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In order to increase energy security or to reduce diesel engine exhaust emissions, the use of biodiesel fuel is continuously increased. This effort is carried out by increasing the composition of biodiesel in the biodiesel blends. One of other considerations regarding the use high composition biodiesel blends above 20% (B20) is the concern of fuel filter blockage or shorten the life time. Various efforts have been done to overcome filter blocking problems due to the use of biodiesel, so that mitigation can be carried out. One of the evaluations of the effect of using palm oil biodiesel with a high composition above 20% has been carried out by acceleration testing in a test rig with additional dust contaminants. The test used fuel filter paper with a porosity of 30 micron with variations in the composition of the test fuel, namely pure diesel/B0 (Pertadex), B30, B50 and B70. The test was carried out by flowing the test fuels through filter paper in a DENSO standard test rig in temperature ambient (around 29°C). Filter blocking was recorded by the differential pressure (delta pressure) between before and after of the test filter paper. The results show that for the pure diesel and biodiesel blends without any contaminants, there is no increase in the differential pressure. Otherwise, for the addition of 3 grams of contaminants per 15 liters of test fuels, a higher biodiesel composition will result in a faster increase in the filter differential pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various eco-friendly and cost-effective hydrocarbons clean-up methods based on natural sorbents were developed and tested, in order to prevent the massive environmental damage due to the petroleum spills.Among these sorbents, natural zeolitic tuffs are easily available and have numerous adsorptive properties that make them appropriate for the removal of petroleum substances. This study aims to preliminary investigate the sorptioncapacity of natural zeolites from a deposit located atRacos, Brasov County, Romania for diesel oil sorption. Two different zeolitic materials having particles size <10 micronsand 1-3 mm, thermally activated at two different temperatures, were used in this study. Zeolite samples were characterized in terms of major elements and major oxides contents,using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), after acid digestion and also in terms of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). For the experiments, an amount of 3.5 g of each adsorbingmaterials was placed in crystallizing glass columns dish, then diesel oil was added until the saturation of the whole bed. Afterwards, the excess of diesel oil was removed using a filter paper. The sorption capacity (SC) was determined by weighing. The results showed SC ranging between0.19 –0.26 g/g, for zeolites with particles size of 1-3 mm and, much higher SC, in the range of 1.5 –1.6 g/g, for zeolites with particles size <10 microns. This study offersvaluable information for the use of Romanian natural zeolites in the clean-up of different media contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of cellulose-based aerogel production and its application to oil product clean up from the water surface was performed in this research work. Three kinds of aerogel with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt. % of cellulose have been produced. The analysis of aerogel's maximum sorption capacity as well as its regeneration for sorption of crude oil, marine diesel oil (MDO) and biodiesel sorption from water surface were performed during this study. It was found that the best sorption properties have 7.5 wt. % cellulose aerogel and it is best suited for crude oil recovery. Moreover, crude oil products sorption capacity after aerogels reusing 10 times decreased from 9.964 to 5.649 g·g-1, as well as for the marine diesel oil – from 9.108 to 6.376 g·g-1 and for biodiesel – from 7.921 to 5.649 g·g-1 respectively. Using the squeezing method for aerogels regeneration up to 43% of sorption capacity was lost after 10 sorption/regeneration cycles. The best sorption properties after regeneration had aerogel with 5.0 wt. % cellulose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel engine emits higher levels of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, smoke, unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), and other noxious gases (such as particulates and insalubrious gases) than gasoline engines. Reducing noxious emissions can be performed by hydrogen enrichment in C.I. engines. This paper, it is studied about blending of diesel and different types of bio-fuel with Hydrogen and its effects on the characteristics of performance and emission of the compression ignition engine. When hydrogen is enriched to diesel and biodiesel then its performance is improved and emissions are reduced. The engine was worked at various speeds and various loads. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification process. This paper gives a point-by-point outline of hydrogen expansion in C.I. engines. Studies showed that brake thermal efficiency increasing addition of H2 in diesel and biodiesel, brake specific fuel consumption decreasing by enrichment of H2 in diesel and biodiesel, brake power increasing addition of H2 in CNG, brake specific energy consumption decreasing by increasing the hydrogen concentration but it is increasing by EGR. UHC, CO, CO2, Soot formation decreasing by hydrogen addition to the engine intake port. NOx emission increases by enrichment of H2, but it decreases by EGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production and utilization of environmentally sustainable fuels instead of conventional fossil fuels in varieties of applications have recently attracted researchers' attention. Bioethanol and biodiesel are two of these sustainable alternative fuels. A complete replacement of fossil fuels with biofuels is not economically and practically feasible yet. Diesel fuel has very similar fuel characteristics to biodiesel but different fuel characteristics with bioethanol. Also, bioethanol and diesel fuel are not soluble and cannot be mixed in high proportion. Biodiesel can be used as a co-solvent in bioethanol and diesel fuel blends. Lubricity and cetane number of diesel - bioethanol blend, which decreases with an increase in bioethanol, can be compensated by adding some proportion of biodiesel to the bioethanol-diesel fuel blend. Gaps and areas for improvements on previous research work regarding the performance and emission analysis of diesel engines fueled with ternary fuel blends are reviewed in this paper. The review includes both experimental and computational investigations and the emphasis was given to the research works done in Australia. This paper presents an overview of the performance and emissions investigation on a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of a gas-diesel duty cycle is an effective method to increase the homogenization of the air-fuel mixture of the diesel combustion engines and improve their ecological performance. However, the realization of these possibilities requires optimization of the processes taking place in diesel engines by their working with two types of fuels. The paper presents mathematical dependences describing the processes specific to the gas-diesel duty cycle and introduces a calculation program to help determine the performance of a diesel engine operating in dual-fuel mode with gaseous fuels that are fed into the engine's intake system. The program is developed in the Matlab environment and its reliability is verified by comparing the experimentally determined and calculated indexes of a single-cylinder diesel engine operating on a gas-diesel cycle with compressed natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is petroleum fuel that are clean energy that can be used in internal combustion engines without alteration. Such energy sources have characteristics that are equivalent to petroleum-derived oils and are less emitted througha greener burn, due to their increased oxygen concentration. The present study uses the transitory checklist to examine the effectiveness of an inter CI engine, which contains 3 aspects of biodiesel - diesel fuel. One of the testing outcomes that will be acquired is the braking capability, the special fuel consumption (SFC), the exhaust temperature, and the diesel engines. A tool platform is built and functioned from the circus for the motor testing cell. In the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) method, biodiesel as compared to diesel fuel. As a result, biodiesel fuels could likely outperform fossil fuels in some of theirways. The application of biodiesel fuel as a trend to industrial petrol diesel or as a blending additive is described in this paper as an innovative search for sustainable energy. This report looked into the effects of blending biodiesel into a non-roaddiesel engine on emissions and performance. The findings were linked to findings from related studies that had previously been published. It should be noted that because these findings were based on a stationary diesel engine, no conclusions aboutengine output and emissions can be drawn for vehicles on the road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the results of analysing modern methods of managing diesel engine processes when running on standard fuel. The potentialities of modern methods of simulating ICE operating cycles are analysed. Diesel locomotive engine is taken as an example to shown that numerical simulation of engine processes with the use of advanced program packages in the three-dimensional statement, as distinct from conventional computational methods, yields principally new data about the local distribution of investigated parameters over the combustion space volume in space and time. The approach offered in the paper for analysing the operating cycle with the application of numerical methods uses the technique of conducting numerical experiments for analysing engine performance indicators at the operating duties considered. This allows evaluating engine performance indicators for load, speed and generator characteristics with a high degree of accuracy and information content without conducting large-scale experimental research. Implementing modern methods of managing diesel engine processes was shown to reduce the level of emission of harmful substances and the environmental impact by 15-30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels are depleting at a significantly higher rate, global warming reaching its new high and entire ecosystem suffering from air pollution. Biodiesel has emerged as potential substitute of diesel fuel that can be operated in a conventional diesel engine without any sort of major modification and provides comparable performance and lower emissions. One of the cumbersome tasks is to find the optimum blend of diesel-biodiesel and engine operating parameters. In this regard, many optimization and simulation methods have been used to optimize the biodiesel percentage in blend and engine operating parameters, which gives maximum power output and minimum emissions. There are several optimization techniques such as Genetic algorithm, Ant colony optimization, Grey relational analysis, Response surface methodology, Taguchi, artificial neural network, VIKOR and TOPSIS, which have been employed to optimize the working of a diesel engine run on biodiesel blends. In this research paper, the various optimization methods that have been used in a diesel engine for predicting & optimizing the several output parameters of the input model and ranking them accordingly are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has been a global challenge which researchers have been trying to curtail over the years using different scientific approach, a major contributor to climate change is the combustion of fossil fuel which has influenced the search for alternative fuel sources among which is biodiesel. However, Biodiesel is associated with its limitations including higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. This paper therefore present various recent findings and impacts of blending nanoparticles with biodiesel and conventional diesel, the merits and demerits in terms of power output, fuel consumption and emissions as well as the possibility of using nanofluids as future alternative fuel for diesel and gasoline engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological development has led to an increase in demand for oil globally, which has led to a rise in environmental pollution and its negative impact on human health. Hospitals and health centres increased with the increase in medical waste. When the COVID-201 virus spread, the medical waste increased. The best solution was to burn in medicinal incinerators to detoxify, complete disinfection, reduce the volume to 95%, weight 70%, restore energy and perform a rapid recovery. At the same time, it produces ash 30% containing heavy metals and metal oxides treated by burial in special landfills for waste that negatively affects the soil, groundwater, the environment, and humans. This paper used wood (Biomass) instead of diesel in the same medical waste. Examine bottom and fly ash in an XRF machine. We found that the concentration was reduced with the increasing mass of ash for heavy metals and metal oxides when using wood with the same waste weight and combustion conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail electrification in Australia is largely confined to the major cities, and elsewhere most trains are powered by diesel. As Australia has now legislated the target of zero CO2 emissions by 2050, there is limited time to find an alternative to diesel power. Electrification is expensive and only viable on lines where traffic density is high. The two zero emission technologies which are most commonly proposed as cheaper alternatives to electrification are batteries and hydrogen. While hydrogen's very high energy density makes it attractive, it must be stored as a compressed gas or a liquid, and either way the volume is much greater than diesel fuel with equivalent energy. Handling is also difficult, so it would not be an easy replacement for diesel. Until recently it was assumed that batteries could not be the solution for long distance freight due to their low energy density. This paper examines whether battery powered locomotives for long-haul freight applications might be feasible in a context where intermodal rail is already struggling to compete with road transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative performance study with the standardized emission results of a controlled output of 7.4 KW, a stand-alone diesel engine equipped with biodiesel (B100) and diesel fuel. Biodiesel was used in this study is produced from transesterification-processed Pilliostigma Thonningii (PT) oil. The tests were performed at full load for different compression ratios of 18:1, 19:1, 20: 1. Impact of these compression ratios affecting the performance parameters like brakes thermal efficiency, BSFC and emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx and Smoke. The compression ratio that provides better performance and less emission have been identified. The results show higher break thermal efficiency, reduced fuel consumption and a growing trend in CO2 and NOx emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is the most promising alternative fuel for replacing diesel in diesel engines, its use as a diesel substitute can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and smoke. Among the techniques capable of promoting the production of biodiesel, the most used on an industrial scale is the transesterification of raw materials. Brazil has a socioeconomic advantage in the production of biodiesel due to the high availability of raw materials in the agro-industrial sector. A culture capable of providing a low-cost source of triglycerides in the Rio Grande do Sul is the rice culture, as its processing generates bran as a by-product of rice, considered an agricultural residue, from which it is possible to extract vegetable oil. Brazil is the ninth largest rice producer in the world, therefore, the present study aims to explore the production of biodiesel via basic transesterification of rice bran vegetable oil with high quality in order to encourage the use of biofuel and promote the diversification of its matrix. On the whole, the paper leads the conclusion that biodiesel of rice bran oil production via methyl transesterification using KOH as a catalyst with 7.5:1 of molar ratio, 1.25% catalyst and 60 minutes of reaction, is viable and capable of producing biodiesel with the quality required by ANP, EN and ASTM specifications for yield, moisture, kinematic viscosity, acidity index, saponification and iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selayar Island is one of the islands in South Sulawesi Province. This island is about 40 km from the island of Sulawesi. On this island, there are about 88500 people who live as farmers and fishermen. Even though they live as farmers and fishermen, they use electrical energy as an energy source for their daily needs. Currently, electrical energy comes from Diesel Power Plant (PLTD) with a nominal capacity of 13.19 MW, where the PLTD burns diesel oil every day. Currently, there is a policy from the Government that will stop the use of diesel oil so that the PLTD on Selayar Island will be replaced with a 20 MW Gas Engine Power Plant (PLTMG). Selayar Island is an island that has great tourism potential, so it is necessary to think about providing clean and continuous electrical energy. Another alternative besides PLTMG is the use of 20 kV submarine cable networks. The use of the network will integrate the South Sulawesi electricity system and the Selayar Island electricity system. 20 kV submarine cable network as an alternative that Selayar Island does not have to build a thermal type power plant. So, this paper aims to explain the choice between building a PLTMG or supplying electricity via submarine cables on Selayar Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research of the parameters of transportation work of three-section mainline (train) freight diesel locomotives UzTE16M3 on the real railway section Marokand - Kattakurgan (JSC "Uzbekiston Temir Yulari") during the movement of freight trains without stops and with stops at stations. Results were obtained by the methods of the theory of locomotive traction in the form of tabular data, graphical dependencies and regression equations - analytical dependencies for determining the kinematic and energy parameters of the main indicators of the transportation operation of the locomotives in this railway section. Drivers can use the research results obtained by us - instructors in heat engineering and specialists of linear enterprises of the locomotive complex of the Uzbek railways' network, whose professional and production activities are associated with the issues of saving natural diesel fuel consumption for train traction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is gaining extra and greater significance as an appealing fuel to replace the depleting fossil resources. The cost of biodiesel is the most important hurdle to the commercialization of the product. To reduce the cost of feedstock, waste cooking oils derived from sunflower oil, sesame oil, mustard oil and peanut oils are used as raw material. Biodiesel is made up of monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids that come from renewable feedstocks such as cooking oil and animal fats. Esterification and transesterification are processes in which oil or fats are reacted with monohydric alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The mode of response condition, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the kind of alcohol, the type and amount of catalysts, the response time and temperature, and the purity of reactants all influence the technique of transesterification. Many engine producers have introduced the biodiesel in their engines on the grounds that it can be used in diesel engines besides full-size modification. Finally, cooking oil and methyl esters had been characterized to take a look at their properties as fuels in diesel engines, such as viscosity, flash point, cold filter plugging factor, and acid value. Results confirmed that biodiesel got the most advantages as a notable alternative for fossil fuels. In this paper the elaborate review on reactor vessel, glycerine recovery, and purification of biodiesel and process parameters like molar to oil ratio, response time, catalysts and temperature are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation is important for day-to-day operations and economic development. Transportation of different modes, power generation, agriculture, mining locomotives, and all of them are dependent on fossil fuels. Over the last six decades, crude oil use has risen 16-fold. The need for and use of petroleum-derived fuel is growing day by day, but there is scarcity. Biodiesel in place of fossil fuels will meet the current demand for gasoline. Biodiesel can be derived from both traditional and non-conventional sources with some modifications in order to meet the performance of diesel. The emission of CI engines causes adverse environmental impacts such as green-house gases, acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, etc. Biodiesel is the perfect replacement for fossil fuels. It can be prepared from vegetable oil and animal fats by the transestesterification process. National biofuel policy 2009 set the goal of meeting 20% of diesel demand with biodiesel. India is planning to mix 5% biodiesel with diesel." India has focused primarily on Jatropha. There are, however, around 400 species of non-edible oil seeds bearing trees in our country, where thrust must be made derived the biofuel. Based on the techno-economic viability for the development of biofuels in this paper thrust are made to review a different kind of biofuel utility and their impact on CI engine efficiency that explorer in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is heading towards the demanding hike and the downfall of fossil fuels leading to move the energy dependency of transportation and thermal energy production to unearth another reliable resource. One of the best developing and upcoming resources for the near future is biodiesel. It serves as the everlasting economically friendly resource. This paper deals with the effects on performance of the biodiesel obtained from the Tamarind seed, one of the best resources in the southern parts of India. The compression ignition engine was utilized for carrying out the examinations for the tamarind seed biodiesel (TSB) blended with petroleum diesel. The biodiesel was blended in the ratios B20, B40, and B100. The brake thermal efficiency at 50% engine operating load condition with B20 fuel was found to be corresponding with diesel fuel with 24.87 %. In contrast, the greater the blend ratios resulted in the lesser values of the brake thermal efficiency. The brake-specific fuel consumption was 0.34 kg/kWh, which is closer to the value of diesel having 0.31 kg/kWh, and unfortunately, the value increases for the progressive blends. From the obtained emission results for the tamarind seed biodiesel, the toxic gases like nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions were noticeably reduced than the diesel fuel. The emitted carbon monoxide was lesser to that of diesel fuel at the 75% engine load operations. Considering the overall performance and emission characteristics, the B20 TSB performed well, and the results were closer to the diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Above 60% of food in the UK is dependent on the cold chain and an estimated 2 - 4% of the UK's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is associated with food refrigeration [1]. Refrigerated vehicles are essential parts of the modern cold chain distribution system, particularly in linking farmers and consumers while extending perishable food's shelf life and helping meet the required regulatory temperature constraints. Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs) are presently primarily powered by diesel fuel. The UK government is committed to Net Zero emissions by 2050 from all sectors, including transportation, hence decarbonisation of this sector is paramount. The present paper aims to estimate the energy demand and emissions of the UK temperature-controlled transport using a bottom-up approach. Only energy and emissions associated with the TRUs of road refrigerated transport are considered, while traction-related fuel is excluded. Depending on their sizes, refrigerated vehicles were categorised into cargo (motorcycles and tricycles), vans (<3.5 tonnes), trucks (>3.5 = 18 tonnes) and trailers (>18 tonnes). The study estimates the number of temperature-controlled vehicles in the UK to be around 158,934 ± 46,326. This includes 4,391 - 8,004 E-cargo bikes; 44,877 - 81,802 vans; 21,561 - 39,301 trucks and 41,778 - 76,152 trailers. Depending on the number of vehicles, the total annual energy and emissions associated with transport refrigeration units varied between 5.13 - 9.36 TWh and 1.44 - 2.62 MtCO2e respectively. Scope I emissions vary between 1.44 to 2.62 MtCO2e (0.20 - 0.36 MtCO2e from refrigerant usage and 1.23 - 2.26 MtCO2e from fuel use). The Scope II emissions which is the emissions associated with electricity consumption also varied between 446.2 and 813.4 tCO2e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature on biodiesel manufacturing, combustion, performance, and emissions. This research is based on the findings of many researchers who published their study. As fossil fuels deplete, there is apressing need to develop an alternative fuel to meet the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is one of the best available alternatives for meeting the world's energy requirement. More than 350 oil-bearing crops have been identified, with some only being studied as potential diesel engine alternative fuels. Different oils and their mixtures with diesel were used in the testing by the scientists and experts. Short-term engine testing using vegetable oils as fuels are quite successful, according to the vast majority of scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of a complex study into the feasibility of operating a high-speed diesel engine entirely with biodiesel fuel and its impact on performance. Utilized, the purposes of this study, was Prima 65 (Perkins Engines LTD), direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine. Initially the tests were conducted with diesel fuel from the commodity markets followed by biodiesel fuel (derived from rapeseed oil methyl ester). The technical, economic and ecological indicators of the engine were compared at full load across the entire frequency range, for both types of fuel. Workflow parameters were calculated from the indicator chart and close analysis of the results obtained was thoroughly conducted. The key findings were consequently summarized and conclusions were made about the suitability of biodiesel fuel for the operation of this type of engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the energy supply problems in the eastern areas of the Russian Arctic. The sequence and relations of the main stages of research focusing on the comprehensive substantiation of feasible energy technologies in the areas with off-grid power supply are indicated. The description of the model tools developed by the authors and the structure of the information-analytical system are given. Findings indicate the conditions for the competitiveness of centralized and decentralized power supply and competitive prices for liquefied natural gas to replace coal, crude oil, and diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the environmental safety of road transport, providing for the minimization of its negative impact on the environment, includes a decrease in the toxicity of exhaust gases from cars, which is ensured, along with other factors, by the use of fuels containing oxygenate additives. In this paper, the preparation of fuel compositions containing ethanol as an oxygenate additive in a concentration of up to 10% is considered. Fuel-ethanol mixtures were prepared on the basis of commercial diesel fuel with a limiting filterability temperature of minus 20 °C. The effect of ethanol additives on the stability and physicochemical properties of fuel-ethanol emulsions has been studied. Due to the low stability of the resulting mixtures and their tendency to aggregation and coalescence under the experimental conditions, n-propanol additives were used at a concentration of 1%, which contributed to an increase in aggregate stability and an increase in the emulsion separation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of the experimental research aimed at evaluating the effect that the heating of composite diesel-fuel oil produces on the fuel pressure at the high-pressure injection pump adapter output, as well as on the speed and the time of the fuel pressure wave transmission through the fuel pressure line. The research was conducted with a fixed regulating rod at different injection pump camshaft rotation rates (rounds per minute), from starting (200 RPM) to rated (1100 RPM) in increments of 100 RPM. The high-pressure injection pump operated on the mineral diesel fuel of the JT-0,2-40 line and various composite diesel-fuel oils. Prior to the research the injection pump had been adjusted for the cyclic injection (72±1,5 cmm per cycle), which corresponds with the.D-243 diesel operation on mineral diesel fuel. The data analysis results show that with the increase in the injection pump camshaft RPM and the rapeseed oil content of the composite diesel fuel at 30° centigrade, the fuel pressure at the injection pump adapter output experiences a steep rise, which is moderated upon the application of heat. The same tendency is observed with the change in the speed of the fuel pressure wave transmission through the fuel pressure line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the results of a practical experiment on the effect of infrasound on the samples of diesel fuel produced from paraffin oil from the Sarybulak field in Kazakhstan. In the area of environmental protection, the transport sector and, consequently, the production and use of various types of motor fuels play a crucial role. Throughout the world, there is a tendency of increasing the diesel fleet. Environmental parameters of polluting substances emissions of any fuel characterize its ecological and economic efficiency and impact on the environment. Light commercial vehicles with diesel engines are dominant in all the EU countries, Russia, Kazakhstan, and other former Soviet republics. Consequently, automobile traffic, especially in large cities where traffic is heavy, has a huge impact on air quality. The experiment is described and a hypothesis is put forward to explain the results of laboratory measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, usage of diesel fuel causes increase in pollution and hence we have to find out a substitute fuel for diesel. Bio-diesel is one of the most promising substitutes for diesel fuels. In this paper, experimental research has been carried out for the comparison of the emission and performance characteristics of diesel fuel and its blend with castor non-edible vegetable oil (B20) on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, direct injection and water cooled, Macson diesel engine of 15hp at 2000rpm for variable loads. Loading was done by electrical means, coupling the engine with a 15kVA 3-phase alternator and loaded them by providing a number of heating coils and loading was done according to the British system of loading (no load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load). Also, the performance and emission characteristics of engine using diesel fuel and its blend with castor non-edible vegetable oil (B20) has been compared at various injection pressures of 220, 240 and 260 bar. By analysing the graphs, it was noticed that the performance characteristics of the engine are improved and the emission rates are reduced by using bio-diesel fuel (B20). It can be observed from the critical analysis of graphs, the optimum characteristics were achieved at 260 bar injection pressure for B20 fuel and 240 bar for pure diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulties of starting a diesel motor at negative ambient temperatures are known. It is primarily connected with the peculiarity of ignition of diesel fuel. At negative ambient temperatures the fuel becomes viscous, and its spraying by the nozzles becomes difficult. This problem is solved by installing various additional pre-starting fuel heaters on fuel filters, main pipeline or in the tank. They are autonomous electrical devices. In this paper we consider a new type of preheater. It simultaneously performs both heating and pumping of diesel fuel. This heater is designed on the basis of an electromechanical converter. One of the distinctive features of this device is the possibility of independent regulation of the amount of heating and pressure of the heated fuel. The analysis showed that the heater has the wide-regulating characteristics, provides the ability to obtain and maintain the specified temperature of the heated fuel, pressure and productivity. This device is high-tech and it is characterized by the high structural reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano particle - new technology additives used within biodiesel fuel have been developed through generations in order to improve diesel engines (DE) performance while reducing the emission causing the environmental pollution. This comprehensive review is conducted to investigate the effect of nano particle additives on biodiesel fuel in diesel engines. Due to high demand in increasing the emission standards especially from International Maritime Organization (IMO), it has captivated the authors interest in developing the use of nano particle towards biodiesel fuel because of the ability to reduce exhaust emission of diesel engines. The results show the addition of nano particles in B20 and were auspicious where it reduced carbon oxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), low heat release rate (HRR), and lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Altogether, the authors have compiled several research papers that contain overview of biodiesel fuel, types of nano particle, effect on exhaust emission and diesel engine performance, and lastly advantages of using nano particles in biodiesel fuel. Hence, the findings are provided for future research opportunities and clear understanding of nano particle technology in improving DE fuel performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel source used to extend fossil fuels' worth, cleanliness, and diesel engine longevity. Biodiesel reduces the emission of greenhouse gas because its carbon cycle is closed. It has various disadvantages, including an increase in NOx emission and regular intervals in replacement of fuel filters and fuel tanks as it leads to clogging. Nano additives are being used as fuel additives to improve fuel properties. The results achieved an enhancement in heat transfer rate, improvement in thermo physical properties, decreased exhaust emission rate, and an increase in engine performance. This review paper deals with the various methods for Nano fluid preparation and its properties, applying nanoparticles in multiple fields, performance characteristics, and emission characteristics of biodiesel blend with nanoparticles in the diesel engine. The addition of nanoparticles improved the brake thermal efficiency and reduced the NOx emissions in the various biodiesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction equipment activities are a major part of many infrastructure projects. This type of equipment typically releases large quantities of green house gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions may come from fuel consumption. Furthermore, equipment productivity affects the fuel consumption. Thus, an estimating tool based on the construction equipment productivity rate is able to accurately assess the GHG emissions resulted from the equipment activities. This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the environmental impact for a common construction activity. This paper delivers sensitivity analysis and a case study for an excavator based on trench excavation activity. The methodology delivered in this study can be applied to a stand-alone model, or a module that is integrated with other emissions estimators. The GHG emissions are highly correlated to diesel fuel use, which is approximately 10.15 kilograms (kg) of CO2 per gallon of diesel fuel. The results showed that the productivity rate model as the result from multiple regression analysis can be used as the basis for estimating GHG emissions, and also as the framework for developing emissions footprint and understanding the environmental impact from construction equipment activities introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy duty diesel (HDD) construction equipment plays an important role in building and rebuilding Indonesia's infrastructure and has a significant impact on national energy consumption in the form of diesel fuel. This paper demonstrates an 'energy-productivity' (ENPROD) model, a practice-ready methodology in developing an energy estimating model for HDD equipment that establishes a baseline of current fuel use based on the equipment's productivity rates. The model was formulated by using the productivity model to obtain the total duration of work, and combined with the NONROAD's brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) to gain the fuel consumption rate in term of liter per horsepower-hour (liter/hp-hr). ENPROD model is good to be used as a benchmark for estimating fuel use from some certain types of construction equipment performing earthwork activities. Based on the methodology presented in this paper, the results revealed several trends related to total fuel use of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a unique biodiesel, Bael biodiesel, with diesel vehicles. Bael oil is produced from bael seeds, which are obtained from the fruits of the bael tree. Within that article, the performance, toxicity, and ignition properties of a diesel engine running on diesel, bael seed oil methyl ester (BSOME) and its blends (B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100) are discussed. Due to the increased acid quality of the oil, BSOME was constructed by mixing bael seed oil and methanol in an acid as well as alkali catalytic process. While BSOME as well as its blends have poorer brake thermal efficiency than diesel, they have smaller emissions, with the exception of NOx. According to this research, blend B20 (20% bael biodiesel + 80% diesel) can be used to partly replace diesel in conventional CI engines despite imposing some modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems related to environmental protection together with the shortage of oil resources have aroused interest in alternative fuels, as they are considered more environmentally friendly. The aims of this paper are to investigate the effect of ethanol additives on conventional diesel fuel in different percentages and to evaluate the effect of these additives on the power and environmental performance of a common-rail engine with a turbocharger. This investigation is conducted with different blends of ethanol and diesel, by volume: 10% ethanol (E10), 20% ethanol (E20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers try to invent or develop an external one or more devices fixed with the engine to improve performance and reduce engine emission, saving money and reducing global environmental impacts. This is done by enhancing the combustion process (i.e.) that makes it operate under complete combustion conditions. One of these ways using magnetic fields and exhausted gas recirculation and combined between them. This paper, gives a comprehensive description of many trials to reach the desired goal. Three main parts present here: the first one provides an overview of applications of magnetic fields on diesel fuel, the next part deals with the EGR engine's impact, while the last one goes further to examine the combined influences of magnetic flux and exhaust gas recirculation system considered as the furthermost operative technology. Moreover, fuel blending, bio-diesel, Nano fuels are described and reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnologies as well as its combination with surface engineering, offer significant opportunity to enhance to a sustainable energy future, both via more effective utilisation existing renewable resources and by allowing innovative approaches for alternative forms of energy and processes. The nano-materials must be designed, characterized or synthesized while keeping controllable structures, size and shapes. This paper gives the significant analysis during the combustion of aqueous aluminium nano-fluid in diesel fuel, there is a major chemical reaction of hydrogen combustion. The nano particles are made by solid state reaction of aluminium nitrate and citric acid by heating it in a microprocessor-controlled furnace. Because of its high combustion enthalpy and low cost, aluminium has long been used as an energetic material in solid-based propellant rockets and explosives. Nanotechnology has resulted in important advancements in the field of energetic materials. Nano scale energetic materials are considered to exhibit a variety of properties due to their large surface area and special thermal properties. This study is objected to highlight some most exciting advancement in the preparation and characterization of nano-materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the combustion signal collected by the combustion sensor of piezomagnetic type, taking how to get the diesel fuel to start the combustion as the starting point. It analyzes the operating principle and pressure change of the combustion sensor, the compression peak signal of the diesel engine in the process of compression, and several common methods. The author puts forward a new idea that ignition angle timing can be determined more accurately by the compression peak decomposition method. Then, the method is compared with several common methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husk is abundant in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, considering as renewable energy for power generation. The syngas production from the gasification of rice husk can also be supplied to the dual-fuel diesel engine, saving oil consumption. The operating conditions are key contributions to obtain the high syngas qualification and high ratio of the replaceable syngas fuel in the diesel-syngas engine. This paper presents the effect of air velocity (from 2.0 to 8.0 cm/s), bulk density (from 92.31 to 122.55 kg/m3), and moisture of rice husk (from 4.0 to 13.0 %) on the replaceable diesel oil ratio and power capacity of the dual-fuel diesel engine RV-125N, using the downdraft gasifier. The obtained results indicate that at the moisture of 4.3 % of rice husk, the bulk density of 101.86 kg/m3, and the air velocity of 6.0 cm/s, the power capacity can reach 1.41 kW and the replaceable diesel oil ratio was over 60 %. Considering the moisture of rice husk of 4.3 % (as-received), the diesel capacity can be improved and the replaceable diesel fuel was not significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many operations with flammable liquids produce flammable atmospheres by evaporation of the liquid being handled. In some circumstances, the flammable atmosphere is not due to the liquid being handled but due to residues of volatile liquid or vapor from earlier operations with the same equipment as is often the case with diesel fuel handling. This paper highlights some aspects regarding the danger of fires and explosions in the transport, storage and distribution of diesel fuel starting from the investigation of the causes that led to the occurrence of repeated events at a fuel loading ramp during loading of road tanks with diesel - ignition of flammable atmosphere by electrostatic discharge. Use of new types of fuels, ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel), as a result of the implementation of environmental legislation, has increased the risk of explosion, because these types of diesel are easily charged with static electricity. Factors that need to be considered to reduce the risk of ignition sunt flammability characteristics of explosive atmosphere (the vapor pressure, flash point, temperature, and pressure) and the factors that determine the charging of static electricity (fuel type, electrical conductivity, sulfur content, viscosity, vehicle process: flow rate, pipe diameter, filters, pumps, spark promoters). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes physicochemical properties of liquid products of waste tyre pyrolysis, and attempts to assess their usefulness as fuel for diesel engines. Every year, the number of produced vehicle tires increases at a very fast pace. Used tyres turn into waste that is difficult to manage simply because, according to relevant EU regulations, vehicle tires should be subject to recycling. To a large extent, the problem of waste tyres management may be resolved by their utilization through pyrolysis. The processing of used tyres by pyrolysis consists in their thermal or catalytic degradation without the presence of oxygen. The liquid fraction generated during the process may be used as liquid fuel. It also constitutes a potential source of aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene or xylene. The paper presents the results of tests regarding physical and chemical properties of liquid pyrolysis products obtained from waste tyres. The tests referred to the basic properties of pyrolysis oil and two separated fractions (medium and heavy) such as density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, metal content, combustion heat, corrosion, lubricity and the content of impurities. Moreover, the authors examine the morphology of solids in the tested liquids. The tests have been carried out at the Fuel, Hydraulic Fluids and Environmental Protection Research Centre, Maritime University of Szczecin. Based on the tests, it has been found out that the oil obtained by pyrolysis of vehicle tires has not met some of the requirements included in the standards for the quality of liquid fuels. However, it may be applied as an additive to conventional fuels in order to produce fuel mixtures with improved properties at a lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slop piping system has a function as a diesel fuel storage. It's connected to the depressurization system and the main pipeline. The system will operate automatically if there is a shortage of diesel fuel supply in the main pipeline. Stress in the system will be influenced by temperature and pressure. In the design stage, we have to make sure that the system stress is safe for mass production stage. Stress analysis tools that used in this paper is Caesar II. The purpose of stress analysis in the slop piping system is to minimize failure. From stress analysis simulation, shown that the maximum stress due to the sustain load is 804.5kg/cm2 and the allowable stress is 1124.8kg/cm2. The maximum stress caused by the expansion load at node 10 is 488.9 kg/cm2 (Caesar II) and the allowable stress is 2695 kg/cm2. Base on ASME B31.3, The maximum stress value in the slop piping system is less than the allowable stress value. The conclusion, slop pipe system is safe to use for mass production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have been conducting extensive research on alternative energy sources to overcome the problem faced by the fossil fuels. For this reason alternative energy is the right solution to overcome the depletion of fossil fuels. In this paper, behavior of VCR engine is studied by using dual combination of biodiesel and its blends namely jatropha methyl ester and soapnut methyl ester. The biodiesels mentioned above are blended in the ratio of (15:15) and reading are taken for 820, 840, and 860 proportions. The results implies reasonable improvement in performance & emission characteristics of engine without any changes made in original setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems in shipping belong to the most important research topics in the marine sector, where a number of technical and operational measures to improve environmental friendliness of ships can be found in the literature. Most of the fishing vessels are powered by diesel engines and alternative fuels or full electrification of the ship power system as the ultimate game changer are regularly considered in the literature as technical measures that offer both environmental and economic benefits. It is clear that emerging of alternative powering options is affected by the relevant infrastructure and their availability at the location of use. This paper investigates the availability of alternative energy sources in Croatia and their perspective to improve the environmental friendliness of fishing vessels in the Adriatic Sea. In this sense, trends in prices of diesel fuel, alternative fuels such as for instance hydrogen, LNG, biodiesel, as well as renewable energy sources for electricity production are considered. Potential benefits of their use in the fishing sector are quantified based on the energy demand of a typical purse seiner in the Adriatic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As petroleum fuels are depleting due to rapid increase of users, researchers are probing for suitable alternative fuels. This paper tries to find out the performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Prosopisjuliflora bio diesel with Hydrogen gas as dual fuel. Performance of this fuel was tested in a single cylinder diesel engine. Results were showing comparable performance for the entire fuel. The test results showed reduction of smoke, increase in NOx and improvement in thermal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development in developing countries has led to huge increase in energy demand. In India the energy demand is increasing at a rate of 6.5% per annum. Bio diesel an eco-friendly and renewable fuel substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers all over the world. This paper deals with to evaluate the engine performance and emission of VCR Diesel Engine using blend of pure lemon balm oil with diesel. in the present study shows the effect of engine performance terms of Brake specific fuel consumption and Brake thermal efficiency using taguchi based optimization. And the nano particle (MgO) is also used as a catalyst of the blends of bio fuel to enhance an optimal engine output values rate of various effective gases like NOx, CO and unburnt HC using Response curve Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the investigation of two non edible vegetable oils (Soap nut oil and Candle nut oil). The depletion of fossil fuels leads to search of new and environment pollution free fuels. The important issue faced for selecting the vegetable oils compared to diesel fuels is viscosity. Another major issue of selecting the non edible oil is oxidation stability (OS) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). The vegetable oils are transesterified and the obtained biofuels are combined in a fixed proportion of 60% soap nut methyl ester and 40% candle nut methyl ester and the properties are measured. This combined bio fuel is mixed with diesel fuel as B20 and B40 blends to estimate the performance limits and the emission levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]