Search

Rukomet je sport koji u odnosu na neke druge sportove (npr. nogomet, košarka, itd.) nije toliko globalno rasprostranjen. Međutim, napretkom igre i sustava treninga, a osobito nekim novijim pravilima rukomet zbog svoje dinamičnosti, brzih akcija i preokreta u igri postaje publici sve zanimljiviji i sve više se širi po svim kontinentima i zemljama. Plan i program treninga, dobar trenažni proces, te sustavni razvoj igrača i ekipe glavni su preduvjeti za uspješan napredak u rukometnoj igri. Rukometna igra se sastoji od dvije glavne faze igre, te još nekoliko podfaza igre. U ovom radu će riječ biti o obrani, koju mnogi treneri nazivaju glavnim faktorom za uspjeh. Postoji više vrsta i načina kako se ekipa može braniti, a 6:0 zonska obrana s izlaskom na napadača je obrana koja se danas najviše koristi i donosi uspjeha. Da bi ova obrana bila uspješna potrebno je imati dobar metodički pristup razvoja obrane, na individualnoj, skupnoj i na kraju kolektivnoj razini. Stoga je u ovom radu riječ o taktici i metodici zonske obrane 6:0 u rukometu. Handball is a sport that, compared to some other sports (e.g. football, basketball, etc.), is not so globally widespread. However, with the progress of the game and the training system, and especially with some new recently integrated rules, handball is becoming increasingly appealing to the wider public due to its dynamic play, quick actions and turnarounds in the game and is spreading across all continents and countries. Training plan and programme, well-designed training process, and a systematic development of players and teams are the main prerequisites for a successful progress in the game of handball. The game consists of two main phases and severalsub-phases. This paper deals with defence, which isidentified by many coaches as the main factor for success. There are several types and ways a team can play defence, and the zone defence formation 6:0 with an exit to the attacking pivot is currently the most frequently applied defense tactic which guarantees success. In order for this defense tactic to be successful, it is necessary to have a good methodical approach to defence play development on individual, group and, ultimately, collective level. Therefore, this paper analyses the tactic and methodology of 6:0 zone defense in handball.

Vojskovanje je odsev karakterja vojne. Vodi se na strateški, operativni in taktični ravni. Zato spremembe v karakterju vojne narekujejo spremembe na različnih ravneh vojskovanja. Podrobno proučevanje medsebojne povezanosti vojskovanja in taktične ravni pehotnega oddelka, voda in čete predstavlja z disertacijo identificirano raziskovalno vrzel. Osrednji cilj je bil ugotoviti, ali temeljne predpostavke v pehoti odgovarjajo obstoječemu in prihodnjemu vojskovanju. Iz njega so bila izpeljana raziskovalna vprašanja, opredeljena v disertaciji. Raziskovalna strategija disertacije je temeljila na pristopu mešanih metod. Pri raziskovanju sem odkrival vzročne zakone, iskal empirične dokaze in težil h kar se da nepristranemu raziskovanju s pomočjo kvantitativnih podatkov. Strokovna mnenja so služila kot podpora kvalitativni analizi primarnih in sekundarnih virov ter študiji primera, s čimer sem sledil umeščenemu raziskovalnemu načrtu. Raziskovalni pristop je tako kombinacija deduktivne in induktivne analize. S pomočjo deduktivnega raziskovanja literature sem poiskal ključne paradigme sprememb vojskovanja in transformacije vojaške organizacije ter temeljne predpostavke taktične ravni. Paradigme vojskovanja in temeljne predpostavke sem verificiral in analiziral s pomočjo ankete, izvedene s strokovnjaki/-njami. S sintezo spoznanj o transformaciji na taktični ravni, o spremembah vojskovanja in temeljnih predpostavkah pehote sem vzpostavil teoretski model za vzpostavitev novih paradigem pehote, ki je ključni znanstveni prispevek disertacije. Poglavitne ugotovitve so naslednje. Prvič, da se je vojskovanje od časa druge svetovne vojne do danes spremenilo v ciljih, načinih in sredstvih. Drugič, da spremembe temeljnih predpostavk pehotnega oddelka, voda in čete temu niso v celoti sledile. Večina sprememb je bila vezana na nove tehnologije, ki pa ali niso vplivale na temeljne predpostavke ali pa je bil vpliv negativen. Tretjič, da so spremembe temeljnih predpostavk nujne, da pa je treba najprej razviti doktrino, organizacijo, usposabljanje, vodenje in izobraževanje, ki bodo ciljno zasledovali spremembe v vojskovanju. Šele nato je treba iskati tehnologije, ki bodo olajševale zasledovanje le teh. Warfare is a reflection of the character of war, conducted at strategic, operational and tactical levels. Changing the character of war, dictates changes at different levels of warfare. Examining the link between warfare and the tactical level, represents the dissertations’ identified research gap. The main goal was to establish if the underlying assumptions at the tactical level are still valid for warfare today and for the future. From this, the dissertations’ research questions were formulated. The dissertations’ research strategy was based on mixed method approach. In my research, I was discovering causal laws, searching for empiric evidence, and using unbiased research based on quantitative data. By using qualitative data I established what is important for the research object. The research is therefore a combination of deductive and inductive analysis. By using deductive analysis of the literature, I identified key paradigms of the changing warfare and military transformation, and then also basic assumptions at the tactical level. Warfare’s paradigms and underlying assumptions were verified and analysed using an expert survey. Finally through synthesis of key findings on transformation at the tactical level, changes in warfare, and the infantry’s underlying assumptions, I established a theoretical model of designing new infantry paradigms, which represents the dissertations’ key scientific result. The main finding are as follows. First, warfare's ends, ways and means have changed since World War Two. Second, the infantry's underlying assumptions at squad, platoon and company level did not reflect this. Changes were linked to new technologies, but this did not alter the underlying assumptions or did so in a negative way. Third, underlying assumptions need to change, but first doctrine, organisation, training, leadership and education need to be developed, to reflect changes in warfare. Only than technology to facilitate this change should be pursued.

The aim of this study was to examine the efficiency of the Pick and Roll in relation to different factors, as well as its overall impact on game outcomes during 3x3 basketball games randomly selected from the 2022 FIBA 3x3 Games in Graz. Research method: After analyzing 7 games of FIBA 3x3 Europe Cup 2022, the game result, side of execution of the pick and roll, P&R offensive and defensive types and the offensive outcome were observed. Main finding: The study found a significant statistical difference in the effectiveness of the Pick and Roll in relation to the game result and side of execution (P, Šio tyrimo tikslas - ištirti "Pick and Roll" veiksmingumą, atsižvelgiant į įvairius veiksnius, ir jo bendrą poveikį žaidimo rezultatams 3x3 krepšinio rungtynėse, atsitiktinai atrinktose iš 2022 m. FIBA 3x3 žaidynių Graco mieste. Tyrimo metodas: Išanalizavus 7 "FIBA 3x3 Europe Cup 2022" rungtynes, buvo stebimas žaidimo rezultatas, "pick and roll" atlikimo pusė, "P&R" puolimo ir gynybos tipai bei puolimo rezultatas. Pagrindinė išvada: Tyrimo metu nustatytas reikšmingas statistinis skirtumas tarp "Pick and Roll" veiksmingumo, priklausomai nuo žaidimo rezultato ir atlikimo pusės (P

21 p. -- Bibliogr.: p. 18-21 [EUS] Ikerketa honen helburua joko murriztu (JM) librean eta oztopoz beterikoan emakumezko futbol jokalari gazteen erantzun taktiko, fisiko eta emozionala aztertzea eta alderatzea izan zen. Ikerketan C.D. Lakuako emakumezkoen Infantil-Alebin taldeko 12 neskek (adina: 12,5 ± 0,7 urte; esperientzia jokoan: 3,5 ± 1,5 urte) parte hartu zuten, haietatik 2 (atezainak) analisitik kanpo utziz. Ikerketa bi egunetan eraman zen aurrera eta bi entrenamenduek egitura bera izan zuten arren, bakoitzean aztertu zen joko murriztua (luzera: 33m; zabalera: 25 m) ezberdina izan zen: lehenengoan oztopoz beteriko JM bat egin zen (JMoztopoak) eta bestean oztoporik gabeko JM (JMlibrea). Bi egunetan taldea bitan banatu zen, (Atezaina + 5) vs (Atezaina + 5), eta bietan joko sistema berdina mantendu zen (1-1-3-1). Entrenamendu bakoitzean 4 minututako 3 serie burutu ziren, bakoitzaren arteko 3 minututako atsedenarekin. Dimentsio taktiko (i.e. area totala, diadan-n) zein fisikoa (i.e. distantzia totala, player load) ebaluatzeko kokapen globaleko sistemak erabili ziren eta dimentsio emozionala (i.e. hautemandako gozamen maila eta hautemandako konpetentzia maila) aztertzeko BECS eskala. Jarduera bakoitzean errepikapenek duten inpaktua eta jarduera ezberdinen arteko aldeak ebaluatu ziren. Dimentsio fisiko eta taktikoari dagokionez, errepikapenek eragin handiagoa izan zuten JMlibrea jardueran JMoztopoak jarduerarekin alderatuta. Jarduerak haien artean alderatuta antzekoak izan ziren. Dimentsio emozionalari dagokionez, hautemandako gozamen maila altuagoa izan zen JMlibre jardueran JMoztopoak jarduerarekin alderatuta, baina ez zen ezberdintasunik aurkitu konpetentzia mailari dagokionez. Emaitzek iradokitzen dutenez, oztopoen erabilpenak jokalarien portaera motorra gehiago mugatzen dute joko librearekin alderatuta. Hala ere, entrenatzaileek taldea zabalago eta joko eremuaren espazio gehiago okupatuz jolastea bilatuz gero, ikerketa honetan proposatzen den oztopoen JM-az baliatu daitezke. [ES] El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar la respuesta táctica, física y emocional de las jóvenes jugadoras de fútbol en el juego reducido (JR) libre y lleno de obstáculos. En la investigación participaron 12 chicas del equipo Infantil-Alevín femenino del C.D. Lakua (edad: 12,5 ± 0,7 años; experiencia en juego: 3,5 ± 1,5 años) y de esas 2, las porteras, no fueron incluidas en el análisis. La investigación se llevó a cabo en dos días diferentes y aunque los dos entrenamientos tuvieron la misma estructura, el JR (longitud: 33m; anchura: 25 m) que se estudió en cada uno de ellos fue diferente: en el primero se realizó un JR lleno de obstáculos (JRobstaculos) y en el otro un JR libre sin obstáculos (JRlibre). En los dos días el grupo se dividió en dos, (portero + 5) vs (portero + 5), y en ambos se mantuvo el mismo sistema de juego (1-1-3-1). En cada entrenamiento se realizaron 3 series de 4 minutos con un descanso de 3 minutos entre cada una. Para evaluar la dimensión táctica (i.e. área total, diadan-n) y física (i.e. distancia total, player load) se utilizaron sistemas de localización global y la escala BECS para analizar la dimensión emocional (i.e. grado de disfrute percibido y nivel de competencia percibida). Se evaluó el impacto de las repeticiones en cada actividad y las diferencias entre las distintas actividades. Las repeticiones tuvieron una mayor incidencia en las dimensiones física y táctica durante la actividad de JRlibre en comparación con la actividad de JRobstáculos, En la dimensión emocional, aunque el grado de disfrute percibido fue mayor en la actividad de JRlibre que en la de JRobstaculos, no se observaron diferencias en el nivel de competencia. Los resultados sugieren que el uso de obstáculos limita en mayor medida el comportamiento motor de las jugadoras en comparación con el juego libre sin obstáculos. Aun así, si los entrenadores buscasen jugar con el equipo más amplio y ocupando más espacio de la zona de juego, podrían beneficiarse del JR de obstáculos que se propone en esta investigación.

Title: Stack of exercises for tennis preparation Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to create a stack of exercises for four parts of tennis training: technical, tactical, psychological and fitness. Methods: Based on the analysis of the literature, internet sources and using my own experience, a stack of exercises was compiled to serve as a possible inspiration for tennis coaches. This was a deliberate selection of exercises according to my own experience and discretion. The stack included simple exercises for beginners as well as more challenging and less traditional exercises for advanced and more mature players. Results: The exercises in the stack are arranged progressively from the least challenging to the more challenging in each component of preparation. Each section contains at least 10 examples of exercises that focus on a selected issue. For each exercise, the title and objective are given, the exercise is described and explained, and for selected exercises a note, an example, a variation or an illustrative picture or photograph is included. Keywords: tennis exercises, technique, tactics, psychology, fitness

Nogomet karakterizira izrazita dinamičnost koja se očituje u stalnim izmjenama napada i obrane. Dolazi do stalne promjene posjeda lopte odnosno do tranzicije. Trenutak osvajanja lopte predstavlja početak pozitivne tranzicije, a gubitak lopte početak negativne tranzicije. Za postizanje uspješnih rezultata ekipe moraju težiti usavršavanju obje faze igre. Kvalitetna tranzicija nakon osvojene lopte ključna je za uspješno ugrožavanje protivničkih vrata dok tranzicija nakon izgubljene lopte važna je u sprječavanju suparnika u postizanju pogodaka. Football is characterized by distinct dynamism, which is manifested in costant changes of attack and defense. There si constant change in possession of the ball, i.e. transition. The moment of winning the ball represents the beginning of a positive transition and losing the ball reperesents the beginning of a negative transition. To achive successful results, teams must strive to improve both phases of the game. Quality transiton after winning the ball is key to successfuly threatening the opponent's goal, while transition after losing the ball is important role in preventing opponents from scoring goals.

Hokej na travi vrlo je popularan sport u svijetu, posebice u sjevernijem dijelu Europe i nekim državama Azije. Broj aktivnih klubova hokeja na travi je u tim zemljama velik, što se ne može reći za našu zemlju u kojoj je hokej na travi, nažalost poprilično nepoznat sport. Taktika hokeja na travi se kroz povijest mijenjala kako bi se unaprijedila sama igra te kako bi sport postao atraktivniji i popularniji, stoga će se u ovom radu opisati osnovna taktika. Načini igranja, pravila i razvoj podloge utjecao je na brzinu igre što je dovelo je do razvoja taktike. Uz opis osnovne taktike hokeja na travi opisani će biti se taktički sustavi hokejske igre koji se tiču igre u napadu i igre u obrani te kratki korner. Za učenje tehničko-taktičkih elemenata hokeja na travi, opisan je postupak u trenažnom procesu koji će poslužiti kao kvalitetna podloga hokejskog znanja za sve buduće Kineziologe i trenere hokeja. Field hockey is a very popular sport in the world, especially in the northern part of Europe and several Asian countries. The number of active field hockey clubs in these countries is large, which cannot be said for our country where field hockey is unfortunately a rather unknown sport. The tactics of field hockey have changed throughout history in order to improve the game itself, to make the sport more attractive and popular, so this paper will describe the basic tactics. The ways of playing, the rules and the development base influenced the speed of the game, which led to the development of tactics.In addition to the description of the basic tactics of field hockey, the tactical systems of the hockey game will be described, which concern the game in attack and defense and the short corner. For learning the technical and tactical elements of field hockey, a procedure is described in the training process, which will serve as a quality foundation of hockey knowledge for all future Kinesiologists and hockey coaches.

Research problem question: Which defensive tactical elements and strategies are used by teams on elite levels of basketball? Research aim: To determine differences in usage of selected Space Protection Dynamics (SPDs) between two top level basketball leagues – in USA (NBA-National Basketball Association) and Europe (Euroleague). Hypothesis 1: There will be significant differences in usage of SPDs between NBA and Euroleague. Hypothesis 2: There will be significant differences in usage of SPDs between regular season and playoff games in the same league. Research methods: 1.Literature review 2.Data collection through video analysis using NBA League Pass and Euroleague TV paid subscription 3.Statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel software and IBM SPSS software SPDs investigated in this research were validated and classified previously by Santana et al. in 2015. Specifically, SPDs for 2vs2 of on ball screens (defense of the ball player) and 3vs3 of out of the ball screens (defense of the receiver of the screen) were analysed, with all subcategories. Significant difference was found in the distribution between 2vs2 and 3vs3 in SPDs comparing NBA to Euroleague. Analysis of all subcategories for 2vs2 and 3vs3 between two leagues showed differences for both groups of SPDs. Differences in offensive strategies subsequentially lead to different distribution of SPDs. Comparing regular season with playoff games within the same league showed no significant differences in distribution between 2vs2 and 3vs3 in SPDs. Analysis of all subcategories for 2vs2 and 3v3 in the same league (regular season vs. playoffs), showed significant differences between both groups in NBA. However, while EL comparison showed difference between 2vs2 subcategories, no difference was found in 3vs3. No significant differences found between regular season and playoff games could indicate that selected SPDs could be crucially important in all basketball matches. This study can be helpful to coaches with planning and preparation of defensive systems, as it investigated which defensive tactical manoeuvres are most prevalent to contain on ball and off ball screens in elite basketball., Tyrimo problema: Išsiaiškinti kurie gynybiniai taktiniai krepšinio elementai ir strategijos yra naudojami aukščiausio lygio krepšinio komandų. Tyrimo tikslas: Nustatyti pasirinktos erdvės apsaugos dinamikos (SPD) panaudojimo skirtumus tarp dviejų aukščiausio lygio krepšinio lygų – JAV (NBA-Nacionalinė krepšinio asociacija) ir Europos (Eurolyga). Hipotezė 1: Tarp NBA ir Eurolygos komandų bus reikšmingi erdvės apsaugos dinamikos (SPD) skirtumai. Hipotezė 2: Tarp reguliaraus sezono ir atkrintamųjų varžybų toje pačioje lygoje bus reikšmingi erdvės apsaugos dinamikos (SPD) skirtumai. Metodai: 1. Literatūros apžvalga 2. Duomenų rinkimas ir vaizdo medžiagos analizė naudojantis “NBA League Pass” ir “Euroleague TV” mokamos televizijos paslaugomis. 3. Statistinė analizė naudojantis “Exel” programa ir IBM SPSS programinė įranga Šio tyrimo SPD buvo patvirtinta ir klasifikuota mokslinko Santana ir kt., 2015 metais. 2 prieš 2 kategorijoje buvo analizuojamos užtvaros statomos žaidėjui su kamuoliu (kamuolio žaidėjo gynyba) ir 3 prieš 3 kategorijoje buvo analizuojamos užtvaros žaidėjui be kamuolio (užtvaros statančiojo gynyba). Reikšmingi skirtumai buvo rasti lyginant 2 prieš 2 ir 3 prieš 3 SPD naudojimą tarp Eurolygos ir NBA rungtynių. Analizuojant visas abiejų lygų 2 prieš 2 ir 3 prieš 3 kategorijas buvo rasti skirtumai abiejose SPD grupėse. Puolimo strategijos skirtumai tarp abiejų lygų nulėmė skirtingą SPD naudojimą. Lyginant reguliaraus sezono ir atkrunamųjų varžybų toje pačioje lygoje SPD duomenis, nebuvo rasta jokių reikšmingų skirtumų tarp 2 prieš 2 ir 3 prieš 3 SPD. Analizuojant visas 2 prieš 2 ir 3 prieš 3 subkategorijas toje pačioje lygoje (lyginant reguliarųjį sezoną su atkrintamosiomis) buvo atrasti reikšmingi skirtumai tarp abiejų grupių NBA lygoje. Visgi Eurolygos rungtynėse buvo atrasta skirtumų 2 prieš 2 subkategorijoje, tačiau jokių reikšmingų skirtumų nepavyko rasti 3 prieš 3 kategorijoje. Tai, jog nepavyko rasti jokių reikšmingų skirtumų tarp reguliaraus sezono ir atkrintamųjų varžybų gali reikšti, jog pasirinkti SPD gali būti itin svarbūs visose krepšinio rungtynėse. Šis tyrimas gali būti naudingas treneriams planuojat ir ruošiant gynybines sistemas, nes atliktas tyrimas padėjo nustatyti, kurie gynybiniai ir taktiniai manevrai yra labiausiai paplitę elitiniame krepšinyje, bandant sustabdyti užtvaras be kamuolio ir su kamuoliu.

Uživanje velike popularnosti ovoga sporta uvelike je razvila i sam nogomet. Nogomet je danas sport koji zahtijeva visoku psihološku, kondicijsku i tehničko-taktičku vještinu kako bi sportaš bio konkurentan. Kada gledamo nogomet kao igru ona zahtijeva visoku spremnost po pitanju izdržljivosti. Izdržljivost je u jednadžbi specifikacije motoričkih sposobnosti nogometaša na prvom mjestu. Cilj diplomskog rada je pomoći nogometnim trenerima kako primijeniti pomoćno-nastavne igre u razvoju aerobno-anaerobne izdržljivosti nogometaša, te kako ih uskladiti u svoj plan i program u trenažnom periodu. Ovaj rad će pomoći nogometni trenerima da kroz pomoćno-nastavne igre razvijaju ili održavaju izdržljivost kod nogometaša koristeći se raznim parametrima vezanim za nogometu igru. The enjoyment of the great popularity of this sport has greatly developed football itself. Today, football is a sport that requires high psychological, fitness and technical-tactical skills in order to be competitive. When we look at football as a game it requires high readiness in terms of endurance. Endurance is in the equation of the specification of motor skills of football players in the first place. The aim of the diploma thesis is to help football coaches how to apply auxiliary-teaching games in the development of aerobic-anaerobic endurance of football players, and how to harmonize them in their curriculum in the training period. This work will help football coaches to develop or maintain endurance in football players through auxiliary-teaching games using various parameters related to the football game.

U završnom radu je definiran airsoft te je predstavljen njegov razvoj kao i razvoj airsoft cijevnog oružja. Predstavljene su vrste airsoft cijevnih oružja s pripadajućim dijelovima i značajkama. Nadalje, u radu su međusobno uspoređene pojedine vrste airsoft cijevnog oružja te se ističu prednosti i nedostaci jedne vrste naspram druge. Airsoft cijevna oružja su uspoređena s vatrenim oružjem te je istaknuta njihova funkcionalnost u podizanju borbene spremnosti vojske. Opisan je problem tradicionalnog obučavanja vojnika i navedeni su primjeri taktičke upotrebe airsoft oružja. Konačno, dan je odgovor na mogućnost upotrebe airsoft cijevnog oružja u svrhu obučavanja i upotpunjen je iskustvima vojnih korisnika airsofta.

Fire, as a process of uncontrolled burning, is always accompanied by a threat to human life and property. Often, this threat results in human victims. The spread of fire can vary depending on the factors and conditions in place. The location of a fire is a very important factor, and one of the most common locations of fire spreading a closed space. Most fires occur in closed spaces, particularly residential, industrial or commercial buildings. Fire can spread across virtually the entire closed space in these structures, from basements to attics. Residential buildings are among the most interesting structures in this sense, given the large number of people inside. Fire extinguishing tactics in residential buildings can vary depending on different factors, such as the function of the building in question, its interior arrangement, arrangement of communication routes, construction materials, etc. Therefore, it is very important to apply the proper tactic for fire extinguishing in closed spaces using proper fire extinguishers. This paper presents examples of extinguishing fires in closed space with proper tactics the potential use of simulation software as an important tool., Požar kao proces nekontroliranog sagorijevanja uvijek je praćen ugrožavanjem ljudskog života i štetom na materijalnim dobrima. Često je rezultat ugroze praćen ljudskim žrtama. Širenje požara može biti različito u ovisnosti od različitih faktora. Lokacija požara predstavlja veoma važan faktor. Jedna od veoma mogućih lokacija širenja požara je zatvoreni prostor. Najveći broj požara događa se u zatvorenom prostoru-stambenim objektima, industrijskim objektima, poslovnim objektima itd. Požar može zahvatiti svaki zatvoreni prostor ovih objekata, od podrumskog prostora pa do tavanskog prostora. Naravno, jedni od najinteresantnijih objekata u ovom smislu su stambene zgrade, najviše zbog velikog broja ljudi unutar njih. Taktika gašenja požara u ovom slučaju može biti različita u zavisnosti od različitih faktora, kao što su namijena zgrade, unutrašnji raspored u zgradi, raspored komunikacijskih ruta, materijala od kojih je zgrada napravljena itd. Dakle, veoma je važno izabrati odgovarajuću taktiku za gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i odgovarajuća sredstva za gašenje. Ovaj rad je napisan kako bi pokazao primjere gašenje požara u zatvorenom prostoru i moguću upotrebu simulacijskog softvera kao pomoćnog alata.

Maqolada umumiy o„rta ta‟lim maktablari voleybol sport jamoalarining sport mashg„ulotida jismoniy texnik va taktik tayyorgarligini rivojlantirish uchun beriladigan jismoniy mashqlarning turlari, ilmiy tadqiqotda tajriba va nazorat guruhlaridan olingan natijalar ko„rib chiqiladi, The article reviews the types of physical exercises that are given for the development of physical technical and tactical training in sports training of volleyball sports teams of secondary schools in general, the results obtained from experience and control groups in scientific research.

Rad prikazuje sustav cjelokupne sportske pripreme unutar Premier ženske lige BIH koja uključuje kondicijsku pripremu, tehničko-taktičku pripremu uz menadžment koji omogućuje izvedbu i realizaciju navedenih priprema. Čovjek je antropološko biće koje se sastoji od svojih osobina i sposobnosti. Antropološki status se mijenja kroz rast i razvoj i važno ga je poznavati da bi se kvalitetno isplanirao trenažni proces. Treneri moraju biti upoznati sa srčano-žilnim, dišnim, energetskim i živčano-mišićnim sustavom. Nogomet kao kompleksan sport zahtjeva velike fizičke napore. Kondicijski trening je najčešći u pripremnom dijelu, dok u natjecateljskom dijelu dolazi do njegovog smanjivanja zbog češće provedbe tehničko- taktičkih, tj. situacijskih treninga. Tehničko- taktički trening uključuje razvoj sposobnosti rješavanja određenih situacija u igri. Tehničko znanje je uvjet za razvoj taktičkih sposobnosti. Tehničke greške su uvijek prisutne te ih je potrebno na vrijeme identificirati i korigirati. Taktika predstavlja izbor sredstava i načina da se realizira određeni plan u procesu natjecanja. Kako bi se utvrdila kondicijska pripremljenost nogometašica vrše se testiranja kroz tri faze. Ona mogu biti laboratorijska i terenska. Kvalitetan menadžment je neophodan za funkcioniranje sportske organizacije.

Title: Methodic of techniques for selected situations in greco-roman wrestling Objectives: The aim of this bachelor work is a creation of graphic material, which has the form of mind maps, that showcase selected positions occuring in a grecoroman wrestling match. Created mind maps will contain techniques, that might be used during these situations and each of them will be described. This work is created for the purpose of helping advanced wrestlers and their trainers whit their tactical and technical preparation. Methods: The collection of knowledge in this work was carried out by a literature search, which deals with the topic of wrestling, mind maps and tactical and technical preparation. Another resources for the creation of these mind maps and introduction of used techniques, were individual experience of the author and consultation with trainers and members of the czech national greco-roman wrestling team. Results: Results are descibed techniques which are then included into created mind maps. Keywords: greco-roman wrestling, mind maps, tactics, competitive situation, technique

This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sports by assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned agility and reactive agility (RA) as non-planned in different spatial configurations. The study involved 36 individual (sprint, hurdles, jumping, tennis, and judo) and 34 team (soccer, basketball, and handball) athletes. CODS and RA were measured with a light-based reactive training system in a frontal (FR), universal (UN), semicircular (SC), and lateral (LA) design. Lower limb power and sprint performance were also measured in a 10 m single leg jump test and 15 m sprint. Individual athletes showed significantly better performance in three of the eight agility tests: LA-RA, UN-RA, and SC-CODS (p < 0.008, p < 0.036, and p < 0.027, respectively) and were found to present stronger correlations (p < 0.01) between jump test performance and the CODS condition. Team athletes showed stronger associations between sprint performance and the CODS condition. In the RA condition both jump and sprint performance showed stronger correlations in the group of individual athletes. Agility performance as measured by CODS and RA should improve with enhanced of motor proficiency. Finally, the tests applied in this experiment seem to be multidimensional, but require spatio-temporal adjustment for their implementation, so that they meet the requirements of the particular sport.

V magistrskem delu smo analizirali igralne tipe in obrambo reprezentanc na ženskem evropskem prvenstvu U16 divizije B. Analizirali smo štiri tekme slovenske reprezentance proti reprezentancam Srbije, Velike Britanije, Norveške in Portugalske. Podatke smo zbrali s pomočjo analize video posnetkov in statistike igre na uradni spletni strani prvenstva. Podrobneje smo primerjali postavljeno consko in postavljeno osebno obrambo slovenske reprezentance. Zanimal nas je časovni delež in število postavljenih conskih in osebnih obramb slovenske reprezentance in nasprotnih reprezentanc. Primerjali smo učinkovitost postavljenih obramb slovenske reprezentance skozi naslednje kazalce, in sicer: število prejetih košev, število skokov v obrambi, število pridobljenih žog, število skokov v napadu nasprotne ekipe in uspešnost nasprotnih reprezentanc pri metu za dve in tri točke. Analizirali smo tudi časovni delež in število prehodnih conskih obramb slovenske reprezentance v primerjavi z nasprotnimi reprezentancami ter v primerjavi s postavljeno consko obrambo slovenske reprezentance. Zanimala sta nas tudi absolutni in relativni indeks obrambne učinkovitosti ekipe posamezne postavljene obrambe. Ugotovili smo, da je slovenska reprezentanca igrala postavljeno consko obrambo manj časa od postavljene osebne obrambe, a več časa od nasprotnih reprezentanc. V času igranja postavljene conske obrambe je slovenska reprezentanca v primerjavi s postavljeno osebno obrambo na minuto igranja povprečno prejemala manj košev, imela več skokov v obrambi in več pridobljenih žog. Nasprotne ekipe so imele proti postavljeni conski obrambi manj skokov v napadu in boljši odstotek meta za dve in tri točke. Višja sta bila tudi indeksa absolutne in relativne obrambne učinkovitosti ekipe. In the master's thesis, we analysed the playing types and the defence of the national teams at the women's European U16 Division B championship. We analysed four matches of the Slovenian national team against the national teams of Serbia, Great Britain, Norway, and Portugal. We collected the data with the help of videos and game statistics on the official website of the championship. We compared the set zonal and set personal defences of the Slovenian national team in more detail. We were interested in the time share and the number of zonal and personal defences of the Slovenian national team and opposing national teams. We compared the efficiency of the Slovenian national team's defences through the following indicators: the number of baskets received, the number of rebounds in defence, the number of steals, the number of rebounds in the opposing team's offense, and the performance of opposing national teams in throwing two and three points. We also analysed the time share and the number of transitional zone defences of the Slovenian national team in comparison with the opposing national teams and comparison with the set zone defence of the Slovenian national team. We were also interested in the absolute and relative index of the defence efficiency of the team of each defence. We found that the Slovenian national team played the zone defence less time than the personal defence, but more time than the opposing teams. During the time of playing zone defence, the Slovenian national team, compared to personal defence per minute of play, is on average: received fewer baskets, had more rebounds in defence and more steals. The opposing teams had fewer offensive rebounds in the set zone defence and a better percentage for throwing for two and three points. The indices of absolute and relative defence efficiency of the team were also higher.

Krajnji cilj nogometne igre jest u konačnici postizanje više pogodaka od protivničke momčadi. Stoga je suradnja igrača, posebno u završnici napada, od presudne važnosti. Cjelokupna momčad, te samim time i svaki pojedini igrač te momčadi, mora posjedovati visoku razinu tehničko-taktičkih znanja te u svakoj prilici i poziciji na terenu mora djelovati optimalno i na visokoj razini efikasnosti. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada jest prikazati osnovne principe suradnje većeg broja igrača te predložiti na koje bi se načine suradnja igrača u podfazi završnice napada mogla usavršiti. The ultimate goal of a football game is essentially to score more goals than the opposing team. Therefore, the cooperation of the players, especially in the end of the attack, is crucially important to us. The entire team, and in the end, each individual player of that team must have a high level of technical and tactical knowledge, and in every opportunity and position on the field must operate optimally and at a high level of efficiency. The aim of this diploma thesis is presented in the basic principles of cooperation of a large number of players and in which way the cooperation in the sub-phase of final attacks can be perfected.

The aim of the research is to determine the differences between winning and losing teams by comparing variables of ball possession in the final day of FIBA 3x3 2020 world cup in Jeddah. Research methods: The results were classified into three groups according to the analyzed duration of the game: full game; first 5 min and remaining time of the game. Eight best teams in the second day of the tournament during quarterfinal, semi-final and the final game were investigated. By analyzing the 506 attacks in total, the types of ball possessions were observed. Main findings: The results showed statistically significance differences between 1-point zone (p < 0.05) and large Effect Size (ES) (ES = 1.24). By comparing the results of winning and losing teams, it was determined that the most significant differences of the ball possession were: P&R screener (p < 0.001; ES = -0.98); P&R ball handler (p < 0.05); dribbling shot (p < 0.01; ES = -0.68); post-up (p < 0.001; ES = 1.31) and penetration (p < 0.05). Conclusions: 1. According to the evaluation of the performance profile outcomes between winning and losing teams it was found that the winning teams performed more often in the group actions and executed that in 2-point zone. 2. By evaluating the types of ball possession during the full game according to different variables per minute, it was revealed that winning teams performed more often at P&R Screener, P&R ball handler and dribbling shot than losing teams. The losing teams also performed greater number at off-screen, cuts, post up and penetration. 3. By comparing the executed types of ball possession during the first 5 min of the game, it was noticed that the winning teams performed significant difference at dribbling shot. The situations of all types of P&R action showed no differences between the results of winning and losing teams. The losing teams played more often at off-screen, cut, post up. During the last 5 min of the game, a significant difference was found in the between P&R Screener and put back action, by comparing results of winning and losing teams., Tikslas: nustatyti skirtumus tarp laiminčių ir pralaiminčių komandų lyginant skirtingų tipų atakas finalinėje FIBA 3x3 turnyro dienoje Džedoje 2020 m. Tyrimo metodai: Tyrimo rezultatai buvo kvalifikuoti į tris grupes remiantis analizuojamu rungtynių laikotarpiu: pilnos rungtynės, pirmosios 5 min ir likęs rungtynių laikas. Buvo analizuoti atakų tipai geriausių aštuonių komandų iš finalinės turnyro dienos žaidžiant ketvirtfinalius, pusfinalius ir finalą. Išanalizavus iš viso 506 atakas, buvo stebimi atakų tipai. Tyrimo rezultatai: Tyrimo rezultatai parodė statistiškai reikšmingus skirtumus tarp atakos užsibaigimu 1 taško zonoje (p > 0.05; ES = 1.24). Palyginus laiminčių ir pralaiminčių komandų rezultatus, buvo nustatyta, kad reikšmingiausi atakų tipų skirtumai buvo: žaidimo du prieš du perduodant kamuolį statančiam užtvarą (p < 0.001; ES = -0.98); žaidimo du prieš du užbaigiant ataką tam pačiam žaidėjui (p < 0.05); metimai po kamuolio varymo (p < 0.01; ES = -0.68); žaidimo nugara į krepšį (p < 0.001; ES = 1.31) ir prasiveržimai (p < 0.05). Išvados: 1. Remiantis laimėjusių ir pralaimėjusių komandų rungtynių analizės rezultatų įvertinimu buvo nustatyta, jog laiminčios komandos dažniau atliko komandinius veiksmus ir juos realizuodavo 2 taškų zonoje. 2. Įvertinus atakų tipus, remiantis skirtingais kintamaisiais, atliktais per minutę, buvo nustatyta, jog tiriant visą rungtynių laiką, laimėjusios komandos dažniau atlikdavo žaidimo du prieš du veiksmą atiduodant kamuolį statančiam užtvarą arba užbaigiant ataką tam pačiam žaidėjam, kuris gavo užtvarą, taip pat dažniau atlikdavo metimus po kamuolio varymo nei pralaimėjusios komandos. Pralaimėjusios komandos dažniau atlikdavo užtvaras žaidėjui be kamuolio, prakirtimus, žaidimo nugara į krepšį ir prasiveržimo veiksmus. 3. Palyginus atakų tipus, atliktus per pirmąsias 5 žaidimo minutes, buvo pastebėta, jog laimėjusios komandos pasižymėjo statistiškai reikšmingu skirtumu tarp metimų po kamuolio varymo. Palyginus laimėjusių ir pralaimėjusių komandų rezultatus, skirtumas nebuvo nustatytas atliekant visų tipų veiksmus du prieš du situacijose. Pralaimėjusios komandos dažniau žaidė naudojant užtvaras žaidėjui be kamuolio, prakirtimus ir žaidimą nugara į krepšį. Apžvelgus laimėjusių ir pralaimėjusių komandų rezultatus, per paskutiniąsias 5 žaidimo minutes buvo nustatytas reikšmingas skirtumas palyginus du prieš du veiksmą atiduodant kamuolį statančiam užtvarą, ir kamuolio pataisymą ore po netaiklaus komandos draugo metimo veiksmo.

Στο άρθρο επανεξετάζονται τα σχετικά με την μάχη της Καλαβρύης (1078), της κρίσιμης αυτής αντιπαράθεσης μεταξὺ Αλεξίου Κομνηνού και Νικηφόρου Βρυεννίου, και προτείνεται μία άλλη ερμηνεία για την εξέλιξή της. Η σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία βασίζεται στην εξιστόρηση του νεωτέρου Νικηφόρου Βρυεννίου στην Ύλη Ιστορίας, με σύντομες αναφορές στα λίγα σημεία διαφοροποίησης που υπάρχουν στην αφήγηση της Άννας Κομνηνής στην Αλεξιάδα, και η ακρίβειά της θεωρείται δεδομένη. Έχει αγνοηθεί όμως σε μεγάλο βαθμό η λίγο παλαιότερη εκδοχή που παρουσιάζει ο Μιχαήλ Ατταλειάτης. Στο άρθρο επιχειρείται να αποδειχθεί ότι μία βασική λεπτομέρεια που αναφέρεται στην σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία –η αιφνίδια άφιξη των Τούρκων μισθοφόρων που έγειρε την πλάστιγγα υπέρ του Αλεξίου– βασίζεται στην παράδοση της Ύλης Ιστοριών και της Αλεξιάδας, δεν επαληθεύεται όμως από την Ιστορία του Μιχαήλ Ατταλειάτη. Η αναφορά σε «αιφνίδια άφιξη» των Τούρκων μισθοφόρων οφείλεται σε παρερμηνεία της τακτικής του Αλεξίου: οι Τούρκοι ήσαν εξ αρχής παρόντες στο πεδίο της μάχης.

V zaključnem delu je podrobno obravnavan in opisan sistem igre 1-3-5-2, pri čemer so natančno analizirane tehnično-taktične ter kondicijske zahteve in naloge igralcev po posameznih igralnih mestih. Na podlagi teh spoznanj so bile nato v nadaljevanju natančno predstavljene prednosti in pomanjkljivosti, ki jih prinaša sodobni sistem igre 1-3-5-2. Za bolj kakovostno izdelavo vsebin smo temeljito analizirali tekme dveh vrhunskih moštev Chelsea Football Club (ANG) in Football Club Internacionale Milano (ITA). S tem smo pridobili praktične natančnejše vsebine, na podlagi katerih so bile v preučevanem sistemu igre ugotovljene določene zakonitosti nogometne igre, tako v fazi obrambe kot tudi v fazi napada. Pridobljene vsebine so bile uporabne pri nastajanju metodičnega postopka za vpeljevanje moštva v organizirano delovanje v obravnavanem sistemu igre, obenem pa je naše zaključno delo pridobilo na verodostojnosti. Namen in cilj magistrskega dela je bil, da s pomočjo analize značilnosti igre vrhunskih moštev ter z uporabo sredstev za razvoj in učenje taktičnih znanj, predstavimo zaporedje korakov in vsebin delovanja trenerja pri vpeljevanju moštva v organizirano igranje v postavitvi vratar, trije branilci, pet veznih igralcev in dva napadalca (1-3-5-2). Celoten proces vpeljevanja moštva v izbrani sistem predstavlja kakovosten primer načrtovanega vadbenega procesa, ki se smiselno nadgrajuje in vsebuje osnovne ter bolj specifične vaje za učenje tehnično-taktičnih rešitev, ki so potrebne v omenjenem sistemu igre. Slednje omogoča nogometnemu trenerju možnost razvoja in oblikovanja smiselne igre lastnega moštva ter mu obenem nudi možnost reševanja igralnih situacij, ki se pojavljajo v igri. Master thesis in detail covers the game system 1-3-5-2. Technical and physical requirements of each playing position were analysed in depth. Based on these findings, in the next paragraphs we presented advantages and disadvantages that this modern playing system 1-3-5-2 has brought. In order to increase the quality and credibility of the content, we analysed football games of two world class teams, Chelsea Football Club (ANG) and Football Club Internacionale Milano (ITA). The analysis enabled us to acquire actual information, according to which we learned about certain rules of the football game in both attacking and defending phase. Gathered information showed as extremely helpful in the process of creating methodical steps, which would help to implement the chosen game system into the team. Main purpose and goal of master thesis was to present methodical steps of implementing a playing system 1-3-5-2 in to a team. This goal is going to be achieved with the help of analysis of playing styles of world class teams and acquired tactical knowledge. The whole process of implementation of playing system 1-3-5-2 in to a team, represents a strong case of well planned exercise process, which is then upgraded and includes both basic and more specific exercises for improving technical and tactical skills, both needed in the playing system 1-3-5-2. The exercise process enables football coach to create and develop playing system of his team and also give him an ability to solve gaming situations that occur during a match.

Na tekmovanjih v tekih na srednje in dolge proge predstavlja izbira optimalne taktike velik del uspeha. Namen magistrskega dela je bil raziskati taktične značilnosti posameznih disciplin (800, 1500, 5000 in 10000 m) pri doseganju moških svetovnih rekordov in v finalnih nastopih na največjih tekmovanjih, kot so svetovna prvenstva, olimpijske igre in evropska prvenstva. Prvi del magistrskega dela je predstavljal teoretični uvod, v katerem smo pregledali in povzeli ugotovitve dosedanjih raziskav na tem področju. Drugi del je bil empirični v njem smo analizirali taktične značilnosti tekov, v katerih so bili doseženi svetovni rekordi, in rezultate posameznih tekmovalcev na velikih tekmovanjih. Hkrati smo preučevali, ali se taktične značilnosti razlikujejo med omenjenima tipoma tekmovanj. Ugotovili smo, da se taktične značilnosti med posameznimi disciplinami razlikujejo. Ugotovili smo tudi, da se taktične značilnosti posamezne discipline razlikujejo glede na tip tekmovanja. Preučevanje relativnih hitrosti odsekov svetovnih rekordov in zmagovalcev na velikih tekmovanjih je pokazalo, da slednji pogosto niso izbrali teoretično optimalne taktike, ampak dinamično strategijo, ki se je prilagajala dejavnikom okolja, s ciljem doseči čim višjo uvrstitev. S korelacijskimi analizami smo ugotovili statistično značilne povezanosti rezultatov na 800, 1500 in 10000 m na velikih tekmovanjih z najboljšimi časi sezone in statistično značilno povezanost najboljšega časa sezone na 800 m z osebnim rekordom na 400 m. Pričujoče magistrsko delo bi lahko bilo s svojimi ugotovitvami koristno tako za atletske trenerje in druge delavce v praksi kakor tudi za boljše razumevanje pomena taktike v tekih na srednje in dolge proge v akademskem svetu. Optimal pacing strategy is a big factor for success in middle and long distance running competitions. The purpose of this master's thesis was to explore the pacing characteristics of individual disciplines (800, 1500, 5000 and 10000 m) in achieving men's world records and in final performances in major competitions, such as the World Championships, Olympic Games and European Championships. The first part of the master's thesis was a theoretical introduction, in which we reviewed and summarised the findings of previous research in this field. The second part was empirical and in it we analysed the pacing characteristics of world record performances and the results of individual competitors in major competitions. At the same time, we also wanted to find out whether the pacing characteristics differed between the two types of competitions. We concluded that pacing characteristics differed between disciplines and that the pacing characteristics of individual disciplines differed depending on the type of competition. Comparison of the relative speeds of world record holders with winners of major competitions showed that the latter did not always use the theoretically optimal pacing strategy, but adapted it dynamically to the environmental factors with the aim of achieving the highest ranking. We found statistically significant correlations between 800, 1500 and 10000 m results from major competitions and season best times. We also found that 800 m season best times had significant correlation with 400 m personal best times. Our findings could be useful both for athletic coaches and other practitioners, as well as in academia for a better understanding of the importance of pacing in middle and long distance running.

Sustav cjelokupne sportske pripreme uključuje kondicijsku pripremu, tehničko-taktičku pripremu uz menadžment koji omogućuje izvedbu i realizaciju navedenih priprema. Čovjek je antropološko biće koje se sastoji od svojih osobina i sposobnosti. Svaki čovjek se razlikuje od drugog pa je tako i svaki sportaš karakterističan zahvaljujući svojim osobinama i sposobnostima. Antropološke osobine i sposobnosti potrebno je znati objasniti i poznavati kako bi se moglo djelovati primjenom kinezioloških procesa i sustava vježbanja. Antropološki status se mijenja kroz rast i razvoj i važno ga je poznavati da bi se isplanirala kvalitetna kondicijska priprema. Osim antropološkog statusa, treneri moraju biti upoznati sa srčano-žilnim i dišnim sustavom, energetskim sustavom i živčanomišićnim. Nogomet spada u kompleksne sportove pa zahtjeva velike fizičke napore. Veliku pažnju treba posvetiti kondicijskoj pripremi, a isto tako tehničko-taktičkim zahtjevima nogometne igre. Kondicijski trening je najvećim dijelom prisutan u pripremnom razdoblju dok se u natjecateljskom provodi održavajući kondicijski trening. Tehničko- taktički trening uključuje razvoj sposobnosti rješavanja određenih situacija u igri uz datu postavu ekipe. Tehnika je osnova za razvoj taktičkih sposobnosti i načina izvođenja motoričkih sposobnosti. Osnovne tehničke vještine su šutiranje, dodavanje, zaustavljanje, dribling i vođenje lopte. Proces usvajanja tehnike sastoji se od lanca komponenti odnosno prvo se uče osnovne sposobnosti pa onda kompleksnije. Greške se stalno događaju te ih je potrebno prepoznati i na vrijeme korigirati. Taktika predstavlja izbor sredstava i načina da se realizira određeni plan u procesu natjecanja. Taktika u nogometu je formiranje i usavršavanje specifičnih sposobnosti. Najčešća formacija u Premijer ženskoj ligi BiH je 1-4-2-3- 1 jer je najfleksibilnija i iz nje se lako može prelaziti u druge sisteme, kao što su npr. 1-4-5-1 ili 1- 4-3-3. Da bi se utvrdila kondicijska pripremljenost nogometašica vrše se testiranja. Testovi kondicijskih sposobnosti dijele se na labaratorijske i terenske. Kod testiranja imamo tri faze, a to su početno ili inicijalno testiranje, tranzitno ili prijelazno i završno ili finalno testiranje. Da bi sve navedeno normalno funkcioniralo neophodan je kvalitetan menadžment. Dobar sportski menadžment predviđa, planira, organizira, rukovodi, osigurava kadar i kontrolira ljudske, materijalne i financijske resurse.

Title: Tactic analysis of elite tennis players at Nitto ATP Finals 2020 Objectives: The aim of this work was analyze what tactics use best eight ATP players of 2020 in game situations. Methods: Method of indirect observation of the tournament Nitto ATP Finals 2020 was used in the work. Data from matches were recorded by using notation analysis. A set of eight players was observed, each player played 3 sets. Results: The results show what tactics variants use best players in the world. It was found that service winner finished 31,8 % from all points. If players serve they won 67,8 % of rallies. In 56,6 % of rallies was not played more then 4 strokes. If rallies lenght was more then 4 strokes, volley finished 14,2 % points, winner forehand 17 %, winner backhand 7,6 %, offensive forehand 17 %, offensive backhand 13 %. Players using to finished long rally forehand more often then backhand. Keywords: tennis, tactic, tactical analysis

Knjiga objedinjeno prikazuje nastavne materijale za dio vaterpolskih kolegija koji se predaju na Kineziološkom fakultetu u Splitu.

Bakalaura darbā tiek pētīti divi galvenie Napoleona Bonaparta uzbrukuma stratēģijas veidi – centra pozīcijas un netiešās pieejas uzbrukuma stratēģija, Napoleona uzbrukuma taktikas un to nianses, kā arī tiek analizētas vairākas kaujas, lai izprastu šo uzbrukuma stratēģiju un taktiku realizāciju. Darba mērķis ir analizēt Napoleona Bonaparta uzbrukuma stratēģiju un taktiku kauju kontekstā, balstoties uz viedokļiem Rietumu vēstures literatūrā. Pētījuma rezultātā tika noskaidrots, kāpēc Napoleons izmantoja šādus uzbrukuma stratēģijas un taktikas veidus, cik tie bija efektīvi un kāda bija to nozīme., This Bachelor’s thesis contains the research of 2 main attack strategies of Napoleon Bonaparte – strategy of central position and strategy of indirect approach, attack tactics of Napoleon, their nuances, as well as the analysis of multiple battles to show their implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyze Napoleon Bonaparte’s attack strategy and tactic in the context of battles, based on the opinions in Western historical literature. The result concludes as to why Napoleon used these specific types of attack strategies and tactics, how effective they were, and what was their importance.

Glavni cilj ovog završnog rada je prikazati nogometne sustave od početka igranja nogometne igre pa sve do modernih sustava igre. Taktičkom analizom usporedit će se brojnost igrača u završnoj fazi napada. U radu će biti iznesene informacije o tome koji sustavi su bili najtipičniji za određeno razdoblje nogometne povijesti. Svaki nogometni sustav igre ima svoje specifičnosti s obzirom na brojnost igrača koji završavaju napade u završnoj trećini nogometnog terena. Također, u radu će biti iznesena usporedba i razvoj nogometnih sustava kroz povijest, njihove prednosti i nedostaci, pozicije igrača te specifični zadaci po svakoj poziciji. Kroz raspravu teme može se zaključiti kako je u počecima nogometne igre filozofija nogometa bila prvenstveno orijentirana prema napadu, zanemarujući obrambenu fazu nogometne igre. Daljnjom analizom povijesnih razdoblja jasno se vidi tendencija trenera u smanjivanju igrača u završnoj fazi napada te sve većoj koncentraciji igrača u fazi obrane. Zaključno, rezultati dobiveni opservacijskom analizom pokazuju da je u počecima nogometne igre 90% igrača bilo orijentirano završnici napada, sredinom prošlog stoljeća u zadnju trećinu terena dolazilo je 40% igrača, a u suvremenim nogometnim sustavima tendencija trenera je imati u završnici napada 5 ili 6 igrača. The main aim of this final paper is to analyze football systems from the beginning of playing football until the modern systems of the game. Tactical analysis of the attacking phase will be provided with an accent on the number of players in the final phase of the attack. Each system is specific due to the number of players in the final phase of the attack. The paper will present information about typical systems for a specific period of football history. Also, the paper will present a comparison and development of football systems throughout history, their advantages and disadvantages, player positions and specific tasks for each position. In the discussion section, the results indicate, that at the beginning of the football game the philosophy of football was primarily oriented to the attack, ignoring the defensive phase of football game. Further analysis of historical periods clearly shows the tendency of coaches to reduce the number of players in the final phase of attack and the increasing concentration of players in the defensive phase. In conclusion, the obtained results given by observational analysis show that at the beginning of the football game 90% of the players were oriented towards the end of the attack, in the middle of the last century 40% players were in the last third of the field, while in modern football systems the tendency of coaches is to have 5 to 6 players in the last third of the field.

Cilj rada bio je pružiti prikaz pojedinih vježbi u svrhu što boljeg uvježbavanja podfaze otvaranja napada u sustavu igre 1-4-3-3. Sve veći broj trenera inzistira na iznošenju lopte od vratara odnosno izbjegavanju iznošenja lopte vratarevim dugim ispucavanjem lopte. Fazi napada pridaje se velika važnost jer se njome postiže glavni smisao igre, a to je pogodak. Sa stajališta napada potrebna je kvalitetna analiza i uvježbanost podfaze otvaranja napada kako bi igrači što jednostavnije doveli loptu u središnji dio terena (2/4 i ¾ terena) te kasnije u podfazu završnice napada (4/4 terena) te postizanje pogotka. U radu biti će prikazani primjeri vježbi za metodiku obuke i usavršavanje igre u navedenoj podfazi igre. The goal of this paper was to provide an example of certain exercises to improve the transition into offense in the 1-4-3-3 football system. More and more coaches insist on putting the ball into play through the goalkeeper's short passes, i.e. they avoiding putting the ball into play by the goalkeeper through far reaching strikes. Significance is put on the offense phase because through it, the main point of the game is achieved, the goal. From the offense standpoint, a quality analysis and practice of the build-up phase is important so that the players can most easily get the ball into the middle of the offense phase, and later into the ending of the offense phase, so that they could achieve a goal. In this paper, methodical exercises are presented that serve to improve the quality of the game through improving the said subphase of the game.

Nogomet je iznimno zahtjevan sport koji u svakoj uzrasnoj dobi ima velike zahtjeve u fizičkom i psihičkom smislu. Igrači kadetskog uzrasta počinju trenirati po principu vrhunskog nogometaša te da bi sve te zahtjeve ispunili moraju biti izvrsno pripremljeni. Tehničko- taktički elementi su u velikoj količini savladani u mlađim dobnim kategorijama te je sada usmjerenost prema njihovoj primjeni u situacijskim uvjetima te njihovo usavršavanje. U ovom diplomskom radu napisan je plan i program kako bi se što lakše savladala cijela problematika vezana za ovu dobnu kategoriju koja se približava vrhunskom nogometu te se mora nositi sa zahtjevima koje on i nosi. Football is an extremely demanding sport that has great demands in every age, both physically and mentally. Cadet players start to train according to the principle of a top football player and in order to fulfill all these requirements, they must be well prepared. Technical-tactical elements are more often mastered in younger age categories, but now the focus is on their application in situational conditions and their improvement. In this graduation paper, a curriculum is written in order to easily overcome the whole issue related to this age category which is approaching to top football and must deal with the requirements that it carries.

Tehnike koje pripadaju grupi dovođenja u parter, osim što su jedne od najčešće izvedenih hrvačkih tehnika u klasičnom i slobodnom načinu hrvanja, dio su i taktičke pripreme za više drugih grupa hrvačkih tehnika (bacanja uvinućem, ramenska bacanja, obaranja, okretanja obuhvatom trupa, dizanja iz partera i slično). Dovođenja u parter pripadaju grupi „malog faktora rizika“, jer ako ne uspije njihova izvedba, napadač može ostati u sigurnoj poziciji bez većih mogućnosti kontra napada protivnika. S obzirom na to da s tehnikama iz grupe dovođenja u parter, hrvač započinje već na početku sportske karijere, bitno ih je metodički pravilno obučavati, kako bi hrvači uspješno primjenjivali ove tehnike u nastavku sportske karijere. Zbog svega gore navedenoga, dovođenja u parter pripadaju u grupu najvažnijih hrvačkih tehnika za uspjeh hrvača u njegovoj sportskoj karijeri. Primarni cilj u ovom radu bio je opisati metodiku obučavanje hrvačkih tehnika dovođenja u parter iz različitih pozicija, a sekundarni cilj bio je dati praktične smjernice trenerima i budućim hrvačima, kako bi lakše usvajali ove važne tehnike. Ovaj diplomski rad koncipiran je u nekoliko cjelina i doprinos je ovoj važnoj temi u treningu hrvača, jer ukazuje na razne metodičke mogućnosti obučavanja tehnika dovođenja u parter. U radu je ukupno opisano 9 najvažnijih tehnika dovođenja u parter, 24 taktičkih priprema, 25 protutehnika, 12 obrana, 30 tehničko - taktičkih kompleksa, 8 metodskih vježbi i 25 metodičkih postupaka. Techniques that belong to the group of bringing to the ground, in addition to being one of the most commonly performed wrestling techniques in classical and freestyle wrestling, are also part of the tactical preparation for several other groups of wrestling techniques (twisting throws, shoulder throws ground floor and the like). Bringing to the ground floor belongs to the group of "small risk factors", because if their performance fails, the attacker can remain in a safe position without greater opportunities for counter-attacks by the opponent. Since the wrestler starts with the techniques from the group to the ground, already at the beginning of his sports career, it is important to train them methodically correctly, so that wrestlers can successfully apply these techniques in the continuation of their sports career. Due to all of the above, bringing to the ground floor belongs to the group of the most important wrestling techniques for the success of a wrestler in his sports career. The primary goal in this paper was to describe the methodology of training wrestling techniques to be brought to the ground floor from different positions, and the secondary goal was to give practical guidelines to coaches and future wrestlers, in order to more easily adopt these important techniques. This diploma thesis is conceived in several parts and is a contribution to this important topic in the training of wrestlers, because it indicates various methodological possibilities of training techniques for bringing to the ground floor. The paper describes a total of 9 most important techniques for bringing to the ground floor, 24 tactical preparations, 25 counter - techniques, 12 defenses, 30 technical - tactical complexes, 8 methodical exercises and 25 methodical procedures.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljen letni program vadbe za otroke, v starosti do osem let. Vadba in treniranje najmlajših nogometašev velja za zahtevno in odgovorno delo. Trener naj bi, poleg osnovnih značilnosti nogometnega treninga, dobro poznal tudi razvojne značilnosti otrok. Poznavanje biološkega, psihosocialnega in gibalnega razvoja ter razvoja živčevja v kombinaciji z natančnim poznavanjem nogometne tehnike, taktike in kondicije trenerju omogoča ustreznejši izbor vsebin. Z ustreznim metodičnim postopkom, ob upoštevanju načela postopnosti in raznovrstnosti, bo trener izbrane vsebine na primeren način vpeljal v vadbo in ustrezno sooblikoval otrokov vsestranski gibalni razvoj. Pri razvoju in vzgoji otrok je pomembna tudi trenerjeva osebnost in s tem povezane veščine vodenja, ki jih uporablja. Namen in želja je, da trener s svojim ravnanjem in obnašanjem prenaša na otroke, ne le nogometno znanje, ampak tudi pozitivne vrednote. Pričakuje se, da bo trener otrokom v oporo in jim bo z napotki ter usmeritvami znal pravilno usmerjati v športnem in osebnostnem razvoju. Za izvedbo kakovostnega vadbenega procesa je pomembno skrbno in natančno predhodno načrtovanje - z jasno postavljenimi cilji. Poznamo letno, mesečno, tedensko in posamično načrtovanje. S sprotno analizo in spremljanjem napredka vadečih, lahko trener načrte ustrezno sprotno prilagaja. S pravim nastopom in načinom vodenja, bo poskrbel še za uspešno realizacijo načrta. V magistrskem delu smo predstavili različna področja, pomembna za kakovostno treniranje. Opisane so nekatere razvojne značilnosti otrok, gibalne in funkcionalne sposobnosti, področje nogometne tehnike in taktike ter gibalna vsestranskost. Predstavljen je model sodobnega nogometaša, metodika učenja tehničnih in taktičnih elementov, načini vodenja ter opis trenerjevih lastnosti in nalog. Podrobno je opisan primer celoletnega procesa dela z 8-letniki v nogometu, ki vsebuje izbor primernih vsebin za navedeno starostno kategorijo (U-8) in letni delovni načrt. Prikazani so letni, mesečni in tedenski načrti dela in podroben opis treningov v celotni sezoni, ki zajema grafični prikaz in opis vaj ter organizacije. The paper contains a description of a yearly training program designed for 8-year olds. Quality training of the youngest footballers has a reputation for being demanding. It can be only carried out by skilled football coaches who are also well-acquainted with children’s developmental specifics. Knowing of their biological, psychological and social development as well as that of motor skills and the nervous system combined with a deepened understanding of football techniques, tactics, and physical condition helps to determine appropriate content to be presented to the young sportsmen. Optimal methodology and employment of the principles of gradation and versatility allow for the content to be successfully intertwined with the training. Only by taking all of the above into account can children’s full motor development be achieved. The second key factor in children's upbringing and progression is the coach's personality and his preferred leadership methods. A coach needs to be aware that it is not only about football knowledge transmission, but also about positive values and attitudes that a child acquires during training. If the coach’s actions are to set a positive example, he is expected to provide all the necessary support to children in their sport and personality development. Any quality training process requires careful planning and straightforward objectives. Planning may be yearly, monthly, weekly, or for individual training sessions. Regular analysis and monitoring the players’ progress help the coach make the necessary appropriations to the set plan. A healthy pedagogical stance and appropriate leadership ensure successful plan realization. In the research paper, we attempt to present fields of expertise any qualified coach should be well-versed in, listed are descriptions of some children’s developmental specifics, their motor and functional skills, football techniques and tactics, motor versatility. A model of a modern-day football player is provided together with the methodology of attaining technical and tactical elements, leadership styles and an elaborate list of the coach’s tasks and responsibilities. There is also an elaborate description of the yearly training process designed for 8-year olds, which encompasses a list of topics targeted at the U-8 age group and a corresponding curriculum. There are annual, monthly and weekly work plans as well as a detailed account of all training sessions in one season together with charts, exercise descriptions and the organisational outline.