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Ejecta microjets offer an experimental methodology to study high-speed particle laden-flow interactions, as microjets consist of millions of particulates traveling at velocities of several kilometers per second and are easily generated by most common shock drives. Previous experiments on the OMEGA Extended Performance laser found that collisions between two counter-propagating laser-driven tin ejecta microjets varied as a function of drive pressure; jets generated near shock pressures of 10 GPa passed through each other without interacting, whereas jets generated at shock pressures of over 100 GPa interacted strongly, forming a cloud around the center interaction point. In this paper, we present a more systematic scan of tin ejecta microjet collisions over intermediate pressure regimes to identify how and at what shock pressure interaction behavior onsets. Radiographs of interacting microjets at five different laser drive energies qualitatively demonstrate that interaction behavior onsets slowly as a function of laser drive energy. Quantitative mass and density metrics from each radiograph provide trends on jet characteristics and collisional mass dispersion. It is observed that jetting mass, jet densities, and mass dispersion increase with increasing drive pressures and that the increased jet density at the higher drive energies may account for the increased mass dispersion. This work provides an important step in the understanding of tin ejecta microjet collisions and paves the way for future studies on the physics dominating high-speed particle-laden flow interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monoclinic (In 0.25 Al 0.75) 2 O 3 alloy has been suggested as an ideal material to create monoclinic Ga 2 O 3 heterostructures, as it provides a close lattice match to β - Ga 2 O 3 along with a 1 eV conduction-band offset. Achieving intentional n -type doping in Ga 2 O 3 heterostructures is important for device applications, but this may be difficult due to the high Al content of this alloy. Here, we use density functional theory with a hybrid functional to investigate common donor dopants, in particular, Si, Sn, C, and Ge substituting on cation sites, and H interstitials, in In 2 O 3 and InAlO 3. We identify Si as the optimal donor, as it is a shallow donor for In concentrations above 14%. Its formation energy is also low, indicating that these donors will incorporate during growth. For higher In concentrations, Sn (above 33% In) and Ge (above 35% In) are also promising donors, with Sn having comparable formation energies to Si. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sn-doping effects on the electrical conduction and optical properties of GaAs(631)A epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated. We found that the conduction type conversion, frequently observed in the doping of layers grown on high-index substrates, is avoided when tin-doping is implemented. The maximum free-carrier concentration (n) obtained in GaAs(631):Sn was 2 × 1019 cm−3, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported for GaAs(631):Si, and within the same order of magnitude for the growth of GaAs(100):Si. The electron mobility was suitable for many optoelectronic applications. Raman spectroscopy showed low lattice disorder in (631) oriented samples, compared with singular (100) samples. The photoluminescence characterization of the samples revealed the blueshift of the optical transitions close to E0 associated with the Moss–Burstein effect for Sn doping. Photoreflectance spectroscopy was used to study the doping properties at the critical points E1 and E1 + Δ1, where the major affectation with n was perceived in the broadening parameter Γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-laser beams interacting with small droplets of liquid tin are currently the most efficient systems for producing the 13.5 nm EUV photon radiation source required for the next generation microchips. Usually, EUV light is produced during the second main-pulse stage, while the pre-pulse (PP) is used for target preparation, i.e., droplet preheating, vaporization, and target deformation. However, the PP laser energy can be utilized more efficiently if the EUV producing plasma is being developed during the PP stage as well. In this work, we study the ways of optimization of the PP laser temporal shape to achieve conditions for maximum EUV output during the pre-pulse. The size of the deformed droplet is kept optimized for the following main laser pulse. Our simulations showed a significant increase in the EUV output at the pre-pulse stage when a ramping profile is used for the laser temporal shape. Using the ramped square pre-pulse produces 24% gain in the EUV output in comparison with the standard Gaussian temporal profile (i.e., regular Nd:YAG shape) for the same energy of the laser pulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloying and site ordering play complementary roles in dictating a material's properties. However, deconvolving the impacts of these separate phenomena can be challenging. In this work, we simulate structures of Zn (Sn , Ge) N 2 with varied Sn content and site ordering to determine the impacts of order and composition on structural and electronic properties. We assess the formation enthalpy, lattice parameters, elastic constants, spontaneous polarization, and piezoelectric coefficients. In mostly disordered structures (order parameters ranging from 0.2 to 0.4), the formation enthalpy exhibits local extrema as a function of the order parameter, deviating from the more linear trends seen in both fully disordered and fully ordered systems. This anomalous deviation from the otherwise linear trend in formation enthalpy with order manifests in each of the other properties calculated. This range of order parameters of interest may be caused by a transition in the ordering of the quaternary material similar to phase changes seen in ternary compounds but stretched over a region inclduing 20% of the order parameter range. Most parameters calculated are more sensitive to order than to composition in the limited composition range tested; however, the lattice parameter c , piezoelectric coefficient e 33 , and elastic moduli C 12 , C 13 , and C 23 are more sensitive to composition. Of the properties compared, the piezoelectric coefficients are influenced most significantly by changes in both the composition and order parameter. Lattice parameters undergo the smallest changes with order and composition, but these small differences appear to impart large trends in the other properties. Better understanding the effects of disorder and group IV alloying in Zn (Sn , Ge) N 2 allows for more accurate modeling of characteristics of this material system for solid state lighting and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using first-principles calculations and micromagnetic simulations, we investigate the electronic structure, magnetic properties, and skyrmions in two-dimensional Janus Cr 2 XYTe 6 (X,Y = Si, Ge, Sn, X ≠ Y) monolayers. Our findings reveal that the Cr 2 XYTe 6 monolayers are ferromagnetic semiconductors with a high Curie temperature (T c). The bandgap and T c can be further increased by applying tensile strain. In addition, there is a transition from the ferromagnetic to the antiferromagnetic state at a compressive strain. Both Cr 2 SiSnTe 6 and Cr 2 SiGeTe 6 exhibit a large magnetic anisotropy energy, which are mainly associated with the significant spin–orbit coupling of the nonmagnetic Te atoms rather than that of the magnetic Cr atoms. Interestingly, the Cr 2 SiSnTe 6 monolayer exhibits a significant Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction of 1.12 meV, which facilitates the formation of chiral domain walls and skyrmions. Furthermore, under tensile strain, chiral DWs can be transformed into skyrmions if applying an external magnetic field. These findings suggest that Janus Cr 2 XYTe 6 monolayers hold promise for spintronic nanodevice applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GeSnC alloys offer a route to direct bandgap semiconductors for CMOS-compatible lasers, but the use of CBr4 as a carbon source was shown to reduce Sn incorporation by 83%–92%. We report on the role of thermally cracked H in increasing Sn incorporation by 6x–9.5x, restoring up to 71% of the lost Sn, and attribute this increase to removal of Br from the growth surface as HBr prior to formation of volatile groups such as SnBr4. Furthermore, as the H flux is increased, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy reveals a monotonic increase in both Sn and carbon incorporation. X-ray diffraction reveals tensile-strained films that are pseudomorphic with the substrate. Raman spectroscopy suggests substitutional C incorporation; both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman suggest a lack of graphitic carbon or its other phases. For the lowest growth temperatures, scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals nanovoids that may account for the low Sn substitutional fraction in those layers. Conversely, the sample grown at high temperatures displayed abrupt interfaces, notably devoid of any voids, tin, or carbon-rich clusters. Finally, the surface roughness decreases with increasing growth temperature. These results show that atomic hydrogen provides a highly promising route to increase both Sn and C to achieve a strongly direct bandgap for optical gain and active silicon photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the first metalloid tin cluster was discovered by Wiberg in 1999, the number of isolated and characterized compounds is still low. However, numerous theoretical calculations indicate that a large variety of compounds are yet to be discovered, thereby suggesting that larger clusters might form a cluster-of-clusters arrangement rather than compact structures. This trend seems to be supported by the largest metalloid tin clusters exhibiting up to 20 tin atoms. In this review, recent results and future possibilities of this fascinating class of metalloid tin cluster compounds are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the investigation of tin monochalcogenides i.e. SnX (X: S, Se, Te) at room temperature (300 K). The mechanical, thermophysical and ultrasonic properties of SnX (X: S, Se, Te) have been evaluated using the computed values of second- and third-order elastic constants (SOECs and TOECs). The SOECs and TOECs have been obtained using Born–Mayer potential model at 0 K and 300 K. The brittleness behavior of tin monochalcogenides is detected by Pugh's ratio. It is observed that phonon–phonon interaction mechanism is dominant in tin monochalcogenides leading to high ultrasonic attenuation. The obtained temperature dependence behavior of tin monochalcogenides is validated via comparison with available works of literature data in previous works done experimentally as well as theoretically by others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trans‐addition of intermetallic σ‐bonds (E−E′; E E'=Si, B, Se, P, Sn, etc.) across alkynes has emerged as an exceptionally atom‐economical means of constructing multi‐substituted alkenes, which readily transform into densely functionalized and biologically active compounds. Compared to the widely studied cis‐E−E' additions, trans‐E−E' additions remain a more challenging and underdeveloped area. In this article, recent advances in trans‐E−E' additions are summarized, encompassing various interelement compounds such as Si−Si, B−B, Si−B, P−B, Se−B, and B−Sn. We aim to provide a deeper understanding of trans‐E−E' additions and facilitate the further development of synthetic methodologies and applications of vicinally trans‐bismetallated alkenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pairing transition metals and heavier tetrylenes (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) holds great potential for cooperative bond activation and catalysis. In this work, we investigate the reactivity of a low-coordinate Pt(0)/Ge(II) system that emerges from the reaction between the monoligated platinum(0) precursor [(PMe2ArDipp2)Pt(olefin)] with germylene dimer [ArDipp2GeCl]2 (where ArDipp2 = C6H3−2,6-(C6H3−2,6-iPr2)2). The resulting complex reveals ability for cooperative bond activation. Stoichiometric reactions with dihydrogen, water, methanol, ammonia and alkynes unveil the formation of Pt(II)-germyl compounds, characterized by distinct isomeric forms, whose flexibility derives from the particularly low-coordination. We explore its catalytic potential in the hydrodehalogenation of aliphatic, aromatic and main-group halides under dihydrogen atmosphere using both thermal and photochemical conditions, demonstrating promising conversions even for more challenging alkyl chlorides. Pairing transition metals and heavier tetrylenes holds potential for cooperative bond activation. Here, the authors investigate the reactivity of a low-coordinate Pt(0)/Ge(II) system that emerges from the reaction between a monoligated platinum(0) precursor with a germylene dimer and explore its application as a hydrodehalogenation catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diaminoferrocene derivative fc[NH(BMes2)]2 (1H2; fc=1,1'‐ferrocenylene, Mes=mesityl) was prepared from fc(NH2)2 and Mes2BCl and used for the preparation of the N‐heterocyclic tetrylenes fc{[N(BMes2)]2E} (1E, E=Ge, Sn) via the sodium amide fc[NNa(BMes2)]2 (1Na2), which was obtained from 1H2 and NaN(SiMe3)2. 1H2 is inert towards LiN(SiMe3)2 or nBuLi. Its reaction with nBuLi in the presence of TMEDA afforded the TMEDA‐coordinated lithium amide 1Li2(TMEDA)2. Crystallisation of 1Na2 from THF furnished the adduct 1Na2(THF)3. The reaction of 1Na2 with Me3SiCl afforded 1(SiMe3)2. Attempts to obtain the thiourea fc{[N(BMes2)]2C=S} (1C=S) from 1Na2 and Cl2C=S were not successful. 1C=S is accessible from fc(NH3)Cl2, which is transformed to fc[(NH)2C=S] (2) by reaction with Cl2C=S and NEt3 (4 equiv.), followed by conversion of 2 to fc{[N(SiMe3)]2C=S} (3) with Me3SiCl and NEt3 (2 equiv.) and subsequent reaction of 3 with Mes2BCl. All new compounds except 1Na2 and 2 were structurally characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The N‐boryl substituents of 1E compete efficiently with the EII atom for nitrogen π‐donation, causing comparatively long EII−N bonds and small EII bond angles. 1C=S contains a four‐membered BNCS ring due to intramolecular adduct formation involving the Lewis basic S atom and a Lewis acidic B atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd‐free high‐bandgap Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells are expected to offer green and low‐cost solutions to single‐junction and tandem photovoltaic markets. Despite attracting considerable attention in past years, reported certified efficiency has yet to exceed the 10% threshold. Sn‐related defects, especially those originating from Sn2+ oxidation states, lead to severe recombination loss and limit device performance. Here, the formation of these detrimental defects is suppressed by creating a more benign chemical environment during sulfurization annealing. With dominant Sn4+ states in the source material and the precursor, the oxidation state of Sn remains primarily in its native Sn4+ state during annealing and in the final film. Engineering the Sn‐related defects leads to shallower tail states in bulk CZTS and fewer interfacial defects. As a result, both radiative and non‐radiative recombination losses are alleviated, contributing to a certified 10.7% efficiency of the Cd‐free high‐bandgap CZTS solar cell. This strategy may advance various kesterite materials and other technologies with multivalent constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the dependence of irradiation fluence and pulse duration on the non–thermal alloying of Cu and Sn through laser irradiation. Femtosecond and picosecond laser irradiation were applied to the GaN part of a bilayer of Cu and Sn deposited on GaN. The laser beam operated at a wavelength and repetition rate of 1030 nm and 1 MHz, respectively, with pulse durations of 0.65 and 38 ps. Subsequently, the irradiated samples were thinned using a focused ion beam, and the cross-sections were examined with transmission electron microscopy. The lattice constants of the resultant phases were identified from selected area diffraction patterns. In data analysis, we identified the phases as β-Sn and ε-phases first, if discernible within a 5% error margin, employing high-temperature phases when identification was not possible. In the irradiated area, only Cu and Sn were detected under a lower fluence and shorter pulse duration. However, δ-phases, which are alloys of Cu and Sn, formed at relatively higher fluences and longer pulse durations. This high-temperature phase, unique to picosecond laser irradiation, cannot be obtained through conventional thermodynamic processes, highlighting the unique capabilities of laser-induced processing in creating novel alloy phases. These findings advance our understanding of laser-material interactions and provides a foundation for developing advanced materials with tailored properties for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically addresses the challenge of accurately modeling memristors, focusing on four distinct types doped with tungsten, tin, chromium, and carbon, fabricated by Knowm Inc. A comprehensive characterization is performed by subjecting the devices to sinusoidal excitations with varying frequencies and amplitudes, followed by data averaging and high-frequency filtering. The resulting measurements are fitted using three prominent memristor models: VTEAM, MMS, and Yakopcic. Additional bespoke modifications are assessed. These models, typically formulated as coupled algebraic differential equations integrating electrical quantities (voltage and current) with internal state variables governing device dynamics, are optimized using two robust approaches: (1) interior-point optimization with gradient-based search, and (2) Nelder–Mead gradient-free optimization, both with box constraints applied. A thorough comparison and discussion of the optimized model parameters ensue, accompanied by an examination of the sensitivity to diverse frequency and amplitude ranges. The findings inform conclusions and provide a foundation for future refinements, underscoring the importance of multi-model evaluation and advanced optimization strategies in precise memristor modeling. The presented methodology offers a valuable framework for elucidating optimal modeling paradigms tailored to specific memristor architectures and operating regimes, ultimately enhancing their integration in emerging neuromorphic and computational applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct sphere fibrations over (n−1)$(n-1)$‐connected 2n$2n$‐manifolds such that the total space is a connected sum of sphere products. More precisely, for n$n$ even, we construct fibrations Sn−1→#k−1(Sn×S2n−1)→Mk$S^{n-1} \rightarrow \#^{k-1}(S^n \times S^{2n-1}) \rightarrow M_k$, where Mk$M_k$ is a (n−1)$(n-1)$‐connected 2n$2n$‐dimensional Poincaré duality complex that satisfies Hn(Mk)≅Zk$H_n(M_k)\cong {\mathbb {Z}}^k$, in a localised category of spaces. The construction of the fibration is proved for k⩾2$k\geqslant 2$, where the prime 2, and the primes that occur as torsion in π2n−1(Sn)$\pi _{2n-1}(S^n)$ are inverted. In specific cases, by either assuming n$n$ is small, or assuming k$k$ is large we can reduce the number of primes that need to be inverted. Integral results are obtained for n=2$n=2$ or 4, and if k$k$ is bigger than the number of cyclic summands in the stable stem πn−1s$\pi _{n-1}^s$, we obtain results after inverting 2. Finally, we prove some applications for fibrations over N#Mk$N\# M_k$, and for looped configuration spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insensitivity of thermoelectric (TE) performance to defects and impurities induced by off‐stoichiometry or low‐purity raw elements is crucial for the low‐cost mass production of highly efficient TE materials. Here it is demonstrated that heavy‐band TE materials with high optimized carrier concentration can exhibit a high tolerance against the off‐stoichiometry in their composition. Using the heavy‐band half‐Heusler compounds as examples, it is found that for ZrNiSn with optimal carrier concentration, the off‐stoichiometry of the nominal composition in between ±5% only results in a fluctuation of its peak zT value less than 10%. A composition‐zT phase diagram is thus established, guiding the exploration of a wide nominal composition region with peak zT values exceeding 1.0. The high defect tolerance observed in heavy‐band TE materials enables the achievement of high TE performance using low‐purity raw elements. As demonstrated in several systems, including n‐type ZrNi(Sn, Sb), (Zr, Nb)CoSb, and p‐type ZrCo(Sb, Sn), comparable zT values are attained when utilizing low‐purity raw elements (≈99.5%), instead of the high‐purity ones (99.95–99.999%), leading to substantial cost saving. These findings highlight the importance of understanding defect tolerance in TE materials, which could offer an additional advantage for their practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes responsible for the isotopic compositions and abundances of volatile elements in the early solar system remain highly debated. Orders of magnitude variation of (highly) volatile elements exist between different magmatic iron meteorite groups, but it is unclear to what extent their depletions can be explained by evaporation from metal melts during parent body accretion and/or subsequent break up. To this end, we present 86 new evaporation experiments with the aim of constraining the volatility of most volatile metals from metallic melts. The results confirm the previously proposed important effects of S in metal melt on the volatility of the elements of interest governed by their S-loving or S-phobic behavior. Nominally S-loving elements In, Sn, Te, Pb and Bi are significantly more volatile in Fe melt relative to FeS liquid, whereas nominally S-avoiding elements Ga and Sb are more volatile in FeS liquid relative to Fe melt, at a given pressure and temperature. The newly derived volatility sequences for S-free/poor and S-rich metallic melts were also compared with commonly used volatility models based on condensation temperatures. The results indicate significant differences between the latter, including the much more volatile behavior of Te, relative to Se, in both explored bulk compositions, which are traditionally assumed to be equally volatile. The (minimum) degree of volatile element depletion due to evaporation was quantified using the new experimental results and models. A comparison between the volatile element depletions in magmatic iron meteorites and the predicted depletions appropriate for evaporation from Fe melts shows that the latter depletions can be easily reconciled with (an) evaporation event(s). Altogether, the new data and models will provide an important framework when more accurate and precise estimates of magmatic iron meteorite bulk volatile element contents are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior of the TiN monolayer and CrN/TiN multilayer coatings deposited via cathodic arc evaporation physical vapor deposition (CAE‐PVD) on the Ti–6Al–4V substrates were evaluated in Ringer's and Hank's physiological saline electrolytes. XRD (x‐ray diffractometry) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to characterize the coatings. The corrosion behavior of coatings was assessed by impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of coatings was increased in the order of TiN‐Ringer's < TiN‐Hank's < CrN/TiN‐Ringer's < CrN/TiN‐Hank's. Therefore, it can be concluded that the CrN/TiN coating, due to having a large number of interfaces and a smoother surface with fewer macroparticles and pinholes, is more efficient in raising the corrosion resistance properties of titanium than TiN monolayer coating. Moreover, it was observed that Ringer's solution is a more severe environment than Hank's solution. Both coatings, because of the precipitation of a protective corrosion products layer on their surface, showed an enhancement in corrosion resistance with increasing the immersion time from 1 to 14 days in Hank's. The results suggest TiN monolayer and CrN/TiN multilayer coatings as promising candidates for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite hydrogel Co([CHITOSAN-AMPS-AA]/PEI-MBA) was synthesized using silica and graphene oxide nanoparticles by a free radical polymerization method. The hydrogel was used to adsorb tin and platinum from wastewater produced during production of a commercial dehydrogenation process. The adsorbed platinum could be selectively released from the adsorbing hydrogel platinum. Various tests including FTIR, XRD, TGA, and Rheology were conducted to identify the hydrogel's three-dimensional structure. The adsorption performance was evaluated using ICP, SEM, and EDS tests. The ability of hydrogel for multiple adsorptions was also assessed. The thermodynamical study and adsorption isotherms were investigated, and the possible structure of the synthesized adsorbing hydrogel was presented. The results showed that while the hydrogel could adsorb platinum physically in three consecutive cycles from wastewater, tin is chemically adsorbed during the process. The physically-adsorbed platinum could then be released selective. The adsorption isotherm of platinum and tin ions followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model while the adsorption rate represented a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The hydrogel had an adsorption capacity of 263.16 mg/g for platinum and 188.88 mg/g for tin with the Gibbs free energy of − 1710.86 J/mol and − 4521.08 J/mol, respectively. It was found that the hydrogel can be reused for practical and large-scale wastewater treatment as less than 10% decrease in the adsorption capacity was observed after three consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global ban on tributyltin (TBT), the pollution of triphenyltin (TPhT) is an emerging issue in some aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of typical butyltin and phenyltin compounds in the surface water and sediments in the lower Yangtze River, analyzed their occurrence and sources, and assessed their ecological risks. The findings indicate that butyltin and phenyltin compounds are widespread. The total concentration of organotin compounds in surface water was as high as 42.41 ng Sn/L, with an average of 25.71 ng Sn/L, and the total concentration of organotins in sediments reached up to 111.5 ng Sn/g dw, averaging 61.1 ng Sn/g dw. Since the implementation of the AFS Convention, the concentration of organotins in surface water has been significantly reduced. However, the ecological risk of TBT is still high, and the risk of TPhT is also noteworthy. The findings also suggest that the primary source of butyltins in the lower Yangtze River is historical input residues. In contrast, the main source of PhTs is the recent input of agricultural runoff. Therefore, organotin contamination in the lower Yangtze River has changed, but its governance still presents challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Band structure and gain in a Ge/Ge1-xSnx/Ge quantum well are described theoretically using a 14-band k.p model. It has been shown that the quantum well width and the α-Sn concentration considerably modify the conduction and valence subband structure, and, as a result, the optical gain changes with the insertion of a very small concentration of α-Sn. In particular, we have determined the necessary injection carrier density Nj and the critical α-Sn concentration for elevated high gain lasing. It is found that for Nj = 1.5 × 1018 cm−3, we achieved a maximum peak gain for α-Sn concentration of the order 0.155. We can predict that Ge/Ge1-xSnx/Ge QWs should be manufactured with an α-Sn concentration less than 0.155 in devices for optoelectronics applications such as telecommunication and light emitting laser diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pristine tin (Sn) and tin dioxide (SnO2) have sparked wide interest owing to their abundant resources and superior theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the obvious volume expansion effect upon cycling and undesirable conductivity of Sn-based materials lead to undesirable specific capacity. In this work, a nanostructured Sn/SnO2/nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) superstructure was prepared through a facile electrospray-carbonization strategy. The Sn/SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were uniformly dispersed in a spherical NC matrix, which prevented the volume expansion and aggregation of NPs and facilitated the ion diffusion and charge transfer kinetics. When the optimized Sn/SnO2/NC superstructures were employed as lithium-ion battery anodes, a remarkable specific capacity of 747.9 mAh·g−1 over 200 cycles at 0.5 A·g−1 and a superior cyclability of 644.1 mAh·g−1 over 1000 cycles at 2 A·g−1 were obtained. This effective synthetic strategy for synthesizing superstructures provides valuable insights for the advancement of lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is highly essential to enhance the micro EDM process while machining titanium specimens. The utilization of coated electrode and adaptation of optimization algorithms in the process can enhance the material removal mechanism. In the present work, an attempt was made to find the influence of TiN coated tungsten carbide electrode in micro EDM process while machining titanium alloy specimens. It was also attempted to adopt DEAR-based optimization in the process. The TiN coating can produce lower TWR with better surface quality than uncoated tungsten carbide electrode. The capacitance has higher influential nature in µ-EDM since it controls the charging and discharging process during the spark formation across discharge gap. It was found that voltage (Level 3), capacitance (Level 3), and the tool rotation (Level 2) can create better quality measures under the prediction error of 2.3%. The optimal combination can enhance the machining accuracy with tiny craters formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the tribological characteristics of TiN, AlTiN, and AlTiCrN coatings sliding against a SUS420J1 stainless steel pin were investigated in atmospheric and vacuum environments. The coatings were deposited on SUS440C substrates using the arc-physical vapor deposition technique. The friction and wear behavior of the coatings were evaluated based on the systematic analyses of the friction coefficient data as well as the physical and chemical state of the wear track. The results revealed that the friction coefficients of the SUS440C specimen and AlTiCrN coatings increased, whereas those of the TiN and AlTiN coatings decreased when the environment was changed from atmospheric to vacuum. It was confirmed that the formation of an oxide layer and adsorption of oxides on the surface were dominant factors that influenced the tribological behavior in the atmospheric environment. On the other hand, the compatibility, oxidation inhibition, and droplets of the surface mainly affected the frictional characteristics in the vacuum environment. The results of this work are expected to aid in the selection of proper coating materials for tribological systems operating in a vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the origins of the golden pigment known as mosaic gold (SnS2), formed through the sublimation of tin with mercury, sulphur, and ammonium chloride. It explores the textual transmission of mosaic gold from the earliest known written testimonies, as well as the earliest material remnants of the pigment during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Additionally, the study introduces and analyses two new recipes from an earlier date: one comes from the Greek treatise known as the Anonymous of Zuretti; and the other from the Latin alchemical work attributed to pseudo-Avicenna, De anima. The analysis of these new recipes allows for a better understanding of the origin of the pigment and its connection with the medieval alchemical tradition inherited from the Arabic world. Based on these testimonies, the study proposes a new hypothesis about the origin, development, and etymology of mosaic gold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is attracting attention as a next-generation semiconductor material for power device because it has a wide energy band gap and high breakdown electric field. We deposited a Sn polymer, poly-tetraallyl tin, on Ga2O3 samples using a disclosed initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process. The Sn dopant of the Sn polymer layer is injected into the Ga2O3 through a heat treatment process. Diffusion model of Sn into the Ga2O3 is proposed through secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis and bond dissociation energy. The fabricated device exhibited typical n-type field-effect transistor (FET) behavior. Ga2O3 Sn-doping technology using iCVD will be applied to 3D structures and trench structures in the future, opening up many possibilities in the Ga2O3-based power semiconductor device manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopotent hybrid diorganotin(IV) complexes, derived from salicylaldehyde Schiff bases having general formula R2SnL, where LH = (OH)C6H4HC: NCR′(R″)CHR‴OH] [where R = Me or Bu], were logically designed, generated, and characterized using spectroscopic techniques, single‐crystal X‐ray investigations, and DFT studies. Different diorganotin(IV) complexes were synthesized because of interaction between diorganotin(IV) dichloride and sodium salts of Schiff bases of salicylaldehyde ligand in anhydrous refluxing THF at 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio (Product A and B). The chelating property of Schiff bases replaces organo group from diorganotin(IV) dichloride. It creates an O2SnL type of complex when diorganotin(IV) dichloride and ligand interact in 1:2 ratio, which is this study's most fascinating aspect. The characterization of these complexes is aided by physicochemical and spectroscopic investigations, including IR and NMR (1H, 13C, and 119Sn). Single‐crystal X‐ray investigations, mass spectrum studies, and DFT investigations suggest the dimeric structure of these compounds. These diorganotin(IV) complexes have a dimeric structure containing hexacoordinated central tin atom. Two µ2─O atoms bridge the gap between two Sn(IV) atoms in the dimeric dimethyltin(IV) complexes. The DPPH assay results for radical scavenging activity and IC50 values demonstrate the antioxidative potential of diorganotin(IV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) uses radionuclides that decay via one of three therapeutically relevant decay modes (alpha, beta, and internal conversion (IC) / Auger electron (AE) emission) to deliver short range, highly damaging radiation inside of diseased cells, maintaining localized dose distribution and sparing healthy cells. Antimony-119 (119Sb, t1/2 = 38.19 h, EC = 100%) is one such IC/AE emitting radionuclide, previously limited to in silico computational investigation due to barriers in production, chemical separation, and chelation. A theranostic (therapeutic/diagnostic) pair can be formed with 119Sb's radioisotopic imaging analogue 117Sb (t1/2 = 2.80 h, Eγ = 158.6 keV, Iγ = 85.9%, β+ = 262.4 keV, Iβ+ = 1.81%). Results: Within, we report techniques for sustainable and cost-effective production of pre-clinical quality and quantity, radionuclidically pure 119Sb and 117Sb, novel low energy photon measurement techniques for 119Sb activity determination, and physical yields for various tin target isotopic enrichments and thicknesses using (p, n) and (d, n) nuclear reactions. Additionally, we present a two-column separation providing a radioantimony yield of 73.1% ± 6.9% (N = 3) and tin separation factor of (6.8 ± 5.5) x 105 (N = 3). Apparent molar activity measurements for deuteron produced 117Sb using the chelator TREN-CAM were measured at 42.4 ± 25 MBq 117Sb/µmol (1.14 ± 0.68 mCi/µmol), and we recovered enriched 119Sn target material at a recycling efficiency of 80.2% ± 5.5% (N = 6) with losses of 11.6 mg ± 0.8 mg (N = 6) per production. Conclusion: We report significant steps in overcoming barriers in 119Sb production, chemical isolation and purification, enriched target material recycling, and chelation, helping promote accessibility and application of this promising therapeutic radionuclide. We describe a method for 119Sb activity measurement using its low energy gamma (23.87 keV), negating the need for attenuation correction. Finally, we report the largest yet-measured 119Sb production yields using proton and deuteron irradiation of natural and enriched targets and radioisotopic purity > 99.8% at end of purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have primarily focused on promoting the (002) crystal plane of electrodeposited zinc (Zn) to grow thin Zn plates parallel to the electrode surface and thus achieving the dendrite‐suppressed Zn anodes. In contrast, this work adopts a novel approach. In situ construct a tin (Sn) modification layer on Zn foil. Through in‐depth cross‐sectional morphological analyses, the as‐designed Sn interface is observed to induce (101)‐preferred electrodeposition of Zn, leading to well‐ordered alignment of Zn thin plates “standing‐up” against the electrode surface at a universal angle of 65°. Such crystallographic characteristic consequently guarantees a flat and compact morphology of the electrochemically deposited Zn layer, thus suppressing the notorious problems of dendritic Zn growth and hydrogen generation. Consequently, the dendrite‐free Sn–Zn anode exhibits long‐term cycling stability of 4000 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2, a significant improvement in comparison to the 50 h stability observed for unmodified Zn anode. The findings in this study offer a deep understanding of interface mechanisms and are instructive for innovative interface design for metal anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin(II) compounds are versatile materials with applications across fields such as catalysis, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic drugs. However, oxidative stabilization of Sn(II) has remained an unresolved challenge as its reactivity with water and dioxygen results in loss of functionality, limiting technological advancement. Approaches to slow Sn(II) oxidation with chelating ligands or sacrificial electron donors have yielded only moderate improvements. We demonstrate here that the addition of nitrate to pyrophosphate-chelated Sn(II)(aq) suppresses Sn(II) oxidation in water across a broad pH range. Evidence of hydroxyl radical concentration reduction and detection of a radical nitrogen species that only forms in the presence of chelated Sn(II) point to a radical-based reaction mechanism. While this chemistry can be broadly applied, we present that this approach maintains Sn(II)'s antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacies as an example of sustained oral chemotherapeutic functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the most suitable woody species that can be used to reduce the pollution of Sr, Mo, and Sn, which are heavy metals that are harmful to the ecosystem and human and environmental health. Within the study's scope, samples were taken from the wood parts of 16 woody species growing under similar conditions in Düzce province, which is among the five cities with the most polluted air in Europe. The wood part is the largest organ of higher plants in terms of mass; it traps heavy metals within itself for many years and can remove heavy metals to a great extent. Therefore, plants with a high potential for heavy metal accumulation in the wood part are among the most suitable plants for phytoremediation studies. The study determined Sr, Mo, and Sn concentrations in the wood parts of 16 tree species via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and compared them using statistical methods. Results indicate that Robinia pseudoacacia and Cedrus atlantica species were suitable for reducing pollution by Mo and Sn, while Platanus orientalis and Populus alba species were suitable for reducing Sr pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery, silicon will produce huge volume expansion when it is removed/embedded in lithium, so that it will pulverize itself, resulting in rapid capacity decay. Existing studies have shown that Si nanocrystallization and alloying can alleviate the crushing effect caused by volume deformation. In order to efficiently prepare nano-sized Si-Sn powder materials, plasma arc was used as a heat source to nano-size Si, and then nano-alloying of Si-Sn powder materials was realized by plasma arc. The effects of plasma current on the preparation characteristics of Si and Si-Sn nano-powder materials were studied. The prepared phase was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of silicon nanowires as anode materials were detected by battery test system and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the use of plasma arc can achieve efficient preparation of silicon nanowires, and the addition of low melting point Sn is beneficial to the homogenization of the diameter scale of silicon nanowires. The efficiency of the two groups of silicon nanowires can be maintained at about 90% after the third charge-discharge cycle. The addition of Sn can further improve the conductivity and stability of the silicon anode. After 60 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery is 117.5 mAh/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shepherd and Murphy Mine in northwestern Tasmania was a tin, tungsten, and bismuth mine that operated from 1892 to 1957. Despite challenges such as poor transport infrastructure and complex ores, the mine achieved longevity through adaptation to wartime demands for tungsten. The village of Moina, where the mine was located, was a company town with streets named after mining company directors. The mine experienced periods of decline and closure but was briefly revived during the Korean War. Today, the area has been explored for other resources but no viable deposits have been found, and the village of Moina is now home to hobby farmers and commuters. The mine's history and its connection to the battlefields of Europe and the Korean Peninsula have been largely overlooked. [Extracted from the article]

We study the zero-sharing behavior among irreducible characters of a finite group. For symmetric groups Sn, it is proved that, with one exception, any two irreducible characters have at least one common zero. To further explore this phenomenon, we introduce the common-zero graph of a finite group G, with nonlinear irreducible characters of G as vertices, and edges connecting characters that vanish on some common group element. We show that for solvable and simple groups, the number of connected components of this graph is bounded above by three. Lastly, the result for Sn is applied to prove the nonequivalence of the metrics on permutations induced from faithful irreducible characters of the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entropy stabilized multi-cation oxides are of significant interest in heterogeneous catalysis due to higher number of active sites, when compared to simple binary oxides, which reduces the overpotential for catalytic transformations. To control the enthalpy of mixing and suppress potential phase segregation, the use of molecular metal alkoxides for chemical cross-linking of different metal centers shows promise in creating homogenous high entropy chemical preceramic networks. Herein, we report on a high-entropy MO 2 phase (M = V, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf), synthesized by cross-linking partially hydrolyzed metal iso-propoxides [M(OH) n (O i Pr) 4-n ] x. The amorphous xerogels calcined at 700 °C, 900 °C and 1250 °C revealed the formation of a single crystalline phase [(V, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf)O 2 ] that was verified by powder X-ray diffraction analysis, whereas the chemical composition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The HEO exhibited superior catalytic activity in oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 312.7 mV and an electrochemically active surface area of 0.625 F cm−2. Furthermore, the chronopotentiometry measurements confirmed a high stability (> 90 h) for the HEO samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin is one of the few rare metals with important strategic position in our country' but the technical limitations of the comprehensive utilization have led to the increasing scarcity of in ore resources' the large loss rate of useful components' and the increase in the amount of tailings over the years. Tailings not only occupy a lot of land' but also pollute the surrounding environment. Therefore, it has great significance of the green utilization of tin tailings resources to ensure the safety of tin mineral resources in China. In this paper, the current situation and characteristics of tin tailings resources at home and abroad was in reduced. It was summarized that it the key of secondary benefication of the in tailings is to solve the influence of sulfide minerals iron and manganese mineras and slime on comprehensive recovery of tine cassiterite and co-associated valuable components. Meanwhile, the technological characteristics and cases of tin tailings research status are also summarized. At present, the main methods to re-use tin tailings include recovery valuable metals by gravity separation, magnetic separation, flotation and combined beneficiation and metallurgy, used tailings as building materials or mining tailings as a whole, and treated waste stone containing tin as a special tailings to pre-concentrated. The common collectors and regulators of cassiterite flotation and their action mechanism were summarized. The researches which should be strengthen in the future were proposed, including enhancing the recovery of tine cassiterite, enhancing the new gravity separation equipment of cassiterite separation, enhancing the development of new green reagents, and enhancing development of new flotation equipment. The future development trend based on the research hot topic was proposed, with a view to providing reference for the green and efficient utilization of in tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D perovskites hold immense promise in optoelectronics due to their strongly bound electron-hole pairs (i.e., excitons). While exciton polaron from interplay between exciton and lattice has been established in 2D lead-based perovskites, the exciton nature and behavior in the emerging 2D tin-based perovskites remains unclear. By combining spin-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy and sophisticated theoretical calculations, we reveal 2D tin-based perovskites as genuine excitonic semiconductors with weak polaronic screening effect and persistent Coulomb interaction, thanks to weak exciton-phonon coupling. We determine an excited state exciton binding energy of ~0.18 eV in n = 2 tin iodide perovskites, nearly twice of that in lead counterpart, despite of same large value of ~0.2 eV from steady state measurement. This finding emphasizes the pivotal role of excited state polaronic effect in these materials. The robust excitons in 2D tin-based perovskites exhibit excitation power-insensitive, high-efficiency and color-purity emission, rendering them superior for light-emitting applications. Combining spin-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy and calculations, Zhou et al. report weak exciton-phonon interactions in 2D tin iodide perovskites, alleviating excited state polaronic screening effect and robust excitons, comparing to their lead counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nontoxic Sn‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a promising alternative to Pb‐based PSCs, given their similar electronic properties and an ideal bandgap, accompanied by the highest theoretical efficiency (>33%). However, the performance of Sn‐based PSCs lags significantly behind their Pb‐based counterparts. This disparity arises from the susceptibility of Sn2+ to easy oxidation to Sn4+, an energy level mismatch, and fast crystilization. It is widely acknowledged that the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ results in severe P‐type doping, leading to increased recombination, which is a primary factor contributing to the lower device performance. In this perspective article, we summarized the utilization of metallic Sn in Sn‐based PSCs to facilitate the reduction of Sn4+ back to Sn2+. This approach is preferred due to its effectiveness, simplicity in process, and the absence of introducing additional impurities. Moreover, metallic Sn can serve as a source for synthesizing SnI2 and act as hole transport material through transformation from Sn to SnOx. We hope this article serve as a valuable reference for the ongoing development of Sn‐based materials in PSCs technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The recycling of scrap could cause continuous enrichment of Sn in steels. To reveal the influences of Sn on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, HSLA steels with varying Sn contents were designed and a series of continuous cooling tests were conducted. The results show that the effect of Sn on microhardness is mainly affected by the cooling rate. Under cooling rates lower than 10 °C/s, the addition of Sn increases the microhardness due to the solid solution strengthening effect of Sn. The ferrite grain size decreases with the increase of Sn content at a cooling rate of 0.1 °C/s because of the possible solute drag effect of Sn, while no refining effect was found for cooling rates between 0.5 °C/s and 10 °C/s. Under cooling rates higher than 10 °C/s, Sn reduces the ferrite and bainite transformation start temperatures and increases the bainite and martensite phase fractions. The higher hard phase fraction with increasing Sn content results in a significant increase in microhardness, and the contribution of solid solution strengthening plays a supplementary role under this condition. As one of the major residual elements in scrap, the strengthening and hardenability increasing effects of Sn should not be overlooked and may even be properly utilized in alloy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the complex composition of tungsten tailings and low tin content in the tailings, the traditional titration analysis method and colorimetric analysis method are easily interfered by tungsten, copper and other elements, resulting in unsatisfactory results. In this paper, sodium peroxide was used to melt tungsten tailings sample, water leaching, hydroxide precipitation separation of most of the interference elements, supernatant liquid acidification, atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used for determination, which solved the problem of insufficient sensitivity, eliminated the influence of coexisting tungsten, copper and other elements on the determination of tin, and established the accurate determination of tin in tungsten tailings by atonic fluorescence spectrometry. At the same time, the influences of sample treatment method, determination of solution acidity, thiourea-ascorbic acid mixed reducing agent and potassium borohydride concentration on the determination of tin by atonic fluorescence spectrometry were investigated, and the determination parameters of atomic fluorescence spectrometry were optimized. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 7) of the determination of tin was less than 5%. The tungsten ore composition analysis standard substance with tungsten content similar to that in tungsten tailings was used for method verification. The absolute value of the relative error was LESS than 5%, and the recovery rate was 94.5%-108%. This method for determining in in tungsten tailings has the advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity, less interference, high accuracy and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of substituting Sn with a fourth element on the functional properties of Heusler NiMnSn alloys has been reported in the literature. In the present work, the influence of the addition of Si to the Heusler NiMnSn system was evaluated, where Ni44Mn44Sn12 (at.%), Ni44Mn44Sn10.5Si1.5 (at.%) and Ni44Mn44Sn9Si3 (at.%) alloys were prepared in an induction furnace without a controlled atmosphere, and were later characterized by optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, electrical resistivity, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The results revealed that the partial replacement of Sn by 3 at.% Si did not modify the dendritic microstructure and the phases present at room temperature; however, it increased the percentage of the martensite phase from 51% to 76%. This modification in the percentage of this phase is responsible for reducing the average Vickers microhardness values (from 469 HV to 459 HV), increasing the electrical resistivity (from 1.3 mΩ mm to 2.21 mΩ mm), and decreasing the saturation magnetization (from 23.67 emu/g to 19.34 emu/g), coercivity (from 5.56 Oe to 5.14 Oe), and remanent magnetization (from 0.21 emu/g to 0.18 emu/g). With this, our results bring to light a new alternative for doping the NiMnSn alloy as a way of modifying the structural and electrical properties, constituting interesting parameters for technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that diffusion doping of ZGP single crystals with impurity atoms (Mg, Se, Sn, Pb) leads to a decrease in the specific conductivity of the samples. Consequently, this results in reduced absorption in the terahertz frequency range (150–1000 μm). It has been shown that doping ZGP samples with selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) atoms reduces absorption in the infrared region from 0.3–0.6 cm−1 to 0.06–0.09 cm−1. Doping with tin (Sn) leads to a decrease in absorption only in the wavelength region near 2.1 μm from 0.2 cm−1 to 0.05 cm−1. The proposed mechanism for the decrease in infrared absorption is a reduction in zinc vacancies due to doping with impurity atoms. This research lays the groundwork for a technology that produces ZGP crystals with minimal absorption within the 2–8 μm wavelength range, eliminating the need for fast electron beam irradiation technology. This advancement will facilitate the fabrication of ZGP crystals with arbitrary apertures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid oxidation of Sn2+ in tin‐based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) restricts their efficiency and stability have been main bottleneck towards further development. This study developed a novel strategy which utilizes thiosulfate ions (S2O32−) in the precursor solution to enable a dual‐stage reduction process. In the solution stage, thiosulfate acted as an efficacious reducing agent to reduce Sn4+ to Sn2+, meanwhile, its oxidation products were able to reduce I2 to I− during the film stage. This dual reduction ability effectively inhibited the oxidation of Sn2+ and passivated defects, further promising an excellent stability of the perovskite devices. As a result, thiosulfate‐incorporated devices achieved a high efficiency of 14.78 % with open‐circuit voltage reaching 0.96 V. The stability of the optimized devices achieved a remarkable improvement, maintaining 90 % of their initial efficiencies after 628 hours at maximum‐power‐point (MPP). The findings provid research insights and experimental data support for the sustained dynamic reduction in TPSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLet G be an infinite simple group of finite Morley rank and α a supertight automorphism of G so that the fixed point subgroup Pn:=CG(αn) is pseudofinite for all n∈N∖{0} . It is know (using CFSG) that the socle Sn:=Soc(Pn) is a (twisted) Chevalley group over a pseudofinite field. We prove that there is r∈N∖{0} so that for each n we have [Pn:Sn]n the sizes of the Sylow 2-subgroups of Sn are bounded by m. We also note that in the recent identification result of G under the assumption pr2(G)=1 , the use of CFSG is not needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An N-heterocyclic stannylene :Sn(NONAd) (NONAd = [O(SiMe2NAd)2]2−, Ad = 1-adamantyl), reacts rapidly with 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl azide (TCHP)N3, affording a stannaimine, (NONAd)Sn＝N(TCHP). Solutions of (NONAd)Sn＝N(TCHP) react immediately with carbon dioxide (CO2) to give a [2+2]-cycloaddition product, which, upon heating, subsequently engages in a metathesis process to give [Sn(NONAd)(μ-O)]2 and the bulky isocyanate, (TCHP)NCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice is for an article titled "Synchronized crystallization in tin-lead perovskite solar cells" published in Nature Communications. The correction addresses an error in Figure 1 of the article, specifically the incorrect labels in the Fig. 1b plot. The correct labels should be "Sn 5s" and "Pb 6s" instead of "Sn 5p" and "Pb 6p". The correction has been made in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article. The authors of the article are Yao Zhang, Chunyan Li, Haiyan Zhao, Zhongxun Yu, Xiaoan Tang, Jixiang Zhang, Zhenhua Chen, Jianrong Zeng, Peng Zhang, Liyuan Han, and Han Chen. [Extracted from the article]

Although many researchers have devoted their much effort to establish the strategy for developing a stimuli‐responsive molecule and tuning of their properties according to the preprogrammed design, it is still challenging to create desired molecules from the scratch. We recently demonstrated that the molecules with a large structural difference between the theoretically optimized structures in the ground and excited states have a potential to exhibit stimuli‐responsive luminescent properties. We defined these molecules as an excitation‐driven molecule and have shown that they are a versatile platform for designing stimuli‐responsive luminescent molecules. Herein, based on the concept of excitation‐driven molecules, we show that the hypervalent tin‐fused azomethine (TAm) compounds possessing aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties can be obtained by simple chemical modification with a methyl group although conventional TAm derivatives are well known to be highly luminescent compounds in solution. Furthermore, by combining the solid‐state luminescence property of AIE and the coordination number shifts of the hypervalent tin atom, the thermoresponsive films operating below the freezing point are fabricated with the polymer. In this study, we apply the concept of excitation‐driven molecules to the hypervalent compounds and demonstrate to obtain the novel functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]