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Purpose: The main objective is to present the symbiosis between smart cities, policing, criminal investigation and criminal intelligence. Moreover, another purpose is to critically address the underlying privacy concerns arising from smart city designs. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper is theoretical in scope and utilises a literature review as the basic method. Correlations between smart cities, policing and criminal investigations are identified by analysing the applicability of core smart city technologies and services [SCTS]. Findings: It is evident that SCTS can influence policing styles and police effectiveness. SCTS hold great potential for criminal investigations and criminal intelligence as they provide information upon which police can develop investigations or crime-control strategies. Vice-versa, criminal investigations and criminal intelligence can provide guidelines for SCTS developers and the governance of smart cities. However, privacy concerns and the slowly developing regulatory framework remain the biggest issues when it comes to SCTS adoption, thus making measures to safeguard privacy a key factor for the legitimacy of smart cities and smart policing. Practical Implications: The paper introduces practical knowledge about the implications of smart cities for policing and crime investigation. Some research ideas are presented as well as suggestions for legislators, developers and others whose work area falls in the scope of (smart) city governance. Originality/Value: A comprehensive study of the symbiosis between smart cities and policing must not only consider the potential of SCTS but the related need to develop regulation and skillsets of human resources. Only a handful of papers address the connectivity of smart cities, criminal investigations and criminal intelligence from such a multidisciplinary scope. Therefore, the paper represents a contribution to works discussing these concepts. Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je predstaviti simbiozo med pametnimi mesti, policijsko dejavnostjo, kriminalističnim preiskovanjem in kriminalističnoobveščevalno dejavnostjo. V tem kontekstu je podan tudi kritični razmislek o izzivih in dilemah, povezanih z varstvom zasebnosti. Metode: Prispevek je teoretične narave in temelji na pregledu literature. Korelacije med temeljnimi pojmi (pametna mesta, policijska in kriminalistična dejavnost) smo identificirali z analizo temeljnih tehnologij, sistemov in storitev, ki podpirajo delovanje pametnih mest. Ugotovitve: Tehnologije pametnih mest omogočajo razvoj novih oblik policijskega dela in imajo potencial za izboljšanje policijske učinkovitosti. Funkcionalnost tehnologij je razvidna tudi na področju kriminalistične dejavnosti, ki lahko z obdelovanjem podatkov in njihovo uporabo bolje načrtuje kriminalistične preiskave in razvija strategije preprečevanja kriminalitete. Simbioza je opazna tudi z nasprotnega vidika – s podajanjem smernic lahko kriminalistična in policijska dejavnost pomagata upravljavcem pametnih mest in razvojnikom tehnologij ter rešitev. Glavni izziv predstavlja varovanje zasebnosti in osebnih podatkov prebivalcev, zato so mehanizmi za preprečevanje zlorab ključni faktor legitimnosti pametnih mest in policijske dejavnosti. Praktična uporabnost: V prispevku so predstavljena uporabna znanja glede potencialov pametnih mest za izvajanje policijske in kriminalistične dejavnosti, prav tako tudi predlogi za raziskovalce in oblikovalce politik, razvojnike in druge, ki delujejo na področju upravljanja (pametnih) mest. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Če želimo razumeti sistem dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na simbiozo med policijsko dejavnostjo in pametnimi mesti, je treba upoštevati ne samo potenciale različnih tehnologij in rešitev, temveč tudi potrebe in dileme, ki se pojavijo sočasno s tehnološkim razvojem, primarno na področju razvoja kadrovskih kompetenc in prilagoditve normativnih okvirjev. Pregled literature pokaže, da obstajajo redke znanstvene objave, ki multidimenzionalno proučujejo simbiozo pametnih mest in policijske dejavnosti. Prispevek zato dopolnjuje obstoječa dela in znanja na tem področju.

Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je predstaviti varovanje parade ponosa v Sloveniji, ugotoviti, ali policisti zagotavljajo varnost prireditve na ustrezen način, in ali so seznanjeni z zgodovinskim pomenom ter družbeno pomembnostjo parade ponosa. Metode: Raziskavo o odnosu policistov do parade ponosa smo izvedli na vzorcu 108 policistov treh policijskih postaj v Ljubljani. Na temo raziskave smo izvedli tudi nekaj polstrukturiranih intervjujev z udeleženci parade ponosa. Ugotovitve: Rezultati raziskave med policisti kažejo, da je bolj izkušenim policistom parada ponosa bolj družbeno pomembna kot manj izkušenim. Na podlagi intervjujev z udeleženci parade ponosa je bilo ugotovljeno, da so ti pozitivno ocenili vlogo policistov pri zagotavljanju varnosti. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Omejitev raziskave izhaja iz majhnega števila anketiranih policistov in manjšega števila intervjujev udeležencev parade ponosa./p> Praktična uporabnost: Policijsko delo v skupnosti se odraža v sodelovanju policistov z lokalnim okoljem, zato bodo rezultati raziskave in intervjujev policijskim vodjem in policistom vodilo pri sodelovanju z LGBT skupnostjo in ostalimi udeleženci na paradi ponosa. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek je izviren, saj predstavlja korak k poglobljenemu raziskovanju varnosti na paradi ponosa pri nas. Prispevek je zaradi še boljšega sodelovanja na paradi ponosa pomemben tako za slovensko policijo kot tudi za udeležence. Purpose: The Purpose of this paper is to show the Pride parade security provision in Slovenia, to determine if security of this event is appropriately and adequately provided by the police and if police officers are aware of the parade’s historical significance and social relevance. Design/Methods/Approach: For the purposes of research, we conducted a survey in 2014 with 108 police officers from three police stations in Ljubljana, as well as interviews with a small number of Pride parade participants. Findings: Survey results indicate that the Pride parade is more socially important to the experienced police officers as compared to those less experienced. Based on the interviews, it was found that the participants of Pride parade assessed the role of the police in security provision positively. Research Limitations / Implications: The survey is limited, as it was carried out on a small sample of police officers, and interviews were conducted only with certain participants of the Pride parade. Practical Implications: Community policing is reflected in the participation of police officers in the local environment, therefore the results of research and interviews can guide police chiefs and police officers to improve collaboration with the LGBT community and other participants of the Pride parade. Originality/Value: This article presents the first step towards more thorough research of the safety in Pride parades. The article is important for both the police and Pride parade attendees, as it represents groundwork for better cooperation.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present nuclear and radiation safety in Slovenia, operations of the Slovenian regulatory body, the Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA), and its Emergency Response Team. Design/Methods/Approach: We used the descriptive method and the method of document analysis. By analysing statistical data, we presented how the competence of the SNSA Emergency Response Team is ensured. The participatory observation will be used to analyse the exercises participated by the SNSA Emergency Response Team in year 2019. Findings: Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety is one of the core tasks of the SNSA. SNSA employees conduct expert, administrative, control and development tasks in the field of nuclear and radiation safety. An essential part of ensuring nuclear and radiation safety is emergency preparedness. Regular trainings of SNSA Emergency Response Team members, monthly checks of communication channels and equipment, preparation of procedures that precisely define the activities and work of SNSA and members of the Emergency Response Team, development of tools and exercise participation are necessary to ensure the highest level of preparedness. The Republic of Slovenia has developed comprehensive arrangements for ensuring preparedness and response in the event of a nuclear or radiological emergency, as confirmed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the Emergency Preparedness Review (EPREV) in 2017. Many national and international exercises are carried out annually. Analyses of the exercises carried out in 2019 revealed some challenges that are being addressed immediately or with a trainings and exercise plan for 2020. Originality/Value: The article presents activities undertaken in Slovenia in the area of emergency preparedness to ensure nuclear and radiation safety. Due to the possible devastating consequences of over-exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment, this topic is important for every citizen of the Republic of Slovenia and also in broader region, as nuclear accidents can have cross-border effects. People living in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant have higher interest in the topic and are treated in a special way. Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je predstaviti zagotavljanje varnosti na jedrskem in radiološkem področju v Sloveniji, delovanje slovenskega upravnega organa Uprave Republike Slovenije za jedrsko varnost (URSJV) ter njene Skupine za obvladovanje izrednega dogodka. Metode: Za pripravo prispevka smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo in metodo analize dokumentov. Z analizo statističnih podatkov smo predstavili, kako zagotavljajo usposobljenost Skupine za obvladovanje izrednega dogodka URSJV. Za analizo vaj, v katerih je v letu 2019 sodelovala Skupina za obvladovanje izrednega dogodka URSJV, smo uporabili metodo opazovanja z udeležbo. Ugotovitve: Varnost je dobrina, na kateri temelji dobrobit vsake družbe, države in posameznika. Zagotavljanje varnosti na jedrskem in radiološkem področju je ena od nalog URSJV. Zaposleni na URSJV opravljajo strokovne, upravne, nadzorne in razvojne naloge na področjih sevalne in jedrske varnosti. Bistven del zagotavljanja jedrske in radiološke varnosti je pripravljenost na izredne dogodke. Da se zagotovi najvišja možna stopnja pripravljenosti, je nujno potrebno redno usposabljanje članov Skupine za obvladovanje izrednega dogodka URSJV, mesečno preverjanje zvez in opreme, priprava postopkov, ki natančno opredeljujejo delovanje in delo URSJV ter članov Skupine za obvladovanje izrednega dogodka, razvoj orodij in sodelovanje na vajah. V Republiki Sloveniji je dobro poskrbljeno za zagotavljanje pripravljenosti in odziva ob morebitnem jedrskem ali radiološkem izrednem dogodku, kar je leta 2017 potrdila tudi mednarodna pregledovalna misija za to področje EPREV. Na letni ravni izvajajo veliko vaj na državni in mednarodni ravni. Analize vaj, ki so se izvedle v letu 2019, so pokazale nekatere pomanjkljivosti, ki se jih bo poizkušalo takoj odpraviti oziroma z načrtom usposabljanj in vaj za leto 2020. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek predstavi dejavnosti, ki potekajo v Sloveniji na področju pripravljenosti na izredne dogodke in s tem zagotavljanja varnosti na jedrskem in radiološkem področju. Tematika je zaradi neželenih posledic v primeru prekomerne izpostavljenosti ionizirajočemu sevanju na zdravje ljudi in okolje pomembna tako za vsakega državljana Republike Slovenije kot tudi za širšo javnost, saj so vplivi jedrskih nesreč lahko tudi čezmejni.

Policijsko delo v skupnosti je namenjeno delu z ljudmi, reševanju njihovih problemov, posredovanju pomoči in povečanju varnosti ter občutka varnosti. Način dela temelji na komunikaciji in pridobivanju informacij o problematiki, ki teži prebivalce določenega območja. Policijsko delo v skupnosti zahteva sodelovanje med akterji, ljudmi in policisti. Ena izmed prednostnih nalog je preprečevanje kriminalitete ter strahu pred njo. Policisti poskušajo ustvariti varno okolje in boljše življenje prebivalcev. Države članice EU so na izbrano temo izvedle projekte primerov dobre prakse na področju preprečevanja kriminalitete v EU. Vedeti moramo, da s primeri želijo poiskati ustrezen način in rešitev, ki bi pomagala preprečiti kriminaliteto morda tudi v drugih državah. Med državami se razlikujejo primeri prakse, način dela, problematika in rezultati. Nekateri zajemajo vse generacije, drugi se osredotočajo na eno skupino ljudi. Določeni projekti držav se ne osredotočajo samo na varnost in občutek varnosti, ampak tudi na različne vrste kriminalitete, npr. na nasilje v družini. Menimo, da določen način dela lahko ustvari pozitivne rezultate ene države, kar pa še ne pomeni, da bodo takšni rezultati povsod. Vedeti moramo, da v ospredju ni samo ena vrsta kriminalitete in ni enakomerno razporejena po državah. Menimo, da izboljšanje zaupanja, odnosov med ljudmi in policijo, ozaveščanje ter vključevanje prebivalcev v projekte prispeva k dobrim rezultatom na področju preprečevanja kriminalitete. Za svojo varnost se moramo potruditi vsi in se zavedati, kaj imamo, saj lahko to zelo hitro izgubimo. Ljudje se tega ne zavedamo, dokler ni prepozno. Community policing is about working with people, solving their issues, providing help, enhancing security and a sense of security. Work is based on communicating and obtaining information on problems that affect the inhabitants of a certain area. Community policing requires cooperation between actors, people and police officers. One of the priorities is to prevent crime and fear of crime. Police officers are trying to create a safe environment and better life for residents. Regarding this topic, EU member states have implemented projects of good practice in the field of crime prevention in the EU. We need to be aware that with the examples of good practice they want to find the right way and solution that might help prevent crime in other countries as well. Case studies, practices, issues and results differ from country to country. Some cover all generations others focus on one group of people. Certain member states’ projects focus not only on security and sense of security, but also on different types of crime, e.g. domestic violence. We believe that a particular way of work can produce positive results in one country, which does not yet mean that such results will show everywhere. We need to be aware that there is not only one type of crime at the forefront and it is not evenly distributed across the countries. We believe that improving trust and people-police relations, raising awareness and involving people in projects contribute to good crime prevention outcomes. We must all work hard for our safety and be aware of what we have since we can lose it very quickly. People don't realize it until it's too late.

V nalogi je predstavljeno delo policije na področju cestnega prometa s poudarkom na primeru delovanja Policijske uprave Ljubljana. Predstavljena sta organizacija policije in območje, ki ga uprava pokriva. Na področju cestnega prometa policija za vzpostavitev reda uporablja oziroma deluje po različnih zakonih, ki so predstavljeni v nalogi. Glede na zakone policija pri kontrolah prometa nad udeleženci v cestnem prometu uporablja ukrepe, nad kršitelji zakonov pa tudi sankcije. S tem želi zagotoviti čim boljše stanje prometne varnosti ter manjše število smrtnih žrtev na cestah. Namen diplomske naloge je bil predstaviti in ugotoviti dejansko vlogo policije v cestnem prometu s poudarkom na primeru delovanja Policijske uprave Ljubljana. Glede na to, da je temelj dobrega delovanja in sodelovanja zaupanje, je bilo potrebno ugotoviti, kakšno je zaupanje v delo policije na področju cestnega prometa. Stanje prometne varnosti je eden izmed glavnih vidikov uspešnosti preventivnih akcij in vseh poostrenih nadzorov policije, ki ga lahko najlažje prikažemo s številom smrtno ponesrečenih v prometnih nesrečah oziroma s številom prometnih nesreč. Kot je bilo že omenjeno, skušamo stanje prometne varnosti izboljšati s preventivnimi akcijami, s katerimi v sodelovanju s policijo različni organi in društva ozaveščajo državljane in udeležence v prometu z določeno problematiko. V skladu s tem je bilo potrebno ugotoviti, ali drži teza, da preventivne akcije pripomorejo k izboljšanju prometne varnosti. V sklopu predstavitve vloge policije v cestnem prometu je bila izvedena tudi anketa, ki je temeljila predvsem na teoretičnih podlagah, ki so bile predstavljene v nalogi. Prav tako je bil cilj ugotoviti, kakšno je trenutno stanje na slovenskih cestah in kakšno mnenje imajo anketirani o delu policije na področju cestnega prometa. Anketa je bila izvedena med ljudmi na območju Policijske uprave Ljubljana. Na podlagi raziskav je bilo ugotovljeno, da preventivne akcije pripomorejo k izboljšanju prometne varnosti, prav tako se je izkazalo, da anketirani dobro poznajo posamezne preventivne akcije s področja cestnega prometa. Prav tako je bilo pozitivno ocenjeno zaupanje v delo policije na področju varnosti v cestnem prometu in v splošno delo policije. The diploma thesis presents the work of the police in road traffic with an emphasis on the Police Directorate Ljubljana. It represents the police organization and the area, which is covered by the police directorate. To restore order in the traffic the police uses or acts according to various laws, which are presented in the thesis. According to the laws, the police uses different measures during traffic controls and sanctions against violators, with which it tries to achieve the best possible road safety and reduce the number of road fatalities. The purpose of the diploma thesis was to present and determine the actual role of the police in road transport with an emphasis on the operation of the Police Directorate Ljubljana. Considering that trust and confidence are the cornerstones of good functioning and cooperation, it was necessary to determine if people have trust in the police work, when it comes to road traffic. The state of road safety is one of the main aspects of successful preventive actions and all strict police inspections, which can be easily demonstrated with the number of fatalities in road accidents or with the number of accidents. As before mentioned, we try to improve the road safety with the preventive actions, with which the different organizations and societies in collaboration with the police make people aware of certain problems. In accordance with that it was necessary to establish, if the preventive actions positively influence the road safety. The research showed that they do, it also showed that the interviewees know the preventive actions in road traffic well. They also trust in the police work in general and when it comes to safety in traffic. As a part of the presentation of police role in road traffic we also carried out a questionnaire, supported by the theory, presented in the thesis. The aim was also to estimate the momentary state on Slovenian roads and the interviewees’ opinion about police work in road traffic. The questionnaire was carried out among people in the region of Police Directorate Ljubljana.

V magistrski nalogi razpravljamo o občutku varnosti in javnemu mnenju o policiji. Rezultati raziskave s strani policije v večini prikazujejo pozitivno javno mnenje, ki pa se z leti spreminja ─ izboljšuje. Seveda se pojavljajo odstopanja na nekaterih področjih. Ta odstopanja pa nimajo bistvenega vpliva na občutke ljudi. V času svojega delovanja je bila policija deležna kar nekaj sprememb in reorganizacije. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je policijsko delo v skupnosti tisto, ki policiste najbolj poveže z ljudmi, saj se učinki takšnega dela kažejo tudi v uspešnosti opravljenega dela. Policija je namreč uspešna toliko, kolikor so z njo zadovoljni tudi ljudje. Odnos policista, postopkovna pravičnost in učinkovito opravljena policijska dela so ključna za zagotovitev sodelovanja s prebivalci. Za uspešno policijsko delo je pomembno, da je v sodelovanje vključena najširša mreža ljudi, saj lahko le tako policija pridobi bistveno več podatkov in informacij, kot bi jih lahko dobila sama. Namen policijskega dela v skupnosti ni le boj proti kriminaliteti ali izvrševanje zakonodaje, ampak izboljšanje kakovosti življenja prebivalcev. Ljudi večinoma skrbijo stvari, ki se pojavljajo v njihovem bivanjskem okolju – navadno gre za kršitev javnega reda in miru (hrup in nered). Ravno zato je pomembnejše delo policije vezano na skupnost, se pravi delo z ljudmi (sodelovanje, preventiva itd.) kot pa tradicionalno delo (kontrola prometa, preiskovanje KD itd.). Takšen način delovanja je učinkovit tudi za odpravljanje strahu pred kriminaliteto, saj ljudje poznajo policiste in vedo, da jim bodo ti v primeru težav pomagali. Lahko rečemo, da v Sloveniji policija nameni veliko pozornost preventivi, saj ravno s preventivnimi akcijami pomaga in ozavešča ljudi. Kljub temu pa je potrebna izboljšava pri vključevanju vodij varnostnih okolišev v lokalno skupnost ter prisotnost policistov na terenu. In this master's thesis we are discussing the feeling of safety and the public opinion about the police. The results of the research from the side of the police mostly show positive public opinion, which is changing (getting better) throughout the years. Of course, there is deviation in some areas. This deviation does not cruacially affect the general feelings of the people. During its operation, the police have been granted several changes and reorganisation. We have found that police work within community is that which mostly connects the people to the police: the effects of such work also show success of work done. The police are therfore as successful as the people are satisfied with their work. The policemen's attitude, the justice of the process and effectuality of the police work are crucial to cooperation with the community. For the police work to be successful it is important that the coopperation includes the wide st web of people, which enables the police to gather more information and data than they would gather otherwise. The purpose of police work within community is not only fighting crime and execution of legislation, but also improvement of the quality of life of the community. People are mostly worried about what goes on in their living area. This usually comes down to violation of public peace and order (noise and disruption) the handling of which can be credited to the individual policemen working within the community, not as much to the traditional police work. Such way of operating is also effective when it comes to diminishing the fear of criminal activity, since the people know the policemn within their community and know they can rely on them in case of trouble. We can say Slovenia puts a lot of effort into the prevention of crime the planned prevention gatherings are the ones that help people and raise awareness the most. Nevertheless, there is a need for improvement when it comes to including the leaders of community safety into the local community, as well as the presence of more policemen on the field.

Terorizem je problem, ki se v zadnjih letih hitro širi po celem svetu. Vsakdo izmed nas se sprašuje, ali se lahko počutimo varne ob vstopu na športni dogodek, ki ga spremlja množica ljudi. V diplomskem delu smo obravnavali primer prisotnosti terorizma na športnih prireditvah. Terrorism is the problem, which has grown extensively around the whole world in the last couple of years Everyone are asking themselves, if we can feel secure and safe in the sport events and stadiums, where usually is a big crowd and a lot of different people. In my thesis, I dealt with the presence of terrorism on the sport events.

V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela smo opredelili osnovne pojme lokalne skupnosti, policijskega dela in medsebojnega sodelovanja. Ta način naj bi bil veliko uspešnejši od tradicionalnega, saj sodelovanje s krajani prinaša boljše rezultate. Želeli smo ugotoviti zadovoljstvo občanov Občine Ruše z delom policije in Sosveta za varnost. Predvsem nas je zanimalo njihovo mnenje o kakovosti dela policije z ljudmi in njihovega povezovanja z lokalno skupnostjo. V empiričnem delu smo na vzorcu 88 prebivalcev Občine Ruše uporabili splošne teoretične metode, predvsem deskriptivno metodo, s katerimi smo proučevali zadovoljstvo občanov s postopki policistov in z njihovim delom v povezovanju z lokalno skupnostjo. Uporabili smo anketni vprašalnik in podali izsledke, ki smo jih pridobili z raziskavo. Rezultati so pokazali, da so občani Ruš zadovoljni z delom policije in lokalne skupnosti ter da se počutijo varne tako podnevi kot ponoči. Z razvojem občine se zmanjšuje vandalizem med mladimi, prav tako pa vsi organi venomer spodbujajo ljudi k skrbi za varnost. In the theoretical part of the thesis we have defined the basic concepts of the local community, police work and mutual cooperation. This method is supposed to be far more successful than traditional, since cooperation with the locals shows more results. We wanted to discover the satisfaction of the citizens of the Municipality of Ruše with the work of the police and the Security Council. In particular, we were interested in their opinion on the quality of police work with people and their integration with the local community. In the empirical part, on the sample of 88 people, the general theoretical methods were used, in particular the descriptive method, which examined the satisfaction of the citizens with the procedures of the police officers and their work in association with the local community. We used a survey questionnaire and explanations, which we found in research. The results showed that the citizens of the Municipality of Ruše are satisfied with the work of the police and the local community, and that they feel safe by day and by night. With the development of a municipality, vandalism is reduced among young people, and the community always encourages people to take care of security.

V magistrskem delu »Varnost v turističnih krajih – študija primera smučarskega centra« predstavljamo, kako je zagotovljena varnost znotraj smučarskih centrov v Sloveniji. Glavni del naloge je poglavje, ki opredeljuje varnost v turizmu na smučišču, kjer predstavljamo, da urejenost na smučišču zagotavlja večjo varnost. Za zagotavljanje varnega smučanja poznamo tudi različne ukrepe in 10 FIS mednarodnih pravil vedenja na smučišču, zanimajo nas pogoji za varno obratovanje smučišča ter uporaba Zakona o varnosti na smučiščih. Pod drobnogled smo vzeli študijo turistično smučarskega centra Kope, ki jo podkrepimo z intervjujem s predstavnikom iz PU Celje. Predstavnik sektorja uniformirane policije iz PU Celje tekom celotne zimske turistično sezone deluje na področju varnosti na smučiščih in je prisoten na različnih smučiščih v Sloveniji. Smučišča so v času zimske turistične sezone v Sloveniji kar precej obiskana, tako s strani prebivalcev kot tudi s strani turistov. Pomembno in potrebno je, da je na smučiščih zagotovljena varnost, saj nemalokrat prihaja do poškodb, ki so se v smučarski sezoni 2015/16 na območju Celjske policijske uprave iz 16 lažje in 55 huje poškodovanih v smučarski sezoni 2016/17 zvišale na 35 lažje poškodovanih in 76 huje poškodovanih oseb, glavni vzrok za nesreče pa je bila neodgovornost samih smučarjev. Vsak posameznik na smučišču mora biti odgovoren zase, upoštevati mora 10 FIS pravil vedenja na smučišču, svojo smučarsko opremo mora paziti pred morebitnimi tatvinami na smučišču, ne sme biti pod vplivom alkohola, psihoaktivnih zdravil ali snovi. Dobro je tudi, da je smučar v primeru nesreče drugega smučarja pripravljen kakor koli pomagati. In the Master thesis titled "Safety and security tourist resorts – a case study of a skyying tourist resort" we present how safety is assured in ski centers in Slovenia. The main part of the task is the chapter defining the safety in tourism at the ski resort, where we present how the ski slope regulation provides greater safety. For safe sking we also have various measures and the 10 FIS international rules of behavior on the ski slope, we are interested in the conditions for safe operation of the ski slope and the use of the Ski Safety Act. In this study we will take a closer view of the ski center Kope, which ski slope safty situation we will help explain with an interview conducted with a representative from the PU Celje. The representative is from the uniformed police department PU Celje. During the whole winter season he operates and is present at various ski resorts in Slovenia. During the winter tourist season in Slovenia, ski resorts are largery visited, both by locals and tourists. It is important and necessary to ensure safety at the ski slopes, as there are often incidents and inurys . In the ski season 2015/16 on the area of that is covered by the Celje police department, there were 16 lightly and 55 seriously injured and in the ski season 2016/17 incidencs increased to 35 lightly injured and 76 seriously injured persons, the main cause of the accidens was the irresponsibility of the skiers themselves. Every individual on the ski slopes must be responsible for himself, he must take into account 10 FIS rules of behavior on the ski slope, he must take care of his ski equipment against possible thefts, he must not be under the influence of alcohol, psychoactive medicines or substances. Even in the event of an accident by another skier he must be ready to help in any way.

Tematika magistrske naloge sega na področje kriminologije in viktimologije. Bistvo naloge je opredeliti policijsko delo na področju varovanja policijskega okoliša in odzivanje javnosti na to delo. Pri tem so v začetku naloge obravnavani različni temeljni pojmi in nekatere povezave med njimi. Na tem mestu je izpostavljena primerjava dveh temeljnih pojmov, pomembnih za magistrsko nalogo, in sicer pojma legalnosti in pojma legitimnosti. Prav tako je predstavljeno širše javno mnenje o pluralni policijski dejavnosti v Republiki Sloveniji in nekaterih drugih evropskih državah. Naloga se nadaljuje s samim bistvom, in sicer v skupnost usmerjenim policijskim delom. Pri tem so predstavljene osnovne značilnosti, predhodniki, preventivni projekti, dileme in nekatere raziskave v skupnost usmerjenega policijskega dela. Ta teoretični del je uvod v glavni del magistrske naloge, kjer sta prek javnega mnenja dveh izbranih sosesk na območju dela Policijske postaje Ljubljana Moste opredeljeni legitimnost in učinkovitost dela policistov te postaje. Legitimnost in učinkovitost sta opredeljeni na podlagi javnega mnenja o varnosti in zaupanju prebivalcev tega območja v policijsko delo. Pri tem so mnenja javnosti vezana na naslednje dejavnike: postopkovna pravičnost policistov, učinkovitost policistov, podrejanje policistom, viktimizacija, javni red in mir, stališča do migrantov, pripravljenost občanov za sodelovanje s policijo, povezanost soseske, tradicionalne vrednote in mladostniki. The master's thesis covers the fields of criminology and victimology. The main idea of the thesis is to define police work in the field of patrolling a police district and the public response to this work. At the beginning of this thesis, we come across different basic concepts and certain connections between them. We compare two basic concepts relevant to the master's thesis, namely the concept of legality and the concept of legitimacy. We also present the broader public opinion on plural police activity in the Republic of Slovenia and several other European countries. In continuation, we focus on the very essence, namely community-oriented police work. In connection to that, we introduce basic characteristics, precursors, preventive projects, dilemmas and certain researches into community oriented police work. The above mentioned is an introduction to the main part of the master's thesis, where, through the public opinion of two selected neighborhoods in the area of the Ljubljana Moste police station, the legitimacy and effectiveness of the work of police officers of this station are defined. Legitimacy and efficiency are defined on the basis of public opinion on the safety and trust of the inhabitants of this area in police work. The opinions of the public are related to the following factors: procedural fairness of police officers, efficiency of police officers, subordination to police officers, victimisation, public order and peace, attitudes towards migrants, citizens' readiness to cooperate with the police, cohesiveness of the neighborhood, traditional values and adolescents.

Kot je mogoče razbrati že iz naslova tega diplomskega dela, je njegov primarni cilj predstaviti vodenje varnostnega podjetja in kompetence varnostnega osebja. Za boljše izhodišče in lažje razumevanje sta poleg že omenjenega v nalogi predstavljena tudi področje vodenja podjetja oziroma menedžmenta in področje kompetenc. V prvem delu naloge je predstavljeno vodenje organizacije, ki zajema vodenje oziroma menedžment podjetja, kjer avtorji poudarjajo, da je za uspešno delovanje nekega podjetja potrebno njegovo učinkovito vodenje. Za učinkovito delovanje podjetja je treba uspešno voditi tudi zaposlene oziroma delovno osebje. Vodja tako glede na svoje podrejene in delovne naloge izbira ustrezen način in slog vodenja, zato so v nalogi predstavljeni različni slogi in načini vodenja. Drugi del naloge je namenjen predstavitvi kompetenc. Sodelavce je lažje voditi, če so ustrezno kompetentni ali če jim ustrezne sposobnosti, ki jih potrebujejo pri svojem delu, priučimo z izobraževanjem oziroma usposabljanjem. Glede ocenjevanja kompetenc obstajajo številne metode, v nalogi pa sta predstavljeni dve najpogostejši, in sicer ocena kompetenc z metodo 360 stopinj in metoda opazovanja na delovnem mestu. Ustrezna usposobljenost pa še toliko bolj pride do izraza pri varnostnem osebju, ki se pri delu veliko ukvarja z ljudmi in je po potrebi primorano uporabiti tudi silo. V tem delu naloge je obravnavan tudi projekt Kompetenčni center za izobraževanje varnostnega osebja, ki je veliko pripomogel k dvigu usposobljenosti varnostnega osebja. V panogi zasebnega varovanja ima ustrezna kompetentnost velik pomen, saj lahko pripomore k dvigu ugleda celotne panoge. V tretjem delu naloge sta predstavljeni še analiza ankete varnostnikov in razprava o rezultatih. As it derives from the title of the thesis, its primary goal is to present the management of a security company and competences of the security personnel. For a better starting point and easier understanding, the thesis additionally presents the field of company management and the field of competences. The first part of the thesis presents organizational management, which includes the management of a company, where authors stress out that successful business performance of a company demands effective company management and on the other hand successful employee or staff management. Considering his subordinates and the work tasks, the manager chooses an appropriate type leadership type and style, therefore the thesis presents different leadership types and styles. The second part of the thesis presents competences. Co-workers are easier to lead, if they have the necessary competences for their work or if they acquire them through education or training. There are numerous method for the assessment of competences, but the thesis only presents the two most common ones, namely the assessment of competences with the method 360 degrees and the method of observation at the workplace. Appropriate qualifications stand out even further in the case of the security personnel, who have a lot of contact with people during work and are sometimes even forced to use force. This part of the thesis also discusses the project Competitive centre for the education of security personnel, which contributed a lot to raise the qualifications of the security personnel. Appropriate qualifications are of significant importance in the private security branch, since they can contribute to the raise of the entire branch’s reputation. The third part of the thesis presents the analysis of the survey among security personnel and the discussion about the results.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljeno zagotavljanje varnosti na ravni lokalne skupnosti, in sicer skozi študijo primera Občine Kozje. Za varnost v prvi vrsti skrbi občina, saj je to njena dolžnost. Ugotovili smo, da k zagotavljanju varnosti največ doprinesejo prostovoljne organizacije, ki so v Občini Kozje tudi najbolj razvite, prav tako dodajo svoj delež tudi prebivalci sami s svojim ravnanjem. Tako županja kot poveljnik Civilne zaščite izpostavljata kot pomembnejše vire ogrožanja naravne nesreče in prometno varnost. V Občini Kozje ni ustanovljenega varnostnega sosveta, ki je sicer vedno bolj pogosta oblika sodelovanja vseh subjektov zagotavljanja varnosti na lokalni ravni. V občini so organizirana razna posvetovalna telesa, ki pripomorejo k zagotavljanju varnosti s strani občine. Med novejše subjekte zagotavljanja varnosti v občini spada Medobčinski inšpektorat in redarstvo, ki v občini deluje od leta 2015. V občini deluje tudi policijska pisarna, kjer je enkrat tedensko dosegljiv vodja policijskega okoliša, ostale naloge policije v občini opravlja Policijska postaja Šmarje pri Jelšah. Zelo pomembno vlogo pri zagotavljanju varnosti imajo štiri prostovoljna gasilska društva v občini. V občini deluje tudi Štab Civilne zaščite, ki je v fazi reorganizacije in do sedaj ni imel vidnejše vloge pri zagotavljanju varnosti. Prav tako v občini deluje Območno združenje Rdečega križa in javna zdravstvena služba. V občini se enkrat letno sestanejo z vsakim subjektom zagotavljanja varnosti posamezno, kjer podajo letno poročilo. Delo subjektov zagotavljanja varnosti v občini je ocenjeno kot dobro. Pri opremljenosti subjektov zagotavljanja varnosti bi bilo potrebno dobaviti določeno opremo in zaščitna sredstva, sicer pa so dobro opremljeni. This diploma paper examines how security is ensured in the local community. Taking a closer look at the Municipality of Kozje we can see how security provided of and which security services are present in the municipality. The municipality is the first in line to provide security since it is its duty to do so. We found out that the volunteer organizations, which are well organized within the municipality, are the largest contributors of security. Inhabitants also help ensuring security with their behaviour to some degree. Both, the mayor and the Civil Protection Commander pointed out that the biggest sources of security threats are natural disasters and traffic security. There is no municipality security councils in Kozje although municipality security councils are a very common form of cooperation among the security services at local level. There are various security consulting entities that contribute to security in the community. Among the newest there is the inter-municipal inspectorate and Municipal Warden Service which has been operational since 2015. There is also a police office where once a week the Community policing officer is available, all other police tasks are carried out by the police station Šmarje pri Jelšah. When it comes to ensuring the security, four volunteer fire departments are crucial. There is also the Municipal Civil Protection Headquarter that is being reorganized and has not had any key roles in ensuring security. There is also the regional Red Cross organization and the public health care service present in Kozje. Once a year there is a meeting between the local authorities and security ensuring entity to prepare an annual report. The work of security ensuring services in the municipality is assessed as well. When it comes to security services equipment there is still room for improvement, but in general they are well equipped.

Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kako varno je mesto Piran. V uvodnem delu je opisano razmerje med državno upravo in lokalno samoupravo, nato pa organizacijsko-pravna ureditev varnosti na državni in lokalni ravni. Na državni ravni je za varnost v največji meri odgovorna policija, zato je v tem delu podrobneje opisana, naštete so njene naloge in na kratko predstavljeno policijsko delo v skupnosti kot nov način dela. Na lokalni ravni sta kot organa za zagotavljanje varnosti izpostavljena občinska inšpekcija in občinsko redarstvo. Podrobneje je proučen Občinski program varnosti Občine Piran kot temeljni strateški dokument, v katerem je podrobneje predstavljeno področje delovanja občinske redarske službe, opredeljene pa so tudi zakonske osnove za sodelovanje redarstva s policijo pri zagotavljanju varnosti ter javnega reda in miru. Pomembno vlogo za zagotavljanje varnosti na lokalni ravni imajo tudi varnostni sosveti, ki so kot posvetovalna telesa namenjena reševanju problemov na lokalni ravni. V zaključnem delu naloge je opravljena raziskava, v kateri so zbrani statistični podatki o številu kršitev Zakona o varstvu javnega reda in miru (»Zakon o varstvu javnega reda in miru [ZJRM-1]«, 2006) na območju policijskih postaj Piran, Izola in Koper za obdobje petih let (2012−2016). Na podlagi zbranih podatkov je določeno mesto, ki ima najmanj storjenih prekrškov in zato najvišjo stopnjo javnega reda in miru. V zaključku so predstavljene ključne ugotovitve in predlogi za izboljšanje varnosti v občini Piran. The objective of this thesis is to determine the security of the Municipality of Piran. The introductory part describes the relations between the State administration and Local self-government, followed by the organisational and legal regulation of security at the State and Local level. As the Police is most responsible for security at the State level, the following section of the thesis, describes their tasks and duties in detail, as well as Police work in the Community, as a new way of exercising their tasks and responsibilities. On the other hand, the Municipal Inspection and Municipal Wardens are responsible for security at the local level. The thesis therefore examines in depth the Municipal Programme of Security of the Municipality of Piran, as the basic strategic document, which regulates the scope of activities, tasks and duties of the Municipal Wardens Services, as well as defines the legal basis for the cooperation between the Police and Municipal Wardens Services, in the area of security and public order. The Security Councils, as advisory bodies set up for discussing and resolving security issues, also have an important role in ensuring security at the local level. The concluding chapters of the thesis include a research, which gathered statistical data on the numbers of violations of The Protection of Public Order Act (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 70/06) in the area of Police Stations Piran, Izola and Koper for a five year period (2012 - 2016). On the basis of the data collected by the research, the area with the lowest number of violations and therefore the highest level of public order is determined. The main findings of the thesis are presented in the conclusion as well as proposed measures to provide better security in the Municipality of Piran.

Šport je sestavni del našega življenja. Najbolj priljubljena moštvena igra pri nas je nogomet. Sestavni del nogometa so navijači. Navijači so lahko ključen dejavnik, saj z svojim glasnim navijanjem spodbujajo svoje moštvo in jim dajejo dodatno energijo. Na tekme pa ne prihajajo samo navijači ampak tudi huligani, katerih namen ni navijanje ampak izvajanje izgredov. Tako bomo poskušali izboljšati varnostni nadzor na nogometnih športnih prireditvah, kjer bo dobro poskrbljeno za varnost in ne bo prihajalo do navijaških izgredov. Tako smo preučevali zakone, mnenja različnih avtorjev in druge dejavnike, ki so povezani z organizacijo športne prireditve. Analizirali smo zakonske osnove za organizacijo športne prireditve, kdo zagotavlja varnost na športnih prireditvah in kakšni so ukrepi ob morebitnih izgredih navijačev. V ta namen so preučili varnostni nadzor, katerega v veliki večini zagotavljata varnostno-rediteljska služba in policija. Njuno medsebojno sodelovanje je lahko ključnega pomena ob navijaških izgredih. Vedeli smo, da prihaja do navijaških izgredov samo na derbijih med NK Olimpijo in NK Mariboru, ki sta večna rivala. Na ostalih tekmah le redko kdaj prihaja do izgredov. Tako smo vedeli, da je naše okolje specifično, saj ne prihaja do izgredov na vsaki tekmi, tako kot se je to dogajalo v tujini. Da bi poskušali rešiti navijaško problematiko, smo analizirali zakone in ukrepe Anglije, Nemčije in Italije. Te države so v veliki večini rešile navijaško problematiko. Ugotovili smo, da imajo naštete države veliko strožje kazni za navijače, ki izvajajo izgrede. Tako predlagamo, da bi se morali zgledovati po njih in zaostriti kaznovanje. Velik korak naprej bi naredili tudi s tem, če bi sodelovali z organiziranimi navijaškimi skupinami, saj represija ni edina rešitev. Sport is important component of our life. The most popular team game with a ball is football. Integral part of football are fans. Fans can be a key factor, because they encourage their team with loud cheering and give them extra energy. Among the fans there are also so called hooligans, whose main objective is not cheering but encouraging and carrying out riots. We will try to improve safety control on football sports events, where security will be well taken care of and will be no room for hooligans riots. We studied the laws, opinions of various authors and other factors related to the organization of sporting event. We analyzed the law bases for organizing sports event, who provides safety at sports events and what are the disciplinary measures in case of possible fans riots. In purpose to do that, we have examined security controls, which are largely provided by the security and police. Their mutual cooperation can be crucial in case of fans riots. We knew that fans riots are taking place only on derby matches between NL Olimpija an NK Maribor, which are eternal rivals. In other matches, fans rarely get involved in riots. So we knew that our environment is specific, because rioting is not part of every matches, as opposed to other countries. In order to try solve fans issues, we analyzed the laws and measures of England, Germany and Italy. These countries have largely solved the fans issues. We have found that these countries have much more severe penalties for supporters who carry out riots. We suggest that we should be inspired by them and increase punishments. Big step forward would be cooperating with organized fan groups, because repression is not the only solution.

Ker je varnost za človeka pomemben dejavnik, ki vpliva na dobro počutje ter učinkovito delovanje vsakega posameznika, je izrednega pomena, da le-te ne zagotavljajo le policisti, ampak še kakšen drug organ. Ravno zaradi tega so se na lokalni ravni kot pooblaščene uradne osebe razvili redarji, ki skrbijo za varnost na nekem manjšem območju oziroma v neki občini. Redarji so partner policije, zato je pomembno, da se zavedamo, da delo teh dveh organov poteka vzporedno, kar pomeni, da se skupaj dopolnjujeta ter skupaj delujeta. To namreč pomeni, da si pomagata na raznih množičnih zbiranjih, občinskih dogodkih in tudi v prekrškovnih postopkih. Vsebina diplomskega dela je predstavitev delovanja Mestnega redarstva Mestne občine Murska Sobota. Redarstvo z omenjenega območja je bilo ustanovljeno v letu 1996, in sicer s ciljem izvajanja nadzora občinskih predpisov s petih različnih področij. Prelomnica redarske službe je bila s sprejetjem ZORed od leta 2006 naprej, saj so le-ti postali prekrškovni organi, večala so se jim pooblastila ter prav tako področja dela. Drugi del diplomskega dela je ocena občanov lokalne skupnosti Mestne občine Murska Sobota o redarski službi omenjene občine. Ugotovitve so pokazale, da je mnenje prebivalcev o redarjih v večini neopredeljeno, kar pomeni, da so svoje mnenje izrazili tako, da se z navedenim mogoče strinjajo oziroma se z navedenim niti ne strinjajo. Ali nas taki odgovori lahko pripeljejo do razmišljanja, da so prebivalci o redarjih premalo podučeni oziroma so jim delo, naloge ter dolžnosti tega organa pomanjkljivo predstavljeni? Ta vprašanja ostajajo odprta oziroma neodgovorjena, pozitivne premike pa bomo videli šele čez daljše časovno obdobje, mogoče je govora kar o kakšnem desetletju preventivnega delovanja ter izboljševanja napak, ki so že vidne v praksi. As human security is an important factor affecting the well-being and effective functioning of each individual, it is of utmost importance that not only the police is providing it, but also other authorities. This is precisely why traffic wardens evolved at the local level – as official people who take care for security in a smaller area or in a municipality. Traffic wardens are a police partner, therefore, it is important to be aware the work of these two authorities is parallel, which means the authorities are complementary and working together. They help at various mass gatherings, municipal events and in minor offence proceedings. The content of this diploma paper is the introduction of the working of the City Warden of the Municipality of Murska Sobota. The security was established in 1996, with the aim of implementing the supervision of municipal regulations from five different areas. Turning point of the municipal security was the implementation of the so-called ZORed (Act on local police) from 2006 onwards, as the municipal security became minor offence authority its authorisation and field of work increased. The second part of the diploma paper is the assessment of the citizens of the local community of Municipality of Murska Sobota about the municipal security of the mentioned municipality. The findings showed that the opinion of the citizens about traffic wardens is largely undefined, which means, their opinions were expressed by agreeing or disagreeing with the above. Can such answers lead us to thinking the citizens are undereducated about the traffic wardens or is their work, tasks and duties presented inadequately? These questions remain open or unanswered, where positive shifts will be seen only after a long period of time. It is even possible to talk about decades of preventive action and improvement of mistakes, which are already visible in practice.

Varnost v današnjem času ni več nekaj samoumevnega. Občutek te, v Ustavi Republike Slovenije zapisane dobrine, je bil pri prebivalcih občine Kranjska Gora preverjen z anketo in dobljeni odgovori primerjani s stanjem kriminalitete v njihovem okolju. Po uvodu najprej sledi predstavitev metodološkega okvirja diplomskega dela, s postavitvijo hipotez. Prvi teoretični del diplomskega dela predstavlja analizo preučevanja različnih virov, ki pojasnjuje osnovne pojme potrebne za nadaljnje razumevanje obravnavane tematike. Na začetku je predstavljena občina Kranjska Gora, v nadaljevanju pa opisan pojem varnosti, kriminalitete in njenega stanja. Opredeljeni in opisani so organi odkrivanja, preiskovanja in pregona kriminalitete, kot so policija, medobčinski inšpektorat, državno tožilstvo in na koncu sodišča. V povezavi s slednjimi je predstavljeno tudi njihovo delo, ki izhaja iz statističnih podatkov pridobljenimi iz letnih poročil posameznih organov. V empiričnem delu diplomskega dela so bili z anketo zbrani podatki analizirani in na ta način ustvarjeni ključni elementi za verifikacijo na začetku štirih postavljenih hipotez. Analizirani podatki so bili primerjani tudi s podobnimi v preteklosti že opravljenimi raziskavami, ki pa niso pokazali odstopanja v negativni smeri zato je bil lahko podan zaključek, da se prebivalci občine Kranjska Gora v svojem okolju počutijo zelo varne in da jim policija zagotavlja visok nivo varnosti. Safety today is no longer considered granted. Feeling of safety among residents of municipality of Kranjska Gora, about this value, indentified in the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia, was verified by a questionnaire and collected answers were compared with the crime situation in their environment. After introduction there is a presentation of the methodological framework of the thesis and hypothesis are placed. The first theoretical part of the thesis presents an analysis of the study of different sources, which explains the basic concepts needed for further understanding of the topics covered. At the beginning there is a presentation of the municipality of Kranjska Gora, further on a description of concepts of safety, criminality and its situation. Investigation and prosecution of crime authorities, such as police, inter-municipal inspectorate, prosecutor's office and, at the end, the court, are identified and described. Work of all listed authorities is presented trough statistical data, derived from the annual reports of individual organs. In the empirical part of the thesis, a data collected with questionnaire was analyzed, which created key elements for verification of four hypotheses, placed at the beginning. The analyzed data was compared to similar already performed past studies which showed no deviation in the negative direction, so the conclusions were made that the residents of the municipality of Kranjska Gora feel very safe in their surroundings and that the police is providing a high level of safety.

Varnost je za človeka pomembna vrednota, kajti posameznik stremi k temu, da se počuti varno. Največjo grožnjo predstavlja kriminaliteta, ki ves čas za lokalno skupnost predstavlja izzive, kako se z njo spopadati. Za zagotavljanje varnosti v skupnosti je potrebno sodelovanje različnih subjektov, bodisi državnih ali nedržavnih. Čeprav med njimi občinsko redarstvo vse bolj pridobiva na veljavi, je policija še vedno najpomembnejša, kajti še vedno ima največ pooblastil. V skupnosti so potrebni in pomembni vsi akterji, ki z izmenjavanjem informacij in medsebojno pomočjo vplivajo na to, kako bo varnost v skupnosti zagotovljena in posledično, kako se bodo pri tem počutili ljudje, ki tam živijo. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen primer zagotavljanja varnosti v MO Murska Sobota. Pri tem je bilo ugotovljeno, da je v tej mestni občini varnost zadovoljivo zagotovljena ter da v zadnjih letih ne prihaja do večjih kršitev, ki bi potrebovale posebno obravnavo. Če pa bi do kršitev prišlo, imajo v ta namen ustanovljen Svet za izboljšanje varnosti. Glede na statistične podatke policije je bilo ugotovljeno, da je na PU Murska Sobota v primerjavi z drugimi PU izvršenih malo kaznivih dejanj, saj gre za manjšo PU. V okviru PP Murska Sobota pa je največ kaznivih dejanj izvršenih zoper premoženje. V okviru MO Murska Sobota se je ugotavljala tudi uspešnost zaposlovanja Romov, pri čemer je bilo ugotovljeno, da le-to poteka zadovoljivo, vendar bi se na tem področju še kaj dalo storiti. Čeprav po mnenju vodje policijskega okoliša policijsko delo v skupnosti zadovoljivo poteka, je še naprej treba poudarjati sodelovanje tako med institucijami kot tudi med Romi in drugim prebivalstvom. To pa se lahko doseže z motiviranjem Romov, da se bodo željni zaposliti, in pa s spodbujanjem delodajalcev k zaposlovanju Romov. MO Murska Sobota je bila v preteklosti zelo dejavna na področju organiziranja raznih konferenc, okroglih miz, usposabljanj policistov itd. na temo zagotavljanja varnosti v lokalni skupnosti in drugih sorodnih tem, kar ji daje veliko prednost pri zagotavljanju varnosti tudi v prihodnje. Safety is an important value for a human, because an individual strives towards feeling safe. Crime presents the biggest threat, because it always presents a challenge for the local community on how to deal with it. For ensuring the safety in a community, it takes the collaboration of different subjects, both national and private ones. Despite the fact that the municipal security is gaining value, the police is still the most important, because it has the biggest authorization. In a community all agents are necessary and important, which with the exchange of the information and mutual help influence the manner of how the safety is ensured and consequently, how the inhabitants will perceive it. This degree paper presents the case of ensuring safety in the city municipality of Murska Sobota. In this municipality the safety is adequately ensured and in the last few years there has been no major violations of the law that would need a special treatment. In case it would come to a violation, they have established community for increasing safety. According to the police statistic, it has been discovered that the police district of Murska Sobota has a lower crime rate compared to the other police districts, because it is smaller. Within the police department of Murska Sobota, most crimes are executed against property. The effectiveness of the employment of the Romani has also been determined in the context of municipality of Murska Sobota - the employment is on track, but there are some areas that could be improved. Although, the police work in the community is carried out satisfactorily (according to the head of the police district), it is necessary to continue the cooperation between the institution, the Romani people and the other population. This can be achieved with motivating the Romani to be eager to work and with the encouraging of the employers to employ the Romani people. The municipality of Murska Sobota has been very active in organizing various conferences, round tables, training the police officers, etc. on the subject of ensuring the safety of the local community and other related topics, which gives it a high priority in ensuring security in the future.

Policija za uspešno in učinkovito opravljanje svojega dela potrebuje zakonsko določene privilegije in pravice, ki so zapisane v več zakonikih, kot najbolj pomembnega lahko izpostavimo Zakon o nalogah in pooblastilih policije. V diplomski nalogi smo se osredotočili na pregled omenjenega zakona ter vrsto drugih strokovnih knjig, učbenikov in drugih virov. Zanimalo nas je, kako policisti z uporabo pooblastil posegajo v pravice državljanov in državljank ter drugih oseb na ozemlju države. Prav tako smo veliko pozornosti namenili samemu opisovanju nalog in pooblastil policije, kako in v kakšnih situacijah policisti uporabijo določeno pooblastilo, kakšna načela morajo ob uporabi upoštevati in spoštovati, kako morajo ravnati, ko pridejo v stik z ranljivejšimi prebivalci (otroci, mladostniki, nosečnice, ostareli ljudje). Ugotovili smo, da morajo pri svojem delu vedno spoštovati temeljne človekove pravice in svoboščine, brez razlikovanja po spolu, starosti, verskem prepričanju, izobrazbi ipd. Pri policijskem delu so te pravice lahko tudi kršene, predvsem z različnimi ukrepi omejevanja gibanja na določenem območju. S pregledom različnih literatur smo ugotovili, da ob primeru, ko z nekim ukrepom policija začasno krši pravice in svoboščine prebivalcev, mora biti ta kršitev (npr. omejitev gibanja) odpravljena takoj, ko prenehajo obstajati razlogi za njeno določitev. Del diplomske naloge smo namenili tudi opisovanju kriminalitete, načinom preprečevanja kriminalitete, omenili smo različne vrste sodelovanja s policisti s strani drugih organov, različnih društev in tudi prebivalcev, predvsem na področju preventivnega delovanja. Opisali smo sam pojem nevarnost, kjer smo ugotovili, da v zakonih, ki opredeljujejo policijsko delo, najdemo več podvrst tega pojma opisali smo splošno, konkretno in abstraktno nevarnost. Prav tako smo opisali pojma silobran in skrajna sila ter ju med seboj primerjali. The police, in order to successfully and efficiently perform their work, needs statutory privileges and rights, which are recorded in several codes, among which the Act on Police Tasks and Powers can be highlighted as the most important one. In the present diploma thesis we focused on reviewing the above mentioned Act, as well as a number of other professional books, textbooks and other sources. We were interested in how the police interfered with the rights of citizens and other persons on the territory of the country by using their powers. We devoted much attention to describing the tasks and powers of the police, how and in what situations police officers use a certain mandate, what principles should they take into account and respect and how they need to behave when they come into contact with vulnerable people (children, adolescents, pregnant women, old people). We found that they always have to respect fundamental human rights and freedoms in their work, without any distinction by sex, age, religious belief, education, etc. In the police work, these rights may also be violated, in particular through various measures to restrict movement in a given area. By reviewing various literature we found that if a police measure temporarily violates the rights and freedoms of the population by means of a measure, only this violation (e.g. restriction of movement) must be abolished as soon as the reasons for determining it cease to exist. A part of this diploma thesis was also devoted to describing crime, how to prevent crime, we mentioned various types of cooperation with police officers by other authorities, different societies, as well as by residents, especially in the area of preventive action. We have described the notion of danger where we found that in the laws and acts that define police work, we find several subspecies we described the general, concrete and abstract danger. We also described the concept of self-defence and extreme force, and compared them to each other.

Urbana središča so najzanimivejša z vidika proučevanja kriminalitete. V Sloveniji težko primerjamo urbana območja z razsežnostjo le teh v drugih evropskih mestih. Kljub temu obstaja primerjalno velika razlika med stopnjo kriminalitete v mestih ter na podeželju. Mesto Koper je zaradi svoje strateško pomembne lege ter številne kritične infrastrukture varnostno zanimivo območje. Teoretični del magistrskega dela je namenjen predstavitvi teorij. Povzete teorije so ključne za razumevanje zagotavljanja in ohranjanja varnega urbanega okolja. S tem namenom so prav tako povzeti nekateri predpisi ter podzakonski akti, ki določajo pristojnosti posameznih varnostnih deležnikov pri zagotavljanju varnosti na urbanih območjih. Empirični del je namenjen prikazu analize prijavljenih oz. obravnavanih kaznivih dejanj za izbrano obdobje. Delno strukturirana intervjuja dopolnjujeta analizo podatkov iz geografskega informacijskega sistema ter dajeta celovitejšo sliko o kriminaliteti na izbranem urbanem območju. Splošne ugotovitve kažejo, da se statistično zgodi največ tatvin ter velikih tatvin, veliko je tudi kaznivih dejanj poškodovanja tujih stvari ter ogrožanja varnosti. Območje centra je varnostno precej problematično zaradi prisotnosti številnih ustanov, poslovalnic, uradov, šol idr. Varnostno najbolj problematičen objekt je Zavod za prestajanje kazni zapora Koper. Varnostno moteči so, po mnenju številnih občanov ter predstavnika občinskega redarstva in vodje policijskega okoliša, motorji do 25 km/h. Najspodbudnejša je ugotovitev o izvajanju skupnih patrol policije in občinskega redarstva. Tovrsten ukrep je izjemno dobra prevencija za zagotavljanje dolgoročno varnega in stabilnega urbanega območja. The theoretic part of the master's thesis will present the theories. The summarized notions are fundamental in order to understand why it is important to ensure and preserve a secure urban area. Thus, some acts and regulatory provision related to the competence of individual security partners in ensuring security in urban areas are also presented in the paper. The empiric part deals with the analysis of the reported and considered offences in the selected period of time. The two partially structured interviews complement the analysis of the data acquired from the geographic information system and provide a crime image on the given urban area in its entirety. The general findings show that according to the statistics, the most frequent are thefts and grand larcenies, there are also lots of offenses damaging of property and threat to security. The city centre is quite problematic as far as security is concerned due to a number of institutions, offices, schools, etc. It seems that the most problematic building is the Koper Correctional Facility and Prison. According to numerous members of the community and the spokesperson of the Municipality Security Forces, motorcycles with velocity up to 25 km/h endanger the security of the city. The most encouraging is the result related to the implementation of joint patrols of the police and security forces. Such measures are extremely efficient in assuring a long-term security and stability of the urban area.

Policija v našem okolju ni edini ponudnik tako imenovanih varnostnih storitev, ampak so se ji pri nas, po vzoru zahoda, pri zagotavljanju splošne varnosti ljudi in premoženja, pridružujejo različni subjekti kot na primer zasebne varnostne službe oziroma zasebni varnostniki, detektivi, različne inšpekcijske službe in ne nazadnje občinski redarji. Vendar se zdi, da je policija kot organ v sestavi Ministrstva za notranje zadeve za zagotavljanje varnosti še vedno najpomembnejši dejavnik. Gre za organ oziroma organizacijo, ki je dolgo časa edina zagotavljala varnost in ima s tega vidika najbolj funkcionalno in številčno organizacijo, ki vključuje širok spekter pooblastil in ne nazadnje učinkovite metode dela kot je denimo v skupnost usmerjeno policijsko delo, ki se kaže v ustvarjanju partnerskega odnosa z državljani kot uporabniki varnostnih storitev. Takšnih metod dela in v takšnem obsegu za enkrat pri ostalih subjektih ne najdemo, čeprav se tudi oni poslužujejo podobnih načinov. Skozi primerjavo izvedenih ukrepov subjektov vključenih v sistem pluralne policijske dejavnosti na območju Mežiške doline tako dokazujemo, da so na območju Mežiške doline v sistem pluralne policijske dejavnosti sicer vključeni različni subjekti, vendar kljub temu večino nalog za zagotavljanje varnosti ljudi in premoženja, še vedno opravi policija oziroma njeni uslužbenci. In our environment police is not the only provider of so-called security services, but following the example of others, we are trying to engage various entities such as private security companies and private security guards, detectives, various inspection services and last but not least municipal wardens to contribute their share of knowledge in makeing society safer. However, it seems that the police as a body under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of remains the most important factor. The authority or organization that has long been the only organization to provide safety and has in this perspective the most functional and numerical organization, which includes a wide range of powers and ultimately efficient working methods such as community policing work, which is reflected in the creation of a partnership relationship with citizens and users of security services. Such improved methods of work and the extent of them other subjects can not provide, although they also contribute in safer society. Through the comparison of the implemented measures of involved entities in the system of pluralist police activity in the area of the Mežica Valley we proved that majority of tasks to ensure the safety of people and property, is done by police and its staff.

V zadnjem desetletju je prišlo v Sloveniji do korenitih družbenih sprememb: gospodarske krize s številnimi negativnimi posledicami, nazadovanja v gospodarstvu, naraščanjem brezposelnosti ter revščine, v zadnjem času iščemo rešitve tudi za migracijske tokove. Vse negativne posledice povečujejo možnosti za kriminaliteto na nekaterih področjih preprečevanja in zatiranja kriminalitete, zato zahtevajo učinkovite ukrepe zagotavljanja varnosti. V diplomski nalogi nas je zanimalo, kako se zagotavlja varnost v lokalnem okolju. Naloga je razdeljena na dva dela. V teoretičnem delu smo opredelili lokalno skupnost, pojasnili organizacijo Slovenske policije, predstavili občino Oplotnica, povzeli rezultate predhodnih raziskav s področja zagotavljanja varnosti v lokalnih skupnostih, osvetlili pomen delovanja policije v lokalni skupnosti, predstavili pomen drugih organov (varnostnega sosveta, občinskih redarjev idr.), povzeli varnostni načrt Občine Oplotnica, predstavili trende varnostnih pojavov v obdobju 20132015 in predstavili vlogo lokalne policije, opredeljeno v Resoluciji o preprečevanju in zatiranju kriminalitete. V empiričnem delu smo s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika ugotavljali, kako varno se počutijo občani, kakšna so njihova pričakovanja od varnostnih organov, subjektov in institucij, kakšno mnenje imajo o policiji idr. Uporabne informacije smo preko razgovora pridobili tudi od vodje policijskega okoliša. Čeprav so navedeni družbeni premiki državnega in celo mednarodnega pomena, je kakovostno zagotavljanje varnosti na lokalni ravni pomembno in smiselno zaradi nešteto možnosti sodelovanja med prebivalci in varnostnimi organi, možnosti neformalnega opazovanja, nadzora in hitrega odziva, tesnejše vpetosti policije ter drugih organov v življenja občanov ter s tem hitrejšega pretoka informacij ter ukrepanja. Predhodne raziskave in tudi naša potrjujejo, da je zagotavljanje varnosti zelo učinkovito tudi na področju preprečevanja kriminalitete. Radical social changes took place in Slovenia within last decade: economic crises with numerous negative consequences, regressions in an economy, increasing of unemployment and poverty, lately also migration flows. All these negative consequences are increasing possibilities for criminality on some fields of preventing and repressions of criminality, therefore they demand efficient measures of safety ensurinf. In my thesis we have been wondering, how safety is ensured in local environment. The thesis has two parts. In its theoretical part we determinated local community, explained organization of Slovenian police department, introduced Municipality of Oplotnica, summarized results of previous researches about safety ensuring in local communities, lited up the purpose of other bodies (safety advisory group, the municipal traffic wardens, etc.), summarized safety plan of Municipality of Oplotnica, introduced trends of safety occurences within time period from 2012 to 2015 and introduced role of local police considering Resolution of the prevention and combating of crime. In the empirical part we used questionnaire and, based on that, we found out, how safe citizens feel, what are their expectations of security and safety agencies, what opinion do they have about police, etc. We gained useful informations also over a conversation with the executive of precinct. Although these listed social moves have national and international import, ensuring of safety is important well on local level and reasonable because of countlessly options of cooperation between residents and security agencies, possibilities of informal observance, surveillance and quick response, tigher connection of the police and other bodies with residents and their lifes, which leads to faster flux of information and acting. Preliminary researches as our own confirm, that ensuring of safety is very efficient also on field of preventing criminality.

Urbano okolje je okolje večine danes živečih ljudi (Polič, 2002), pri čemer število svetovnega prebivalstva vseskozi narašča. Visoka koncentracija ljudi na razmeroma omejenem prostoru pa pomeni večje tveganje za pojav kriminalitete, zlasti če urbanizem pri načrtovanju ali prenovi mest oziroma naselij ne upošteva spoznanj z vidika primarne kriminalne prevencije oziroma preprečevanja kriminalitete z oblikovanjem okolja. Današnje študije potrjujejo in jasno dokazujejo povezavo med strukturo in organiziranostjo urbanega prostora ter kriminaliteto (Crime Prevention through …, 2015), prvič pa je bila ta povezava omenjena v okviru čikaške kriminološke šole v 19. stoletju. Vzajemnosti urbanizma in kriminalitete bi se morali zavedati tudi mestne oziroma lokalne oblasti in strokovnjaki za urbanizem, kajti »slaba stanovanjska politika (rušenje sosesk in preseljevanje stanovalcev na druga območja) slabi družinske vezi, ustvarja napeto vzdušje in občutke ogroženosti ter povzroča upad kolektivnih dejavnosti in vodi v porast prestopništva, medtem ko so brezosebna naselja v predmestjih leglo obupa, osamljenosti in nasilja« (Urban crime prevention, 2002: 33). V magistrskem delu sta na začetku obravnavani teorija koncentričnih krogov in teorija branjenega prostora, osrednje poglavje pa predstavlja Podoba (ne)varnega okolja. Opisani so tudi ukrepi preprečevanja kriminalitete z oblikovanjem okolja. Ker obstajajo povezave med neurejenim oziroma zanemarjenim okoljem in prestopniškim ravnanjem, tudi nismo mogli mimo teorije razbitih oken. Za boljši pregled smo na koncu dodali še povzetek zakonodaje o urejanju prostora v Sloveniji. Magistrsko delo zaokrožamo s študijo primera o varnosti in trenutnem stanju v parku v Radencih. Urban environment is environment where the majority of people live today (Polič, 2002), while the world population is growing constantly. A high concentration of people in a relatively limited space means a greater risk for crime, especially if town planning does not include the findings from the perspective of primary crime prevention or crime prevention through environmental design in urban planning or renewal. Present studies confirm and clearly prove the correlation between the structure and organization of urban space and crime (Crime Prevention through …, 2015). This correlation was mentioned for the first time in the framework of the Chicago criminological school in the 19th century. The city or local authorities and urban planning experts should also be aware of the reciprocity between urban planning and crime, because »poor housing policy (demolition of neighbourhoods and relocation of residents to other areas) weakens family ties, creates a tense atmosphere and a feeling of threat, causes a decline of collective activities and leads to a rise of delinquency, while soulless suburbs are a hotbed of despair, loneliness, and violence« (Urban crime prevention, 2002: 33). This master´s thesis first presents the concentric zone model and the defensible space theory, while the main chapter is titled The image of (un)safe environment. Measures for crime prevention through environmental design are also described. Because there is correlation between a disorderly or neglected environment and delinquent behaviour, the broken windows theory is included as well. For a better overview, we included a summary of the legislation on spatial planning in Slovenia. The master´s thesis is concluded with a case study on safety and the current situation in the Radenci park.

Slovenija je turistična država, ki ima tudi nekaj svetovno znanih turističnih krajev. Bled s svojimi znamenitostmi zagotovo spada med vrhunske slovenske turistične destinacije. Veliko število tako domačih kot tujih turistov pa prinaša določena varnostna tveganja, ki so značilna za turizem in turistične kraje. V diplomskem delu smo predstavil vire ogrožanja in vrste deviantnih ter kaznivih ravnanj, ki so značilna za turistične kraje. Pregledali smo razloge in vzroke, zaradi katerih turisti na svojih potovanjih postanejo žrtve različnih kaznivih dejanj. Opisali smo institucije, ki so v turističnih krajih po Sloveniji zadolžene za zagotavljanje varnosti, pa tudi, na kakšen izpolnjujejo svoje obveznosti. Cilj naše raziskave je bil, dognati, ali je v času turistične sezone na območju Bleda število prijavljenih kaznivih ravnanj večje kot v preostalem delu leta. Izkazalo se je, da število prijavljenih kaznivih ravnanj na Bledu v juliju in avgustu dosega skoraj polovico prijavljenih kaznivih dejanj v celem letu. Poleg tega smo skušal ugotoviti, ali so za območje Policijske postaje Bled v času turistične sezone značilna določena kazniva (odklonska) ravnanja, povezana s turisti. Izkazalo se je, da so turisti na Bledu najpogosteje žrtve kaznivih dejanj, povezanih s tatvinami in vlomi. Kot storilci se turisti pojavljajo v prekrških zoper javni red in mir in prekrških v cestnem prometu. Slednji imajo velikokrat za posledice prometne nesreče z manjšo materialno škodo. V zaključnem delu naloge smo ponudili tudi nekaj rešitev, ki bi po našem mnenju pripomogle k zmanjšanju varnostnih tveganj na Bledu kot turističnem kraju. Slovenia is a tourist destination and as such, it has a lot of world famous tourist spots. Bled with its attractions is definitely one of the highlights of the tourist offer in Slovenia. A large number of both, domestic and foreign tourists, brings certain security risks that are typical for tourists and tourist destinations. We have made an overview of the sources of threat and types of deviant and criminal behaviour, which is typical in tourism. We have reviewed the reasons and causes, why tourist become victims of various crime on their trips. We have described institutions that are important in providing security in Slovenian tourist resorts. In the study we have tried to determine wheter the number of reported crime in the area of Bled is higher during the tourist season, than in the rest of the year. It has turned out that the number of reported criminal offenses during the tourist season in Bled is almost a half of all reported criminal offenses during all year. We have tried to determine wheter there are certain criminal offenses or deviant behavior, that are associated with tourist in the time of tourist season in Bled. It has turned out, that tourists are mostly victims of crime related to theft and burglary. As perpetrators, tourists occur mainly in connection with offenses against public order and road traffic offenses. The lasts are often reason for traffic accidents with minor material damage. Finally we have offered some solutions, that will help to reduce the security risks in Bled as a tourist spot.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen celovit pristop k organizaciji javnega dogodka s poudarkom na zakonodaji in varovanju. Pri načrtovanju dogodka je treba poleg upoštevanja zakonodaje in predpisanih postopkov posebno pozornost posvetiti zagotavljanju varnosti tako obiskovalcev kot nastopajočih in drugih udeležencev, upoštevajoč predvideno strukturo obiskovalcev in nastopajčih, pozicijo, gradnjo in opremljenost objekta oziroma prostora samega, prometno-logistične povezave ter najrazličnejše druge, tudi nepredvidene dejavnike. Opisani so postopki in načini pridobivanja ustreznih dovoljenj, zagotavljanja varnosti na javnih dogodkih oz. prireditvah z različno stopnjo tveganja. Javni dogodki se namreč ocenjujejo s stopnjo tveganja na podlagi Uredbe o obveznem organiziranju službe varovanja na javnih prireditvah. Zagotavljanje varnosti je eden od najpomembnejših vidikov organizacije javnih dogodkov in hkrati temeljni pogoj za njihovo uspešno izvedbo. In thesis we present a comprehensive approach to organizing public events in terms of legislation and safety. In addition to legislation and statutory procedures when planning an event our special attention is focused on ensuring the safety of visitors and performers as well as other participants, taking into account the structure of visitors, position of event venue, construction and equipment of the building or venue itself, logistic transport links and a variety of other factors, including those unforeseen. In thesis we describe the permits procedures, providing security at public events with different risk level. Risk degree is calculated due to legislation. Ensuring security is one of the most important aspects of event organization and at the same time basic condition for the successful execution of the event.

Vsak dan smo v stiku z inštitucijami pluralne policijske dejavnosti, večinoma se niti ne zavedamo da smo v stiku. Ko se sprehajamo po mestu smo pod nadzorom kamer, ki jih upravljajo zasebna varnostna podjetja, ko gremo na cesto smo pod nadzorom policije, ko kupimo kakršnokoli tujo dobrino je ta moral iti skozi roke carine, ipd. Vse te inštitucije pluralne policijske dejavnosti delajo po programu nacionalne varnosti in skrbijo za državljane Republike Slovenije. Vsaka deluje na svojem področju, ena področja se sicer med seboj prekrivajo med inštitucijami, v teh primerih je tudi urejeno kako sodelujejo inštitucije med seboj. Večina inštitucij policijske dejavnosti je državnih, obstajata pa tudi dve zasebni, za katere se vsak posameznik odloči če jih bo uporabil ali ne. Zasebni inštituciji policijske dejavnosti sta zasebno-varnostna podjetja in detektivi, obe inštituciji ponujata usluge v zameno za plačilo teh uslug. V mestni občini Maribor delujejo vse inštitucije pluralne policijske dejavnosti in imajo tudi svoje uprave, sedeže podjetij, poslovne enote, ipd.. Maribor kot drugo največje slovensko mesto ima približno 100,000 prebivalcev. Maribor je strateško zelo pomembno mesto, zaradi tranzita, ki pa slabo izkorišča v sebi prid. Bližina Hrvaške in Avstrijske meje pomeni, da mora biti policijska in carinska uprava številčna za nadzor prometa in tovornega prometa. Mestna občina Maribor ima tudi svoje redarstvo, ki opravlja svoje naloge, čeprav ne uživa podpore prebivalstva, kar se tudi lahko reče za ostale inštitucije pluralne policijske dejavnosti. Večina prebivalcev Maribora ima negativne izkušnje z njimi, sploh med nogometnimi tekmami in protesti, si je predvsem policija pridobila negativno podobo. Mnogi prebivalci Maribora so tudi mišljenja, da ne potrebujemo toliko različnih inštitucij policijske dejavnosti in da so pod vplivom korupcije in da ščitijo koruptivne državnike. Every day we are in contact with the institutions of plural policing a, but we are not even aware that we are in everyday contact. When you walk around town, we are controlled by cameras operated by private security companies, when we drive on the road it is under the control of the police, when we buy any foreign item that item had to go through the hands of customs duties, etc. All these institutions plural policing are included in national security program and cares for the citizens of the Republic of Slovenia. Each operates in its own field of duty some of the areas overlap between these institutions, in such cases it is also regulated how institutions cooperate with each other. Most of the institutions of policing are ruled by the government, and there are also two private, to which each individual decide if they will use them or not. Private institutions of policing are the private-security firms and detectives, both institutions offer services in exchange for payment. In the municipality of Maribor are present all institutions of plural policing and also have their own administrations, enterprises, business units, etc. Maribor as the second largest Slovenian city has about 100,000 inhabitants. Maribor is strategically a very important for transit, but poorly exploited. Close are the Croatian and Austrian border and this means that there must be heavy police and customs presence to control traffic and freight traffic. Municipality of Maribor also has its own Constabulary to carry out its tasks, although it does not enjoy the support of the population, which can also be said for the other institutions of plural policing. Most of the inhabitants of Maribor have a negative experience with them, especially during football matches and demonstrations it was primarily that the police obtained a negative image. Many inhabitants of Maribor are also thinking that we do not need so many different institutions of policing and that are influenced by corruption and protect the corrupt statesmen.

V diplomski nalogi smo preučevali policijsko delo v skupnosti. To je moderni način izvajanja policijske dejavnosti, pri katerem policisti in krajani sodelujejo. V uvodu smo z deskriptivnim pristopom opredelili vlogo policije v družbi in pojem deviantnega vedenja. V teoretičnem delu smo prikazali razvoj policije v Republiki Sloveniji, predstavili sedanjo zakonsko podlago za delovanje policije in opisali pričakovane karakteristike policistov. Implementacijo policijskega dela v skupnosti smo ugotavljali z raziskavo v urbanizirani vasi Limbuš. Empirični del vsebuje demografske podatke kraja in krajanov. Glavni metodi dela sta bili osebni, strukturirani intervju z akterji varnosti ter pisna in elektronska anketa za krajane. Ugotovili smo, da ključni akterji dejavno sodelujejo pri zagotavljanju varnosti v Limbušu. Krajani se počutijo varno, želijo sodelovati s policijo, niso pa seznanjeni s policijskim delom v skupnosti ter vodjem policijskega okoliša. Policijsko delo v skupnosti se v kraju Limbuš implementira počasi. Posebnost diplomske naloge je organizacija in izvedba okrogle mize z naslovom »Ali se počutite varno?«. V kraju Limbuš je dogodek predstavljal prvo takšno povezavo med teoretičnimi, strateškimi in usmeritvenimi dokumenti Ministrstva za notranje zadeve in Policije, gosti (podžupan Mestne občine Maribor, vodja Medobčinskega inšpektorata in redarstva Maribor, predsednik krajevne skupnosti) ter prebivalci, ki jim je pravzaprav namenjena policijska dejavnost. Izpostavljeni so bili problemi nevarnih šolskih poti, finančne podhranjenosti krajevne skupnosti in (s tem povezane) neurejene kanalizacije. Ugotovili smo, da bi bilo dobro organizirati še eno okroglo mizo, na kateri bi bil gost vodja policijskega okoliša. Rezultati diplomskega dela so koristna informacija tako za strokovnjake, raziskovalce področja varnosti v Sloveniji, kot tudi za laične bralce. In this thesis we studied community policing. This is the modern way of implementing policing where the participants are police officers and local residents. In the introduction we have defined the police role in the society and the concept of deviant behavior with the descriptive approach. In the theoretical part we displayed the development of the police in the Republic of Slovenia, we presented the current legal basis of police functioning and described the characteristics expected of police officers. Implementation of police work in the community was determined by a survey in urbanized village of Limbuš. The empirical part contains demographic data of place and the local people. The main method of work was personal, structured interviews with security security personel and written and electronic survey for the local people. We have found, that the key players are actively involved in ensuring security in Limbuš. Local people feel safe, they want to cooperate with the police, but they are not familiar with community policing, and the heads of the police district. Police work in the community in the place Limbuš is slowly implemented. The specialty of this thesis is to organize a round table entitled "Do you feel safe?". In the village of Limbuš the event represented the first such link between the theoretical, strategic and guiding documents of the Ministry of the interior and the Police, the hosts (deputy mayor of Maribor, head of municipal inspectorate and constabulary Maribor, president of the local community) and the residents who this police activity is actually intended for. Dangerous problems of school routes, low financial support of the local community, and (related with this) dysfunctional sewage were exposed problems. We came to a conclusion, that it would be positive to organize another round table, at which the guest would be head of the police district. The results of this thesis are a useful information for professionals, researchers in the field of security in Slovenia, as well as for layperson.

V Sloveniji zagotavljata varnost v lokalnih skupnostih tako policija kot občinska redarstva. V primerjavi s policijo, ki je pristojna za opravljanje nalog na območju celotne Slovenije, pa so občinska redarstva omejena na območje občine ustanoviteljice. V prvem delu diplomske naloge sem analizirala kakšna pooblastila imajo policisti po Zakonu o nalogah in pooblastilih policije ter občinski redarji po Zakonu o občinskem redarstvu. Vključila sem še primerjavo njunih nalog po Zakonu o javnem redu in miru, Zakonu o pravilih cestnega prometa in po Zakonu o prekrških. V tem delu sem tudi analizirala primer Mestne občine Ptuj, ki je najstarejše mesto v Sloveniji in zato turistično privlačna destinacija, prepletena z veliko rekreativnimi potmi in je ureditev področja varnosti pomembna. V zadnjem delu sem primerjala pravno ureditev Slovenije z ureditvijo drugih držav članic Evropske Unije, natančneje s Hrvaško in Italijo. Kljub temu da so članice Evropske Unije in so pravni redi držav članic v skladu z mednarodnim pravom, pa se njihovi notranji pravni redi med seboj razlikujejo. In Slovenia there are the police as well as the local warrents that ensure safety in the local communities. Comparing with the police, which operates at the state level, are local warrents, which was set up in every municipality and are therefore part of local communities. In the first part of the diploma paper, I presented authorisations and tasks of the police according to ‘The Act on the Tasks and Powers of the Police' and authorisations and tasks of the local warrents according to 'Act on Local Police'. I have also included 'The Act on the protection of public order and peace', 'The act on the rules of the road traffic' and 'The Offences Act' to compare tasks of the police and the local warrents according to this acts. In this part I have also analysed the case of the Municipality Ptuj, the oldest town in Slovenia and as such an attractive tourist destination intertwined with many recreational trails in which the safety regulation is important. In the last part I researched politics of some other European Union members. As an example, I reviewed the legal politics in Croatia and Italy. Although all these countries are members of the European Union and follow international politics their politics and arrangements differ from one country to another.

V diplomskem delu smo proučevali usposabljanje oseb zadolženih za osebno varovanje v javnem in zasebnem sektorju. Predstavili pa smo tudi usposabljanje Close Protection Unit (CPU) mednarodne mirovne civilne misije Združenih narodov (UN) UNMIK na Kosovu in ga primerjali z usposabljanjem policist specialist – varnostnik Centra za varovanje in zaščito (PSV CVZ). Ugotovili smo, da morajo osebe zadolžene za osebno varovanje imeti številne sposobnosti in znanja, ki jim omogočajo svoje delo opravljati strokovno. Ugotovili smo, da se usposabljanja v zasebnem in javnem sektorju med seboj razlikujejo. Razlike so opazne predvsem v obsegu učnih vsebin ter seveda v obsegu učnih ur. V zasebnem sektorju usposabljanje za varnostnika telesnega stražarja traja 130 ur, v javnem sektorju pa usposabljanje za PSV CVZ traja 528 ur. V obeh sektorjih so natančno določeni pogoji kdo lahko pristopi k usposabljanju za osebo zadolženo za osebno varovanje. Ti pogoji so vezani predvsem na doseženo stopnjo izobrazbe, delovno dobo, zahtevan je izpit B kategorije, dovoljenje za posest in nošenje orožja itd. Ob primerjanju usposabljanja služb UNMIK CPU in CVZ pa smo ugotovili, da je CPU UNMIK bilo za sprejem v učno enoto potrebno opraviti zelo zahteven test iz streljanja, prav tako pa je razlika tudi v usposabljanju za rokovanje z orožjem. V UNMIK CPU se je potrebno kvalificirati za rokovanje in streljanje s kratkocevnim orožjem, pa tudi z brzostrelko ter jurišno puško, kar pri usposabljanju za PSV CVZ ni potrebno. Razlika je opazna tudi pri usposabljanju v prvi pomoči in tehnikah samoobrambe. CVZ obravnava temo prve pomoči dokaj široko, med tem ko se v CPU UNMIK več ali manj koncentrira na "strelne rane", "poškodbe telesa ob eksploziji" oziroma krvavitve nasploh ter srčne zastoje. Področje samoobrambe pa je v okviru usposabljanja v CPU UNMIK vezano predvsem na pridobitev določenih specifičnih znanj. In the diploma thesis we have studied the training for persons responsible for close protection in the public and private sector. We also presented the training of the Close Protection Unit (CPU) in the United Nations (UN) Mission in Kosovo UNMIK and have compared it with the training of PSV CVZ. We found out, that people responsible for close protection have to have many capabilities and extensive knowledge, that enables them to perform their work professionally. We also found out that the trainings in the public and private sector have differences. They are noticeable in the range of teaching contents and in the range of lessons. In the private sector the training lasts for 130 hours and in the public sector it lasts for 528 hours. In both sectors specific conditions are required for admission to the training. This conditions are bound to the level of education, years of service, the candidates need to have a driver`s license, a license for possession and carrying of arms and so on. In the comparison of the training in CPU UNMIK and CVZ we found out, that for the admission to the learning unit in the CPU UNMIK it was necessary to pass a tough shooting test. Also there is a difference in the training for weapons handling. In the CPU UNMIK it is necessary to qualify oneself for handling and shooting with short barrel firearms and assault rifles, which is not necessary in the training for PSV CVZ. The differences are notable in the first aid course and in the course for self-defense too. The CVZ discusses the subject of first aid fairly wide, while in the CPU UNMIK it is concentrated on gunshot wounds, blast injuries, bleedings in general and cardiac arrest. And the self-defense course in CPU UNMIK is bound on gaining certain specific knowledge.

Namen magistrske naloge je, da z analizo občinskih programov varnosti vseh treh občin v Zasavju, analizo podatkov kaznivih dejanj in drugih virov ogrožanja ter intervjujev z občinskimi svetniki na območju Zasavja, definiramo potrebe po pluralni policijski dejavnosti v statistični regiji Zasavje. V teoretičnem delu magistrske naloge smo z deskriptivno metodo ter analizo domače in tuje literature opisali pojme in dejstva pluralne policijske dejavnosti ter predstavili zgodovinsko in geografsko ozadje vseh treh občin v Zasavju. V drugem, empiričnem delu, je poudarek bolj na analitičnem pristopu, kjer smo z zbiranjem, primerjavo in obdelavo podatkov iz javnih virov, uradnih evidenc, zakonov, strokovne literature, spletnih strani in intervjujev z občinskimi svetniki iz občin Hrastnik, Trbovlje in Zagorja ob Savi, definirali potrebe po pluralni policijski dejavnosti v Zasavju. Ugotovili smo, da občinski svetniki v Zasavju niso v celoti seznanjeni s konceptom pluralne policijske dejavnosti, ter da je socialno stanje v Zasavju zaskrbljujoče, kar predstavlja pereč varnostni problem. Naša najpomembnejša in ključna ugotovitev te magistrske naloge je, da v Zasavju obstajajo potrebe po pluralni policijski dejavnosti. The purpose of the master's thesis is to determine the needs for plural policing in the statistical region of Zasavje through analysis of municipal programmes of all three of Zasavje's municipalities and analysis of criminal activity and other causes of threatening security along with interviews with local councilors in the area of Zasavje. In the theoretical part of the thesis we have, using the descriptive method and analysing domestic as well as foreign literature, described concepts and facts of plural policing and presented the geographical together with historical background of all three municipalities in Zasavje. In the second, empirical part, the focus was on analytical approach, which helped us to determine the needs for plural policing in Zasavje through collecting, comparing and processing data from public sources, official records, expert literature, websites and interviews with local councilors from municipalities of Hrastnik, Trbovlje and Zagorje ob Savi. We came to a conclusion that local councilors in Zasavje are not entirely familiar with the concept of plural policing and that the social situation in Zasavje is worrisome, which in itself is a topical security isseue. The most important and vital finding of this master's thesis is that in Zasavje needs for plural policing do exist.

Živimo v času, ko se je kriminaliteti nemogoče izogniti, zato je pomembno, da se tega dobro zavedamo in poskušamo najti čim več različnih načinov za njeno uspešno preprečevanje in omejevanje. Tako kot drugod po svetu se tudi v Evropi srečujemo z različnimi vrstami kriminala, predvsem s preprodajo drog, z organiziranim kriminalom in migracijami. V Evropi so številne organizacije in institucije sprejele različne dokumente, priporočila in smernice, katerih namen je zajeziti kriminal in povečati varnost v Evropski uniji. Na tem področju so v zadnjem času zelo aktivni tudi različni projekti, v katerih aktivno sodeluje tudi Slovenija, predvsem Fakulteta za varnostne vede. V preteklosti je bil poudarek na zagotavljanju varnosti v lokalni skupnosti precej manjši. Danes pa se ljudje močno zavedajo, kako pomembno je, da si medsebojno pomagajo in svetujejo. Tudi sodelovanje med občani in pristojnimi institucijami se je močno izboljšalo, predvsem policija je začela dajati večji poudarek preventivnem delu in svetovanju občanom. Kljub mnogim projektom se je treba zavedati, da se kriminalitete ne da popolnoma izkoreniniti, saj ljudje dobivajo vedno nove ideje, kako se izogniti roki pravice. Prav zaradi tega je pomembno tesno sodelovanje in pripravljenost na sprejemanje novih idej ter nadaljnje učenje. Tudi v prihodnje se bomo srečevali s podobnimi problemi, zato je pomembno, da se že sedaj pripravljajo potrebni načrti in strategije, ki nam bodo pomagale omejevati in preprečevati kriminal ter še naprej zagotavljati varnost v lokalnih skupnostih. We live in a time when the crime is impossible to avoid, which is why it is important to be well aware of this and try to find as many different ways for its successful prevention and limitation. Like elsewhere in the world, even in Europe faced with various types of crime, especially drug trafficking, organized crime and migration. Many organizations and institutions in Europe have adopted various documents, recommendations and guidelines aimed at curbing crime and increase safety in the European Union. In this area, recently very active in the various projects in which Slovenia is actively involved mostly Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. In the past, the focus was on ensuring the safety of the local community is much smaller. Today, people are greatly aware of how important it is to give each other help and advise. The cooperation between citizens and relevant institutions has improved dramatically. In particular, the police began to give much greater emphasis on preventive work and advice for citizens. Despite many projects, however, it should be aware that crime can not be completely eradicated, because people are always getting new ideas on how to avoid justice. That is why it is important for close cooperation and willingness to accept new ideas and further learning. In the future we will face similar problems, so it is important to already prepared the necessary plans and strategies, which will continue to help to limit and prevent crime, and has continued to help provide security in local communities.

Policijsko delo v skupnosti ter sodelovanje policije z varnostnimi službami je v diplomskem delu opisano z namenom predstavitve zagotavljanja varnosti ljudi in premoženja na majhnem, vendar varnostno zelo obremenjenem območju nakupovalnega središča. Oblika dela že v imenu nakazuje, da je za izvajanje le-te prvi pogoj skupnost ljudi z istimi ali podobnimi interesi sobivanja ali soustvarjanja ter zagotavljanje ene od osnovnih človekovih potreb ‒ potrebe po varnosti. S spremembo političnega sistema v Sloveniji, odpiranjem meja in povezovanjem s tujino ter posledično hitrim gospodarskim razvojem se je spremenilo tudi dojemanje ljudi do sprememb v družbi. Kljub odprtosti in želji po vsem novem je potreba ljudi po varnosti vsekakor ostala ista oziroma je in postaja vedno bolj cenjena dobrina. S spreminjanjem zakonodaje, uvajanjem zahodnoevropskih načinov policijskega dela v skupnosti (Lobnikar, Sotlar in Meško, 2013), predvsem pa s pluralno policijsko dejavnostjo (Dolenc, 2010 Modic, Lobnikar in Dvojmoč, 2014) so se poleg tradicionalnih državnih organov za zagotavljanje splošne varnosti v zagotavljanje in nudenje le-te vključili še novo nastali deležniki, kot so varnostno-svetovalne službe, varnostne službe, redarske službe, detektivi. Za to področje zagotavljanja in predvsem nudenja varnosti je bilo zato treba sprejeti tudi nove zakonske ureditve. V nadaljevanju je opredeljena netipična skupnost ‒ nakupovalno središče. Nakupovalna središča glede na svojo specifičnost oziroma prisotnost velikega števila ljudi na razmeroma majhnih območjih za policijo ter varnostne službe predstavljajo območja z visokim varnostnim tveganjem. Zagotavljanje varnosti predstavlja izziv, ki ga je mogoče reševati in uspešno izvajati zgolj z dobrim in usklajenim sodelovanjem vseh deležnikov na vseh ravneh upravljanja in izvajanja nalog za preprečevanje kriminalitete in zagotavljanje javnega reda. Sklepni del zajema opredelitev postavljenih hipotez, analizo ugotovitev pridobljenih mnenj iz intervjujev ter priporočila za nadaljnje delo, predvsem policistov pri zagotavljanju varnosti v nakupovalnih središčih s poudarkom na sodelovanju in posredovanju ugotovitev in zaznanj pri svojem delu. Pomembno je, da se zaznavanja in ugotovitve varnostnikov ali policistov pri delu hitro in na čim kakovostnejši način medsebojno posredujejo. S tem se povečuje učinkovitost dela na področju zagotavljanja varnosti, kakor tudi hitreje odziva na pojave novih oblik izvrševanja kaznivih dejanj ali kršitev javnega reda. The cooperation of the police and private security services in the joint provision of security in the shopping center BTC City Ljubljana Police work in the community and police cooperation with security services is described in the thesis with the purpose of presenting the safety insurance of people and property in a small but security wise extremely overwhelmed area of the shopping centre. The form of police work in the community in the name itself indicates that in order to implement it, the first condition is the community of people with same or similar interests of coexistence or co-creation and providing one of the basic human needs - the need for security. The change of the political system after the independence of Slovenia, opening of the borders and integrating with the rest of the world and, consequently, rapid economic development, has changed the perception of people to change society. Despite the openness and desire for new, the need for safety remained the same, and, is becoming an increasingly prized commodity. With the changing of the legislation or introducing western methods of police work in the community (Lobnikar, Sotlar and Meško, 2013), especially with plural policing (Dolenc, 2010 Modic, Lobnikar and Dvojmoč, 2014), in addition to traditional operators for the provision of general security and ensuring the provision of it, newly established stakeholders such as security services, stewarding, detectives were included in it. For this area, it was also necessary to adopt a new regulation. In the following an atypical community is defined – the mall. Shopping centres because of their specificity or presence of a large number of people in a relatively small area, both for police as well as security services represent areas with high security risks. Ensuring safety therefore presents a challenge that can be tackled and successfully implemented only with good and coordinated cooperation of all stakeholders at all levels of management and implementation of tasks to prevent crime and ensure public order. The final part covers the definition of hypotheses, analysis of the findings derived from the interviews, opinions, and recommendations for further work, primarily the police in providing security in shopping centres with an emphasis on cooperation and transfer of findings and the detection of their work. An important fact is that the perceptions and findings of the security guards quickly and in the best quality manner transfer. This increases the professionalism and efficiency in the provision of security, as well as a faster response to the emergence of new forms of enforcement of criminal offenses or breaches of public order.

V doktorski disertaciji smo se lotili raziskovanja varnosti in kakovosti obravnave psihiatričnega bolnika z vidika različnih deležnikov, posebej pa smo se osredotočili na pojav izbruha agresije in različnih oblik nasilja. Od različnih deležnikov smo v ospredje postavili zdravstveno nego, ki je med deležniki v procesu obravnave najbolj izpostavljena, še posebej med zaposlenimi v zdravstveni negi v psihiatričnih bolnišnicah, psihiatričnih domovih in CUDV. Dosedanje raziskave in disertacije na tem področju so redke, hkrati pa se večinoma »dotikajo« le medikamentoznih ukrepov. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili različne vire in znanja o: zagotavljanju varnosti, kakovosti storitev, kakovosti v zdravstvu, zadovoljstvu uporabnikov, psihiatričnih boleznih in stanjih, nasilju psihiatričnih bolnikov in empiričnih podatkih ter regulaciji področja in njenih prednostih ter slabostih. V nadaljevanju smo predstavili predlagan organizacijski model obravnave agresije in funkcionalnega izobraževanja, ki smo ga 3 leta izvajali v določenih javnih zavodih. Za pripravo empiričnega dela smo s študenti 2. letnika magistrskega študija zdravstvene nege izvedli fokusno skupino, s katero smo želeli pridobiti večjo širino mnenj in istočasno testirati anketni vprašalnik. V empiričnem delu smo opravili raziskavo najbolj izpostavljenega profila (zdravstvena nega) v psihiatričnih bolnišnicah, domovih in CUDV. V raziskavi smo želeli ugotoviti vrsto in pogostost različnih oblik agresije, s katerimi se soočajo anketirani, ter ugotoviti uspešnost predlaganega organizacijskega modela. Skupno so na anketo odgovorile 303 osebe. Ugotovili smo, da se je v celotni populaciji z verbalnim nasiljem s strani bolnika v zadnjem letu srečalo 85,5 % anketiranih, s fizičnem nasiljem 74,9 %, na delu pa jih je bilo kadarkoli poškodovanih 55,8 % anketiranih. Pri zaposlenih v psihiatričnih bolnišnicah (n=203) se je z verbalnim nasiljem s strani bolnika v zadnjem letu srečalo 92,6 % anketiranih s fizičnem nasiljem 84,2 %, na delu pa jih je bilo kadarkoli poškodovanih 63,5 % anketiranih. Z raziskavo smo tudi potrdili uspešnost predlaganega organizacijskega modela. The research focus of the doctoral dissertation was the safety and quality of psychiatric patients’ treatment from the point of view of various stakeholders, with a pronounced stress on the occurrence of aggressive outbursts and various forms of violence. Out of various stakeholders, health care (especially employees in psychiatric hospitals, psychiatric homes and special education, work and care centres - SEWCC) was put forward, as the one being the most exposed in the process of patients’ treatment. Previous research and dissertations in this field are rare, and mainly touch upon medicamental measures. The theoretical part comprises the introduction to various sources and knowledge about safety management, service quality, health care quality, users’ satisfaction, psychiatric illnesses and conditions, violence by psychiatric patients, empirical data and the regulation of the field with its advantages and drawbacks. This is followed by the presentation of a proposed organizational and functional model of in-service training, which was conducted in certain psychiatric institutions over the time period of three years. To prepare the empirical part, a focus group with the second-year students of health care master’s degree programme was conducted, with the aim of achieving a broader spectrum of opinion and test the questionnaire. In the empirical part a study of the most exposed profile (health care) in psychiatric hospitals, homes and SEWCCs was undertaken. The goal was to determine the type and frequency of aggression the interviewees had to face, and to ascertain the success of the proposed organizational model of in-service training. Altogether 303 individuals participated in the study. It was established that 85.5% of all interviewees faced verbal aggression by the patients in the last year, 74.9% physical violence and that 55.8% of them were injured at their workplace at any time during their work history. With the employees in psychiatric hospitals (n=203), 92.6% faced verbal aggression by the patient, 84.2% physical violence and 63.5% were injured at their workplace at any time during their work history. The study also confirmed the success of the proposed organizational model of in-service training.

Zdravstvena nega pacienta pred splošno anestezijo zajema psihično in fizično pripravo pacienta, predoperativni anestezijski pregled in vizito anestezijske medicinske sestre, transport ter neposredno pripravo pacienta v operacijski dvorani na splošno anestezijo. Seznanitev s potekom zdravljenja pred operacijo in anestezijo ugodno vpliva na pacienta. Idealno je, če ima pacient dovolj časa, da se na operacijo lahko pripravi. Med anestezijo skrbita za pacienta anestezijska medicinska sestra in zdravnik anesteziolog. Nadzirata in vzdržujeta njegove življenjske funkcije ter globino anestezije, ga opazujeta in zagotavljata varnost. Za kakovostno zdravstveno nego pa takoj po anesteziji in operaciji poskrbi medicinska sestra v pooperativnem nadzoru v zbujevalnici, ko pa so pacientove življenjske funkcije stabilizirane, pacient zbujen in zapleti nadzorovani, pacienta premestimo na oddelek in načrtujemo tudi že odpust. Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti zdravstveno nego pacienta pred, med in po splošni anesteziji, opisati vlogo medicinske sestre pri tem ter predstaviti, kako zagotavljamo varnost pacientov pred, med in po splošni anesteziji. V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptiven način pisanja. Predstavili vse vrste anestezije, zdravstveno nego pacienta pred, med in po splošni anesteziji ter opisali kako zagotavljamo varnost pacientov. V sklepu smo odgovorili na obe raziskovalni vprašanji in pri tem ugotovili kako zelo pomembna je vloga medicinske sestre, kot člana tima pred, med in po splošni anesteziji ter da mora biti za varnost pacientov dobro poskrbljeno. Die Betreuung des Patienten vor der Allgemeinanästhesie umfasst eine psychische und physische Vorbereitung des Patienten, eine voroperative Anästhesieuntersuchung und eine Visite der Anästhesiekrankenschwester, den Transport und die unmittelbare Vorbereitung des Patienten im Operationssaal auf eine Allgemeinanästhesie. Das Informieren vor der Operation und der Anästhesie hat auf den Patienten eine vorteilhafte Wirkung. Ideal ist es, wenn der Patient genügend Zeit hat, sich an die Operation vorzubereiten. Während der Anästhesie sorgen für den Patienten eine Krankenschwester und ein Anästhesiologe. Sie kontrollieren seine Vitalfunktionen, beobachten ihn und sorgen für seine Sicherheit. Für eine qualitätsvolle und hochwertige Krankenpflege sofort nach der Operation sorgt jedoch die Anästhesiekrankenschwester in der postoperativen Aufsicht im Erwachungsraum. Wenn die Vitalfunktionen des Patienten stabilisiert und Zwischenfälle unter Kontrolle sind, wird der Patient auf die Station verlegt, seine Entlassung wird schon geplant. Das Ziel der Diplomarbeit war die Krankenpflege des Patienten vor, während und nach der Allgemeinanästhesie vorzustellen und dabei die Rolle der Krankenschwester zu beschreiben. Man wollte auch zeigen, wie man die Sicherheit der Patienten vor, während und nach der Allgemeinanästhesie gewährleistet. In der Diplomarbeit haben wir die deskriptive Schreibweise verwendet. Wir haben alle Arten von Narkosen und die Krankenpflege vor, während und nach der Allgemeinanästhesie vorgestellt und beschrieben, wie man die Sicherheit der Patienten gewährleistet. Im Schluss haben wir beide Forschungsfragen beantwortet und dabei herausgefunden, wie sehr die Rolle der Krankenschwester als einem Mitglied des Teams vor, während und nach der Allgemeinanästhesie wichtig ist und dass für die Sicherheit der Patienten gut gesorgt werden muss.

Main purpose of the dissertation is to compare police officers’ and citizens’ attitudes toward various aspects of local safety provision, with the emphasis on community policing, which is currently the main philosophy of policing in Slovenia. Data for the study comes from a survey administred to a sample of police officers and citizens to assess their attitudes on a broad range of issues regarding the provision of safety on the local level as related to Slovene police in general, police effectiveness in various activities, legality of police work and citizens’ willingness to cooperate with the police among others. Within the comparison between citizens’ and police officers’ attitudes, areas of the highest and the lowest degree of concordance between attitudes were identified and examined. Attitudes of police officers and citizens were found to be most dissimilar regarding legality of police work, effectiveness in protecting life, personal safety and property, general perceptions of police and effectiveness in community policing. Overall level of concordance between attitudes of both groups was found to be low. The foci of our further analysis were the factors which influence citizens’ and police officers’ attitudes toward police effectiveness in community policing. Effects of gender, age, education, fear of crime and residency characteristics on citizens’ attitudes were examined, and effects of age, education, participatory management, organizational support, job satisfaction and community support on police officers’ attitudes were examined. Results of regression analysis showed that police visibility, trust in the government, age, fear of crime and length of residency affect citizens’ attitudes toward police effectiveness in community policing, however these variables account only for 30.1 percent of the variation in citizens' attitudes toward community policing. Police officers’ attitudes toward police effectiveness in community policing are affected by age, education, organizational support, job satisfaction and community support. These variables were found to account only for 28.7 percent of the variation in police officers' attitudes toward community policing. Majority of the variation in both groups’ attitudes toward community policing thus remains unexplained. Suggestions for further research and policy implication are provided, focused on inclusion of additional variables into model of police officers’ attitudes and model of citizens’ attitudes. Variables found to affect citizens of both groups toward police effectiveness in community policing by the findings of present research should be taken into consideration by police administrators and local safety policy makers. Glavni cilj doktorske disertacije je primerjava stališč policistov in državljanov do nekaterih vidikov zagotavljanja varnosti na lokalni ravni, s poudarkom na policijskem delu v skupnosti, ki je bilo v Sloveniji uvedeno po letu 1990 kot del procesa demokratizacije in prenosa idej o policijskem delu z Zahoda. Glavno raziskovalno vprašanje se tako glasi: Kakšna je stopnja skladnosti med stališči policistov in stališči državljanov do zagotavljanja varnosti na lokalni ravni, s poudarkom na policijskem delu v skupnosti, ki zahteva dobršno mero sodelovanja med policisti in državljani? Primerjali smo stališča policistov in državljanov glede različnih vidikov zagotavljanja varnosti na lokalni ravni, in sicer splošen vtis o policiji in njihovem delu uspešnost policije pri varovanju življenja, osebne varnosti in lastnine zakonitost policijskega dela uspešnost policije pri odkrivanju in preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj uspešnost policije pri policijskem delu v skupnosti pripravljenost državljanov za sodelovanje s policijo usmerjenost v skupnost in tradicionalna usmerjenost. Drugi del raziskave se nanaša na proučevanje dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na stališča policistov in državljanov do policijskega dela v skupnosti. Identifikacija dejavnikov namreč omogoča vpogled v oblikovanje stališč posamezne skupine z možnostjo vplivanja na spreminjanje stališč v želeni smeri. Glavne ugotovitve doktorske disertacije se nanašajo na primerjavo stališč policistov in državljanov glede različnih vidikov zagotavljanja varnosti v lokalnih skupnostih. Stališča policistov in državljanov so v veliki meri različna, torej je stopnja skladnosti med stališči policistov in stališči državljanov do policijskega dela v skupnosti nizka. Področja, ki so s tega vidika najbolj »problematična«, so: zakonitost policijskega dela, uspešnost policistov pri varovanju življenja, osebne varnosti in lastnine, splošen vtis o policiji in njihovem delu ter uspešnost policistov pri policijskem delu v skupnosti. Na tem mestu izpostavljamo zakonitost policijskega dela, kjer so stališča policistov in državljanov najbolj neskladna. Državljani izražajo dvom v zakonitost policijskega dela, kar v praksi lahko pomeni veliko težavo, še posebej z vidika policijskega dela v skupnosti, ki temelji na sodelovanju prebivalcev  njihova pripravljenost je ob upoštevanju izraženega dvoma v zakonitost policijskega dela zagotovo vprašljiva

Varnost oseb, ki so v nacionalnem interesu, je ključnega pomena pri zagotavljanju varnosti Republike Slovenije in varnosti njene ustavne ureditve. Multidisciplinarni kriminološki pristop k raziskovanju zagotavljanja varnosti oseb, ki so v nacionalnem interesu, zagotavlja pregled in pomen varnosti teh oseb, ki so hkrati pomembne za varovanje demokratične in ustavne ureditve države. Zagotavljanje varnosti tem osebam je tudi mednarodnega pomena, kar je razvidno iz vrste mednarodnopravnih aktov, ki obvezujejo države članice, da implementirajo posamezne kazenskopravne določbe v nacionalne zakonodaje, in celo predpisujejo oblikovanje ustreznega upravnega sistema ukrepov, ki bo omogočal varnost tako imenovanim mednarodno zaščitenim osebam. Ključni pomen pri zagotavljanju varnosti tem osebam daje kazensko pravo, saj omogoča, da skozi analizo pravnih pravil tako imenovanih političnih kaznivih dejanj, pridemo do rezultatov, katerih cilj je ustrezna normativna rešitev, predvsem v upravnem ali »policijskem« pravu. Zaradi vedno večjih varnostnih izzivov v sodobni družbi, smo posledično zavezani tudi k vedno večjim pravnim izzivom, saj je pravo edino tisto, ki ima v svojem poslanstvu integrirano varovalno funkcijo. Safety of persons who are in the national interest, is crucial in ensuring the safety and security of the Republic of Slovenia to the constitutional order. Multidisciplinary approach to criminological research to ensure safety of persons in the national interest, and provides an overview of the importance of protection of the persons who are also important for the protection of democratic and constitutional system of the country. Ensuring the safety of these persons is also of international importance, which is evident from a series of international instruments binding the Member States to implement specific criminal law provisions in national legislation, and even provide for the creation of the administrative system that will allow the so-called security of internationally protected persons. Of vital importance in ensuring the safety of persons under criminal law, since it allows the analysis of legal rules through the so-called political offenses, we reach the results aimed at the appropriate regulatory solution, especially in a regulatory or "police" law. Due to the increasing security challenges in modern society, we are consequently also committed to increasing legal challenges, because the law is the only one that has integrated its mission in a protective function.