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Človekove pravice pripadajo vsem ljudem, ne glede na državljanstvo, spol, raso, vero, jezik ali kateri drug status, in so tiste pravice, ki varujejo določene dobrine, katere so nujno potrebne za delovanje posameznika v družbi. V primeru, da posameznik meni, da mu je bila s posameznim aktom kršena določena pravica, mu država omogoča pravno varstvo, ki je določeno z ustavo in zakonom, ter zagotavlja pravno ter zakonito odločanje, tudi v konkretnih upravnih zadevah. V diplomskem delu sem preučevala judikaturo Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice (ESČP), posebej v upravnih zadevah po nacionalnem pravu, pri čemer sem uporabila deskriptivno, primerjalno in statistično metodo. V raziskovalnem delu diplomskega dela se osredotočam predvsem na analizo letnih poročil ESČP v obdobju 2014–2017, tj. obseg pritožb pred ESČP, in sicer, ali se to število letno povečuje, pada ali stagnira. Analizo sem razdelila na dve poglavji, in sicer na analizo vseh in le upravnih zadev. Skozi raziskavo sem prišla do ugotovitev, da se v celoti največ kršitev nanaša na 6. člen Konvencije, tj. pravice do poštenega sojenja, zaradi predolgotrajnih postopkov oziroma pravice do odločanja v razumnem roku. Tudi Slovenija je prepogosto kršila pravico do sojenja v razumnem roku. ESČP je v sodbi Lukenda opozorilo, da ta kršitev predstavlja sistemski problem države. Šele po izreku te sodbe se je Slovenija začela zavedati pomembnosti spoštovanja pravice do sojenja v razumnem roku. Human rights and freedoms belong to every person in the word regardless of their nationality, gender, race, religion, language or any other status. Individuals who believe their human rights have been violated and are unable to remedy their claim through their national legal system, may lodge an application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The alleged violation must have been committed by one of the States bound by the Convention. I have studied especially administrative matters according to the national law in front of the ECtHR. The methods used in my diploma are descriptive, statistics, and comparison. In The research part, I mainly focus on the analysis of the annual reports of the ECtHR, between 2014–2017, to clarify, if the number of complaints before the ECtHR is increasing, falling or stagnating. In administrative matters, the most common violation is lengthy decision- making. Slovenia also often violated the right to a trial within a reasonable time. In the Lukenda judgment, the ECHR noted, that this violation constituted a systemic problem of the state. After this judgments Slovenia began to be aware of the importance of respecting the right to a trial within a reasonable time.

Javna služba je servisna dejavnost javnega sektorja, za razliko od njegovih oblastnih funkcij, ki se izvajajo pretežno v državnih organih. Bistvo delovanja javnih služb je v tem, da se posamezniku nudi neka storitev ali dobrina, oblast izvajalcev javne službe nad posameznikom pa se odraža v tem, da storitev, ki naj bi jo nudili, odklonijo ali pa posamezniku naložijo neko zakonsko predpisano obveznost, ki jo je dolžan sprejeti. S tem odločajo o pravicah in obveznostih, podobno kot to delajo državni organi. Uporabnik torej nujno potrebuje neko procesno varstvo, podobno kot ga ima posameznik pri odločanju uprave v upravni zadevi. Značilno za dejavnosti negospodarskih javnih služb je, da se z njimi zagotavljajo dobrine in storitve, ki so predmet človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin. Najpomembnejša področja negospodarskih javnih služb so zdravstvo, vzgoja in izobraževanje, socialna varnost ter kultura. Odločitve izvajalcev teh služb lahko razdelimo v dve skupini: na odločitve, ki so v celoti ali v pretežnem delu strokovne narave, in upravnopravne odločitve. Pri nekaterih odločitvah se eno od drugega ne da povsem ločiti. Kadar gre za upravnopravno odločanje ali je to prevladujoče, je uporaba Zakona o splošnem upravnem postopku povsem na mestu, s tem da so lahko določena pravila postopka urejena tudi drugače. V teh zadevah namreč lahko odločajo osebe, ki imajo predvsem znanja s področja upravnega procesnega prava in ni potrebno neko specializirano znanje iz nepravnega področja. Pri odločanju izvajalcev javnih služb, ki je v pretežni meri strokovne narave, pa so potrebna določena specializirana strokovna znanja z zelo različnih področij. Vendar pa, tudi kadar gre za strokovno odločanje, morajo določena pravila postopka vseeno veljati, vsaj minimalni procesni standardi. Posameznik je namreč lahko pri svojih pravicah prizadet tudi, ko gre za izrazito strokovne odločitve, ki se nanašajo nanj. Sprejeti bi bilo treba ali poseben zakon, ki bi določal postopek pri strokovnem odločanju izvajalcev javnih služb, ali pa v ta namen nadgraditi Zakon o splošnem upravnem postopku. Najboljša rešitev je vsekakor sprejetje posebnega postopkovnega zakona, ki bi enotno urejal le postopke izvajalcev javnih služb. Različne postopkovne ureditve na posameznih področjih posebej (šolstvo, zdravstvo, kultura …) bi namreč vodile k neenotnosti, nepreglednosti in razdrobljenosti. Enoten postopek za vse izvajalce javnih služb bi moral biti enostavnejši od splošnega upravnega postopka. V njem bi bilo treba upoštevati vsa temeljna načela postopka in zagotoviti osnovna procesna jamstva. Sodno varstvo posameznika v upravnem sporu mora biti dopustno tudi, ko gre za strokovne odločitve, vendar bi morala biti v tem primeru sodna kontrola omejena na presojo zakonitosti postopka in presojo, ali je končna odločitev očitno nerazumna ali arbitrarna. Public service is the service activity of the public sector this distinguishes it from its authoritative functions, which are mainy practised by public authorities. The essence of public services is that they provide to an individual goods or services, while the authority of the providers of public services is defined either by their ability to deny these services or by their right to impose on an individual a legally prescribed responsibility he or she is compelled to accept. By doing this they make rulings on rights and responsibilities in a similar manner as the authorities. The user, therefore, inevitably needs a form of procedural protection comparable to the one an individual has in any decision during the administrative process. The main characteristic of social services is that they provide those goods and services that are the matter of essential human rights and freedoms. The most important fields of social services are health care, education, social security, and culture. Decisions by the providers of these services can be divided into two types: those that are either partially or entirely expert in their nature and administrative legal decisions. In certain cases, the two cannot be fully separated. When dealing with wholly or predominantly administrative legal decisions, the use of the Administrative Procedure Act is perfectly appropriate, provided that certain procedural regulations can be adjusted. The reason for this is that the decision-makers in these matters are trained in administrative procedures law and do not require a specialist knowledge in a non-legal field. In public service decisions that are predominantly expert in nature some specialized knowledge in a variety of fields is needed. Yet even when it comes to expert decisions certain procedural rules must be followed, foremost among them minimum procedural standards. The individuals’ rights, for instance, can be violated even when they have been affected by a wholly expert decision. To rectify this, a special law should be passed defining the process for expert decision-making by public service providers or, alternatively, the existing Administrative Procedure Act should be amended. The preferred solution is definitely the development of a special procedural law that would focus exclusively on public service processes. Distinct procedural regulations for each separate field (education, health care, culture) would, conversely, result in incoherence, lack of clarity, and fragmentation. A consistent process for all public service providers would have to be simpler than the general administrative procedure. It would have to take into account all fundamental procedural principles and ensure the essential procedural guarantees. The judicial protection of an individual in an administrative dispute should also be available in expert matters, though the judicial control should in this case be restricted to the rulings on procedural matters and on reasonability and arbitrariness of the final decision.

Pravo intelektualne lastnine je zelo obširno področje, ki zajema pravice, izhajajoče iz intelektualne aktivnosti na industrijskem, znanstvenem, literarnem ali umetniškem področju. Glede na porast uporabe zaščite teh pravic v zadnji nekaj letih je pomembno, da je zagotovljeno ustrezno pravno varstvo. Brez učinkovitega varstva namreč zaščita pravic intelektualne lastnine ne bi bila smiselna. V svojem magistrskem diplomskem delu se osredotočam predvsem na pravno varstvo zgoraj omenjenih pravic. Uvodoma so predstavljene splošne značilnosti industrijske lastnine ter avtorskih in sorodnih pravic. Temu sledijo opredelitev pravnega varstva v Sloveniji in v mednarodnem okolju, problemi, povezani s tem področjem, ekonomski učinek in povezava s področjem nelojalne konkurence. Predstavim tudi nekaj razpoložljive sodne prakse, ki se ukvarja s predmetno ureditvijo. Na koncu pa se moja naloga osredotoči na urejenost konkretnih pristopov v zvezi s pravnim varstvom pravic intelektualne lastnine v Sloveniji in njihovo ustreznostjo glede na pravo in sodno prakso Evropske unije. Intellectual property law is a very broad field that covers rights arising from intellectual activity in an industrial, scientific, literary or artistic field. Given the increased use of the protection of these rights in the last few years, it is important that adequate legal enforcement is provided. Without effective legal enforcement, protection of intellectual property rights would not have purpose. In my master’s thesis, I concentrate primarily on the legal protection of the abovementioned rights. In the beginning the general characteristics of industrial property and copyright and related rights are presented. This is followed by the part about the enforcement in Slovenia and in the international environment, problems related to this area, economic effect and the connection with the field of unfair competition. I also present some of the available case-law dealing with the subject matter. In the end, my paper focuses on the regulation of concrete approaches related to the legal enforcement of intellectual property rights in Slovenia and their adequacy to the law and case law of the European Union.

Magistrsko delo obravnava kazenskopravno varstvo pravic delavcev, s katerim so varovane, po zakonodajalčevem mnenju najpomembnejše pravice iz delovnega razmerja. Primernost uporabe kazenskopravnih norm in poseganja kazenske represije v delovna razmerja, vzpostavljena na pogodbenem odnosu medsebojnega zaupanja, je lahko vprašljiva, a zagotovo koristna, učinkovita in nujno potrebna. Kljub vzpostavljenemu delovnopravnemu varstvu, mnogo delavcev in iskalcev zaposlitve ostane brez pripadajoče pravice oziroma mu je ta omejena, onemogočena ali zlorabljena, zato so v slovenskem pravnem redu najhujše kršitve pravic delavcev varovane s kazenskim pravom. Kazniva dejanja zoper delovno razmerje ureja 22. poglavje Kazenskega zakonika Republike Slovenije, kamor sodijo kaznivo dejanje Kršitev temeljnih pravic delavcev, Šikaniranje na delovnem mestu, Kršitev pravic pri zaposlovanju ali brezposelnosti, Zaposlovanje na črno, Kršitev pravic do sodelovanja pri upravljanju in kršitev sindikalnih pravic ter Ogrožanje varnosti pri delu. Kazenskopravno varstvo pravic delavcev v zadnjih letih s strani državnih organov pridobiva vse več pozornosti. V kapitalistično naravnanem gospodarstvu, v katerem delodajalci stremijo k čim večjemu dobičku, so pravice delavcev pogosto spregledane. Vendar pa statistični podatki kažejo, da se stanje na področju kazenskopravnega varovanja pravic delavcev izboljšuje. Zoper kršitelje je podanih vedno več kazenskih ovadb in vloženih obtožnih predlogov, sodišča pa izdajajo vedno več obsodilnih sodb. The thesis discusses the criminal law protection of employees’ rights, which protects the most important labour rights, as defined by the legislator. The suitability of using criminal law norms and interference of the criminal repression to employment relationships, which are established pursuant to contractual relationship of mutual trust and personal connection, can be subjected to questionability, yet it is certainly useful, effective and necessary. Despite the established protection of labour rights many employees and seekers of employment are left without the associated rights or their rights are limited, disabled or violated and this the reason behind violation of employees’ right being protected by criminal law in the Slovenian acquis. The criminal offences against employment relationship are defined by the Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia, including the criminal acts of Violation of Fundamental Rights of Employees, Victimization in the workplace, Violation of Rights Concerning Employment and Unemployment, Undeclared Employment, Infringement of the Rights to Participate in Governance and Violation of Trade Union Rights, and Endangering Safety at Work. The criminal law protection of employees’ rights has been gaining attention by the public authorities in the past years. In the capitalism-oriented economy of employers striving for higher profits the employees’ rights are often overlooked. However, the statistical data portrays improvement of the situation in the field of criminal law protection of employees’ rights. More and more criminal complaints and indictment proposals are filed against the violators, and the courts issue more and more decisions of conviction.

Magistrsko delo obravnava varstvo pravic otrok v državah EU in državah Sveta Evrope. Otroci spadajo med ranljivejšo skupino na področju varstva človekovih pravic. Namenjeno jim je posebno varstvo, zato jim pripadajo tudi posebne pravice, ki so poleg temeljnih dokumentov s področja varstva človekovih pravic opredeljene še v posebnih dokumentih, kot sta na primer Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah in Evropska konvencija o uresničevanju otrokovih pravic. Prvi del magistrskega dela v nadaljevanju predstavlja delovanja EU in Sveta Evrope na področju varstva človekovih pravic, posebej še na področju varstva pravic otrok. Predstavljeni so osnovni pojmi ter prikaz razvoja na področju otrokovih pravic na mednarodni ravni ter na ravni Sveta Evrope in EU. V drugem delu pa so analizirane otrokove pravice skozi sodno prakso Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in Sodišča EU. Izbranih je sedem področij, na katerih je prikazana sodna praksa sodišča, in sicer pravica do svobode misli, vesti in vere, pravica do izobraževanja, družinsko življenje, varstvo otrok pred nasiljem in izkoriščanjem, zaščita otrok v kazenskih postopkih, diskriminacija ter migracije in azil. Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice in Sodišče EU skrbita, da so pravice otrok zaščitene z njunimi odločbami, s katerimi je zagotovljeno preprečevanje podobnih kršitev v prihodnje. Obravnavana tema predstavlja prispevek celovite ureditve varstva pravic otrok na območju evropskih držav. Ni namreč nepomembno, kako je poskrbljeno za najšibkejše v družbi – in otroci spadajo v to kategorijo, saj lahko prav z budnim spremljanjem dejanskega stanja in s konkretnimi izboljšavami doprinesemo k izboljšavi na področju otrokovih pravic. Predvsem pa prek institucionalnega sistema poskrbimo za nadzor in posledično oblikovanje bolj zdravih pogojev sobivanja v družbi. Pri tem je ozaveščanje javnosti in prepoznavanje dejanskega stanja prva stopnica k izboljšavi. Master thesis deals with the protection of children's rights in EU and Council of Europe. Children are one of the most vulnerable group in population. They are taken into special protection, thats why special rights belong to them, which are in addition to the basic documents on the protection of human rights, are also defined in special documents such as Convention on the rights of the Child and European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights. The first part of master thesis consists of representation of function of EU and Council of Europe considering human rights protection, especially protection of children's rights. Here are presented basic concepts and representatoin of development of childrens rights on international level and through Concil of Europe and EU. In the second part of master thesis children's rights are analyzed throuhg case law of European Court of Human Rights and European Court of Justice. Case law is presented on chosen seven fields. Those are the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to education, family life, the protection of children against violence and exploitation, the protection of children in criminal proceedings, discrimination, and migration and asylum. European Court of Human Rights and European Court of Justice are taking care, that childrens rights are protected with theirs decisions, in wich is assured that no further violations are made in the future. Discussed topic represents the contribution of the comprehensive regulation of the protection of children's rights in the european countries. It is important how are the weakest in the society taken care of, beacause we can with the vigilant monitoring of the actual situation and concrete improvements contribute to the improvement in the area of children's rights. Above all, through the institutional system we take care of the supervision and, consequently, the formation of healthier conditions of coexistence in society. Public awareness and recognition of the actual situation is the first step towards improvement.

In the Republic of Slovenia, the right to a pension is defined as one of the fundamental rights to social security. It is based on the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, with Article 50 providing that citizens "have the right to social security, including the right to a pension, under conditions provided by law." Thus it defines the nature of the Slovenian pension scheme, which constitutes one of the key elements of a welfare state. An important feature of a pension is their long-term nature, since for the majority of beneficiaries it is the only source of income in their old age. Compulsory insurance is financed by insured persons, employers and the Republic of Slovenia, as well as by the Demographic Reserve Fund and other sources set out in the Pension and Disability Insurance Act - 2 (ZPIZ-2). In 1992, 2000 and 2013, following Slovenia%s independence, three extremely complex systemic pension reforms, as well as a number of other legal changes, were implemented. There had been no substantial divergences between social partners either on the need for reform of the pension and disability insurance scheme, which took effect on 1 January 2013, or on the objectives to be achieved. It is very important that a reform of the existent scheme based on inter-generational solidarity was carried out, which has managed, with adjustments, to overcome economic crises and wars. In the future, further timely minor or major changes and amendments will have to be introduced to secure long-term financial stability and decent pensions - the 2013 reform's two main objectives. The implementation of this rather radical reform of the pension and disability insurance scheme, ZPIZ-2, which has shown to deliver positive results, has proven to be a step in the right direction. However, to ensure the stability of the pension scheme and the whole country, economic growth, new jobs, a stable banking system and financial discipline are required in addition to other reforms. Unless stipulated otherwise under ZPIZ-2, claims under the compulsory insurance scheme need to be submitted to the Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of Slovenia as prescribed by the law governing the general administrative procedure. Pravica do pokojnine je v Republiki Sloveniji opredeljena kot ena temeljnih pravic do socialne varnosti. Temelji na določbah Ustave RS, ki v 50. členu določa, da imajo državljani "pod pogoji, določenimi z zakonom, pravico do socialne varnosti, vključno s pravico do pokojnine". V tem členu je določena narava slovenskega pokojninskega sistema, ki je eden izmed ključnih elementov socialne države. Pomembna lastnost pokojnine je, da gre za pravico dolgotrajne narave, saj pretežnemu delu upravičencev zagotavlja edini vir dohodka za preživljanje v starosti. Obvezno zavarovanje financirajo zavarovanci, delodajalci in Republika Slovenija, financira pa se tudi iz demografskega rezervnega sklada in drugih virov, določenih v Zakonu o pokojninskem in invalidskem zavarovanju (ZPIZ-2), ki je bil sprejet decembra 2012 in se uporablja od 1. januarja 2013. V samostojni Sloveniji so bile v letih 1992, 2000 in 2013 uveljavljene tri zelo zahtevne sistemske pokojninske reforme ter številne druge zakonske spremembe. O potrebnosti reforme pokojninskega in invalidskega zavarovanja, ki je bila uveljavljena 1. januarja 2013, in ciljih, ki jih je treba doseči, med socialnimi partnerji ni bilo bistvenih razhajanj. Zelo pomembno je, da je prišlo do reforme obstoječega sistema, ki temelji na medgeneracijski solidarnosti in je s prilagoditvami uspešno preživel tako gospodarske krize kot vojne. Tudi v prihodnje ga bo treba s pravočasnimi manjšimi ali večjimi spremembami in dopolnitvami prilagajati ter s tem zagotavljati dolgoročno finančno stabilnost in dostojne pokojnine, kar sta bila glavna cilja te reforme. Uveljavitev reforme sistema pokojninskega in invalidskega zavarovanja z ZPIZ-2, ki je dokaj radikalna in daje pozitivne rezultate, je korak v pravo smer. Za stabilnost sistema in celotne države pa so poleg drugih reform odločilni predvsem gospodarska rast, nova delovna mesta, stabilen bančni sistem in finančna disciplina. Pravice iz obveznega zavarovanja se uveljavljajo pri Zavodu za pokojninsko in invalidsko zavarovanje Slovenije po zakonu, ki ureja splošni upravni postopek, če ni z ZPIZ-2 določeno drugače.

The main requirement, which has to be fulfilled for the interlocutory injunction to be granted to secure a monetary or non-monetary claim is that the creditor proves presumptively that the claim against the debtor exists or is about to arise. The court decides on the existence of the claim regarding facts and evidences referred to in workers` proposal, but the requirement is rarely considered as fullfiled. The author of the article searches for possible reasons for this case-law. Bistven pogoj, ki mora biti izpolnjen za izdajo začasne odredbe za zavarovanje denarnih in nedenarnih terjatev, je verjeten obstoj terjatve same. Izpolnjenost tega pogoja sodišče presoja glede na delavčeve navedbe v predlogu za izdajo začasne odredbe in tam predlagane dokaze. Predlagatelji pa le redko uspejo izkazati obstoj svoje terjatve. Avtorica se v prispevku ukvarja z možnimi razlogi za tako sodno prakso.

Alternativno reševanje sporov (ARS) se zaradi hitrosti, ekonomičnosti, fleksibilnosti in zaupnosti čedalje bolj uveljavlja na vse več področjih pravnega urejanja. V upravnem sporu zaradi številnih ovir in specifik postopka do širše uveljavitve ARS (še) ni prišlo. ARS se v praksi pogosteje uporablja pri odločanju na podlagi diskrecijske pravice, ki predstavlja prej izjemo kot pravilo v upravnem sporu. ARS bi predvsem zaradi svojih koristi in prednosti v številnih primerih lahko nadomestil odločanje v upravnem sporu. A (pre)pogosto nadomeščanje odločitev bi omajalo načelo delitve oblasti. Pri reševanju sporov z alternativnimi metodami mora biti spoštovano enako varstvo pravic posameznika, kar pa otežuje načelo zaupnosti, eno temeljnih načel ARS. Materialnopravne podlage za odločanje v upravnem sporu so praviloma urejene s kogentnimi predpisi, ki ne dopuščajo svobodne volje razpolaganja z zahtevkom, kar še dodatno otežuje vpeljavo alternativnih konceptov. Obenem je področje upravnega prava močno prepleteno s tradicijo, ki znatno zavira miselne premike in vpeljavo novitet. Upoštevajoč dejstvo, da je ZUS-1 v procesu noveliranja, je na mestu razmislek o drznejšem in fleksibilnejšem pristopu slovenskega zakonodajalca. Z novelo zakona bi lahko spodbudili začetek uporabe sodišču pridružene mediacije na Upravnem sodišču, saj le-ta stranke postopka vodi v rešitev odnosa in ne le posameznega spora, hkrati pa obstaja večja verjetnost prostovoljne izvršitve dogovora in s tem večji ugled sodnega sistema. De lege ferenda predlog je tudi sporazum glede dejanskega stanja, ki se uporabi le v posamezni fazi odločanja. Tovrsten sporazum vsebuje navedbe strank o relevantnem dejanskem stanju in tako zapolni spodnjo premiso odločanja, kasneje pa je sodišče pri aplikaciji materialnega prava na tako ugotovljeno dejansko stanje vezano. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is increasingly gaining ground in more and more areas of the legal system due to its speed, economy, flexibility and confidentiality. In administrative dispute, due to a number of obstacles and specificities of the procedure, the wider take-up of ADR has not (yet) taken place. In practice, ADR is more often used in discretionary decision-making, which is the exception rather than the rule in administrative dispute. Especially because of its benefits and advantages, ADR could in many cases replace administrative adjudication. But (too) frequent substitution of decisions would undermine the principle of separation of powers. Alternative dispute resolution must respect the equal protection of the rights of the individual, which is made more difficult by the principle of confidentiality, one of the fundamental principles of ADR. The substantive legal bases for administrative dispute resolution are generally governed by mandatory rules which do not allow for free disposal of the claim, which further complicates the introduction of alternative concepts. At the same time, the field of administrative law is strongly intertwined with tradition, which significantly hinders mind shifts and the introduction of innovations. Taking into account the fact that the ZUS-1 is in the process of being amended, it is appropriate to consider a bolder and more flexible approach by the Slovenian legislator. The amendment of the law could encourage the introduction of court-annexed mediation at the Administrative Court, as it leads the parties to the proceedings to a resolution of the relationship and not only of the individual dispute, while at the same time there is a higher probability of voluntary implementation of the agreement and thus a higher reputation of the judicial system. A de lege ferenda proposal is also an agreement on the facts which is applicable only at the individual decision-making stage. Such an agreement contains the parties' submissions on the relevant facts and thus fills in the ground for decision, and the court is then bound by the facts so established in its application of the substantive law.

Pričujoče delo obravnava vprašanje, ali je Ustavno sodišče vezano na svoje odločitve. V prvem poglavju predstavim dve pojmovanji vloge preteklih sodnih odločitev v razlogovanju sodišč. V skladu s prvim pogledom je sodišče na preteklo odločitev vezano tako, da lahko od nje odstopi le, če so za to podani razlogi posebne vrste ali teže, ne pa vselej, kadar meni, da je odločitev napačna. Drugo pojmovanje pa sodišču nudi več manevrskega prostora: svoje pravno stališče lahko spremeni, če za to ponudi razumno utemeljitev. Preostanek dela je posvečen ovrednotenju treh argumentov v prid tezi, da prvi pogled najbolje opisuje držo, ki bi jo Ustavno sodišče pravno gledano moralo zavzeti do svojih odločitev. V drugem poglavju obravnavam možnost utemeljitve takšne obveznosti z zavezujočo naravo ustavnosodnih odločitev. Tretje poglavje se osredotoča na utemeljitev, ki se naslanja na 22. člen Ustave (enako varstvo pravic). Četrto poglavje obravnava hipotetičen poskus obrambe vezanosti Ustavnega sodišča na lastne odločitve, ki se ne opira na kodificiran pravni vir, kot je Ustava, temveč na dolgotrajno prakso Ustavnega sodišča. The aim of this thesis is to explore the question of whether the Slovenian Constitutional Court is legally bound by its own decisions. In the first chapter, I distinguish two alternative conceptions of how past judicial decisions may be relevant to the decision-making of a later court. On the first account, the court is bound by a previous decision in the sense of only being permitted to depart from it when reasons of special kind or weight obtain, not whenever it deems that decision wrong. On the second view, the court has more latitude: it may always change its mind on a legal issue as long as it provides a reasonable justification for doing so. In the remainder of the thesis, I evaluate three arguments in favour of the claim that the first view most faithfully describes the attitude which the Constitutional Court legally ought to adopt towards its own decisions. The second chapter examines the possibility of grounding such an obligation in the binding nature of the decisions of the Constitutional Court. The third chapter focuses on the justification based on the Article 22 of the Constitution (equal protection of rights). The fourth chapter considers a hypothetical attempt to justify the obligation of the Constitutional Court to follow its own decisions by relying on the long-standing practices of the Court rather than on a codified legal source such as the Constitution.

V magistrskem delu je obravnavana tematika vročanja upravnih aktov v davčnih postopkih. V davčnem postopku veljajo točno določena procesna pravila, po katerih se ravna davčni organ. Pri ravnanju davčnega organa v postopkih, ki jih vodi kot represivni organ, je zelo pomembno, da postopke vodi zakonito in enako za iste postopkovne procese pri posameznih davkih. Institut vročanja je iz vidika enake obravnave zavezancev eden od temeljnih vodil pri pripravi specialnih predpisov o vročanju davčnih aktov. V magistrskem delu sem skozi zgodovinsko metodo proučila upravičenost sprememb in različnega postopanja vročanja upravnih aktov, ki je v specialnem predpisu ZDaVP-2 drugače in posebej urejen v primerjavi z ZUP. V okviru magistrskega dela sem z normativno in primerjalno analizo primerjala postopek vročanja pri letni odmeri dohodnine z sosednjima državama (Avstrijo in Hrvaško). Glavni cilj primerjave je bil ugotoviti, ali obstajajo kakšne podobnosti oziroma, ali države sprejemajo spremembe v smeri pocenitve postopkov – torej zaradi ekonomičnosti postopkov, ali so spremembe sprejete z namenom poenostavitve postopkov tudi na strani davčnih zavezancev in ne samo za lažje delo uradnikov. Rezultat je pokazal precej podobnosti in sprememb v isti smeri poenostavitev množičnih odmer, predvsem v sosednji Hrvaški, kjer je procesni postopek zelo podoben našemu. Z empirično analizo sodne prakse o vročanju aktov v upravnih postopkih, osredotočeno na davčne postopke, so v izbranih sodbah proučeni razlogi za tožbe in revizije. Iz rezultatov lahko razberemo, da je sorazmerno malo napak in nepravilnega postopanja na strani upravnih organov, predvsem FURS, ki je prvi prešel na množično navadno vročanje upravnih aktov. Rezultati so uporabni v upravno – pravni praksi na področju dela FURS in tudi drugih upravnih organov, ki razmišljajo o spremembi in poenostavitvi postopkov vročanja. Ugotovitve so uporabne za izboljšanje postopkov med teorijo in prakso z usmeritvijo k enotnemu in transparentnemu vodenju postopkov, ki ne smejo posegati v zmanjševanje pravic strank v postopku. The master's thesis deals with the issue of administrative acts in tax proceedings. The tax procedure is governed by well-defined procedural rules that the tax authority follows. In the conduct of the tax authority in its proceedings as a repressive authority, it is very important tthat the proceedings are conducted lawfully and in the same way for the same procedural processes for each tax. The institution of service is one of the fundamental guiding principles for the drafting of special rules on the service of tax acts, from the point of view of equal treatment of taxable persons. In my master's thesis, I have used the historical method to examine the justification for the changes and the different procedure for the service of administrative acts, which is regulated differently and separately in the special regulation ZdaVP-2 compared to the ZUP. In the framework of my master's thesis, I compared the procedure of service of annual income tax assessment with neighbouring countries (Austria and Croatia) by means of anormative and comparative analysis. The main objective of the comparison was to find out whether there are any similarities or whether countries are making changes in the direction of making procedure cheaper – i.e. to make procedure more economical – or whether the changes are made to simplify procedures also on the the side of taxpayers and not only to make the work of officials easier. The result shows many similarities and changes in the same direction of simplification of mass doses, especially in neighbouring Croatia, where the procedural process is very similar to ours. An empirical analysis of the case-law on service of documents in administrative proceedings, focusing on tax proceedings, examines the grounds for actions and reviews in selected judgements. The results show that there are relatively few errors and maladministration on the part of the administrative authorities, in particular the FURS, which was the first to move to mass ordinary service of administrative acts. The results are useful in administrative-legal practice in the field of work of the FURS and other administrative authorities considering changes and simplification of service procedures. The findings are useful for improving procedures between theory and practice, aiming at a uniform and transparent management of procedures which should not prejudice the rights of the parties of the proceedings.

Med poslovanjem gospodarskih družb se nemalokrat zgodi, da je njihovo ekonomsko stanje tako ogroženo, da niso sposobne poravnati svojih kratkoročnih in dolgoročnih obveznosti. V takšnih primerih govorimo o insolventnosti družbe, za odpravo katere je treba izvesti enega izmed postopkov zaradi insolventnosti. Cilj postopkov finančne reorganizacije je prezadolženi družbi omogočiti ponovno plačilno sposobnost in nadaljevanje poslovanja. V postopku prestrukturiranja je potrebno upnikom zagotoviti najboljše možne pogoje za poplačilo njihovih terjatev. Pri tem je izjemnega pomena klasifikacija terjatev, ki naj bi se čim bolj približala vsebinski delitvi in se ne osredotočala le na formalno. Postopek prisilne poravnave je v veliki meri odvisen od volje upnikov, ki o njenem sprejetju odločajo z glasovanjem, pri tem pa so v dva glasovalna razreda razdeljeni le izjemoma. Navedeno je značilno za slovenski pravni sistem, medtem ko se tuje ureditve lahko bistveno razlikujejo. Namen magistrskega diplomskega dela je celovita predstavitev slovenske ureditve prisilne poravnave, kot temeljnega postopka finančnega prestrukturiranja, predvsem z vidika klasifikacije upnikov in vpliv le-te na obseg njihovih pravic. Predstavljena je problematika vsebinske delitve terjatev na poslovne in finančne ter s tem povezano neenakopravno obravnavanje upnikov. Posebna pozornost magistrskega dela bo namenjena tudi predstavitvi vpliva, ki ga ima na obravnavano tematiko ureditev na ravni Evropske unije ter primerjalno pravni analizi postopkov finančnega prestrukturiranja tujih ureditev, in sicer Združenih držav Amerike Velike Britanije, Nemčije in Hrvaške. In the course of business operations of the companies it often happens, that their economic situation is compromised to an extent, that they are no longer able to meet their short and long-term obligations. In such cases, we are talking about the insolvency of a company, for which one of the insolvency proceedings must be carried out. The objective of the financial reorganization procedures is to enable the indebted company to re-pay its debts and continue its operations. In the restructuring process, creditors must be given the best possible conditions for the repayment of their claims. Of particular importance is the classification of claims, which should be as close as possible to the substantive division, and not just focused on the formal. The compulsory settlement procedure depends, to a large extent, on the will of creditors, who decide on its adoption with their vote, where they are divided into two voting classes only by exception. The above is typical for the Slovenian legal system, while foreign regulations may differ significantly. The purpose of the master's thesis, is a comprehensive presentation of the Slovenian arrangement of compulsory settlement, as a fundamental process of financial restructuring, especially in terms of the classification of creditors and their impact on the scope of their rights. The problem of substantive division of receivables into business and financial is presented, as well as the related unequal treatment of creditors. Particular attention will also be paid to presenting the impact of regulation at the level of the European Union, on the subject and the comparative legal analysis of the procedures for the financial restructuring of foreign regimes, namely the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Croatia.

Jezik je pomembna prvina tudi za varstvo pravic strank, saj je že ustavno zagotovljeno posebno varstvo pripadnikov italijanske in madžarske manjšine, invalidov in tujcev oziroma vseh strank v upravnih razmerjih. Prispevek je osredotočen na študijo razsežnosti regulacije rabe jezika v upravnih postopkih kot temeljnem procesu dela v javni upravi. Rezultati analize upravne prakse po različnih virih (judikatura, analize Ministrstva za javno upravo /MJU/, portal Upravna svetovalnica in anketa med načelniki upravnih enot) kažejo, da pri izvajanju splošne (zlasti Zakon o splošnem upravnem postopku /ZUP/) in področne zakonodaje pretežno ne prihaja do težav, razen na področju tujcev. Zato za v prihodnje predlagam le nomotehnične izboljšave, v ostalem pa usmerjeno in sistemsko skrb za jezikovne pravice z ozaveščanjem uradnih oseb in splošne javnosti. Language is an important element of protection of the parties’ rights in administrative procedures, hence the constitutional protection of representatives of the Italian and Hungarian minorities, persons with disabilities, and foreigners is guaranteed. This article focuses on the analysis of legal regulation and the practice of language use in administrative procedures. Drawing from various sources (case law, inspectorate’s reports, Administrative Consultation Wiki web portal, and the survey among the heads of administrative units), the results of the analysis of administrative practice reveal that except for foreigners’ rights, no major issues occur when implementing general (Administrative Procedure Act) or sector specific legislation. Therefore, we suggest for the future merely improvements in terms of legal drafting technique, while a systematic and focused concern for language rights is still required by enhancing the awareness of the officials and the general public.

Poznamo splošni upravni postopek in veliko več posebnih. Poznamo upravna področja, ki so tako svojevrstna, da splošna pravila ZUP ne zadostujejo, takrat lahko poseben zakon uredi neko vprašanje postopka ali več posebnih pravil upravnega postopka drugače ali na novo glede na ZUP. Vse, česar področni zakon ne ureja drugače, zlasti temeljna načela, velja po ZUP glede na 22. člen Ustave. Ne glede na smernice razvoja nadzora obstaja na tem področju zaradi primarnega varstva javne koristi več posebnosti po področnih zakonih in izvedbenih predpisih. Te posebnosti so načeloma dveh vrst: specialne določbe področnega zakona ter področni zakon, ki ureja isti institut kot ZUP, le določneje, bolj podrobno oziroma dopolnilno. Zakonski predpisi zahtevajo uporabo predpisanih temeljnih načel. Temeljna načela skupaj veljajo kot celota ter se med seboj dopolnjujejo in povezujejo. Posebno ureditev lahko predpiše zgolj zakon, ki je v razmerju do ZUP poseben predpis, tako da se v razmerju do ZUP uporablja načelo, da specialna zakonska ureditev nadomesti splošno. Na upravnem področju posebnega upravnega postopka bo organ pri reševanju konkretnih upravnih zadev s konkretnega upravnega področja postopal po pravilih tega posebnega upravnega postopka, ZUP pa se bo uporabljal glede tistih vprašanj, glede katerih posebni zakon ni uredil posebnih procesnih pravil. V tem diplomskem delu predstavljamo pojma splošnega in posebnega upravnega postopka, ki ju urejajo področni zakoni in podrejeno ZUP, njuna presečišča ter razlike urejanja v pravni ureditvi z viri, prav tako pa smo primerjali temeljna načela in pravice po ZUP z izbranimi področnimi zakoni. Poleg zgoraj naštetega smo preverili tudi sledečo hipotezo: »Področni zakon lahko nadredi ZUP v kateremkoli procesnem pravilu, razen glede temeljnih ustavnih pravic,« in sicer z normativno in komparativno metodo ter primerjavo izbranih področnih zakonov z ZUP ter z analizo judikature, uporabili pa smo tudi študij strokovne literature, pri čemer smo si pomagali s primeri iz sodne prakse. Našo hipotezo potrjujemo, saj je iz rezultatov analize področne judikature vrhovnega sodišča razvidno, da je sodišče v večini primerov presodilo, da bi se moral uporabljati le področni zakon ali pa področni zakon in ZUP podrejeno. We know the general administrative procedure and many more special ones. We know the administrative areas that are so unique that the general rules of the Administrative Procedure Act are not sufficient, then a special law may regulate an issue of procedure or several specific rules of the administrative procedure differently or anew in relation to the Administrative Procedure Act. Everything that is not regulated differently by the sectoral law, in particular the basic principles, applies according to the ZUP, according to Article 22 of the Constitution. Regardless of the guidelines for the development of control, there are several special features in this area, due to the primary protection of the public benefit, under sectoral laws and implementing regulations. These special features are in principle of two types: the special provisions of the sectoral law and the sectoral law are governed by the same institute as the ZUP, only more specifically, in more detail or supplementary Regulations require the application of the basic principles laid down. The basic principles apply together as a whole, the latter complementary and interconnecting. A special regulation can only be prescribed by a law, which is a special regulation in relation to the LAP, so that in relation to the LAP, the principle that the special legal regulation replaces the general one applies. In the administrative area of a special administrative procedure, the authority will follow the rules of that special administrative procedure when dealing with specific administrative matters in a specific administrative area, and the ZUP will be applied to those issues on which a special law did not regulate procedural special rules. My thesis presents the concepts of general and specific administrative procedure, which are governed by sectoral laws and subordinate ZUP, their intersections and differences of regulation in the legal system with sources, and also compared the original principles and rights, that are part of the Law of the General Administrative procedure with certain sectoral laws. In addition to the above, I also tested the following hypothesis: »The field law can supersede ZUP in any procedural rule, except for fundamental constitutional rights« by normative and comparative method, and comparing selected sectoral laws with ZUP and judicature analysis, and I used also study professional literature and help with case studies. I confirm my thesis, since the results of the analysis of the supreme court's area judicature show that in most cases the court held that only a branch law or a branch law and ZUP should be subordinate.

Načelo zaslišanja stranke predstavlja temelj varstva pravic strank tekom vsakega odločanja upravnih organov. Namen diplomskega dela je bilo ugotoviti, na kakšen način ter v kolikšni meri se načelo zagotavlja v upravnih postopkih, kot tudi kakšne so oblike varstva pravic strank v povezavi s kršitvami tega načela. Namen je bil tudi primerjati slovensko ureditev načela zaslišanja s kanadsko ureditvijo ter ugotoviti, katere so najpogostejše kršitve načela zaslišanja stranke v slovenskem sistemu. Da sem ugotovil, katero področje je glede kršitev načela zaslišanja stranke najbolj problematično, sem primerjal letna poročila Varuha človekovih pravic, izvedel intervjuje s tremi deležniki, ki so vsak z različnih pogledov vpeti v sistem upravnih postopkov ter preučil sodno prakso Vrhovnega sodišča Republike Slovenije. Poleg tega sem analiziral primarne in sekundarne vire, da sem ugotovil urejenost področja v Kanadi in Sloveniji, ju medsebojno primerjal in ugotovil stične točke. Prek analize, tako literature kot judikatov, letnih poročil in izvedenih intervjujev sem ugotovil, da je pomembnost načela zaslišanja stranke v očeh upravnih organov dostikrat spregledana. Do kršitev prihaja predvsem na področjih priseljevanja in prosilcev mednarodne zaščite, ranljive pa so tudi skupine otrok, rejništva ter invalidov. Pomen mojega diplomskega dela in uporabnost le-tega predpisujem predvsem večjemu zavedanju pomembnosti načela zaslišanja stranke vsem, ki odločajo, ali bodo v prihodnosti odločali o pravicah, obveznostih in pravnih koristih strank. Z diplomskim delom prikazujem morebitne kršitve načela zaslišanja stranke ter načine, kako se tem kršitvam izogniti. Z večjim zavedanjem in razumevanjem celosti problema in načela nasploh pa bodo odločitve bolj transparente, legitimne in pravilne. The right to be heard principle is the basis of the protection of human rights during each decision of the administrative bodies. The purpose of my bachelor’s degree is to determine in what manner and to what extent the principle is ensured in administrative procedures, and what are the forms of the right to be heard principle protection in connection with violations of this principle. The purpose is also to compare the Slovenian regulation with the Canadian regulation, and to find out, which are the most frequent violations of the principle to be heard in the Slovenian system. To find the most problematic area regarding the violation of the principle, I compared the annual reports of the Ombudsman, conducted interviews with three entities, each from different perspective of the system of administrative procedures, and studied the case-law of the Supreme Court of Slovenia. In addition, I analysed the primary and the secondary resources to determine the orderliness of the field in Canada and Slovenia, compared them to each other and established contact points. Through the analysis of literature and judicial judgments, annual reports and interviews, I realized that the importance of the right to be heard principle in the eyes of the administrative bodies is often overlooked. The violations mainly occur in the areas of immigration and international protection applicants, while groups of children, foster care and people with disabilities are also vulnerable. The importance and usability of my bachelor’s thesis is to be aware of the significance of the right to be heard principle to all who make decisions now or in the future. With the bachelor’s thesis, I am presenting possible violations of the right to be heard principle and the ways in which those violations are avoided. With greater awareness and understanding the problem’s integrity and the principle in general, decisions will be more transparent, legitimate and correct.

Ljudje že od nekdaj potujemo iz različnih vzrokov in razlogov. Sodobna prometna sredstva nam dandanes omogočajo, da v relativno kratkem času pridemo iz enega kraja v drugega, iz ene države v drugo, z ene celine na drugo. Ob tem je izrednega pomena prevozni sektor, ki v sodobnem času ni le sredstvo premoščanja fizičnih razdalj, temveč eden od najpomembnejših ekonomskih dejavnikov, kateri vpliva na številna druga gospodarska področja. Pri tem je pomembna tudi unifikacija prevoznega prava, ne samo zaradi pravne varnosti ali morda praktičnosti, temveč predvsem zaradi varnosti prevoza kot takšnega. Ti vidiki so izredno pomembni tudi za evropsko integracijo, ki prav posebno pozornost namenja zlasti varstvu potnikov. Celovita zaščita potnikov, njihovih ekonomskih in neekonomskih interesov po tem, ko vstopijo v pogodbeno razmerje za določeno vrsto prevoza, je pravzaprav ena od največjih značilnosti sodobnega transportnega prava EU. Pri tem pa gre za svojevrsten, vzajemen odnos med varstvom potnikov na eni in politiko varstva potrošnikov na drugi strani zaščita potnikov je namreč rezultat, posledica politike varstva potrošnikov, hkrati pa je bila politika varstva potrošnikov močno razširjena ravno s specifikami varstva potnikov. EU si že od leta 1991 prizadeva zagotoviti enake osnovne pravice za vse potnike in razvija zakonodajo, ki bi se uporabljala v vseh državah EU. Po prvih uspehih na področju letalskih prevozov, sledijo ostali trije prevozni sektorji železniški, ladijski in avtobusni. EU naj bi tako po besedah nekdanjega podpredsednika Evropske komisije Siima Kallasa postalo prvo območje na svetu, kjer potniki pri vseh vrstah prevoza uživajo celoten sklop pravic. Ne glede na to katere oblike prevoza se kot potniki poslužujemo, pri vsaki obliki prevoza lahko pride do zamude, odpovedi, izgube ali poškodovanja prtljage, poškodbe, tudi smrti potnika. Logično pričakovanje je, da so tudi pravice potnikov v teh primerih enake, torej ne glede na to ali je do zamude prišlo pri koriščenju letalskega ali pa železniškega prevoza. Upravičeno je pričakovanje, da so poenoteni vsaj ključni pojmi in kriteriji, denimo kaj se šteje kot zamuda, enak režim odgovornosti prevoznika, primerljiv sistem sankcij, odškodnin in podobno. Pa vendar tudi na tem mestu velja ugotovitev, da ni vse zlato, kar se sveti in tako tudi pri evropskem konceptu varstva potnikov ni vse popolno in idealno. Čeprav gre dejansko za zaokrožen sklop pravil, ki na ravni celotne EU na prvi pogled impresivno določajo enak sistem varstva pravic potnikov, pri podrobnejši primerjavi določb štirih uredb EU, ki za letalske, železniške, ladijske in avtobusne prevoze predvidijo enotno ureditev in varstvo pravic potnikov, zelo hitro ugotovimo, da le-te vsebinsko niso poenotene. Nekonsistentnost varstva potnikov, ki vpliva tudi na negotovost potnika, pa ni edina pomanjkljivost. Na določenih mestih so v uredbah tudi pravne praznine, glede katerih je moralo ključno vlogo odigrati Sodišče EU. 8 Varstvo pravic potnika je danes pomembno tudi iz gospodarskega vidika, čeprav se v praksi ugotavlja, da potniki svoje pravice kljub vsemu premalo poznajo. Poleg tega so razlike tudi med samimi prevoznimi sektorji medtem ko je praksa Sodišča EU izredno bogata na področju letalskih prevozov, tega ne moremo trditi za ostale prevozne sektorje, kar pa težko razumemo na način, da je v ostalih oblikah prevoza ureditev toliko boljša ali učinkovitejša. Ob podrobnejšem pregledu in primerjavi evropske ureditve na področju varstva pravic potnikov, smo pri doseganju zastavljenega cilja, to je enotnega in učinkovitega varstva pravic potnikov v vseh štirih oblikah prevoza, tako šele nekje na pol poti. People have always been traveling out of different causes and reasons. Modern means of transport nowadays allow us to get from one place to another, one country to another, one continent to another in a relatively short period. The transport sector, which today is not only one of means to overcome the distance, but one of the most important economic factors which has an impact on many other economic areas, is therefore considered to be of utmost importance. Unification of transport law is also very important, not only for reasons of legal certainty or perhaps convenience, but also because of transport safety. These aspects are extremely important for the European integration, where special attention is brought to the particular protection of passenger%s rights. Comprehensive occupant protection of passengers, their economic and non-economic interests, after entering into a contractual relationship for a particular type of transport, is actually one of the greatest features of the movement of EU transport law. Tere is a unique, interactive relationship between the protection of passengers on one side and consumer protection policy on the other. Hence, the protection of passengers is a result of consumer protection policy, while consumer protection policy is considered to be greatly enhanced by the specificity of the protection for passengers and their rights. Since 1991 EU has endeavored to ensure equal basic rights for all passengers and therefor started to develop legislation that would be applicable in all EU countries. The first successes were in the field of air transport, soon followed by the other three transport sectors railway sector, maritime and inland water sector and public coach sector. According to former Commission Vice-President Siim Kallas EU became the first region in the world where passengers in all modes enjoy the full set of rights. No matter which form of transportation we use as passengers, each form of transport can lead to delays, cancellations, baggage loss or damage, injuries and even death of the passenger. The logical expectation is that the rights of passengers in these cases are the same, no matter whether the delay was occurred during the use of air or rail transport. There is a legitimate expectation that at least the key concepts and criteria, such as what is considered as a delay, equal regime of carrier's liability, comparable system of penalties, damages and the like, are uniformed. But at this point this is considered as the Fool's Gold, and so also in the EU concept of protection for passengers not everything is perfect and ideal. Although there is indeed a rounded set of rules, which at first glance impressively determine the same system of protection of passengers's rights at the EU level, in case of more detailed comparison of the provisions of the four EU regulations, which for air, rail, ship and bus services provide regulation and protection of passengers's rights, we find very quickly that they are not fully harmonized. Inconsistency of protection for passengers, which is also affected by the uncertainty of the passenger, is not the only drawback. At certain points there is also a lacuna in 10 some provisions in respect of which the key role the European Court of Justice had to play. Nowadays, the protection of passenger%s rights is considered to be an important economic aspect, however, the practice shows that the passengers are insufficiently aware of their rights. Moreover, there are differences between transport sectors. While there are numerous decisions of the ECJ in the field of air transport, this cannot be said for other transport sectors. Upon closer examination and comparison of European regulation on the protection of passenger rights we, are therefore in achieving its goal, which is a uniform and effective protection of the rights of passengers in all four modes of transport, only somewhere halfway to the target.

Zasnovani sistem varstva pravic prava EU je, kljub velikim spremembam na gospodarsko ekonomskem področju in tudi na socialnem področju, saj se je družba in posameznikov položaj v njej v tem času zelo spremenil, dolga leta deloval brezhibno. Odrekanje pravnega varstva oziroma pomanjkanje učinkovitega pravnega sredstva kot pomanjkljivost sistema ni bilo zaznano vse do zadeve Jégo-Quéré. Po opravljeni analizi pravnih sredstev, ki so v okvirih varstva pravic v zasebnem interesu, javnem interesu in v okviru ustavnega varstva pravic na voljo posamezniku, je zaključiti, da je za posameznika daleč najprimernejše varstvo pravic v zasebnem interesu. Direktna ničnostna tožba na podlagi četrtega odstavka 263. člena Pogodbe o delovanju EU pa je tisti institut varstva pravic EU, ki je za posameznika, če le izpolnjuje stroge legitimacijske pogoje, ki so po spremembi z Lizbonsko pogodbo upoštevaje interpretacijo pojma predpis, ki jo je Sodišče EU poudarilo v zadevi C-583/11 P, postali za posameznika, ki želi izpodbijani splošne akte, z izjemo zakonodajnih aktov, manj strogi, daleč najprimernejši. Kljub vsem možnostim varstva pravic, ki so posamezniku neposredno ali posredno na voljo, da bi lahko učinkovito zavaroval svoje pravic, ki izvirajo iz prava EU, se postavlja vprašanje ali se lahko vseeno znajde v situaciji, ko mu ustrezno oziroma učinkovito varstvo pravic (po načelu effet utile) ni zagotovljeno? Odgovor je pritrdilen. Varstvo pravic posameznika preko Sodišča EU je kljub namenu spremembe četrtega odstavka 263. člena PDEU, da se posameznikom omogoči, da pod manj strogimi pogoji vložijo ničnostno tožbo zoper predpise, omejeno in ni opaziti interesa, ne s strani Sodišča EU, kot tudi ne s strani držav članic (sodeč po Lizbonski pogodbi), da bi v prihodnje prišlo do širitve tega obsega na tak način, da bi posameznikom v okviru pojma predpis bila dana možnost izpodbijanja splošnih zakonodajnih aktov. Naloga je sestavljena iz treh poglavij. Prvo poglavje predstavlja kratek uvod v sisteme varstva pravic. V drugem poglavju sledi opis značilnosti posameznega sistem varstva pravic, s pregledom bistvenih lastnosti pravnih sredstev, znotraj vsakega izmed sistemov varstva pravic. Tretje poglavje je jedro magistrske naloge. V njem so najprej predstavljene možnosti, kako lahko posameznik zaščiti svoje pravice, ali se lahko odloči za uveljavljanje varstva pravic le znotraj enega sistema varstva pravic, na primer zasebnopravnega, ali pa lahko hkrati uporabi tudi pravna sredstva, ki mu jih nudi sistem javnega varstva pravic. Sledi analiza podobnosti in razlik ter medsebojne povezanosti posameznih pravnih sredstev, ki daje podlago za pregled prednosti in slabosti za posameznika, pri uveljavljanju varstva pravic. Magistrska naloga doseže svoj vrh pri presoji, ali je posamezniku, glede na novo ureditev po Lizbonski pogodbi in kljub pomanjkljivostim sistema varstva pravic, zagotovljeno učinkovito varstvo pravic prava EU. Temu pa sledijo še sklepne misli. System designed to protect the rights of EU law has for many years, despite significant changes in the commercial economic field and in the social sphere, as the society and individuals position in it in the meantime changed a lot, worked flawless. Denial of justice or the lack of an effective remedy as a weakness of the system was not detected until the Jégo-Quéré case. After an analysis of legal remedies, which are under the protection of private interests, public interests and constitutional protection, available to individuals, it can be concluded that for the individual far most appropriate the protection of the rights of private interest. Direct action for annulment under the fourth paragraph 263 Article TFEU is the institute of protection of the rights of the EU, which is for an individual, if he complies with the strict legitimation conditions which, as amended by the Lisbon Treaty considering the interpretation of the concept Regulatory act by the EU Court of Justice in Case C-583/11 P became for the individual who wants contested general acts, with the exception of Legislative acts, less stringent, by far the best. Despite all the possibilities of protection of the rights which are to an individual directly or indirectly available for effective protection of their rights deriving from EU law, the question arises whether there is still a possibility, for an individual to remain without effective legal judicial protection (on the principle of effet utile)? The answer is affirmative. Protection of individual rights through the European Court of Justice is despite the intention of amanding the fourth paragraph 263 Article TFEU in order to enable individuals under less stringent conditions to bring an action for annulment against Regulatory acts, limited and there is no interest by the EU Court of Justice, nor by the Member States (judging by the Lisbon Treaty) to perceive that in the future expansion of this range in a way that the individuals within the context of the Regulatory act would be given the opportunity to contest the general legislative acts would occur. The master degree consists of three chapters. The first chapter presents an introduction to the court system of rights protection. The second chapter follows a description of the characteristics of each system of protection of the rights, scrutiny of the essential qualities of the remedies within each of the systems of protection of rights. The third chapter is the essence of the master degree's thesis. At first the options are presented, how the individual can protect his rights, whether he chooses to enforce the protection of rights only within a private law remedies system, or may he also use the remedies from the public law remedies system. Analysis of similarities and differences and interrelation of individual remedies gives rise to the advantages and disadvantages for the individual in the exercise of legal remedies. Thesis culminates in assessing whether an individual, according to a new arrangement under the Lisbon Treaty, and despite the shortcomings of the protection of the rights, is provided with effective protection of EU law. This is followed by the conclusion.

Splošni upravni postopek je en sam, medtem ko poznamo nekaj sto posebnih upravnih postopkov. V Sloveniji so upravni postopki opredeljeni z Zakonom o splošnem upravnem postopku in s posebnimi specialnimi procesnimi pravili področne zakonodaje, ki urejajo posamezna strokovna vprašanja, kadar pravila splošnega zakona ne zadoščajo in zahtevajo uporabo področnega zakona skupaj z ZUP. Večina zakonskih predpisov zahteva uporabo predpisanih temeljnih načel. Ta namreč predstavljajo smernice odločanja v upravnih zadevah ter varstvo človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin. Njihova uporaba vključno z uporabo pravnih sredstev in potrebnim nadzorom vzpostavlja red in disciplino v medsebojnih odnosih med ljudmi in oblastjo. Skratka je s skupno uporabo splošnega zakona o upravnem postopku in specialnimi procesnimi pravili področne zakonodaje omejeno samovoljno odločanje uprave in s tem delo upravnih organov. Tako imajo pri izvajanju upravnih postopkov pomembno vlogo temeljna načela upravnega postopka po ZUP. Načela predstavljajo postopkovne smernice upravnega postopka, njihova kršitev pa predstavlja absolutno bistveno postopkovno napako, ki privede do ustrezne sankcije ali celo do ničnosti odločbe. V mojem diplomskemu delu predstavljam, kaj je splošni upravni postopek in kaj so posebni upravni postopki, medsebojno povezanost in uporabo temeljnih načel upravnega postopka, zlasti varstvo javnega interesa in pravic strank ter ekonomičnost. In the administration of the Republic of Slovenia there is one general administrative procedure and several special administrative procedures. Administrative procedures are governed by the Slovenian General Administrative Procedure Act (Slovenian acronym: ZUP) and several other special procedural regulations of the sectoral legislation regulating individual specific issues, when the rules of the general law are insufficient and require the application of the sectoral law together with the General Administrative Procedure Act. Most of the legal provisions require the application of the fundamental principles which represent guidelines for decision making in administrative matters as well as protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Their use and the use of legal means together with the necessary supervision helps establishing order and discipline in the interaction between individuals and the authority. Joint usage of the General Administrative Procedure Act and sectoral special procedures ensures arbitrary decision making of the Administration and administrative authorities is limited. Therefore, the fundamental principles of the administrative procedure in accordance with ZUP play the key role in protecting the rights of the parties involved. The fundamental principles represent procedural guidelines for the administrative procedures their violation represents an absolute procedural error which imposes appropriate sanctions or can moreover even lead to the annulment of the decision. My thesis presents the general administrative procedure and the special administrative procedures, their interconnection and the application of the basic principles of administrative proceedings. Amongst basic principles I present in particular the protection of the public interest, the individual’s rights and the economy.

Na področju delovnega prava ima poseben pomen varstvo pravic delavca, ki je v delovnem razmerju šibkejša stranka. Delavec je varovan praktično na vseh pravnih področjih, posebno vlogo v sistemu varstva pravic delavca pa ima inšpekcija za delo. Ta opravlja nadzor nad izvajanjem zakonov, drugih predpisov, kolektivnih pogodb ter splošnih aktov na področju delovnih razmerij, kot izvršilno nalogo državne uprave. V diplomskem delu je uvodoma predstavljen pomen inšpekcijskega nadzora v pravnem sistemu in njegov zgodovinski razvoj. Predstavitvi inšpekcijskega nadzora na splošno sledi predstavitev posebnosti na področju pristojnosti inšpekcije za delo. Ta organizacijsko deluje v okviru Inšpektorata Republike Slovenije za delo. Zgodovinskemu pregledu in pregledu ureditve ter pristojnosti inšpekcije za delo v avstrijskem, nemškem in italijanskem pravnem redu sledi pregled pozitivnopravne ureditve v pravnem sistemu Republike Slovenije. V nadaljevanju so predstavljeni potek inšpekcijskega postopka, ki ga opravlja inšpekcija za delo, ter pooblastila inšpektorjev. Poseben poudarek je na odgovoru na vprašanje, na čigav predlog se začne inšpekcijski postopek in kdo so stranke v njem. Inšpekcijski postopek se navadno konča z izdajo ureditvene upravne odločbe, s katero inšpektor odredi vzpostavitev zakonitega stanja. Zraven izdaje ureditvene upravne odločbe ima inšpektor v primeru kršitve zakona ali drugega predpisa, katerega izvajanje nadzoruje, še druge možnosti ukrepanja. Tako lahko izda prepovedno odločbo, odločbo v hitrem prekrškovnem postopku, poda ovadbo pristojnemu organu v primeru domnevne storitve kaznivega dejanja ali ukrepa na drug predviden način. Poseben pomen ima preventivno delo inšpekcije, s katerim ta preprečuje nastanek nezakonitega stanja in kršenja pravic. Na koncu so na kratko predstavljeni in med seboj primerjani še drugi postopki v okviru varstva pravic delavcev, to so sodno varstvo, kazenskopravno varstvo in varstvo v okviru prekrškovnega prava. Poseben poudarek je namenjen primerjavi med inšpekcijskim postopkom in ostalimi omenjenimi postopki. Workers are the weaker party of an employment relationship so protecting their rights has a special meaning in labour law. The worker is protected on practically every level of legal practice, the labour inspection having a major role in the worker rights protection system. The labour inspection supervises the implementation of legislation and other regulations, collective labour agreement and general legal acts regarding employment relationships as the regulative body of the state administration. In the introduction the thesis presents the meaning of inspection in the legal system and its development through history. Based on the general regime of inspection the author presents actual examples of labour inspectors that fall within the competence of The Labour Inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia. The thesis reviews the historical and regulative outline as well as the competency of the labour inspectorate from the Austrian, German and Italian legal system, and follows with a review of the positive law regime in the Slovenian legal system. Further on, the thesis presents the course of an inspection procedure carried out by the labour inspection and the powers given to the inspectors. The thesis deals especially with the issue of who initiates an inspection procedure and who the parties of the procedure are. An inspection procedure usually ends when an inspector issues an administrative decision, ordering the parties to restore a legal status. Besides issuing a decision, the inspectors can also take other measures when regulations or other acts are being violated in procedures they are supervising. They can issue cease and desist orders, carry out procedures in accordance with the Minor Offences Act, file a criminal complaint or take other measures according to regulations. The prevention part of inspector work is very important as it prevents illegal status and rights violation. The last part of the thesis deals and compares shortly other procedures of protecting labour rights: judicial protection, criminal law protection and protection of rights, deriving from employment relationship regulations. A special emphasis is given to the comparison between inspection procedures and other previously stated procedures.

Država nosi pomembno odgovornost, da otroke, ki iz različnih razlogov začasno ne morejo bivati pri svojih starših, premesti v nadomestno - rejniško družino, v kateri otrok biva in je deležen zanj primerne oskrbe, nege, vzgoje, podpore in ljubezni ter pozitivne družinske izkušnje nasploh, dokler se razmere v matični družini ne popravijo oziroma izboljšajo. Center za socialno delo (CSD) je kot nosilec javnih pooblastil odgovoren za odločitev v zvezi z odvzemom in oddajo otroka v rejništvo. V okvir te odločitve spada tudi dolžnost preverjanja pogojev in motivov ter primernosti kandidatov za izvajanje rejniške dejavnosti. Po sami namestitvi otroka v rejniško družino pa je CSD zadolžen še za opravljanje nadzora nad pravilnim izvajanjem rejništva, aktivno pomoč matični družini, otroku in rejniški družini, če ta pomoč potrebuje, ter sestavo individualne projektne skupine (IPS), na kateri se pripravi natančen načrt obravnave otroka in njegova nadaljnja oskrba, vzgoja in nega v rejniški družini. Diplomska naloga podrobno analizira institut rejništva in z njim povezane pojme. Osredotoča se na odgovornost in dolžnosti Centra za socialno delo v postopkih rejništva, vse od začetka pa do konca trajanja rejništva ter na odgovornost rejnikov in rejniške družine do otroka, CSD in matične družine. The country holds an important responsibility to transfer children, who, for various reasons, temporarily cannot live with their parents, to a foster family in which the child resides and receives appropriate care, upbringing, support, love and a general positive family experience until the conditions in their biological family improve. The Social Work Centre (SWC) has the public authorisation to decide whether a child should be removed from the home and put into foster care. Included in this decision is also the obligation to evaluate the conditions, motives and the suitability of candidates to perform foster care. After the child is placed into foster care, the SWC is then obligated to supervise the foster care and to actively help the biological family, the child, and the foster family, if help is needed. Furthermore, it is obliged to compose an individual project group (IPG), where a detailed plan is prepared regarding the approach to the child as well as his future care and upbringing in the foster family. This diploma thesis analyses in detail the institute of foster care and notions in connection to it. It focuses on the responsibilities and obligations of the Social Work Centre in foster care proceedings, throughout the duration of the foster care, and it also focuses on the responsibilities of foster parents and the foster family to the child, SWC and the biological family.

Avtorica dr. Tanja Karakamiševa v članku »Človekove pravice v Republiki Makedoniji« obravnava varstvo pravic in svoboščin v veljavni ustavni ureditvi Makedonije. Posebej se posveča vprašanju demokratičnosti ureditve in prakse na tem področju. Avtorica v drugem delu svoje razprave govori o vzrokih in posledicah eskalacije mednacionalnih sporov in izbruha nasilja, ki so vodili do ustavnih sprememb glede varstva pravic narodnih skupnosti. V sklepnem delu avtorica analizira uveljavljanje mednarodnih standardov varstva pravic v Makedoniji, ki si prizadeva postati članica Nata in Evropske unije. Prispevek objavljamo v angleškem izvirniku. Rights and freedoms are the main criteria for the position and the role of the individual and the citizen in society. They are part of the political history of the society because they are the best indicators of the character of the relations which exist between the state and the society, on the one hand, and the society and the individual on the other. The concept of human rights and freedoms in the Macedonian Constitution is based on the liberal democratic values. The key intention of the Constitution is expressed not only in the central position which is given to the provisions for the rights and the freedoms of individuals and citizens in the Constitution, but also in the fact that almost one third of all Constitutional articles is committed these rights and freedoms. The Macedonian Constitution connects the fundamental human rights and freedoms with the concept of the individual and citizen, but also with the collective rights of ethnical minorities with highly respect of the international standards and responsibilities taken under the human rights treaties. The Republic of Macedonia is a party to numerous international human rights conventions of the United Nations and of the Council of Europe, including the control mechanisms established for application of the provisions. A part of them are inherited by succession from the former Yugoslavian federation on the basis of Article 5 from the Constitutional Law for Implementation of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia. The text is published in English.

Avtor obravnava sedem po njegovi oceni najpomembnejših odločitev Ustavnega sodišča Slovenije, sprejetih med letoma 1977 in 2009. Temeljni kriterij za izbor odločitev je njihov prispevek k vzpostavljanju zahtevnejših standardov varstva človekovih in manjšinskih pravic ter omejevanju in sankcionairanju protiustavnih posegov države vanje. Po avtorjevi oceni je najpomembnejša odločba o izbrisanih, ki je sicer razkrila obotavljanja pri uresničevanju odločitev Ustavnega sodišča, vendar bo na koncu zmagalo prepričanje, da ima glede razlage Ustave in varstva človekovih pravic ustavno sodišče zadnjo besedo. The author discusses seven, in his opinion, most important decisions of the Slovenian Constitutional Court. They were taken between 1977 and 2009. The main criteria for the selection of the decisions is their contribution to establishing more stringent standards of the protection of human and minority rights and limitation and sanctioning of unconstitutional interventions of the state. According to the author, the most important decision is the one regarding the erased, which has in fact revealed the delays in implementation of the decisions of the Constitutional Court, but in the end the belief that the Constitutional Court has the final say regarding the interpretation of constitution shall prevail. The text is published in Slovenian.

Institut upravnega spora, ki se je razvil in izoblikoval v francoski pravni doktrini in praksi, predstavlja zunanji sodni nadzor nad odločanjem in delovanjem uprave, ki ga med drugim odlikujeta dve pomembni kvaliteti – neodvisnost in nepristranskost. S tem se šibkejši stranki, to je tožniku v upravnem sporu, zagotavlja učinkovito varstvo pravic in temeljnih svoboščin na upravnopravnem področju. Tako institut upravnega spora pomeni pomembno prvino pravne države in vladavine prava. V posebnem sodnem postopku upravnega spora pristojno sodišče opravlja kontrolo zakonitosti nad odločitvami organov oblasti. Pri tem ima na razpolago različna zakonska pooblastila, med katerimi je tudi reformatorično pooblastilo, na podlagi katerega sodišče v upravnem sporu ne presoja le gole zakonitosti sporne odločitve uprave, temveč ima tudi možnost, da sporno upravno odločitev, za katero ugotovi, da je nezakonita, spremeni ter tako sámo odloči o pravici, obveznosti ali pravni koristi fizične ali pravne osebe oziroma druge osebe, ki je lahko stranka v postopku izdaje upravnega akta. V takem primeru sodišče odloči v sporu polne jurisdikcije. Uporaba reformatoričnega pooblastila v upravnem sporu predstavlja najintenzivnejše pooblastilo sodišča, saj pomeni spremembo upravne odločitve s strani sodne veje oblasti, omogoča pa tudi čimprejšnji in učinkovit (pravnomočen) zaključek odločanja o upravni zadevi. Ker sodišče v sporu polne jurisdikcije spremeni izpodbijano odločitev uprave in sámo odloči o pravici, obveznosti ali pravni koristi stranke na področju upravnega prava, to vselej na nek način pomeni tudi poseg v upravno funkcijo, s tem pa lahko tak način odločanja sodišča v upravnem sporu postavi pod vprašaj ustavno načelo delitve oblasti. Zato lahko sodišče zaradi spoštovanja načela deljene oblasti na tak način odloči samo v utemeljenih primerih – kadar so za tak način odločanja izpolnjeni vsi pogoji, kot jih opredeljuje normativna ureditev. S tem se na eni strani zagotavlja ustavno načelo delitve oblasti, na drugi strani pa vzpostavi učinkovit sistem zavor in ravnovesij med izvršilno-upravno in sodno vejo oblasti. Odločanje v upravnem sporu polne jurisdikcije predstavlja način uresničevanja kontrole zakonitosti odločitev uprave in strankam tudi na upravnem področju v polnem obsegu zagotavlja ustavno zajamčeno pravico do sodnega varstva iz 23. člena Ustave RS. Institut spora polne jurisdikcije v normativni ureditvi predstavlja tudi sankcijo za nedelovanje upravnih organov, saj omogoča izvršitev sodne odločitve, kadar upravni organ iz neutemeljenih razlogov ne spoštuje sodbe sodišča, pomeni pa tudi nadomestilo za neupravičen molk uprave. Ker pa tudi v takih primerih odločanje v sporu polne jurisdikcije ni vselej avtomatično utemeljeno, je treba uvesti še druge načine, ki bi omogočali učinkovito discipliniranje upravnih organov in zagotavljali dosledno izvrševanje sodnih odločitev na upravnopravnem področju. S tem bi se prispevalo k zagotavljanju aktivnega delovanja uprave in učinkovitega varstva pravnega položaja strank, okrepila pa bi se tudi avtoriteta sodnih odločitev. Vse bolj se poudarja, da mora biti (tudi) odločanje o upravnih zadevah učinkovito. Zato spor polne jurisdikcije, ki pomeni, da sodišče meritorno odloči o upravni zadevi, ne da bi zadevo vračalo nazaj v ponovno odločanje upravnemu organu, lahko pomembno prispeva k doseganju tega cilja. Tako je treba razmisliti o nadaljnjem pravnem razvoju oziroma nadgradnji spora polne jurisdikcije, ki bi pomenila prispevek k čimprejšnji razrešitvi spora med strankami, hkrati pa bi zagotavljala tudi ustrezno ravnovesje med posameznimi vejami oblasti, zlasti med sodno in izvršilno-upravno, ter njihovimi temeljnimi funkcijami. Iz tega razloga je treba na normativni ravni in tudi na podlagi ustrezne interpretacije v pravni praksi uvesti (nove) možnosti oziroma oblike odločanja v sporu polne jurisdikcije. Pri tem je treba oblikovati take rešitve, ki ne bodo pomenile dodatnega oziroma pretiranega obremenjevanja upravnega sodstva, ampak, ki bodo v prvi vrsti prispevale k zagotavljanju učinkovitega varstva pravic strank na eni strani, ter hitrega in ekonomičnega razreševanje sporov o upravnih zadevah na drugi strani, in s tem čimprejšnjega zaključka postopka odločanja o upravnih zadevah. Pri ureditvi upravnega spora, v okvir katerega spada tudi institut spora polne jurisdikcije, pa je treba, kot rečeno, vselej skrbeti za zagotavljanje ustreznega ravnotežja med sodno in izvršilno-upravno vejo oblasti. Na eni strani je treba skrbeti, da upravno sodstvo ne postane nadomestilo za odločanje o upravnih zadevah namesto uprave, na drugi strani pa tudi, da ne pomeni prekomernega poseganja v izvršilno-upravno funkcijo. Zato je pomembno, da se odločanje v upravnem sporu, ob upoštevanju narave odločanja in okoliščin konkretnega primera, vselej giblje znotraj meje, ki (še) pomeni sodno kontrolo nad odločitvami uprave, ne pa prevzemanja funkcije upravnega odločanja. Tudi upravnemu sodstvu je treba na eni strani omogočiti, na drugi strani pa prepustiti, da (lahko) v skladu z ustavnimi zahtevami in normativnim okvirom zagotavlja kakovostno odločanje o upravnih zadevah ter učinkovito pravno varstvo pravic in temeljnih svoboščin strank, s tem pa dodatno prispevati k spoštovanju sodnih odločitev in h krepitvi zaupanja v delo upravnega sodstva. The administrative dispute, which developed in french legal doctrine and practice, represents an external judicial review of administrative acts and has two important qualities – independence and impartiality. This provides the plaintiff with an effective protection of his rights and fundamental freedoms in an administrative dispute. Thus, the administrative dispute is an important element of the rule of law. In a special judicial procedure of an administrative dispute, the competent court exercises control over the legality of administrative decisions. In doing so, the court has various statutory powers at its disposal, including a reformatory power on the basis of which the court in an administrative dispute not only assesses the mere legality of the disputed administrative decision but also has the competence to change it and thus to decide on the right, obligation or legal interest of an individual. This is called the administrative dispute of full jurisdiction. In such case the court thus decides on the matter in an administrative dispute. The use of reformatory power in an administrative dispute represents the most intensive power of the court as it means a change in the administrative decision by the judiciary, but also enables an effective (final) completion of the decision-making process in an administrative matter without delay. The courtʹs power for deciding in a dispute of full jurisdiction has an adverse effect on executive (administrative) branch and consequently on the constitutional principle of the separation of powers. Therefore, the court may decide in a dispute of full jurisdiction only in duly justified cases, when the conditions for such decision are met. On the one hand, this guarantees the constitutional principle of the separation of powers and, on the other hand, establishes an effective system of checks and balances between the executive (administrative) and judicial branch. Administrative dispute of full jurisdiction constitutes a type of reviewing of the legality of the decisions taken by the administration and guarantees the right to judicial protection under the Article 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia in the field of administrative law. Administrative dispute of full jurisdiction also represents a sanction when the administration does not comply with the judgment or does not issue an administrative act (failure by the authority to respond). However, even in such cases, an administrative dispute of full jurisdiction is not always (automatically) justified, so other possible measures for effective disciplining of administrative authorities and enforcing of judgments should be introduced. This would contribute to ensuring the active functioning of the administration and protection of the legal positions of the parties, and would also strengthen the authority of court decisions. It is increasingly emphasized that resolving of administrative matters should be more effective and an administrative dispute of full jurisdiction can make a significant contribution to achieving this aim. Consideration should be given to further legal development of an administrative dispute of full jurisdiction, which would contribute to resolving the dispute between the parties as soon as possible while ensuring an appropriate balance between different branches of power, especially between judicial and executive (administrative) one, and their basic functions. In view of that, (new) different types of court's decisions in an administrative dispute of full jurisdiction should be introduced into legislation and legal practice. However, these new solutions should not entail excessive burdens on the administrative justice, but, above all, guarantee effective protection of the individuals’ rights and economic resolution of administrative matters. The regulation of an administrative dispute, including an administrative dispute of full jurisdiction, has to ensure an appropriate balance between the judicial and the executive (administrative) branch of power. Administrative justice should not become a substitute for deciding on administrative matters instead of the administration and it should not interfere excessively in the executive (administrative) function. In the context of deciding in an administrative dispute it is therefore important that the limits which (still) outline the judicial control over the administrative decisions are taken into account, with regard to the facts and circumstances of the concrete case. Administrative courts should not assume the administrative decision-making function. The administrative judiciary should also be enabled to ensure quality judgments in administrative matters and effective legal protection of rights and fundamental freedoms of the parties, in accordance with the constitutional requirements and the normative framework. This will increase respect for judicial decisions and strengthen confidence in the administrative judiciary.

Diplomsko delo je študija Živalske policije v Sloveniji raziskovanje njene pozicije v zbiru vladnih in nevladnih organizacij, ki delujejo na področju varstva pravic živali, preučitev njenih pristojnosti in nalog, načina dela in organiziranosti ter nenazadnje njenega sodelovanja z ostalimi v zbiru omenjenih. Živalska policija deluje od leta 2013, pri čemer je v letošnjem letu prešla izpod okrilja Združenja Varnih hiš Nova Slovenije, pod okrilje Združenja za varstvo pravic živali, katerega predsednik je istoimenovani predsednik Živalske policije, Aldo-Goran Ninovski. Kljub temu, da Živalska policija nima nikakršnih pooblastil, pa je to pri njenem delovanju ne ovira, saj zaradi natančnega poznavanja zakonodaje in primernega pristopa, tako do kršiteljev, kot do dotičnih oseb v organizacijah in ustanovah, s katerimi sodelujejo, dobro, povsem zadovoljivo kljubuje mučiteljem živali, zato so pomisleki glede potrebe po ustanovitvi oddelka oziroma posebne enote v Policiji, ki bi se ukvarjala le s primeri mučenja živali, nekako odveč. Namreč, problem ni v pooblastilih, ki jih Živalska policija sploh nima, temveč v zakonodaji. Slednja namreč ni v koraku s časom in pravice živali ne varuje v zadostni meri. Problem se izraža pri nizkih zagroženih kaznih, ki niti nimajo pravega ustrahovalnega, preventivnega učinka. Tudi kar zadeva intrinzične vrednosti, torej vrednosti bitja samega po sebi, je živali v slovenski zakonodaji nimajo, oziroma se ta kaže zelo pomanjkljivo. Slednje so namreč v večini primerov obravnavane kot lastnina in v primeru mučenja kot poškodovanje ali dokončno uničenje le-te. Poudarek pa bi moral biti ravno v prizadejanih bolečinah in morebitnem uničenju življenja živali. Zato bi bil korak v pravi smeri storjen, če bi se spremenili zakoni, ki dotičejo varstvo pravic živali v Sloveniji. Predpogoj temu pa je nekako sprememba miselnosti ljudi in zavedanja vrednosti slehernega živega bitja, posledično pa pritisk in zahteve po spremembi zakonodaje s tega področja. Nenazadnje pa bi sprememba v miselnosti botrovala tudi k doslednejšemu prijavljanju mučenja živali, saj bi višji moralni standardi človeku ne dopuščali brezbrižnosti. Na spremembo miselnosti in na pogled na varstvo pravic živali pa skuša vplivati tudi Živalska policija s svojimi preventivnimi nalogami, kot so informiranje in izobraževanje ljudi v različnih ustanovah, tudi v vrtcih in šolah, saj je nenazadnje potrebno vzbuditi čut za živali že pri najmlajših. This thesis is a study of the Animal Police (Živalska policija) in Slovenia a research of their position within the scope of governmental and nongovernmental organizations which operate in the area of animal rights, an examination of their jurisdiction and their mission, their working methods and their structure, as well as their cooperation with other organizations. The Animal Police have been in operation since 2013 however, this year they have passed from the supervision of the Nova Slovenija Safe House Association (Združenje Varnih hiš Nova Slovenije) and under the auspices of the Association for the protection of animal rights (Združenje za varstvo pravic živali), the president of which is Aldo-Goran Ninovski, also the president of the Animal Police. The Animal Police’s lack of any authority does not impede their operations, as they have detailed knowledge of the relevant legislation and a suitable approach both towards offenders and the relevant persons within the organizations and institutions they cooperate with. These aid the Animal Police in the carrying out of appropriate and completely acceptable confrontations with animal abusers therefore, any doubts as to the need for the establishment of a unit within the Police which would exclusively handle cases of animal abuse, are somewhat redundant. The problem, in fact, is not in the authority the Animal Police completely lack, but in the legislation itself. The latter is behind the times and does not sufficiently protect animal rights. The problem is manifested in very low penalties, which do not even serve the function of intimidation or prevention. In Slovene legislation, animals do not have any intrinsic value, i.e. the value of a being in and of itself, or the value presented is very inadequate. Animals are, in most cases, treated as property, and animal abuse is treated as damage or destruction of property. The emphasis, however, should be placed precisely on the pain inflicted on the animal and the potential ruination of the animal's life. The appropriate first step would then be a change in the legislation regarding animal rights in Slovenia. The prerequisite for such a change necessitates an alteration in the mind-set of people and an increasing awareness of the value of each and every living being, which would consequently engender more insistence and a demand for change in the legislation in this area. Finally, a mind-set change would result in a more consistent reporting of animal abuse, as higher moral standards would not allow for indifference. The Animal Police attempt to alter the people’s mind-set and perspective on animal rights through preventive measures, such as providing information and education in different institutions, including kindergartens and schools, as compassion for animals must be evoked even among the youngest age groups.