefited financially from higher PSTRE scores more than males in the U.S., Finland, Ireland and Japan.

While the senior population has been increasingly engaged with reading on mobile technologies, research that specifically documents the impact of technologies on reading for this age group has still been lacking. The present study investigated how different reading media (screen versus paper) might result in different reading outcomes among older adults due to both cognitive and psychological factors. Using a laboratory experiment with eighty-one participants aged 57 to 85, our results supported past research and showed the influence of cognitive map formation on readers' feelings of fatigue. Our findings also suggested that individual levels of technophobia was an important barrier to older adults' effective use of mobile technologies for reading. In the post-hoc analyses, we further showed that technophobia was correlated with technology experience, certain personality traits, and age. The present study highlights the importance of providing tailored support that helps older adults overcome psychological obstacles in using technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the decline in birth rates, which will produce a steep decline in the youth population by 1990, this paper examines the possible effects such a population shift will have on the achievement motivation of children. It is reasoned the increased adult/child ratio could result in either of two possibilities: the greater attention paid to the individual child might effect a greater sense of personal causation, leading to increased achievement motivation; or, the greater adult/child ratio could overwhelm the child, eventuating in a decreased sense of personal causation and/or motivation. Based on these two possibilities, this paper discusses two scenarios describing how it might be when "children of the 60's and 70's" hit the job market. In the first scenario, it is assumed that socialization in a small family increases achievement motivation. These highly motivated individuals will probably expect to accomplish great things in their employment. However, an analysis of the population trends indicates movement to upper level positions may be retarded because of a large older age group. Therefore, one might expect these children to be a frustrated generation. In the second scenario, it is assumed that socialization in a small family reduces achievement. In this case motivation to excell and do well at a job might be reduced. This latter situation might lead to a more peaceful coexistence between generations. (Author/JK)

Both 21st century skills and game-based learning have been gaining an enormous amount of attention from researchers and practitioners. While some researchers are trying to develop educational games in hopes of promoting students' 21st century skill development in schools, little has been understood regarding the positive impact of games on students' skill development. This study reveals that among the recent research which targeted 21st century skills as learning outcomes, only one fourth suggested game-based learning might be used to foster students' 21st century skill development, especially critical thinking skills, creativity, and collaboration. Also, it remains unclear how game-based learning might impact students' communication skill development.

This paper describes the Family Development Research Program, a program combining quality infant day care services with a home visitation component. Particular emphasis in this paper is on the day care center curriculum. Primary goals of the program are: (1) the design and maintenance of optimal environments which nourish an infant's development at different stages of growth, and (2) development of techniques for providing infant learning experiences and language lessons within the daily routines of caregiving. Goals of the home visitation component are to maximize family functioning, contribute to parental knowledge of child development, and foster parental involvement in their children's cognitive and psychosocial development. Included in this paper are the program's goals and rationale; criteria used for selecting participating infants; case findings and selection process; day programs for infants 6 to 15 months and 15 to 18 months old; the family style day program (or multi-age differentiated-environment groupings) for children 18 to 36 months old; staff qualifications and training; curriculum planning and activity guidelines; the infant curriculum; curriculum for the family style day program; processes used to generate curriculum activities; relationship of curriculum to child functioning; and measures used to assess family and parental functioning, teacher effectiveness and children's language, cognitive and social-emotional development. (SB)

In 1965, a youth aspiration study was initiated in six southern states. Data were first collected in 1966 from 10th grade students in selected high schools. In 1968, 12th grade students attending the same schools completed questionnaires. Then, in 1972, a stratified random sample was taken of 1,226 young adults who were previously examined. This paper is a preliminary report on the educational aspiration and attainment data for this regional sample. Attention focused on the nature of change in educational aspiration over the critical period in life from late adolescence to young adulthood. Educational attainment reflected the short-run achievements realized during the first years following the completion of high school. Aspiration as a theoretical construct was not considered; the referent in this instance was restricted to educational goals for which the aspiration serves as an abstract or idealized goal orientation. Within this frame of reference, the paper describes: (1) what happens to educational aspiration during the transition period; and (2) the level of educational attainment at an early point in adult life. Findings revealed that this sample was even more strongly oriented toward college and graduate study after having been out of high school 4 years. Urban white males were most oriented toward these goals; rural white females were the least. Black men and women from both rural and urban backgrounds were substantially equal in their orientation toward college. (KM)

The first paper examines the interaction, within a European context, of government and voluntary agencies as actors on a larger societal stage. It attempts to develop basic principles and alternative strategies for their effective interaction in light of different political contexts and government structures. It indicates what sort of factors have to be taken into account when formulating rules of strategy for bringing the struggle for adequate resources for the aged to a reasonable outcome. The second paper examines the alternative strategies open to voluntary agencies depending on the societal context, from a U.S. viewpoint. It puts forth a strong case for the voluntary sector's leading a revolution in social values which will result in qualitative improvements in the lives of elderly people. Moreover, agencies should do their best to direct the forces of social change into constructive rather than destructive channels. (Author/SE)

This paper presents a description of a community program for preschool children and their mothers which utilized the services of a psychologist-consultant. Originally, the Mother's Day Out program offered a few hours of child care to mothers of preschool children for a very small fee. However, it became apparent during the early phases of operation that many of the preschool children needed more help than the program teacher could promise. The services of a psychologist-consultant were employed, to help evaluate the children, to assess the relationship between the teacher, aide (a volunteer mother), and the children, and to provide direct consultation to parents in discussion groups. Also, a referral process involving a community Evaluation Team was instituted. The procedures and problems involved in establishing the Mother's Day Out program are described; plans for future changes in the program are also presented. Important among these changes is the evaluation program which will involve the input of the psychologist, teacher, and parent. Concluding discussion focuses on the evolving role of the psychologist-consultant. (SDH)

This study compared the social interaction and types of symbolic play found in mixed-age and same-age preschool groups. The sample included 8 groups of 14 to 20 children, which were naturally formed and had been operating since the beginning of the school year. The four same-age groups included a group of 3- to 4-year-olds, a group of 4- to 5-year-olds, a group of 5- to 6-year-olds, and a group of 6- to 7-year-olds. The four mixed-age groups consisted of children between 3 or 4 years and 7 years. Each group was videotaped during spontaneous play. All play sequences classified as symbolic were selected and analyzed for content, degree of complexity, and the wholeness of the symbolic transformation using McLoyd's evaluation scheme. This scheme included the following categories: (1) animation; (2) reification; (3) attribution of object property; (4) substitution; (5) object realism; (6) attribution of non-existent object property; (7) situation attribution; and (8) role attribution. Findings indicated that children in mixed-age groups achieved higher forms of symbolic transformation than their peers in same-age groups and that role and situation attribution occurred more frequently in mixed-age groups. The study also found that children in mixed-age groups engaging in role play spent relatively long periods of time in that type of play and that children changed roles within the play sequences regardless of their age. (Contains 16 references.) (KDFB)

This brief presentation discusses various problems older adults face. First, older adults are described, and old age is defined. Old age starts after 50, and older adults should not be considered as a homogeneous group; thay fall into many different categories which enrich rather than impoverish them as a group. The long experience they have had can contribute effectively to society; thus, they should not be isolated from people, but should be enlisted in volunteer programs to play a constructive role. The speaker urges government to provide inexpensive and varied types of housing and other sorely needed services for the older adults. The greatest priority for older adults, however, is the provision of opportunity to create a quality of life that is consonant with individual needs. (SE)

This paper describes a study that examined the possibility that there is more than one category of only children. The study attempted to resolve inconsistencies in previous research outcomes with only children. The study involved data from female only children who were assessed longitudinally from early adolescence to late middle age on the 73-item California Q-sort of Personality Characteristics of only children. Factor analyses provided no evidence for a single homogeneous category. It was concluded that the only child category, although typically treated as homogeneous, is, in fact, heterogeneous. Three distinct types of female only children emerged: (1) normal, well-adjusted; (2) impulsive, acting out; and (3) first-bornish. It was shown that these types remain consistent over the life span from junior high school to late middle age. Each of the types is discussed in relation to previous research. A table showing results of the inverse factor analyses and a list of 23 references are appended. (GLR)

The present study investigated the hypothesis that children do not use the same standards of fair play in mixed-age situations as in same-age situations. It was further hypothesized that in mixed-age encounters, younger children would use cues associated with older children (i.e., physical size) as a basis for reward deservingness. Older children, however, would base their reward distribution on task performance. Children (48 first graders, 48 third graders) were shown a photo of two other children ("players"), and a photo of two stacks of building blocks each of the players supposedly built in a game. Children were asked to divide 10 prize chips between the two in the photo. Reward distribution was measured in a 2 (grade of child allocator) x 2 (relative size of the player) x 2 (mixed- or same-age group) x 3 (relative task performance) factorial design. Data corroborated the hypotheses. Third graders consistently divided rewards on the basis of task performance, ignoring age and size variables. First graders also allocated rewards on the basis of task performance, except when a player was both older and larger. Older, larger players received disproprotionally larger rewards than did same-age mates who had equivalent levels of task performance. (Author/MS)

The symposium celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Division of Continuing Education at the State University of New York at Buffalo; changes in higher education during those 50 years have moved adult learning into a primary area of attention. Traditional lines of learning are bluring and assumptions about the adult learner are rapidly changing. The andragogical concepts Dr. Malcolm Knowles brings to the symposium and Dr. Paul Baltes' speech on learning abilities of older adults contrast with traditional learning assumptions. Dr. Thurmon White's keynote address asserts new ideals; Drs. Flaherty, Monge, Borwinick, and Bugelski add academic insights into various aspects of the theme of the symposium: intellectual decrement, assessing adult learning ability, age differences in capabilities, and behavioral aspects of aging. Two panel discussions of these topics are also included in the document. (Author/AJ)

Faculty attitudes toward older learners were studied using an adaptation of Kogan's (1951) attitude scale and methodology. Forty-nine faculty members from various colleges and universities in Ohio and Indiana were subdivided into two groups: those who had taught in a structured higher education experience aimed at people over 60 years of age and those who had not. Results indicate that younger faculty members were less critical about older adults as learners and potential learners than are older more experienced faculty members. Older faculty members who had taught a high number of classroom contact hours with adult learners expressed less positive attitudes toward the capabilities of older adults to be successful college students. Younger faculty members maintained few negative sterotypes of older adults as learners. Further revision of specific item pairs of the survey is being pursued. Survey items and the responses of the four subgroups are included. (SW)

Behavioral development among adults is viewed from a life-span perspective. Derived from sociological literature, a life-span perspective is interpreted as a conceptualization of achievement associated with success and failure in school and in the world of work. Remarks are organized around the question of whether achievement in adults' world of work can be foretold in the scholastic achievement of childhood and adolescence. Data are taken from research on social inequality and mobility. The most pertinent concerns in that literature are to describe and explain the processes that allocate people to hierarchically ranked social positions throughout their lives. Patterns of continuity and discontinuity from one generation to another, one individual to another, and with regard to one individual across the life span are indicated by many factors including IQ tests, peer recognition, earnings, occupational status, and social standing. Findings from a review of recent literature by sociologists including O.D. Duncan, G.H. Elder, D.L. Featherman, R.A. Van Dusen, and H. Winsborough indicate that there is an overall trend toward greater continuity between the scholastic achievement of youth and the occupational and economic attainments of adults. Additional research is suggested on the sequence of institutional contexts--the home, school, and work/economy--in which achievement behavior takes place across the life cycle. (DB)

As trained counselors, career educators, and career education guidance and counseling programs have become increasingly available, there has been a tendency for the church to lose the perspective of its role in preparing people, particularly the young, for purposeful and satisfying lives. A church-based career development program would provide resources and experiences which would enable each individual to assess and appraise his/her own abilities and develop and maintain a sense of purpose, a calling that is personally his/hers. Church-sponsored career education programs might include youth drug community counseling; adult alcohol community counseling; emergency family assistance center; career seminars; parent discussion groups; daily preparation for job environment; and being a witnessing Christian on the job. Genuine spiritual revival must await the rediscovery of the Christian significance of daily work, and the church can lead the challenge. (BL)

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition is a conceptually new version of this traditional intelligence scale. The new scale has a solid basis in theory, but there is little evidence that the Binet matches its intended theory. This study was designed to determine whether the Binet corresponds to the theory that guided its construction. First- and higher-order confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the entire standardization sample (N=3,354) and three age groups from the standardization sample--12-23 years (n=910), 7-11 years (n=960), and 2-6 years (n=1,484)--to determine the extent to which the Binet measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, short-term memory, crystallized versus fluid intelligence, and general intelligence. The results generally support the four first-order factors as reflecting the underlying structure of the new Binet. The biggest deviation from the theoretical structure occurred for ages 2-6 years; for this age group, it was difficult to separate memory from reasoning. The hierarchical analyses support the test authors' contention that there is a strong "g" component underlying the Binet, but did not support the second level of the Binet theory (which combines the first-order factors into crystallized versus fluid intelligence). Five tables present sample data, and six figures diagram theoretical relationships among factors. (Author/SLD)

Population aging refers to an entire age structure becoming older. The age structure of a population is the result of three basic processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Age structures reflect both past effects and current patterns of these processes. At the town, city, or regional level, migration becomes an important factor in raising the age level of the population, but in general the age structure of countries is more dependent on fertility and mortality. High fertility and high mortality ultimately produce a young population, while low fertility and low mortality in the long run produce an older population. A shift from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality has accompanied industrialization in the developed world. Typically, mortality among the youngest age group declines first, resulting in a younger population. The population aging process begins when fertility declines. As mortality declines among the older age groups, the population ages further. It takes some time for the population to reach a stable age structure reflecting low fertility and mortality. Population aging around the world is inevitable for the 21st century. The demographic transition will require adjustment from social institutions. Four countries that exemplified the four stages of aging in 1985 are discussed (Nigeria, Brazil, Korea, and West Germany). Fifteen charts, graphs, and tables are provided to illustrate various aspects of this population aging process. A 9-item bibliography is included. (JB)

The research investigates the sources of applicant satisfaction with public social benefit and service programs. The hypothesis is that applicant satisfaction can be explained by analyzing the act of help-seeking in terms of personal characteristics and goals; and that applicants who receive benefits evaluate agency helpfulness, fairness, and consideration more positively. The paper examines what type of applicant contacts which agency; what group of applicants, with what agency experiences, receives benefits or services; and how applicants evaluate their encounters. Data from 1,564 agency applications shown in a 1972 survey is analyzed, using 16 variables with cross-tabulation, measures of association and their tests of significance, and analysis of variance. Findings show that the elderly, well-educated, wealthy, and whites applied to federal insurance agencies, while blacks and Hispanics went to welfare and vocational agencies. Overall level of success was 74% and came more often to whites, elderly, those who applied to federal insurance or welfare agencies, and those who received assistance in presenting claims. Fifty percent of every social, economic, and demographic group found the agencies very helpful, considerate, and fair. Receiving benefits or services, obtaining adequate assistance, education, and income were the most important variables. Conclusions show that applicant satisfaction rests primarily on receiving benefits or services and obtaining sufficient assistance in claims presentation. Implications are that agencies can provide more satisfaction by routinizing and clarifying rules, and by publicizing them better. Eleven tables and models illustrate the research. (CK)

Rapidly changing patterns of birthrates over the past several decades have created a Canadian and North American population whose age structure shows continuing and potentially oscillating changes in its age group distribution. The increased participation of women in the workforce and their promotional aspirations further complicate what were already complex societal problems resulting from the post-war baby boom. This variability in age group distribution leads not only to marked changes in community college enrollments, but also to major job and promotional difficulties, and finally, to possible changes in retirement patterns for current and prospective graduates. For demographic reasons, those born at the end of the post-war baby boom and in the mid- and late 1960's are likely to find themselves particularly disadvantaged with respect to career development and job promotion. Governmental fiscal policies, transnational corporations, and third-world development patterns are likely to have a major impact on the career prospects of this group. An examination of these three factors provides an insight into the future working world that suggests general directions in which student and program resources might be reallocated, and, in particular, some general education courses that might be developed. Such courses might be in the areas of future studies, cope-ability development, and personal growth and development. (Author/AYC)

The study explored the effect of membership in nonpolitical voluntary associations upon the degree of political activity of members. In particular, the authors asked whether or not these effects were found in a relatively uniform pattern across different age groups. On the basis of the reported levels of political discussion in 14 types of nonpolitical associations, memberships were categorized as either apolitical or neopolitical. Apolitical associations provided absolutely no opportunity for political activity or discussion; neopolitical associations provided a small degree of opportunity for political activity or discussion. Participants were surveyed concerning the amount of political activity they engaged in, ranging from voting to attendance at political meetings and making political donations. Findings are that members of both neopolitical and apolitical associations are more politically active than nonmembers, and that members of neopolitical associations are more active than members of apolitical associations. Older respondents differed from the rest of the population only in that their levels of political work and political talk were somewhat lower than levels of younger members. Tables showing response data are included. (Author/AV)

Events and conditions over the last 20 years that have altered the course of higher education are briefly noted, and trends in higher education for the early eighties are examined. Among the past influences on higher education that illustrate the wisdom of planning for a realistic period of time, such as five years, are the following: the massive state funding of programs for the handicapped and special education laws, the government and court mandate to desegregate dual systems of higher education, affirmative action and equal opportunity legislation, and the recession. Trends in higher education for the early 1980s include the following: there is a decline in the number of students of traditional college age; changes in the retirement laws in 1982 will have an immediate impact on higher education; increased controls will be exercised by state governments; there will be movement toward standardization of programs, funding, and limitations of mission and scope; increased fuel costs will reduce weekend trips home by students at many universities; there may be an oversupply of doctors, lawyers, and veterinarians; a serious problem has been created by deferred maintenance and renovation; there will be opportunity for greater selection in securing new faculty and staff; the liberal education component will become a focal point; there will be greater involvement in public service activities; exchange programs with other universities will increase, both in and out of the country; and there will be a trend toward the reallocation of resources. An excerpt from Senate Bill No. 2977 of the Mississippi Legislature, regular session 1980, which addresses the development of a management information system plan and reports that should be made to the state legislature, is appended. (SW)

Thirteen lessons on aging in America, appropriate for the secondary school level, are presented. Each lesson is designed to take approximately one day and includes the goal, objectives, background information, reproducible student handouts, materials and equipment needed, procedures, and evaluation forms. In the first lesson students examine their feelings and beliefs about aging. Subsequent lessons identify changing demographic and social characteristics of older people in the United States, examine the diversity of the older population, determine criteria for judging "oldness," and analyze growing older in the United States through examining popular song lyrics. Also, students discuss the effects of age-grading (the process of judging certain behaviors as appropriate or inappropriate for certain age-groups), the mass media as reinforcers of age stereotypes, and the needs and problems of older people, including their housing needs. Other topics include the role of work in society and its impact on the older population, the validity of pervasive age stereotypes, and methods for improving the quality of life for older Americans. A three-page test of concepts and issues and a list of teacher resources conclude the document. (KC)

A tentative theory of age-discrimination is indirectly tested through labor statistics concerning the duration of unemployment. After first reviewing the inadequacies and inapplicability of sex and race discrimination hypotheses derived from the conventional economic models, this analysis synthesizes statistical models of discrimination to explain the negative correlation between age and the duration of unemployment. Under a quasi-experimental model for the varying levels of overall economic activity over the period studied, a statistical explanation is provided for the relative stability in age-related unemployment duration differences and a paradoxical relationship to the general unemployment rate. (Author)

The streaming media services such as over the top (OTT) platforms offer open access to video content to the subscribers irrespective of their age. Different genres of movies suitable for different age groups are available to the viewers on the OTT platforms.Once subscribed; the user has easy access to uncensored content too, as there is no age confirmation during the signup process. Although these platforms allow one to buy subscriptions from credit or debit cards usually owned by adults, yet once the subscription is bought for multiple users, different persons of a household can use the same device and platform to view content of their interest. There is no option to track the kind of content they are viewing on these OTT platforms. The un-censored and adult content easily available on these platforms lead to unguarded exposure of the kids below 18 years of age to audio-visual content that is not suitable for their age. This can hamper the healthy mental and emotional development of the juvenile population. In this paper, we have proposed a deep learning based face detection module that can be integrated with the OTT platforms to verify the age group of the viewer before proceeding for selection of the content. This classification module will not only provide the first layer of security to enforce the age restriction policy for viewing age appropriate content but also can be used for creating a more effective recommendation system. In this paper, we have made a comparative analysis of three main face detection algorithms based on Convolutional Neural Network namely Haar Cascade, HOG and Deep Neural Network (DNN) to estimate an age cut off and range of a new face in real time. The highest accuracy of 92.56 percent was achieved in case of DNN based algorithm for both age cut off and age approximation detection. Precision recorded by DNN for large faces is 90%, which is higher than in case of HOG and OpenCV-Haar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity is welcomed at the Jefferson Davis Campus, Mississippi Gulf Coast Junior College, where the commuting students include teenagers, retired military personnel, displaced homemakers, the foreign-born, blacks, the full-time employed, and senior citizens. The students are counseled to take a reading and study skills class if their reading test scores indicate a need in the areas of comprehension, speed, interpretation, or study skills. In the first weeks, the objective is to improve the student's self-image along with improvement of reading skills, mathematics skills, or language arts. Activities are planned for adult students which are compatible with their goals and their backgrounds. The instructor of the reading and study skills class emphasizes time use and time organization. In the developmental studies programs, "educationese" is interpreted for divergent populatons on a one-to-one basis or in small group sessions. All students are given written competencies for the class, and the order of presentation is determined by the need of the students. The instructor requires that the students give weekly oral and written reports on news items of interest to them and gives the students activities that make direct application of skills to other courses or to life needs. (EM)

As the strongest, most cohesive, and most viable societal unit, the African family has a great impact on literacy and reading. Many different types of family structure exist in Africa, and individuals frequently feel a strong sense of responsbility for the children of their servants and for members of their age, ethnic, religious, and social groups. Children are considered a valuable family resource, with male children regarded as a special asset (although females are regarded highly among the few matrilineal groups); elders are held in high esteem; and money is scarce. Parents' attitudes toward reading and education are highly positive. Among the resources that bring the language of literacy into the home are fathers, other adult models, siblings, and the radio. In cases where a family can afford to send only some children to school, those who attend school can bring limited functional literacy to adults in the extended family. Age groups have contributed greatly to educational development. Inequities exist among ethnic groups, due to the rejection by some groups of the language of literacy. (Two stories are included: one showing how a school girl has transmitted medical and agricultural information to adults in her village, and another written by a school boy about his first day at school.) (GW)

Two political socialization issues were explored for 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old youth. The first issue was the extent to which there is a general orientation among American youth toward tolerance. The second issue was the relationship of tolerance among youth to political knowledge and orientation to political participation. A major objective of the study was to add information based on a national sample to the profile of political orientations of American youth. The inquiry was based on secondary analysis of 1976 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data. From 1,800 to 2,000 youth in each age group were asked questions about tolerance attitudes, including should women run for public office? should atheists be allowed to vote? and should citizens be allowed to criticize the government? Youth in the nine-year-old group were asked simple picture-related questions of a similar nature. Statistical analysis of responses for all age groups indicated that there is modestly strong lip service given to general principles of equity and tolerance of diversity but severely constrained application of these general rules to both specific groups and activities. Questions asked at each age level are included and tables are presented which detail responses to specific questions within each age group. (DB) Aspect of National Assessment (NAEP) dealt with in this document: Results (Secondary Analyses).

Evidence from ethnology, anthropology, and educational history and research indicates that age segregation is neither necessary nor natural. An examination of primate and simple human societies suggests that rigid assumptions about age segregation of the young is a recent departure from social patterns existing for millions of years. The researcher summarizes the findings of 27 empirical studies in multiage grouping in elementary schools conducted between 1948 and 1981 in the United States and Canada: multiage grouping has no consistent relationship with academic achievement, and multiage grouping has a generally benign effect on social and emotional development. Naturalistic and observational studies on companionship outside the classroom provide further evidence on the importance of cross-age grouping. The general pattern that emerges from these studies is one of increased competition and aggression within same-age groups and increased harmony and nurturance within more natural multiage learning groups where younger members seem to benefit most. Two tables provide statistics from empirical studies on multiage grouping. (PB)

In 1972, the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) identified experts to study and report on the information needs of selected groups within the United States population: six occupational and professional groups, various age groups, women, the handicapped, the isolated, and ethnic groups--mainly the Mexican American community. The groups were analyzed in terms of characteristics, rationale for service, needs for library and information services, inadequacies in existing services, and strategies for change. The reports of the 16 experts were presented at the NCLIS User Conference at the University of Denver, Colorado, in May, 1973. The second day of the conference was devoted to three work groups who considered various aspects of the information needs problem. A needs-description matrix was formulated to provide a common format, through which the needs of various client groups could be compared. This report presents the conference papers, the proceedings of the working groups, an analysis of the needs-matrix, and the conference summary and implications report. (SL)

The use of behavioural biometrics, such as movement patterns and keystroke dynamics, in human identity recognition research to strengthen smartphone security is growing. Users usually secure their phones with a PIN or pattern. This paper uses a smartphone keystroke dynamic open dataset with user age information. This Open Dataset is known as the RHU-Keystroke Dynamics dataset. A dataset classification study was conducted utilising the Weighted K-nearest neighbour (W-KNN) method in order to identify the three age categories with the highest accuracy. The four keystroke features that have been collected in this open dataset are used for this classification. The highest average accuracy obtained from this W-KNN method is 83%. The results of the study are explained with a Confusion Matrix diagram and a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) graph. A classification study using this method has successfully increased accuracy and can be utilized in the use of software, as demonstrated in the results of the study. It is expected that future studies will apply other classification methods to keystroke dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is very essential commodity for choosing a market segment and is difficult because all are target customers and nowadays there is lot of tight competition between different milk (Lowe) brands. The survey involved gathering wide information about the company. Consumer perception (Emmanuel Chao (2020)) towards BAMUL's products and impact of various competitors firm on Nandini products. From the gathered information many aspects have been identified, where different age groups of people perceptions are taken into consideration. Hence research was conducted with the help of 120 respondent's opinions. Along with primary and secondary data. Primary data were gathered through questionnaire and later a detailed analysis was done using various statistical tools. Secondary data were gathered from various sources, such as internet and student papers which are reliable. Various Interpretations were drawn for the questions and concluded. Certain suggestions were also drawn from the analysis to help Nandini milk to increase their packaging level. The study was conducted within Bangalore south area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are living longer than ever before, and people above 65 are the fastest growing age group in the world. However, while technological progress, the proliferation of the internet and business innovation – among other factors – have inspired other age groups to increasingly adopt e-commerce, this has not been the case for elderly people, particularly those in Russia. This paper is a literature review examining the existing literature on the challenges elderly people face in buying and selling goods and services online. It connects existing data on the consumption patterns in Russia with the leading theories on consumer behaviour, and narrows it down to contemporary research on the elderly. Among other factors, this paper found that Russian elderly consumers and small entrepreneurs continue to prefer brick-and-mortar companies to ecommerce. Difficulty with verifying a product’s quality, problems with navigating complex websites, a fear of making financial transactions online, and a fear of receiving counterfeit products are some of the main factors contributing to this. Furthermore, this paper also found that companies currently fail to target elderly customers compared to other market segments, thereby failing to make their online platforms responsive to the specific needs of the elderly. However, there remains a significant gap in existing literature on the consumer behaviour of elderly people in e-commerce. And research specific to Russian elderly entrepreneurs remains limited. Moreover, leading theories on consumer behaviour are also less relevant to elderly consumers in a digital age. This presents additional opportunities for further research. The current COVID- 19 pandemic which has disproportionately affected older people has placed a greater urgency on this research. Therefore, the outcome will be relevant to policy makers and political leaders worried about reducing the fatality rate of the pandemic while boosting economic growth, and for businesses trying to innovate web-platforms to increase turnover. It will also be a crucial contribution to the existing literature on elderly consumer and entrepreneurial behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the possibilities of digital solutions to solve the problems arising in the organization's culture with a generational diversity. The value differentiation of generations together with the different level of digital competence can lead to the formation of subcultures with destructive properties in the organization, with discriminatory nature of communications. This may lead to economic, social and organizational risks. The creation of a system in which it is possible to effectively use the potential of employees of different age groups, should be based on preventive measures aimed at the prevention of organizational destructiveness. Digital technologies for socio-psychological diagnostics of small group development can act in this role. Integration of subcultures formed according to the generational principle is possible through the development and implementation of personnel training strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines health as an integral part of labor potential and a prerequisite for success of a worker, methods that workers, employers, the state and public organizations can use to acquire health information, methods to assess subjective health of older workers, their results, and factors influencing subjective health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of game-based learning, learning is often limited to basic literacies such as math and reading, even though several educational institutions acknowledge the importance of Values education. In this paper we discuss how to bring values into a game. We discuss the design and implementation of a customisable version of the popular board game, Snakes and Ladders to teach values to the young (ages 0-8). Values refer to "a centrally held, enduring belief which guides actions and judgements across specific situations...". This implies that there is an inherent element of choice or decisionmaking in demonstrating one's values. We discuss the process of adapting the Snakes and Ladders board game to a physical artefact by applying a Values-based Transformative Games Design Model, and further digitizing the artefact to make it more accessible. A prototype of the digital artefact is presented to demonstrate the concept. The Insider Action Game Design Research methodology is applied to create a physical artefact given the researcher's involvement in volunteer work on values-based education for the young. The findings of this research are of immediate benefit to those wishing to introduce a digitized version of a simple and popular board game to teach values to young children. The valuesbased questions used in the game are easy to adapt so the game has the potential to be extended to various other basic literacies, as well as different types of values such as sustainability and cultural values. The Values-based Transformative Games design model can also be adapted and improved with further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to facilitate the acquisition of complex learning concepts among early-age learners, which are typically designed for older age groups, through programming workshops. Our research demonstrates how 3rd-grade elementary school students can effectively comprehend and apply material typically taught in the 6th-grade curriculum, specifically related to the coordinate system and its navigation. We conducted a series of three iteration tests, with the first two being identical tests administered three months apart. The third test was intentionally designed to be more challenging and intricate to evaluate the student's ability to handle more difficult tasks after an additional three months. Our findings indicate that younger students can successfully grasp the fundamental concepts of the coordinate system and its navigation by utilizing Scratch1 programming and engaging in enjoyable exercises, such as homework assignments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

eLearning is a widely used concept when it comes to using information and communication technologies in the education of people of all ages. Since it was first used in the education process, eLearning has undergone a number of changes and innovations, in order to meet the latest technology requirements as well as the changing requirements of society. As a result, there are various forms of eLearning and it is entirely up to the teacher/tutor which one they decide to use (i.e. which one they consider to be the most effective). The following are some of the forms of eLearning: mobile learning, blended learning, adaptive eLearning or eLearning with gamification elements. Apart from these, the term microLearning is also becoming established. Even though it is not a completely new term, microLearning has yet to be described in detail (in research studies, methodologies and textbooks), despite its popularity with the majority of age groups. The greatest advantage of microLearning is that it is not dependent on the technology that the student is using. Dividing the curriculum into smaller units, microLearning allows the student to learn anytime and anywhere as well as plan their learning, regardless of whether they use a desktop computer, a laptop, a mobile phone or a tablet. The paper describes practical experience with using microLearning in education of future teachers at the Pedagogical Faculty. In order to be able to determine the potential of microLearning, pilot microLearning courses had been created, which were then compared with existing eLearning courses. This part of research was aimed at comparing the behavior of students in the microLearning course with those in the eLearning course. Both courses had the same content, were used in the instruction of students with the same specialization, and both were one semester long. Apart from describing students’ way through the course, the paper also presents their opinions on the microLearning-based courses, the level of acquired knowledge and other factors that could prove crucial for the wider use of this eLearning concept in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global expansion of online education is a natural process in developing the information society. The purpose of this research is to study the factors that influence the stakeholders' attitudes towards online learning and their willingness to buy online courses. To achieve the purpose of the research, there was carried out a quantitative analysis of the results of a survey comprising 120 respondents regarding the factors that determine the demand for online courses, taking into account the expansion of user experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper shows that quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic is a social factor in the demand for online courses, which led to a significant improvement in the stakeholders' attitude to online education. Also, the results of inductive analysis of respondents' answers showed that these are students, self-employed and employees in the age group from 25 to 45 years old with sufficient income, motivation and the ability to study online who are more inclined to buy online courses. Most students and employees prefer short-term courses that suit their income and goals. The self-employed, being more demanding of the online education outcomes, prefer long-term and more expensive courses. The analysis of the survey did not reveal significant differences in these aspects by gender. These results are consistent with the results of a statistical study on the topic "Would you be willing to pay for an online course to obtain business-related knowledge?" held in early 2020 (at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic). The results of the study can be used as an informational and analytical base for evaluating trends in the development of online education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scenario of child falling into a bore well has become more and more common as the bore wells are dug in numerous counts in search of water all over our country. There is no proper method for retraction of the fallen child safely and quickly. Many mechanisms were proposed in the resent times but failing to make up to the task when required due to one or the other reason. The paper deals with the design of a semi-automatic mechanism for retraction of the fallen child from the bore well. Existing designs were studied and their limitations were found with which new design is developed in a way to overcome all hurdles faced. Dimensions are based on the ergonomic data collected for children of various age groups. The mechanism involves dual hold system with vacuum and robotic arm employed. Vacuum pressure is selected based on medical reports in such a way that it doesn't harm the child on lifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia disease is a common health problem in emerging countries and constitutes a challenge to public health in India as well. It affects persons of all age groups, especially women and children. India has the maximum total prevalence of anemia at 39.86%. According to WHO, about 32.4 million pregnant women suffer from anemia disease. The NFHS-4 provides crucial date related to anemic status in India. The prevalence percentage of anemia in pregnant women in India using the NFHS-4 survey remained 50.2%. Machine learning algorithms and data mining techniques open new doors of opportunities for precise prediction of Anemia disease. Still, the resourceful processing of such huge data is exciting, so we need a system that infers from the data. ML methods make systems learn itself. In this paper, we have presented a survey of ML algorithms used for prediction of anemia in pregnant women from NFHS-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]