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The paper examines the school background of leaders in eight occupational groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Royal Navy, army, Royal Air Force, Church of England, and clearing banks. These elite groups were studied at four time intervals: 1939, 1950, 1960, and 1971. With the exception of the civil service, no significant change was discernible in the proportion of men who had attended public school. The paper also examines the university background of leaden in five of the groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Church of England, and clearing banks. Except for the Church of England, no significant change was recorded in the proportion of men who had attended Oxbridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the notoriously disordered and contradictory nature of Pareto's last and greatest work, the Trattato, is largely attributable to the place he was cast in the development of European social thought. Pareto set out to construct a rationalist-positivist model in the tradition of Bentham and Comte. But his acquaintanceship with a rising intellectual tradition, generally associated with the name of Nietzsche, confronted him with psychological and individualist themes which both revealed how little human action is governed by reason, and put in question the hypothetico-deductive model of Western science and its belief in objective truth. Pareto's resulting intellectual uprootedness translated itself into his last work. This work gained the virtue of presenting an original perspective on social behaviour, but suffered at the same time from not finding a methodology appropriate to its new interests. This paper also aims to show the centrality of Nietzsche's influence on Pareto, an influence almost completely neglected in the secondary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is usually presumed that the function of education is that of selection and that this is the most important conception of education of which sociologists should be aware. This paper presents historical and comparative material from two contrasting societies-Graeco-Roman Antiquity and West Africa in the late Middle Ages-which shows that the selective function was relatively unimportant. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational conceptions take a variety of forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with curriculum decision making in the school and the attempts to apply a sociological analysis to this important area. Its focus is on the 'micro' rather than on the 'macro' decision making process, i.e. within the school rather than within the educational system, though the significance of macro decisions is recognized throughout the paper. Commencing with a discussion of the role that may be played by the study of decision making in curriculum content and method, the paper goes on to suggest some of the orientations that influence such decisions. Six such areas are identified. In the light of these areas four ideological variables are hypothesized. These are finally brought together as components of a model of the autonomy and interrelationship of educational personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion‐exchange fractionization, paper chromatography, and soybean callus bioassay have partly resolved an apparent discrepancy in the sequence of cytokinin appearance in developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruit compared to the sequence reported in corn (Zea mays L.). Cotton fruit cytokinins were separated into three fractions: A combined n‐butanol and ethylacetate extractable fraction comprisedc. 10% of the cytokinin activity, a fraction not retained by a polymethacrylate weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin comprised c. 45%, and a fraction that was retained by the resin, c. 45%. The latter fraction differs from cytokinin fractions reported in corn. However, like cytokinin ribonucleotides, its cytokinin activity remains below Rf 0.3 on paper chromatograms developed with water‐saturated sec‐butanol, thus complicating studies of sequential cytokinin appearance in cotton. An anion‐exchange resin did not retain the cytokinin activity of this fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first of a series of three papers in which the basic physics of IMPATT diodes, their applications and limitations, and their prospects for the future will be discussed. This, the first instalment, concentrates on the underlying physical phenomena and the basic theory of the device. The fundamental semiconductor properties are reviewed, followed by a basic account of the avalanche and drift processes. This leads on to a description of the Read diode and an analysis of the device based on the sharp pulse approximation, where approximate large signal limits are derived.
The treatment of the device theory is then extended to give a realistic feel for the impact of various material parameters on device operation. The technique is to examine each material parameter as a perturbation on the sharp pulse approximation, and in this manner, the effects of the following parameters are examined: (1) The relationship between the r.f. voltage anti the electric riehl distribution throughout the cycle, including the effects of space charge during the transit time. (2) Deviations from the sharp pulse to a distributed injection--effectively accounting for finite avalanche zone width. (3) The effect of depletion layer width modulation on device operation to introduce a generalized form of the Ramo-Shockley theorem. (4) The effect of real velocity-field characteristics on the basic device characteristics.
A number of the associated issues are also covered including ' back bias ' and an elementary account of the impact of unequal ionization rates. This paper, which covers the phenomena pertinent to the avalanche diode, forms the foundation for the discussions of the actual device in the succeeding installments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple potential divider circuit has been synthesized as a voltage stabilizer in this paper by establishing the relations between its mesh impedances and hence determining the nature of its individual coil elements by Kron's tensor method of synthesis.
The synthesis of various types of networks has been made by a number of workers, e.g. Tuttle (1958), Guillemin (1959), Kuo (1965), Valkenburg (1964), Weinberg (1962), Hazony (1971), Chirlian (1967), etc. by different classical methods. Kron (1939) first introduced tensors to the network synthesis. In Kron's method of synthesis certain desirable performance characteristics are given, the problem is to find the relations that must exist between the mesh impedances of the network in order to make the network perform as it is desired. These relations are called the ' criteria of performance ' by Kron. In this paper, the ' criterion of performance ' of a potential divider circuit (shown in fig. 1) acting as a voltage stabilizer has been established for a varying rectified voltage applied at the input, the output load being constant. From this criterion, the nature of the individual coil elements and hence the practical circuit arrangements may be derived readily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new open circuit step cavity resonator for continuous and contactless monitoring of sheet moisture content is proposed. The return loss as well as the perturbation in the resonant frequency of the resonator due to variations in the moisture content of sample paper passing through the cavity are monitored in real time by terminal devices and interpreted to display the paper moisture content in digital or analog form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the multi-stable transistor circuits of which basic operation can be regarded as threshold logic. The sensitivity analysis on the actual circuits is also considered as well as their logical behaviour.
The multi-stable circuits are usually constructed from the flip-flop circuits which have basically two transistors. The transistor, however, can be regarded as a comparator whose output ('0' or '1') depends on whether the input level is higher than a reference (including the insensitive region) or not. Hence, combining it with an adder circuit, each input of which is multiplied by some factor, the circuit operates as a threshold device (Hampel and Winder 1971).
In this paper we investigate these problems and suggest that the network constructed from n threshold devices is useful only as an n-stable circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an extension of the authors' previous work on travelling-wave circular loop and helical antennas immersed in an isotropic compressible electron plasma. In the present paper the expressions for the electromagnetic and electroacoustic components of the radiation field and of radiation resistance in the case of an electrically large multi-turn circular loop antenna in plasma having a travelling-wave current distribution are derived. Finally, treating the multi-turn loop in vacuum as a particular case of the general results for the same in a plasma medium, expressions for electromagnetic field and radiation resistance have been obtained for different loop sizes and the number of turns in it. It is shown that its field and the radiation resistance, both in plasma and in vacuum, are seriously affected by the number of turns in the loop and under certain conditions much higher values of radiation resistance can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital positioning systems often require a down counter for their operation. Due to the necessity of particular logic sequences and control of individual terminals, the design of down counters for particular use is very essential. In this paper the design procedure and logic diagram for a synchronous decade down counter with parallel carry are presented.
A counter is an important unit in any digital system. It has the ability to remember both the number and sequence of input pulses. The number of steps associated with any counter is decided by the number of bistable elements (e.g. flip-flops) used and also it can be changed by suitably combining the counter units themselves. Decade counters which have ten distinct states (modulo-'10') are the most popular in 'Numerical Control Work' (Ertell 1969) since decimal numbers can be directly interpreted. Such a counter can be constructed using essentially a higher modulus (modulo-'16') counter by skipping states. In this paper, a complete design procedure of a synchronous decade down counter with parallel carry is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To discuss the small amplitude disturbances propagating through a hot plasma in a uniform magnetic field, or to find the macroscopic quantities of a plasma, it is necessary to solve the Vlasov equation. In this paper a general vector method is presented and it will give a solution of the linearized Vlasov equation with a collision term. The explicit expressions of the perturbed distribution functions for both anisotropic and isotropic equilibrium distributions are derived. The results can be easily applied to find the dispersion equation and the polarization properties of the waves.
In recent years numerous studies have appeared in the literature concerning the high frequency properties of a plasma immersed in a static magnetic field. Such studies are significant in providing the basis for predicting the electromagnetic wave propagation and absorption in the ionosphere, and for explaining the origin of solar radiation, as well as the microwave diagnostic of plasma in thermonuclear reaction, etc. (Gross 1951, Sitenko and Stepanov 1957, Bernstein 1958). When the thermal velocities of the particles are negligible, or when the zero wavelength approximation is valid, the magneto-ionic theory gives a satisfactory treatment of waves in a plasma. However, if the effects of random thermal motions of the particles have to be considered, the kinetic theory will then become a necessity in our discussion. It not only offers a more complete and rigorous description of the plasma but also allows one to see which part the individual particle plays in sustaining the oscillation. The fundamental problem in the kinetic theory is to solve the Vlasov equation for a distribution function which can then be used to determine either the conductivity tensor and the dispersion equation or other macroscopic quantities of the plasma. Our objective in this paper is to present a vector method and to derive an explicit general solution of Vlasov equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements on the wavelength and temperature dependences of the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of n-GaAs-p-AlGaAs (Ge-doped) heterojunctions under parallel illumination are reported. The results are explained using the theory of photoelectrical effects in ideal heterojunctions. Distinct contributions from each side of the heterojunctions were evidenced in the photoresponse spectra. The influence of heterojunction parameters on the photoelectrical response is discussed.
One of the fields in which the use of heterojunctions seems to be most promising is that of light conversion, in such devices as photodetectors or solar cells. The study of photoelectrical effects in heterojunctions is thus of increasing importance, from both applicative and fundamental points of view, as it also yields precious information concerning the properties of the materials which form the heterojunction.
Unfortunately, the performances of heterojunction devices are seriously limited by the existence of interface states, acting as traps or recombination centres. However, the pair GaAs-AlGaAs represents a fortunate exception, the two semiconductors having very close lattice constants, which made possible the preparation of almost ideal heterojunctions, i.e. with a small density of interface states, so that their effect is negligible (Alferov et al. 1968).
A first paper reporting some photoelectrical measurements on GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunctions is due to the group of J. I. Alferov (1969), who also published works on solar cells (Alferov et al. 1970) and selective heterophotoelements (Alferov et al. 1971) based on this heterojunction pair.
Recently Woodall and Hovel (1972) reported the realization of GaAs-AlGaAs solar cells with higher conversion efficiencies than the best silicon homojunction cells.
The purpose of the present paper is to make a more detailed study of the photoelectrical properties of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenological theory of the electrodynamics of stationary material media was formulated by Maxwell. To allow a unique determination of the field vectors Maxwell's equations have to be supplemented by constitutive relations which describe the behaviors of the media under the influence of the field. The purpose of the present paper is to extend Minkowski's theory of a moving isotropic medium to include a gyro-electric magnetic medium. The properties of a transformation matrix are discussed first. Three sets of constitutive relations depending on the choice of independent field vectors for a moving gyro-electric magnetic medium are then derived explicitly. Maxwell's equations, together with the constitutive relations, thus form a complete theory of the electrodynamics of a moving gyro-electric -magnetic medium. With the properties of the transformation matrix stated in the paper, the results can be easily extended to an arbitrarily anisotropic medium. Some of the special cases previously treated by other authors are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an active RC synthesis of rational transfer functions using unity gain controlled sources. The denominator polynomial of the transfer function is decomposed in such a way that the pole sensitivity can be optimized to a prescribed value, the modulus and the argument of which can be easily controlled. The basic configuration can be used to realize the right-half (R.H.) s-plane transmission zeros. The present method is compared with those of Hakim and Cheung. The paper includes one design example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In communication engineering the problem of synchronization is important and is usually achieved by use of a phase-locked loop. If for any reason synchronization is lost, then it is not only necessary that it be restored but it be done so in the shortest possible time. This paper considers precisely this problem. It is shown in Proposition 1 of the paper that the optimum non-linear device used in the feedback path of the phase-locked loop, which attains synchronization in the shortest possible time, is the 'on-off' device. In 3 approximation of this device by a continuous non-linear one is suggested and the corresponding results are presented both for fixed and variable input-phase angles. The conclusion of Proposition 1 is true under the assumption that the forward filter G is an ideal low-pass filter. In 4 steps are suggested for finding the optimal feedback device f* in case the filter G is not an ideal filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the design details of a wide band Sanky phase shifter have been given. This phase shifter can be used with phase-sensitive detectors which are required to work with variable reference frequencies. The phase shifter uses its own built-in oscillator that provides the reference frequency.
A phase-shifting network is essential in phase-sensitive detectors to compensate for the phase shifts occurring in an amplifier system. This network, which is normally used in the reference channel, often comprises R-C networks. The input and output of such networks are both sinusoidal. With such networks the 'control' cannot be calibrated, as the phase shift introduced for a certain amount of the 'control' movement is frequency dependent. Since, in switching-mode-operated phase-sensitive detectors, the reference is a train of square waves, a modified version of the Sanky phase shifter (Sankaranarayanan 1973) can be used to introduce necessary phase shifts and the 'control' can be straight away calibrated independent of frequency as described in this paper. Although, De Sa and Molynenx (1964) and Adby (1968) have suggested two different techniques for this purpose, the modified Sanky phase shifter becomes very handy and elegant to get the phase shifted. However, in this case, instead of using the normally available L-C or R-C type of oscillator to provide the sinusoidal wave train for excitation, an oscillator that gives a sinusoidal wave generated from a triangular wave has to be used. This is due to the fact that it is essential to have a constant amplitude triangular wave independent of frequency for phase shifting in the Sanky phase shifter. In this paper the design details of a wide band Sanky phase shifter have been given. This phase shifter can be used with phase-sensitive detectors which are required to work with variable reference frequencies. The phase shifter uses its own built-in oscillator that provides the reference frequency.
A... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the paper includes the derivation of a lump model for the basic CCD unit. This model consists of two capacitors, a current generator and a switch. Experimental results are given for the justification of this model.
In the second part of the paper a report is given on the successful operation of silicon gate CCD shift registers, two-phase and three-phase.
The last part presents photosensitivity results of CCD silicon gate shift registers operated as imaging arrays. The noise equivalent power (NEP) was 2 10 W/cm at a wavelength of 0.7 m. Relative output as a function of integration time is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many previous authorities have pointed out the potential advantages of threshold logic gates in comparison with Boolean gates in reducing the gate population per given system (Dertouzos 1965, Lewis 1967, Hurst 1972 a). All these previous comments on population reduction were made without considering the above additional factor of hazard-free realization.
This paper, however, shows that when hazard-free realizations are sought, a further advantage of using threshold gates accrues. The feature that the logic selection of a threshold gate is not a simple rectangle on a Karnaugh-map layout, but rather can be an irregular shape, is a very powerful tool for generating hazard-free networks. Thus an even greater potential saving in gate population per system is generated in this situation, in comparison with a hazard-free Boolean system. Many previous authorities have pointed out the potential advantages of threshold logic gates in comparison with Boolean gates in reducing the gate population per given system (Dertouzos 1965, Lewis 1967, Hurst 1972 a). All these previous comments on population reduction were made without considering the above additional factor of hazard-free realization.
This paper, however, shows that when hazard-free realizations are sought, a further advantage of using threshold gates accrues. The feature that the logic selection of a threshold gate is not a simple rectangle on a Karnaugh-map layout, but rather can be an irregular shape, is a very powerful tool for generating hazard-free networks. Thus an even greater potential saving in gate population per system is generated in this situation, in comparison with a hazard-free Boolean system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a hardware implementation of a two-way converter logic by which conversion between numbers from positive to negative binary representation is possible. Index terms : (i) Negative radix, (ii) Positive radix, (iii) Two-way conversion.
The present paper describes a hardware implementation of a slight modification of a scheme earlier presented by Krishnamurthy (1971). The interesting feature is that this converter can take an input (or give an output) in positive or 2's complement positive binary form as compared to the sign magnitude form by Zohar (1971). For carrying out two-way conversion, it is sufficient to switch a single level to a high or a low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with parametric phenomena in a non-linear oscillating circuit with negative resistance. The differential equations of the parametric excited circuit, for the case where the self-oscillations' amplitude is smaller than the amplitude of the pumping signal, reduce to the equations of Hill and are solved by an original method (Samoylo and Spasov 1970). In an investigations of the transient and steady-state regimes the real non-linearity of the reactive element in the oscillating circuit is considered. The mode of forced oscillations and the resonance of the second and third subharmonics of the pumping signal are discussed. The experimental results agree well with theory.
The results given in the paper may be of interest in an investigation of oscillating circuits, utilizing semiconductor elements with negative resistance : tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, avalanche transit-time diodes, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper (Constantinescu et al. 1973), which shall in this paper be referred to as I, photovoltaic effects in p-n junctions under parallel illumination were discussed and mathematical expressions for the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage were derived. One of the assumptions used there was, that all minority carriers generated outside the depletion region, which succeeded in reaching by diffusion the depletion (space-charge) region boundary, were swept away by the junction field and did not recombine in the 'thin' depletion layer, thus contributing to the photocurrent. However, as we shall see below, recombination of minority carriers after having reached the space-charge region, cannot always be neglected. For normally illuminated p-n heterojunctions this very situation was considered by Kagan and Liubashevskaia (1970), who found expressions for the short-circuit current in the presence of recombination in the space-charge region. In order to do the same for parallel illumination we shall again write the two-dimensional continuity equations, one for the neutral region and the other for the space-charge region of one side of the junction, for instance the n-type side (see I). Multiple line equation(s) cannot be represented in ASCII text (1) and Multiple line equation(s) cannot be represented in ASCII text (2) where p, D and T are the non-equilibrium (excess) minority carrier densities, diffusion coefficients and lifetimes, respectively, u, is the drift velocity of holes in the junction field, the absorption coefficient, the quantum efficiency and F the density of the incident photon flux. The symbols referring to the space-charge region are noted by an asterisk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate directly the relationship between the efficiency with which resources are allocated under central planning and the level of development of the economy, and to determine whether certain types of economic reform strategy are more effective than others. This is accomplished by measuring the allocative efficiency of one specific sector of the economy of five socialist countries, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. The results indicate that, despite the efforts at reform of the more advanced countries, allocative efficiency is inversely related to the level of development and also appears to be related to the specific type of reform undertaken.
This paper develops a methodology for measuring the static efficiency of the export sector of centrally planned economies by means of a linear programming model. This model is utilized to measure the efficiency of export allocation in Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Rumania, during 1969. The results demonstrate that, under central planning, the efficiency of resource allocation declines as the level of development of the economy increases. Furthermore, we find that in the Hungarian economy, which has been the object of extensive reforms, allocative efficiency is significantly worse than in the other East European countries. Consequently, we conclude that pressure for economic reforms in Eastern Europe will continue, but that the scope of these reforms will be more limited in scope than the Hungarian experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section I) and used to reject some claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework appeared in recent literature (Section II). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy (Section III).
In recent economic literature a number of conflicting views have been expressed about the equality between interest rates, rates of return on investment, and rates of time preference; and about the very notion of internal rate of return. R.M. So-Low regards such equality as a particularly significant result, and treats the notion of the internal rate of return as the very foundation of capital theory (1963, 1966, 1967). L.L. PASINETTI denies that such an equality can hold even within the Fisherian framework (1969). C.R.S. DOUGHERTY vindicates the legitimacy of the Fisherian approach and claims it is 'dynamic', and regards the internal rate of return as an element of a 'search rule' for consumption optimization. In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section 1) and used to reject these claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework, while the internal rate of return appears to have neither theoretical nor operational significance (Section 2). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy, namely by the absence of markets for future manufactured commodities. Since money is the only forward market extant (with the exception of forward markets for a handful of primary products) interest rates cannot be considered to measure rates of return on or preference rates for anything other than... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of current recycling policies in contemporary China within the broader context of China's efforts to protect and improve her social and physical environment. Starting with an interpretation of China's traditional agriculture as a 'recycling' and energy producing economy, different efforts to improve the use of organic waste materials in agriculture are shown to have had positive results which, however, could be further improved by modern methods of recycling developed in the USA and other industrialized countries. The recovery of materials and their re-use or, as it is called in the Chinese literature, 'turning the harmful into the beneficial' may be regarded as one of the guiding principles of China's anti-pollution policies not only in agriculture but also in industry where both labor intensive methods and modern equipment are in operation. Control of inputs and location are shown to play an additional role in China's environmental policies. The paper concludes with a presentation of the Chinese interpretation of the causes of environmental disruption in the light of Chinese sources available in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that there are no insuperable obstacles to making quantitative science-aided comparisons of the welfare effects of economic policies on different people. This contradicts the belief commonly held by economists that in principle meaningful interpersonal utility comparisons cannot be made.
The paper is intended as a contribution to the theory of governmental decision-making with respect to social redistribution problems. Examples of such problems include a) taxation and welfare transfers, i.e., who among the citizens should retain which portions of the national product; and b) population policy, i.e., how many people should be allowed to become claimants to the national wealth. The paper is not intended to cast any light whatsoever on positive consumer choice theory or the psychological study of decision-making. The approach described here is generally consistent with the recent discussion of 'social indicators'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the career of Maurice F. Parmelee, sociologist, government official, nudist, and author of thirteen books, including the first American criminology text (1918). The contents of the latter are examined and contrasts with contemporary textbooks are noted. Parmelee's career is an anomoly, for although he published abundantly, he faded into sociological obscurity. Some conjecture is offered about scholarly career paths generally, drawn out of the Parmelee case. Finally, the paper argues that historical accounts of the development of American criminology are incomplete, for they fail to mention a number of early figures, including Parmelee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Mexican American, Negro, and Anglo improvement in labor force status between 1960 and 1970 in Racine, Wisconsin. This paper is concerned with the level of economic absorption of immigrants (compared to the Anglo population in Racine) as measured by changes in their occupation, income, and employment status between 1960 and 1970-71. The paper utilized U.S. Census data for 1960 and 1970 in order to compare Mexican Americans and Anglos in Texas and Negroes and Whites in Mississippi with their counterparts in Racine. Statistics generated from the Texas, Mississippi, and Racine Census data were in turn compared with statistics based on the authors' survey research data. The latter were taken from a longitudinal study of the processes of economic absorption and cultural integration among samples of predominantly immigrant Mexican Americans and Negroes, whose 1960 and 1971 interview data were compared with that of a control group of Anglos, half of whom were themselves immigrants.

The article presents a paper that proposes a four step strategy for locating urban population service facilities. Although developed with regard to a specific problem, dealing with a system of public day care centers, the strategy has considerable generality and is applicable to a wide variety of situations and scales. Since population service agencies typically operate under budget, manpower, and other constraints that restrict the number and size of facilities and preclude serving the entire population, particular attention is given to applying the locational strategy to that situation. This includes illustrating the procedure by examining the need for public day care service among the poor in Columbus, Ohio, and locational options for a system of public day care centers in its Model Cities area. The total costs of implementing the locational strategy described in this paper were substantial. Those related to estimating and mapping the demand or need surface for day care service, which in itself would provide valuable information for a service or planning agency, are relatively small.

The article presents a paper that has attempted to illuminate the problem of the persistence of specific organizational forms, a problem which has received some theoretical attention, but for which few operational clues exist. A notable exception is researcher Arthur L. Stinchcombe's hypothesis stating that when organizational elite structures are compatible with the interests and purposes of relevant external elites who control the resources upon which the organization depends, then the organizational form has a better chance of survival. The example analyzed in this paper was that of a city police control system that by all odds should have died a hundred years ago. The first task of this paper was to show how the Police Control Board, gradually worked out a routine police control operation that proved to be of great comfort and satisfaction to nervous elites suspicious of the city's will and ability to keep the dangerous classes in check. The second task of this paper was to analyze the social backgrounds of commissioners in order to show that they could hardly be anything but acceptable to elites since they themselves were recruited from elites and brought an elite perspective into the organization.

The article presents a paper that summarizes the present status of output measurement in urban government--the state of the art as well as the use being made of it--and discusses briefly prospects for its use and further development in the immediate future. The paper is concerned with measurement of both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of local government services. Two services, solid waste collection and recreation, are used to illustrate problems of measuring output and how they are being resolved. An important quality factor of solid waste collection is the resulting cleanliness. To measure this output the Washington D.C. government has implemented a method of inspector ratings of street and alley litter conditions. Three general conclusions regarding the present state of output measurement in local governments emerge from the two surveys. First, most governments collect some data on quantitative outputs. Second, some local governments collect data on qualitative aspects of output. And third, the state of measurements varies dramatically by service or program area.

This article is a critique of the meaning and importance of some of the recently published work in the field whose development as a special area began with papers by Zuckerkandl & Pauling and Pauling & Zuckerkandl entitled Chemical Paleogenetics, Molecular Restoration Studies of Extinct Forms of Life and the paper by Margoliash on the evolution of cytochrome c. The primary emphasis is on conclusions and inferences derivable from amino acid sequences, followed bya section on nucleotide sequences. These are preceded by a brief indication of some of the literature that antedates the origin of the genetic code as it now stands. This will not treat immunoglobulin evolution, reviewed by Gally & Edelma and Smith, Hood & Fitch or related material on the evolution of enzymes and proteins reviewed by Smith and Arnheim. The functional interpretation of these changes has made significant progress [Dickerson and Takano et al]. For the evolution of metabolic pathways, see brew, Vogel, and Lejohn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hitherto unknown amino sugar was discovered in lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of chemotype III of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The sugar (2-3% of the lipopolysaccharides dry weight) is detected as a shoulder on the descending part of the glucosamine peak obtained when acid hydrolysates of the lipopolysaccharides are passed through an amino acid analyzer. It was separated from the other amino sugars of the lipopolysaccharide (i,e. glucosamine, galactosamine, quinovosamine) by high voltage paper electrophoresis and subsequent paper chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated sugar as deuterium-reduced alditol acetate revealed the presence of a 6-0-methyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexose. Demethylation of the isolated sugar afforded glucosamine and the demethylation of its ninhydrin degradation product yielded arabinose, which showed that the parental amino sugar is glucosamine. Authentic 6-O-methyl-D-glucosamine exhibited identical properties in paper chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis as did its alditol acetate derivative in gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These data prove that the unknown amino sugar in lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas palustris is 6-0-methyl-glucosamine. The strong positive optical rotation of the isolated sugar indicates its D-configuration. 6-0-Methyl-D-glucosamine is part of the O-specific chain and not of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. Periodate-oxidation studies revealed that the sugar, like the other amino sugars of this lipopolysaccharide, does not occupy non-reducing terminal positions to any appreciable extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the phosphoglucomutase for Β-glucose 1-phosphate (Β-phosphoglucomutase) has been examined in purified extracts of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. 1. The incubation of Β-glucose 1-[32P]phosphate with Β-phosphoglucomutase in presence of high concentrations (0.1 mM) of a commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (prepared synthetically) yielded a labelled compound running electrophoretically and chromatographically as the sugar bisphosphate. Specificity studies with Β-phosphoglucomutase and muscle phosphoglucomutase (α-phosphoglucomutase) strongly suggest that the compound formed is Β-glucose 1,6-[32P]bisphosphate. The results would also indicate that the commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate contains Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as contaminant. 2. When synthetic Β-glucose 1-phosphate preparations were purified by paper chromatography and then incubated with Β-phosphoglucomutase, no glucose 6-phosphate could be detected. On the other hand the reaction readily took place when challenged with the chromatographic fraction that runs as sugar bisphosphate. Upon analysis with etectrophoresis, chromatography and weak acid hydrolysis, and experiments with Β-phosphoglucomutase and α-phosphoglucomutase it was concluded that this compound is Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. 3. It was established that the natural α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate not only fails to sustain the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase but rather inhibits the reaction when added to the whole Β-phosphoglucomutase system, it was also demonstrated that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate acts as inhibitor of the α-phosphoglucomutase system. 4. These results show for the first time that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an active and necessary participant in the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase. The role played by Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in this reaction would be essentially the same as that of the α-anomer in the reaction catalyzed by α-phosphoglucomutase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 (05:K15) was esterified with ethylene oxide and then reduced with sodium borohydride. Hydrolysis of the reduced material gave two hexosamines identical with mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose) and gulosamine (2-amino.2-deoxy-gulose) on paper and ion-exchange chromatograms. This fact suggested that the K15 antigen contained mannosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannuronic acid) and gulosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-guluronie acid). Direct acid hydrolysis of the antigen gave two 2-amino-2-deoxy-hexuronic acids. These two were identified as mannosaminuronic and gulosaminouronic acids by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, being compared with synthesized standard samples. Titration of acid form of the polysaccharide indicated that about 91.5% of the polysaccharide was composed of the N-acetyl-hexosaminuronic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands the diffusion of information models developed by Funkhouser and McCombs (1972) to include situations involving simple interaction processes and more complicated situations involving both mass mediated messages and interactively mediated messages. This paper develops discrete time models of information diffusion as opposed to the continuous time models developed by Coleman (1964) and Bartholomew (1967) and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on prediction logic and quasi-independence in empirical evaluation of formal theory. In the paper by researchers D.K. Hildebrand, J.D. Laing and H.L. Rosenthal, a paradigm for the statement and empirical evaluation of a class of propositions predicting specific relations between qualitative variables was proposed. The approach represents a substantial departure from traditional modes of analysis. Consequently, it is not surprising that one encounters resistance and misunderstanding in those who work in different traditions. The lengthy critique of the paper by researchers L.A. Goodman and W.H. Kruskal, henceforth G&K, illustrates the inappropriateness of evaluating the paradigm using traditional perspectives. G&K operate in two contexts: measures of association and multiplicative models for probabilities in cross-classifications. The primary objective in the paper discussed by G&K was to design a general model that provides a distinct and operationally interpretable measure of the prediction success attained in a population by any logically distinct proposition stated, a priori, in the prediction logic.

In the preceding paper a population of lymphoid cells was identified which (1) were derived from germinal centres in the appendix, (2) were localized in follicular structures elsewhere, and (3) could perform as antibody-forming cell precursors. The present paper presents evidence (1) that germinal centres in the spleen and lymph nodes perform the same function as germinal centres in the appendix, and (2) that germinal centres are dependent upon a stream of cells derived from the bone marrow. A new hypothesis is put forward regarding the origin and cellular kinetics of the B-cell system in mammals. It is proposed that germinal centres throughout the body function as an essentially antigen-dependent amplification system for the B-cell population of lymphocytes. Implications of this hypothesis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age-old question of the generalizability of the results of experiments that are conducted in artificial laboratory settings to more realistic inferential and decision-making situations is considered in this paper. Conservatism in probability revision provides an example of a result that (1) has received wide attention, including attention in terms of implications for real-world decision making, on the basis of experiments conducted in artificial settings and (2) is now apparently thought by many to he highly situational and not at all a ubiquitous phenomenon, in which case its implications for real-world decision making are not as extensive as originally claimed. In this paper conservatism is considered in some detail within the context of the generalizability question. In a more general vein, we discuss some of the difficulties inherent; in experimentation in realistic settings, suggest possible procedures for avoiding or at least alleviating such difficulties, and make a plea for more realistic experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sparse matrix is defined to be a matrix containing a high proportion of elements that are zeros. Sparse matrices of large order are of great interest and application in science and industry; for example, electrical networks, structural engineering, power distribution, reactor diffusion, and solutions to differential equations. While conclusions within this paper are primarily drawn considering orders of greater than 1000, much is applicable to sparse matrices of smaller orders in the hundreds. Because of increasing use of large order sparse matrices and the tendency to attempt to solve larger order problems, great attention must be focused on core storage and execution time. Every effort should be made to optimize both computer memory allocation and execution times, as these are the limiting factors that most often dictate the practicality of solving a given problem. Indexing algorithms are the subject of this paper, as they are generally recognized as the most important factor in fast and efficient processing of large order sparse matrices. Indexing schemes of main interest are the bit map, address map, row-column, and the threaded list. Major variations of the indexing techniques above mentioned are noted, as well as the particular indexing scheme inherent in diagonal or band matrices. The concluding section of the paper compares the types of methods, discusses their suitability for different types of processing, and makes suggestions concerning the adaptability and flexibility of the major existing methods of indexing algorithms for application to user problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "process" has come to play a central role in many efforts to master the complexity of large computer systems. The purpose of this paper is to discuss useful methods of structuring complex processes, and to relate these to the problems of improving the quality of large computer systems. Two distinct ways of structuring systems are presented, namely, process combination, and process abstraction; these are then used to discuss such topics as concurrency, synchronization, multiprogramming, interpreters, and programmable processors. This discussion is based on a set of precise definitions for such concepts as "process," "processor," "computation," "combination," and "abstraction." The paper relates these definitions to both current research and practical applications, with particular concern for the problems of the performance, reliability, and modifiability of computer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several theoretical aspects of multiprocessing are surveyed. First, we look at the language features that help in exploiting parallelism. The additional instructions needed for a multiprocessor architecture; problems, such as mutual exclusion, raised by the concurrent processing of parts of a program; and the extensions to existing high-level languages are examined. The methods for automatic detection of parallelism in current high-level languages are then reviewed both at the inter and intra statement levels. The following part of the paper deals with more theoretical aspects of multiprocessing. Different models for parallel computation such as graph models, Petri nets, parallel flowcharts, and flow graph schemata are introduced. Finally, prediction of performance of multiprocessors either through analysis of models or by simulation is examined. In an appendix, an attempt is made toward the classification of existing multiprocessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vienna Definition Language (VDL) is a programming language for defining programming languages. It allows us to describe precisely the execution of the set of all programs of a programming language. However, the Vienna Definition Language is important not only as one definition technique among many others but as an illustration of a new information-structure-oriented approach to the study of programming languages. The paper may be regarded as a case study in the information structure modeling of programming languages, as well as an introduction to a specific modeling technique. Part 1 includes a brief review and comparison of techniques of language definition, and then introduces the basic data structures and data structure manipulation operators that are used to define programming languages. Part 2 considers the definition of sets of data structures. Part 3 introduces the notation for specifying VDL instructions, and illustrates the definition of a simple language for arithmetic expression evaluation by giving the complete sequence of states (snapshots) that arise during the evaluation of an expression. Part 4 defines a simple block structure language in VDL and considers certain basic design issues for such languages in a more general context. Part 5 introduces an alternative definition of the block structure language defined in Part 4, proves the equivalence of the two definitions, and briefly reviews recent work on proving the equivalence of interpreters. An Appendix considers the definition of VDL in VDL. This paper may be read at a number of different levels. The reader who is interested in a quick introduction to the basic definition techniques of VDL need read only Section 1.3 and Part 3. The reader who is interested in a deeper understanding of block structure languages should emphasize Part 4, while the reader concerned with proofs of equivalence of interpreters will be interested in Part 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to a case of polymorphism in the desmid genus Xanthidium Ehr. It is based on material from Lake Dois Irmãos, the main body of water in the Zoological and Botanical Garden in Recife, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, collected at 4 different times of the 3 year during 1967 and 1968. A detailed examination of almost 1300 specimens showed an enormous variety in form of Xanthidium regulare Nordst., X. fragile Borge, and X. pseudoregulare Borge, thus allowing the authors, to draw the following conclusions: (1) the name X. regulare Nordst. should be retained until further and more detailed studies on form variation within the species are available; (2) the names X. regulare Nordst. var. asteptum Nordst. in Borge, X. regulate Nordst. var. sexangulare Grönbl., X. regulare Nordst. var. sexangulare Gröbl. f. robustior Gröbl., X. fragile Borge, X. fragile Borge forma, and X. fragile Borge var. depauperatum Borge should be considered synonymous, all referring to a single variety of X. regulare Nordst., var. asteptum Nordst. in Borge emend. C. Bic. & L. M. Carv.; (3) X. pseudoregulare Borge must be treated as a variety of X. regulare Nordst. and must be called X. regulare Nordst. var. pseudoregulare (Borge) C. Bic.& L. M. Carv. Finally, a key is given to the 3 varieties of X. regulare Nordst. proposed in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on research papers contributed for the joint meeting with phycological section of Botanical Society of America, to be held from August 28-30, 1967. Researchers G.J. Hill and L. Machlis contributed papers on cell division in oedogonium. In this paper, the ultrastructural events occurring during vegetative and sexual cell division of oedogonium is described. Researcher Norma J. Lang contributed papers in which the extraplastidic red pigment astaxanthin was investigated.

The object of this paper is to suggest a theoretical approach to the study of social development in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Social development is regarded here as a radical transformation of economy and society, and as something which must be assessed in primarily human terms. After a critical examination of some conventional theories of modernization and social change, the paper goes on to suggest that a fruitful line of research is to view development as fundamental structural change. This would involve examination of social structural features in a society which encourage or hinder social development. Finally, specific empirical research is to be directed to identify agents as well as obstacles to social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contains an exploratory effort to analy the factors which determine the effectiveness of personal discussion as an extension method. The basic data for the paper consist of an inquiry among a small number of farmers and extension workers, ad hoc observations during a workshop on methods of personal discussion at Wageningen, and experience. The point of departure for an analysis of the extension agent's behaviour in personal discussion is the client's expectations regarding his behaviour. A number of such expectations among Dutch farmers are presented. From these expectations, a number of variables (15) are developed which describe the conditions under which personal discussion occurs. These conditions allow the formulation of a number of sub-roles -- appropriate for the conditions -- which the extension worker can enact in personal discussion. The sub-roles presented are: 1. one who asks for information; 2. one supplying information; 3. one supplying cut and dried advice; 4. one who sustains the client's confidence in what he intended doing anyway; 5. one who helps the client to think rationally; 6. one who helps the client to overcome his emotions. Awareness of such sub-roles will allow the extension worker to play the appropriate one for the conditions which are present and to choose deliberately among the alternatives available. The paper ends with some practical suggestions on how best to conduct a personal discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a generation a considerable amount of attention has been given to the development and utilization of an empirical measure of the theoretical concept of innovativeness. Research workers in agriculture have employed various types of adoption of farm practices scales as a measure of the relative rates of adoption of technological innovations by farmers. The major problem in using an adoption scale has rested with unidimensionality; the degree to which the developed scale measures the innovativeness dimension. Following the review of several research studies aimed at establishing unidimensionality, some sociologists claimed that the analyses provided no clear cut answer as to whether adoption scales measure only a single general dimension; innovativeness. The major aims of this paper are to demonstrate that such unidimensionality does clearly exist and to show the theoretical and practical implications. The data used in this paper were drawn from an interdisciplinary study of the factors determining the adoption of agricultural innovations by a sample of 116 woolgrowers in New South Wales.

It has long been recognized that the study of peasant movements requires two basic methodological rules for its proper understanding: first, the focus of the study must be both on the interaction process which binds the peasantry to its overlord and the social forces that impinge upon both poles of interaction; second, such study must necessarily deal with the historical contexts within which the interaction process between lord and peasant develops. The main purpose of this paper is to apply these two methodological rules to a case study of a) the transformation of a regional power structure and b) the origins and development of a peasant movement that swept an intermontane valley of Peruvian Central Sierra dominated by the hacienda system, transforming it into a region of Indian communities. A second purpose of the paper is to derive certain theoretical generalizations from the empirical case, which can be relevant for the development of a theory of political peasant movements. This article also discusses the role of successful peasant movements in the development process of dependent, unequally developed societies, like Peru.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the contents volumes I to X of Sociologia Ruralis (1960-1970), with the understanding that only the (75) English written papers are being reviewed. The main starting points have been derived from Article 4 of the Constitution of the European Society for Rural Sociology. After having proposed a number of critical remarks on the subject that have been dealt with in the papers concerned, a tentative evaluation has been made of the practical, theoretical, and methodologic relevance of these papers. In the final section, some ideas are suggested which might be used in order to remove several shortcomings brought to light in to previous sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]