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Resume Objectifs Malgre les recommandations, le taux de femmes recevant une supplementation en acide folique en France est insuffisant. L’objectif principal etait d’identifier les facteurs associes une supplementation inadequate en acide folique. L’objectif secondaire etaient d’evaluer les connaissances des femmes sur la prevention des anomalies de fermeture du tube neural (AFTN). Methode Nous avons realise une enquete sur 400 femmes de 8 maternites parisiennes. La supplementation en acide folique etait definie comme inadequate lorsqu’elle etait debutee apres le debut de la grossesse. Resultats Parmi les femmes interrogees, 68 % avaient une supplementation inadequate en acide folique. Les facteurs associes a une supplementation inadequate etaient un âge inferieur a 35 ans (ORa = 1,8 ; 95 % IC [1,1–2,8]), l’absence de couverture sociale (ORa = 3,9 ; 95 % IC [1,5–10,1]), un niveau d’etude n’allant pas au-dela du baccalaureat (ORa = 2,9 ; 95 % IC [1,2–6,9]), et l’absence de suivi gynecologique regulier (ORa = 3,0 ; 95 %IC [1,6–5,6]). Plus de la moitie (55,5 %) des femmes de l’etude n’avaient pas une bonne connaissance des benefices de l’acide folique et les facteurs associes etaient l’absence de suivi gynecologique regulier et l’absence de couverture sociale. Conclusion Des facteurs individuels associes a un defaut de supplementation ont ete identifies. Ces resultats apportent aux professionnels et tutelles de sante des elements utiles pour developper des strategies adaptees a certains sous-groupes de femmes pour une meilleure prevention des AFTN dans ces populations.

International audience; Objective: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency has been associated with sleep disorders in adults. Only three cross-sectional studies were performed in children and showed an association between 25OHD deficiency and both obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and primary snoring. No longitudinal study has been performed in children from the general population. We analyzed the association between cord-blood vitamin D level at birth and night-sleep duration trajectories for children between 2 and 5-6 years old in a non-clinical cohort.Method: We included 264 children from the French EDEN mother-child birth-cohort with both cord-blood 25OHD level determined by radio-immunoassay at birth, and night-sleep trajectories for children between 2 and 5-6 years old obtained by the group-based trajectory modeling method. Associations between 25OHD and sleep trajectories were assessed by multinomial logistic regression adjusted for maternal and child characteristics.Results: The trajectories short sleep (

Objective To evaluate the respiratory outcome in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), considering recent management procedures and the CHD pathophysiology. Design and Setting Clinical and functional respiratory outcome were evaluated in 8-year-old children with isolated CHD followed up from birth in the prospective population-based EPICARD cohort. Patients Children were assigned to two groups, based on the pathophysiology of the CHD: CHDs with left-to-right shunt (n = 212) and CHDs with right outflow tract obstruction (n = 113). Results Current wheezing episodes were observed in 15% of the children with isolated CHD and left-to-right shunt, and 11% of the children with isolated CHD and right outflow tract obstruction (not significant). Total lung capacity (TLC) was the only respiratory function parameter that significantly differed between the two groups. It was lower in children with left-to-right shunt (88.72 ± 0.65% predicted) than in those with right outflow tract obstruction (91.84 ± 0.96, p = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, CHD with left-to-right shunt (coeff. [95% CI]: -3.17 [-5.45; -0.89]) and surgery before the age of 2 months (-6.52 [-10.90; -2.15]) were identified as independent factors associated with significantly lower TLC values. Conclusion Lower TLC remains a long-term complication in CHD, particularly in cases with left-to-right shunt and in patients requiring early repair. These findings suggest that an increase in pulmonary blood flow may directly impair lung development.

Despite the guidelines in effect, too few women in France receive folic acid supplementation. The principal objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with the inadequacy of this supplementation in the periconceptional period. The secondary objective was to assess women's knowledge about the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs).This study included 400 women and took place in 8 Parisian maternity. Folic acid supplementation was inadequate when started after the beginning of the pregnancy.Among the women questioned, 68% had inadequate folic acid supplementation. They were significantly younger (ORa= 1,8; 95% IC [1,1-2,8]), didn't had health insurance (ORa=3,9; 95% IC [1,5-10,1]), had not studied after high school (ORa=2,9; 95% IC [1,2-6,9]) and had regular gynecological care less often than the women with adequate supplementation (ORa=3,0; 95% IC [1,6-5,6]). More than half (55.5%) had insufficient knowledge of the benefits of folic acid; the factors related to this lack of knowledge were the absence of regular gynecological care and of health insurance.Individual factors associated with a lack of supplementation have been identified. These results provide health professionals and supervisors with useful information for developing strategies adapted to certain subgroups of women for better prevention of AFTN in these populations.

International audience; Objective. Sleep duration may vary inter-individually and intra-individually over time. We aimed at both identifying night-sleep duration (NSD) trajectories among preschoolers and studying associated factors. Methods. NSD were collected within the French birth-cohort study EDEN at ages 2, 3 and 5-6 years through parental questionnaires, and were used to model NSD trajectories among 1205 children. Familial socioeconomic factors, maternal sociodemographic, health and lifestyle characteristics as well as child health, lifestyle, and sleep characteristics at birth and/or at age 2 years were investigated in association with NSD using multinomial logistic regressions. Results. Five distinct NSD trajectories were identified: short (SS

Objective The aim was to study, with a developmental approach, the longitudinal association between night-waking from age 2 to 5–6 years and behavior at age 5–6 years. Methods Within the French birth cohort study Etude sur les Determinants pre et post natals du developpement et de la sante de l'ENfant (EDEN), repeated measures of children's night-waking were collected at age 2, 3 and 5–6 through parental questionnaires and were used to model night-waking trajectories. Behavior was assessed with the “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,” which provides five subscales measuring a child's conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relation problems, antisocial behavior, and hyperactivity/attention problems. The behavioral subscales were dichotomized at the tenth percentile. Multivariable logistic regressions, adjusted for parents' socio-economic factors, parental characteristics, and children's characteristics and sleep habits allowed us to study, in 1143 children, the association between night-waking trajectories from 2 to 5–6 years and behavior at age 5–6 years. Results The “2 to 5–6 rare night-waking” trajectory represented 78% of the included population (n = 896), and the “2 to 5–6 common night-waking” 22% (n = 247%). Children belonging to the “2 to 5–6 common night-waking trajectory” had, at age 5–6, increased risk of presenting emotional symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.27–3.70, p = 0.004), conduct problems (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.00–2.65, p = 0.050), and hyperactivity/attention problems (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.00–2.57, p = 0.049). After adjusting for baseline behavior at age two years, only the association with emotional symptoms remained significant (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.15–3.55, p = 0.015). Results did not differ according to sex. Conclusion Results suggest that the persistence of night-waking difficulties in early years is positively associated with emotional symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention, and conduct problems.

Resume But Etudier l’evolution de l’usage du tabac des femmes avant et pendant la grossesse en France a partir d’enquetes en population, decrire l’evolution des caracteristiques sociodemographiques des fumeuses et les liens entre tabac et croissance du nouveau-ne en 2003, compte tenu de cette evolution. Patients et methodes Les enquetes nationales perinatales sont effectuees periodiquement sur des echantillons representatifs des naissances. L’analyse a ete realisee sur les naissances uniques et vivantes en metropole en 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998 et 2003. La premiere partie de l’etude a porte sur l’evolution de l’usage du tabac au cours des 30 dernieres annees, la deuxieme partie sur l’evolution du tabagisme entre 1998 et 2003 en fonction des caracteristiques maternelles. Puis, pour l’annee 2003, nous avons etudie les caracteristiques des fumeuses, les liens entre l’usage du tabac et l’etat de l’enfant a la naissance. Resultats L’usage du tabac chez les femmes enceintes est a la baisse, mais le taux reste eleve, 21 % en 2003. La baisse a principalement concerne les femmes en situation plus favorable pour l’issue de la grossesse et les differences sociales se sont accrues. Une forte relation dose-effet est retrouvee entre l’usage du tabac pendant la grossesse et les mensurations a la naissance. Conclusion Il est necessaire de verifier si la baisse de la consommation de tabac chez les femmes enceintes se confirme et d’encourager le sevrage tabagique, notamment pour les populations les plus exposees.

Objective To compare the probability of prenatal diagnosis (PND) and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) between fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and spontaneously-conceived fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). Design Population-based observational study. Setting Paris and surrounding suburbs. Population Fetuses with CHD in the Paris registry of congenital malformations and cohort of children with CHD (Epicard). Methods Comparison of ART-conceived and spontaneously conceived fetuses taking into account potential confounders (maternal characteristics, multiplicity and year of birth or TOPFA). Main outcome measures Probability and gestational age at PND and TOPFA for ART-conceived versus spontaneously conceived fetuses. Results The probability of PND (28.1% versus 34.6%, P = 0.077) and TOPFA (36.2% versus 39.2%, P = 0.677) were not statistically different between ART-conceived (n = 171) and spontaneously conceived (n = 4620) fetuses. Estimates were similar after adjustment for potential confounders. Gestational age at PND tended to be earlier for ART fetuses (23.1 versus 24.8 weeks, P = 0.05) but no statistical difference was found after adjustment for confounders. Gestational age at TOPFA was comparable between ART-conceived and spontaneously conceived fetuses. Conclusions In our population, ART conception was not significantly associated with the probability of PND or TOPFA for CHD. One implication of our results is that live births may be adequate for assessing the overall risk of CHD related to ART. However, total prevalence, in particular of severe CHD, would not be adequately assessed if TOPFA are not included.

Resume But L’objet de cet article est de decrire les conditions de prise en charge de l’IVG en France. Materiel et methodes Les donnees proviennent de l’enquete COCON, realisee aupres d’un echantillon representatif de 2 863 femmes âgees de 18 a 44 ans, residant en France metropolitaine. Les femmes ont ete interrogees par telephone. L’analyse porte sur un sous-echantillon de 320 femmes ayant eu une IVG entre 1996 et 2000. Les resultats ont ete compares a ceux du bulletin statistique d’IVG (BIG). Resultats Dans l’ensemble, les conditions de prise en charge de l’IVG sont bonnes, mais des differences de pratiques sont observees selon le type d’etablissement : l’acces a l’IVG est plus facile dans le secteur prive, mais ce dernier realise moins souvent l’entretien pre-IVG et propose moins souvent un entretien post-IVG. Par ailleurs, en public comme en prive, les femmes sont rarement associees au choix de la technique d’IVG ou au mode d’anesthesie, en cas d’IVG chirurgicale. Conclusion L’enquete COCON est la premiere enquete en population generale a etudier les conditions de prise en charge de l’IVG et montre la persistance de differences de pratiques entre le secteur public et le secteur prive.

To evaluate the contribution of examination of specific anatomical features of the fetal posterior brain on mid-sagittal first-trimester ultrasound examination to the early detection of open spina bifida.Four independent observers reviewed a series of 260 mid-sagittal first-trimester ultrasound images from 52 cases of open spina bifida and 208 normal fetuses. The following analysis was performed by each reviewer for each image: Herman score calculation, intracranial translucency score (CFEF-IT) calculation and determination of presence or absence of three anatomical criteria: intracranial translucency (IT), caudal displacement of the brainstem and cisterna magna. The sensitivity and the false-positive rate for spina bifida detection were calculated for each of the latter three criteria. A secondary analysis was performed on the subset of images achieving a Herman score ≥ 7.The highest detection rate for spina bifida was achieved by non-visualization of the cisterna magna, with associated sensitivity of 50-73% and 39-76%, respectively, for all images and for the subset of images achieving a Herman score ≥ 7. Posterior shift of the brainstem achieved the highest detection rate (86%), but for a single reviewer only. The level of variation in performance between observers was also greatest for this sign. Absence of IT was associated with a lower detection rate for all observers. Overall, an abnormal posterior brain presenting at least one of these three criteria was associated with a detection rate ranging from 50 to 90%.In the detection of spina bifida, non-visualization of the cisterna magna achieved the best screening performance. Both non-visualization of the IT and posterior shift of the brainstem were associated with acceptable but lower detection rates. A prospective evaluation of changes in the posterior brain is needed to allow assessment of the most pertinent criteria for first-trimester screening for spina bifida.

To assess overall and malformation-specific trends in the prevalence and prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies in the Parisian population.The Paris Registry of Congenital Malformations is population-based and since 1981 has registered all cases with structural birth defects or chromosomal anomalies in the Parisian population. The total and livebirth prevalence and the proportion of cases with prenatal diagnosis were calculated for all anomalies and 20 malformations selected based on their higher frequency and their impact on health outcomes.The overall prevalence was 3.30% (95% CI 3.27-3.33), and the livebirth prevalence 2.42% (95% CI 2.39-2.45). The proportion of cases diagnosed prenatally increased from 16.5% (95% CI 14.1-19.1) in 1983 to 70.7% (95% CI 68.3-73.1) in 2007. Terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) increased from 8.8% (95% CI 7.0-10.8) in 1983 to 35.6% (95% CI 33.1-38.1) in 2007. These results varied substantially for the 20 congenital anomalies studied.We found an increase in the overall prevalence of all anomalies, especially for chromosomal abnormalities. The observed increase is at least to a large extent due to trends in delayed childbearing and an increase in both pre- and postnatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies in our population.

To study trends in the main indicators of health, medical practice and risk factors in France.A sample of all births during one week was set-up in 1995 (n=13,318), 1998 (n=13,718), 2003 (n=14,737) and 2010 (n=14,903), and we compared data from these four years.Between 1995 and 2010, maternal age and body mass index increased steadily, but tobacco smoking decreased. In 2010, 39.4% of pregnant women had a visit with a midwife in maternity unit, versus 26.6% in 2003. Deliveries occurred in large public hospitals more and more frequently. The increase in caesarean sections was no longer significant between 2003 and 2010. In general medical decisions during pregnancy and delivery were closer to professional recommendations in 2010 than in the previous years. Live births before 37 weeks increased steadily from 5.4% in 1995 to 6.6% in 2010, but the proportion of births below 2500g or under the 10th percentile stopped increasing since 2003.Routine national perinatal surveys highlight major trends in maternal characteristics, obstetric practice, organisation of services and perinatal health.

To study trends in smoking before and during pregnancy in national samples of pregnant women and changes in characteristics of smokers over time, and describe the current relation between maternal smoking during pregnancy and fetal growth.Five nationally representative samples of singleton live births in metropolitan France (1972, 1981, 1995, 1998 and 2003) were used to study the change in smoking rates during pregnancy over the past 30 years. We further examined changes in smoking rates between 1998 and 2003 according to maternal characteristics. Finally, we estimated the effect of smoking on fetal growth in 2003.Prevalence of smoking decreased over time, but the rate remained high, 21 % in 2003. The decrease was more important among women at low risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, resulting in increased social disparities. We confirmed the strong dose-response relation between tobacco use during pregnancy and fetal growth.It is important to verify that smoking during pregnancy is still decreasing and to develop policies to encourage women to quit smoking during pregnancy, especially for highly exposed groups.

After a review of medical literature on domestic violence during pregnancy, this paper shows the results of a survey carried out in 16 European countries. The percentage of women reporting domestic violence during pregnancy varies with the country; it is specially high in Russia, Poland and Czech Republic. Women who live without partner, those whose the couple has been separated during the pregnancy or those living in an overcrowded house have been more often victim of domestic violence. Domestic violence is significantly related to preterm birth risk.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe conditions of abortions practices in France. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on the COCON survey. This survey was carried out among a representative sample of 2863 women aged 18 to 44 living in metropolitan France. Women were interviewed by telephone. The analysis was performed among a sub-sample of 320 women who had had an abortion between 1996 and 2000. Results were compared with those of the national notification of induced abortions. RESULTS: Altogether, the way in which abortions were carried out was appropriate, but differences were observed according to the type of hospital: access to care was easier in the private sector; however a pre-abortion interview was less often carried out and a post-abortion interview less often proposed in the private sector. Besides, in both sectors, women were rarely allowed to choose the abortion technique, or the type of anesthesia in the case of a surgical abortion. CONCLUSION: The COCON study is the first population based survey describing the characteristics of care regarding voluntary abortion. It shows the persistence of differences in practices between the public and the private sectors.

A partir de donnees en population, nous avons: 1) evalue le risque de cardiopathies congenitales (CC) chez les fœtus concus par assistance medicale a la procreation (AMP); et 2) determine les effets de l’AMP sur la prise en charge prenatale et le devenir perinatal des fœtus porteurs de CC. Nous avons observe que l'AMP etait associee a une augmentation de 40% du risque de CC sans anomalies chromosomiques associees (OR ajuste = 1,4 IC95% 1,1-1,7). Nous avons egalement retrouve qu'il existait des associations variables selon la categorie de CC et la methode d'AMP considerees. Nous avons observe que l'AMP etait associee a une multiplication par 2,4 du risque de tetralogie de Fallot (OR ajuste = 2,4 IC95% 1,5-3,7), alors que nous n’avons pas retrouve d’association statistiquement significative pour les trois autres CC specifiques etudiees. Dans notre population, l'exposition a l'AMP ne semblait pas modifier le recours au diagnostic prenatal et a l'interruption medicale de grossesse chez les fœtus porteurs de CC compares aux fœtus porteurs de CC concus spontanement. Nous avons par ailleurs observe que le risque de prematurite des fœtus porteurs de CC concus par AMP etait environ 5 fois plus eleve que celui des fœtus porteurs de CC concus spontanement (OR ajuste = 5,0 IC95% 2,9-8,6). En nous basant sur une methodologie d'analyses de cheminement, nous avons retrouve que les grossesses multiples contribuaient pour environ 20% au risque plus eleve de tetralogie de Fallot associe a l'AMP que nous avons observe. Enfin, les grossesses multiples contribuaient pour environ 2/3 du risque de prematurite associe a l'AMP chez les fœtus porteurs de CC.

To study the psychological health of the mothers and their difficulties seven years after the birth of triplets and to compare these results with those obtained at four years.Eleven mothers of triplets were followed up from birth to seven. At four and seven years the psychological status of the mothers and their relationships with the triplets were evaluated using a semi-structured interview and the level of depression was measured using a standardized scale (CES-D). At seven years the scores were compared to those of mothers having a singleton child of the same age.At seven years three mothers of triplets out of 11 still suffered of depressive symptoms. These symptoms were more frequent than among control mothers but non significantly. One mother of triplets out of two (6/11), twice more than at four years, appreciated the increase of her educative tasks and the decrease of practical problems. In the other half of the sample problems still persisted between adults and children.Although the situation seemed to improve at seven years, the mother's psychological distress and quality of relationship with the children remained preoccupying in one family out of two.

A pilot study has been conducted in France to estimate the extent of underreporting of induced abortion and the factors linked to underreporting.A representative random sample of 300 women aged between 18 and 44 years of age who had been pregnant during the previous 2 years and 100 women who had not was selected from the telephone directory. Interviews were conducted by telephone.The annual incidence of induced abortion for the 18-44-year-old age group was 6.9 per 1000 (95% confidence interval 2.2-11.6), while the rate derived from national statistics was 15 per 1000. Five women who reported a therapeutic abortion in their lifetime had confused induced abortion and therapeutic abortion. There was no significant difference in the proportion of women reporting induced abortion in their lifetime between those answering with another adult present and those who were alone when answering (13.1% versus 11.1%, p = 0.8). There was also no significant difference according to the sex of the interviewer (10.0% for men versus 12.2% for women, p = 0.6).The results suggest that the context in which the questions were asked does not affect the validity of the answers and that there is a problem in the comprehension of the terminology used. Extensive rewriting and reformulation of the questions is required to minimize the underreporting of induced abortion.

The purpose was to estimate the prevalence of marital violence during the year after childbirth in France.a survey has been carried out in three maternity units among primipara and secondipara women in 1993-1994. The women were interviewed in the three days after the delivery and they received a postal questionnaire 5 and 12 months later. The analysis includes 706 women.the prevalence of marital violence during the 12 months after childbirth is equal to 4.1% (2.6%-5.6%). This percentage is higher among women living an unstable relationship with their partner or when the partner has not a job. These women who reported marital violence had a higher prevalence of previous miscarriage. They used more often psychotropic drugs and reported more often depressive symptoms than the other women.physicians may be helpful by listening and counseling these women who receive low emotional and social support.

In all industrialized countries, injuries constitute the primary public health problem during adolescence; study of long-term outcome of injuries to adolescents remains poor.A longitudinal epidemiological study performed on 8,140 students in 17 secondary schools in Paris and the Department of the Côte-d'Or followed the development over one year of 777 adolescents who had injuries in 1990. All injuries, both within and outside school, were included if they fulfilled the following criteria: school absence or excused from vocational training exceeding or equal to 2 days, or excused from physical education classes for at least 14 days.One year after the injury, 13% of the adolescents were still bothered by their injury, especially those who were older and the girls. Among described impairments, musculo-skeletal problems (88% of cases) were the major difficulty. These impairments were primarily in the lower limbs (53%). Unaesthetic scars were found in 17% of cases, and a psychological impact was found in 16.5% of the adolescents. The presence of sequelae was related to the type of initial lesion (present in 24% of head injuries and in 16% of cases affecting the lower limbs). The most serious difficulties were caused by dislocations, serious sprains and fractures. One year after the injury, sequelae were serious in 10% of those adolescents still experiencing problems; they had some impact on the daily life of the adolescents in 36% of cases, that is, 5% of all adolescents experiencing an injury. These sequelae were responsible for a high level of consumption of medical services.Although observed sequelae were relatively minor, the high frequency of injuries during adolescence, as well as their high economic costs, justify the most appropriate care available for victims of injuries, even those which appear benign. In addition, longitudinal studies should be prepared using adapted tools (scales for the evaluation of the gravity of injury sequelae).

This study is of a 4-year follow-up of two groups of mothers, the first having had caesarean operations and the second vaginal deliveries. We have already published studies of the results after delivery, after two months and after one year. The purpose of this 4-year follow-up after delivery is to determine the effects of caesarean operation on the numbers of future pregnancies and their results and to look at the long-term consequences for the physical and psychological health of the mothers. Fifty-eight mothers who had had caesarean operations and fifty mothers as controls replied to a postal questionnaire. The response level was 52%. From the social and the medical point of view there was no significant difference between those who replied and those who did not. The results indicate that mothers who had had a caesarean operation were less likely to have another baby or did so in lower numbers. They further had more difficulty in conceiving another pregnancy than did the control mothers (the differences were not statistically significant). After four years they were often more tired than the others, apart from objective medical and social differences. The use of health services was not linked to the method of delivery, but 9% of women who had had a caesarean consulted a psychiatrist in the last three years but none of the controls did. The replies show that caesarean section contributed to or re-awoke a labile psychological state. The data do not make it possible for us to say that women who had had a caesarean operation had particular psychological characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Semi-directed interviews were conducted with 103 primiparous women between the 3rd and the 6th day after delivery to compare the effects of the two methods of anaesthesia on the way they experienced caesarean operation. Analysis of the contents of the interviews show that the mothers who had caesarean operation under general anaesthesia were more often depressed than those who had an epidural. Overall, the experience of delivery was more satisfying when the caesarean took place under an epidural because it enabled the mother to take part in the delivery. The mothers who were unconscious because they had a general anaesthetic felt sorrow that they deprived of the experience of the delivery. All the same, it must be said that one-third of the women felt ill-at-ease owing to delivery under epidural, both physically and psychologically. The first contacts with the infant are earlier and less disagreeable after epidural analgesia, but in the days following the delivery the interactions between mother and baby and the comments the mothers make about their child do not differ markedly whichever form of anaesthesia has been used.

Eight hundred fifty-four injuries to children under 2 years of age were analysed. Injuries were more frequent in the second year than in younger infants. No major male predominance was observed. Most injuries were related to home accidents and mainly to mechanical trauma. Burns and poisonings were less frequent but their percentage was higher during the second year. Most lesions were benign, except in case of fall from a height (window falls, falls from baby furniture). Medical cost was rather high due to a 17% rate of hospital admissions and a 4 days average length of stay. Two fatal cases were registered. Sequelae appeared to be rare. Child abuse was seldom suspected and reason for that remains unclear. The study of accidents mechanism leads to think that teaching young children the control of hazardous situations should play a large part in prevention.