Search

Upravni postopek, urejen v določilih Zakona o kmetijstvu, je samo ena od podvrst upravnega postopka. Za razliko od splošne ureditve v Zakonu o splošnem upravnem postopku, se smatra, da gre za posebno ureditev upravnega postopka. Da pa se lahko določen postopek uredi drugače od splošne ureditve, morajo biti izpolnjeni določeni pogoji. Predvsem mora biti to nujno oziroma je toliko izjem, da se tega ne da urediti drugače. Potem se mora upoštevati tudi pogoj, da se uredi samo posamezne procesne institute, pri tem pa se upoštevajo temeljna načela splošnega postopka, ki se jih ne sme izključiti. Namen posebne ureditve je predvsem urediti tiste pravne institute, ki se zelo razlikujejo od splošnih. Poleg tega bi neurejenost teh pravnih institutov prinesla pravno negotovost. Zakon o kmetijstvu drugače ureja tiste procesne institute, brez katerih bi bil ta poseben postopek nepraktičen in neizvedljiv. Razlog zakonodajalca pri tej ureditvi je predvsem v implementiranju evropske zakonodaje, ki mora biti izvedena v skladu z pogoji EU in upoštevanjem nekaterih drugih specifik področja. Te značilnosti so predvsem organizacijske narave, saj gre v veliki meri za pomanjkanje kadrov, preveliko število vlog, finančni vidik … To se odraža na ureditvi institutov, saj gre pri večini za podaljšanje rokov za opravljanje posameznih procesnih dejanj, omogočanje uporabe določenih skrajšanih postopkov s pomočjo informacijske tehnologije, za dodajanje novih ali odvzemanje določenih pogojev. Zakonodajalcu je uspelo s pomočjo posebne ureditve uravnotežiti razmerje med zahtevami in pričakovanji strank (predvsem po pravni varnosti) z zahtevami, ki se pojavljajo na področju organizacije in implementacije evropske zakonodaje. Administrative procedure arranged in a Agriculture law is just one of the subspecies of administrative procedure. The difference between procedure in arranged in a Agriculture law and the procedure arranged in Law of general administrative procedure is in species of procedure. Unlike the procedure arranged in Law of general administrative procedure, the procedure arranged in a Agriculture law is not special but special. When we arranging a special kind of procedure, we must follow some certain conditions. Firs of all, the arranging od special kind of procedure must be necessary or there must be so many exceptions, that there is no other way. We must keep in mind, that only individual process institutions are arranged specialy and when we are arranging that, we must consider the basic principles of general procedure, which we can't exclude. The reason of arrangin the special administrative procedure is to arrange those legal institutions, that are very distinguish from general ones. Beside that, the unarranging of these institutions would brought a certain leagal uncertainty. Law of agriculture is regulating those process institutions, which are necessary and without those the procedure would be inpractical and unworkable. The legislators main reason for arranging this procedure is mainly in implementing the Eurepoean legislation, which must be arranged with conciderations of terms od EU and some other specification of field. Special arrange of administrative procedure also can mean, that we regulate process norms on a base of EUs material legislations. The features are organizational natures, above all of lack of employees, financial point, number of roles … This is being reflected in regulation of institutes, because there is extension of time periods for performance od individual process actions, enabling of use of certain shotened procedures with help of technology, adding new or taking some of certain conditions. A legislator managed to balance relationship between demends and expectations of involved parties (above all legal certainty) with demans, which are appearing in organisation and implementation of EU legislation.

Inšpekcijski nadzor je nadzor nad izvajanjem oziroma spoštovanjem zakonov in drugih predpisov. Izvršujejo ga inšpektorji kot uradne osebe s posebnimi pooblastili in odgovornostmi. Inšpektorji delujejo v inšpektoratih, ki imajo status organa v sestavi ministrstva. Tržni inšpektorat Republike Slovenije (TIRS) je inšpekcijski organ v sestavi Ministrstva za gospodarski razvoj in tehnologijo (MGRT). Pristojen je za nadzor predpisov na področjih kot so varstvo potrošnikov, varnost proizvodov, trgovina in obrt, gostinstvo in turizem, delo na črno, nelojalna konkurenca, avtorske pravice in nekaterih drugih. Tržni inšpektorji opravljajo naloge inšpekcijskega nadzora z namenom varovanja javnega interesa ter interesov pravnih in fizičnih oseb (zavezancev), in sicer na način, da pri izvrševanju svojih pooblastil v delovanje zavezancev posegajo le v obsegu, ki je nujen za zagotovitev učinkovitega inšpekcijskega nadzora. Pri izbiri ukrepov tržni inšpektorji ob upoštevanju teže kršitve izrečejo ukrep, ki je za zavezanca ugodnejši, če je s tem dosežen namen predpisa. V postopku inšpektorja ima položaj stranke zavezanec. Vlagatelj pobude, prijave, sporočila ali druge vloge nima položaja stranke. Tržni inšpektorji delujejo po Zakonu o splošnem upravnem postopku (ZUP), Zakonu o inšpekcijskem nadzoru (ZIN) in Zakonu o tržni inšpekciji (ZTI). Za inšpekcije, katerih delovanje urejajo posebni zakoni, se ZIN uporablja samo glede tistih vprašanj, ki niso urejena s posebnimi zakoni. Glede postopkovnih vprašanj, ki niso urejena z ZIN ali s posebnimi zakoni, se subsidiarno oziroma dopolnilno uporablja ZUP, ki ni prilagojen zahtevam in določenim značilnostim posebnega upravnega področja. V postopku inšpekcijskega nadzora ima pravico do vložitve pritožbe zoper odločitev inšpekcijskega organa vsaka stranka (pravna ali fizična oseba) in vsaka druga oseba, ki meni, da konkretni upravni akt inšpekcijskega organa posega v njene pravice ali pravne koristi. Druga stopnja v takšnih upravnih zadevah je MGRT. Pritožba zoper odločbo inšpektorja ne zadrži njene izvršitve, če s posebnim zakonom ni drugače določeno. Drugostopenjski organ mora odločbo o pritožbi izdati in stranki vročiti, brž ko je to mogoče, najpozneje pa v dveh mesecih od dneva prejema popolne pritožbe. Pravico do (učinkovitega) pravnega sredstva zoper odločitev upravnega organa o posameznikovih pravicah, dolžnostih ali pravnih interesih zagotavlja Ustava Republike Slovenije (25. člen). Gre za temeljno pravico vsakega posameznika. Kot eno temeljnih načel upravnega postopka jo brez dvoma lahko obravnavamo kot državljansko pravico, ki v državi odseva stopnjo demokratičnosti. Pritožba je po ZUP edino redno pravno sredstvo za varstvo formalne in materialne zakonitosti v upravnem postopku. Predstavlja zakonito možnost odprave ali spremembe izdanega konkretnega upravnega akta. Kot izraz nezadovoljstva strank ima velik pomen, saj ne zasleduje le varstva pravic strank v upravnih postopkih, temveč zagotavlja tudi notranji upravni nadzor ministrstev kot drugostopenjskih organov nad delom prvostopenjskih upravnih organov. Opozoriti je treba tudi, da možnost vložitve pritožbe pomaga omejevati samovoljno sprejemanje odločitev, ker je zakonitost odločanja tudi v javnem interesu. Če je zavezanec redno pravno sredstvo izrabil, lahko iz zakonsko določenih razlogov sproži s tožbo še upravni spor. Inspection is a control of the implementation or compliance with laws and other regulations. It is performed by inspectors acting as officials with special powers and responsibilities. Inspectors operate within inspectorates, which are bodies within ministries. The Market inspectorate of the Republic of Slovenia (Slovenian TIRS) is an inspectoral body within the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology (Slovenian MGRT). It’s responsible for surveillance of regulations on areas such as consumer protection, product safety, trade and crafts, catering and tourism, undeclared work, unfair competition, protection of copyrights and some others. Market inspectors perform inspection duties with the purpose of protecting the public interest and the interests of legal and natural persons (the persons liable), in such a manner that, in exercising their powers, they shall interfere with the operation of the persons liable only to the extent necessary to ensure an effective inspection. In the selection of measures, market inspectors, taking into account the gravity of the violation, impose a measure more favorable to the person liable if this achieves the purpose of the regulation. In a procedure conducted by an inspector, the person liable has the position of a party. A person submitting an initiative, denunciation, communication or other application doesn’t have the position of a party. Market inspectors act under the General Administrative Procedure Act (GAPA, Slovenian ZUP), the Inspection Act (IA, Slovenian ZIN) and the Market Inspection Act (Slovenian ZTI). Inspections, regulated by separate laws, are subject to the IA only in those issues that aren’t regulated by separate laws. In the relation to procedural issues, not regulated by the IA or the separate laws, subsidiary or as a complement is applied the GAPA, that isn’t tailored to the requirements and specific characteristics of a particular administrative field. Each customer in the inspection administrative procedure (legal or natural person) and any other person who believes that a specific act of the inspectoral body intervenes into his or her rights or legal benefits and disagrees with it, is entitled to an appeal against a decision of the inspectoral body. The second instance in such administrative matters is dedicated to the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology. An appeal against the decision of an inspector doesn’t stay the execution of the decision, unless otherwise determined by a separate law. The decision on the appeal must be issued and served to the customer as soon as possible but, in any case, within two months of the date on which the body received the complete appeal. The right to (efficient) legal remedy against a decision, passed by a state body, concerning an individual’s rights, duties or legal benefits, is granted by the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia (Article 25). It’s a fundamental right of each individual. As one of the basic principles of the administrative procedure, it can, without any doubt, be treated as a civil right that reflects the level of democracy in the state. On the basis of the GAPA an appeal is the only ordinary legal remedy for protecting substantive and procedural legality in the administrative procedure. It’s a legal instrument of the annulment or change of the issued decision. As an expression of the dissatisfaction of customers it’s of a wide importance, because it isn’t only pursuing the protection of the rights of customers in the administrative procedures, but is as well assuring an internal administrative supervision of ministries as second instance bodies against the decisions of the first instance bodies. It must also be pointed out that the possibility of appeal helps to limit arbitrary decision-making, since the legality of a decision is also a matter of public interest. If the client has already used ordinary legal remedies, he has the right to initiate an administrative dispute with a lawsuit.