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International audience; This study aimed to characterize third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables purchased at Bejaia city, Algeria. K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out to determine sequence type (ST), plasmid incompatibility group (Inc.), and acquired antimicrobial resistance gene presence. A total of 13 3GC-resistant K. pneumoniae strains were isolated. WGS identified blaCTX-M-15 in 11 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBL)-K. pneumoniae and blaDHA-1 in 2 AmpC-K. pneumoniae. The aac(6')lb-cr gene was identified in 8 out of 13 isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) evidenced five different STs, namely ST14, ST45, ST219, ST236, and ST882. MDR K. pneumoniae contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables, often eaten raw and inappropriately washed, may represent an underestimated public health threat. This study highlights that hygiene measures during harvesting and retail process are of utmost importance to limit further ESBL/AmpC spread to the consumer households.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes listeriosis, a serious foodborne illness. In the nature-to-human transmission route, Lm can prosper in various ecological niches. Soil and decaying organic matter are its primary reservoirs. Certain clonal complexes (CCs) are over-represented in food production and represent a challenge to food safety. To gain new understanding of Lm adaptation mechanisms in food, the genetic background of strains found in animals and environment should be investigated in comparison to that of food strains. Twenty-one partners, including food, environment, veterinary and public health laboratories, constructed a dataset of 1484 genomes originating from Lm strains collected in 19 European countries. This dataset encompasses a large number of CCs occurring worldwide, covers many diverse habitats and is balanced between ecological compartments and geographic regions. The dataset presented here will contribute to improve our understanding of Lm ecology and should aid in the surveillance of Lm. This dataset provides a basis for the discovery of the genetic traits underlying Lm adaptation to different ecological niches.

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a screening protocol to detect and isolate mcr-positive Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from animal caecal content and meat samples. We used a multicentre approach involving 12 laboratories from nine European countries. All participants applied the same methodology combining a multiplex PCR performed on DNA extracted from a pre-enrichment step, followed by a selective culture step on three commercially available chromogenic agar plates. The test panel was composed of two negative samples and four samples artificially contaminated with E. coli and Salmonella spp. respectively harbouring mcr-1 or mcr-3 and mcr-4 or mcr-5 genes. PCR screening resulted in a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 83%. Sensitivity of each agar medium to detect mcr-positive colistin-resistant E. coli or Salmonella spp. strains was 86% for CHROMID(R)Colistin R, 75% for CHROMagarTM COL-APSE and 70% for COLISTIGRAM. This combined method was effective to detect and isolate most of the E. coli or Salmonella spp. strains harbouring different mcr genes from food-producing animals and food products and might thus be used as a harmonized protocol for the screening of mcr genes in food-producing animals and food products in Europe.

International audience; The Infiniplex for milk(R) (IPM) kit is a quick method for the simultaneous and qualitative detection of more than 100 molecules including antibiotic residues, mycotoxins, anti-inflammatories and antiparasitic drugs into a single test that does not require milk treatment. The IPM(R) kit was validated according to the European decision EC/2002/657 and according to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods (2010). Our validation was focused only on antibiotic residues. The washing step was identified as the most critical step of the assay. Insufficient washes could cause a significant background noise that prevents imaging. Positive controls have to be freshly prepared each day (insufficient stability). The method was specific with a low false-positive rate of 1.7% on 5 discrete test regions (DTR) ((beta-lactams, lincomycin, virginiamycin, quinolones and sulphonamides)) and a false-positive rate of 0% on the 26 other DTR. During our validation, the 42 determined detection capabilities CCbeta for 12 antibiotic families (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, lincosamides, macrolides, miscellaneous antibiotics, penicillins, phenolated polymixins, polypeptide antibiotics, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines) were at between once and twice the decision levels stated by the manufacturer. Forty CCbeta determined were lower than the respective regulatory limits (i.e. MRL, RC, MRPL) in milk, except for tilmicosin (1.5 times the MRL) and neospiramycin (>1.25 times the MRL). The estimated CCbeta of thiamphenicol, cloxacillin, danofloxacin, sulphathiazol, ceftiofur and sulphamonomethoxine were lower than or at the MRL. However, it was difficult to approach an accurate CCbeta with only qualitative results. It is impossible to know whether or not we were close to the cut-off value. The software could be improved by differentiating between low-positive and high-positive results. The results of our participation in three qualitative proficiency tests in 2016 and 2017 for the detection of quinolones, tetracyclines and sulphonamides in cows' milk were very satisfactory.

International audience; Ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee is associated with serious health problems and significant economic loss. The state of Chiapas is the top coffee producer in Mexico, accounting for 41.3% of the national production, and the second largest organic coffee-producing area worldwide. Due to the lack of information about the OTA content in Chiapas coffee, 100 coffee samples from Chiapas were collected and classified according to their variety, type (roasted or nonroasted), processing and cultivation, in the 2017/2018 cycle. The average OTA concentration in 97 of the analyzed samples was 0.41 μg/kg. OTA was not detected in 52% of the samples; in 45% of the samples, the concentration ranged between 0.05 and 3.4 μg/kg, below the limit of European regulations (

International audience; The detection of antimicrobial residues in food products of animal origin is of utmost importance. Indeed antimicrobial residues could be present in animal derived food products because of animal treatments for curative purposes or from illegal use. The usual screening methods to detect antimicrobial residues in food are microbiological, immunological or physico-chemical methods. The development of biosensors to propose sensitive, cheap and quick alternatives to classical methods is constantly increasing. Aptasensors are one of the major trends proposed in the literature, in parallel with the development of immunosensors based on antibodies. The characteristics of electrochemical sensors (i.e., low cost, miniaturization, and portable instrumentation) make them very good candidates to develop screening methods for antimicrobial residues in food products. This review will focus on the recent advances in the development of electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of antimicrobial residues in food products. The contribution of nanomaterials to improve the performance characteristics of electrochemical aptasensors (e.g., Sensitivity, easiness, stability) in the last ten years, as well as signal amplification techniques will be highlighted.

International audience; La consommation de coquillages bivalves (moules, huîtres...) peut être à l’origine de troubles neurologiques graves voire mortels, liés à l’accumulation dans la chair des mollusques de toxines naturelles dont les teneurs sont par ailleurs réglementées. En juin 2019, une intoxication spécifique liée à la consommation de moules contaminées par des toxines paralysantes a attiré l’attention de l’Anses et des Centres antipoison (CAP) sur une possible méconnaissance diagnostique des intoxications par des neurotoxines marines. Une étude rétrospective des cas d’intoxication par des coquillages enregistrés par les CAP de 2012 à 2019, et des données de surveillance réglementaire des zones de production conchylicoles, a permis d’identifier 15 cas probables d’intoxication par des neurotoxines. Une surveillance prospective des intoxications par des coquillages à l’origine de signes neurologiques a depuis été mise en place à partir des données des CAP.

International audience; Among the enteric viruses implicated in foodborne outbreaks, the human norovirus and hepatitis viruses A and E (HAV and HEV) represent a serious public health concern. International standard ISO 15216 proposes methods for detecting HAV and norovirus (genogroups I and II) RNA from soft fruit, leaf, stem and bulb vegetables, bottled water or food surfaces. These methods had not previously been validated for detecting the targeted viruses in other foodstuffs such as multicomponent foods, nor for detecting other viruses in foodstuffs. The aim of this study was to characterise a method derived from the vegetable method described in ISO 15216 to detect HAV, HEV and norovirus in artificially-contaminated multicomponent foodstuffs according to the recent international standard ISO 16140-4. Results showed that the mean recovery rates for all settings did not differ according to the operator. The mean extraction yields ranged from 0.35% to 40.44% for HAV, 5.19% to 100% for HEV, 0.10% to 40.61% for norovirus GI and 0.88% to 69.16% for norovirus GII. The LOD(95) was 10(2) genome copies/g for HAV, HEV and norovirus GII and 10(3) genome copies/g for norovirus GI. The LOQ was 2.90 × 10(4), 1.40 × 10(3), 1.60 × 10(4) and 1.30 × 10(4) genome copies/g for HAV, HEV, norovirus GI and norovirus GII respectively. The MNV-1 process control was detected in 120 out of 128 RNA extracts analysed and was recovered with an efficiency of between 3.83% and 50.22%. The mean inhibition rates of quantitative real-time RT-PCR reaction ranged from 3.25% to 28.70% and varied significantly with the type of food matrix. The described method could be used to detect viruses in composite food products for routine diagnosis needs.

International audience; Victoria Pure Blue BO is a dye that bears some therapeutic activity and that can be retrieved in effluent or may be used in aquaculture as a prohibited drug. In this study, the metabolism and tissue distribution during uptake and depuration of VPBO were investigated in order to propose a residue marker of illegal treatment in fish. The dye was administered to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) for one day by water bath at a dose of 0.1 mg.L(-1). The concentrations of VPBO in all tissues increased rapidly during the treatment period, reaching a C(max) of 567 ± 301 μg.L(-1) in plasma and 1846 μg kg(-1) ±517 for liver after 2 h. After placing the rainbow trout in a clean water bath for a 64 day-period of depuration, the concentrations in the tissues and plasma decreased to reach comparable levels for muscle and for skin after 33 days. The concentrations measured were still above the LOQ at 2.26 ± 0.48 μg kg(-1) for muscle and 2.85 ± 1.99 μg kg(-1) for skin at the end of the depuration period. The results indicated the existence of 14 phase I metabolites and one glucuronide conjugated metabolite. Non-compartmental analysis was applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters. The half-life in edible muscle of the main metabolite detected, deethyl-leuco-VPBO, was found to be 22.5 days compared to a half-life of 19.7 days for the parent VPBO. This study provides new information to predict a VPBO drug treatment of aquacultured species via a proposed new residue marker.

International audience; Biocide disinfectants are used in agro-food industries in order to limit the development of pathogens present in environment or on surfaces in contact with food for human or animal consumption. Biocide residues remaining on food surfaces may constitute a toxicological risk for the consumer. Very little feedback from the field on the rates of biocide residues in the industry exist due to a lack of simple, fast and responsive self-checking methods. The development of biosensors for the detection of biocide disinfectants represents a promising way to explore this, but most of this research remains limited.

International audience; The administration of nitrofurans to livestock to treat or prevent animal diseases has been banned in the EU for the production of food of animal origin. The corresponding marker residues are tissue-related metabolites AMOZ, AHD, SEM, and AOZ. The MRPL (minimum required performance limit)/RPA (Reference point for action) was set at 1 µg kg(-1) in the EU. Thus, all the laboratories involved in the control of nitrofuran metabolites must detect at least at this analytical limit of performance. The objectives of the work reported here were to evaluate the performance of ELISA kits from two different manufacturers (R-Biopharm, Germany; Europroxima, the Netherlands) for the individual screening of the four nitrofuran metabolites (AOZ, AMOZ; AHD; and SEM) in aquaculture products (fish, shrimps), and then to validate the kits according to the European Decision EC/2002/657 and to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods. The false positive rates were below 9 % for the kits from both manufacturers. The detection capabilities CCβ determined were all below the current RPA (1 µg/kg). However, regarding the updated RPA at 0.5 µg/kg that shall apply in 2022, the AMOZ and SEM kits from R-Biopharm and the SEM kit from Europroxima will not be able to reach it.

International audience; The rise of antibiotic resistance is not only a challenge for human and animal health treatments, but is also posing the risk of spreading among bacterial populations in foodstuffs. Farmed fish-related foodstuffs, the food of animal origin most consumed worldwide, are suspected to be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacterial hazards. However, scant research has been devoted to the possible sources of diversity in fresh fillet bacterial ecosystems (farm environment including rivers and practices, and factory environment). In this study bacterial communities and the antibiotic resistance genes of fresh rainbow trout fillet were described using amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and high-throughput qPCR assay. The antibiotic residues were quantified using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods. A total of 56 fillets (composed of muscle and skin tissue) from fish raised on two farms on the same river were collected and processed under either factory or laboratory sterile filleting conditions. We observed a core-bacterial community profile on the fresh rainbow trout fillets, but the processing conditions of the fillets has a great influence on their mean bacterial load (3.38 ± 1.01 log CFU/g vs 2.29 ± 0.72 log CFU/g) and on the inter-individual diversity of the bacterial community. The bacterial communities were dominated by Gamma- and Alpha-proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The most prevalent genera were Pseudomonas, Escherichia-Shigella, Chryseobacterium, and Carnobacterium. Of the 73 antibiotic residues searched, only oxytetracycline residues were detected in 13/56 fillets, all below the European Union maximum residue limit (6.40-40.20 μg/kg). Of the 248 antibiotic resistance genes searched, 11 were found to be present in at least 20% of the fish population (tetracycline resistance genes tetM and tetV, β-lactam resistance genes bla (DHA) and bla (ACC), macrolide resistance gene mphA, vancomycin resistance genes vanTG and vanWG and multidrug-resistance genes mdtE, mexF, vgaB and msrA) at relatively low abundances calculated proportionally to the 16S rRNA gene.

Dyes from the triarylmethane family are prohibited in aquaculture because of their toxicity. Despite this, they are still used in aquaculture due to their antiseptic and antifungal properties, and to their low costs and availability as chemicals in the industry. In order to protect consumers, European regulations impose strict controls on residues of prohibited substances in food of animal origin. In France, for dyes with pharmacological activity, this control is targeted on the presence of residues of malachite green, crystal violet and brilliant green in aquaculture products, including their marker residues in the form of metabolized leuco-bases. To anticipate the future of dye monitoring due to possible new practices in fish farming, this thesis explored different approaches based on the analysis of the fish metabolome by liquid chromatography coupled with High Resolution mass spectrometry and in vitro or in vivo methodologies. The results of this project provide data i) on the behaviour and fate of dyes in fish and ii) on their effects, with a view to proposing markers of treatments extracted from the endometabolome and / or the xenometabolome. We observed a biological disturbance in the production of bile acids after treatments with malachite green and with victoria pure blue bo (VPBO). Moreover, a direct metabolite resulting from the treatment of trout with VPBO, ie. deethyl-leuco-VPBO, has been highlighted as an appropriate marker residue in fish muscle and skin. Finally, an analytical method extended to several other families of dyes has been developed by means of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and including the new marker residues of treatment., Les colorants de la famille des triarylméthanes sont interdits en aquaculture à cause de leur toxicité. Malgré cela, ils sont toujours utilisés en aquaculture du fait de leurs propriétés antiseptiques et antifongiques, de leurs faibles coûts et de leur disponibilité en tant que produits chimiques pour certaines industries. Afin de protéger les consommateurs, la réglementation européenne impose des contrôles stricts des résidus de substances interdites dans les denrées d’origine animale. En France, pour les colorants à activité pharmacologique, ce contrôle est ciblé sur la présence de résidus de vert de malachite, de cristal violet et de vert brillant dans les produits d’aquaculture, incluant leurs résidus marqueurs métabolisés sous forme de leucobases.

International audience; The use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may lead to residues in animal-derived foodstuffs, potentially posing a risk to human safety. While the process of veterinary drug residue risk assessment continues to evolve as new data emerges, a recurring challenge is when sub-optimal or incomplete data are provided with the expectation of supporting a robust risk assessment. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) is comprised of international experts who routinely deal with such data challenges when performing veterinary drug residue evaluations. Recent developments in veterinary drug residue risk assessment are described, including specific consequences of sub-optimal data during the risk assessment process. When feasible, practical solutions to such challenges are also highlighted. Case examples from recent JECFA veterinary drug evaluations are provided to clearly quantify and illustrate the concepts described. The information provided is intended to facilitate the generation of improved quality data, enabling more timely and robust veterinary drug residue risk assessments.

International audience; Aluminum (Al) can be taken up from food, packaging, or the environment and thus reaches the human gastrointestinal tract. Its toxic potential after oral uptake is still discussed. The fate of different solid and ionic Al species during the passage through the digestive tract is the focus of this research, as well as the cellular effects caused by these different Al species. The present study combines the physicochemical processing of three recently studied Al species (metallic Al0, mineral Al2O3, and soluble AlCl3) in artificial digestion fluids with in vitro cell systems for the human intestinal barrier. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods were used to characterize the Al species in the artificial digestion fluids and in cell culture medium for proliferating and differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells. Cytotoxicity testing and cellular impedance measurements were applied to address the effects of digested Al species on cell viability and cell proliferation. Microarray-based transcriptome analyses and quantitative real-time PCR were conducted to obtain a deeper insight into cellular mechanisms of action and generated indications for cellular oxidative stress and an influence on xenobiotic metabolism, connected with alterations in associated signaling pathways. These cellular responses, which were predominantly caused by formerly ionic Al species and only at very high concentrations, were not impacted by artificial digestion. A two-directional conversion of Al between ionic species and solid particles occurred throughout all segments of the gastrointestinal tract, as evidenced by the presence of nanoscaled particles. Nevertheless, this presence did not increase the toxicity of the respective Al species.

International audience; Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic mainly used in porcine and poultry to treat gastrointestinal infections. It has been included by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the list of critically important human antibiotics of high priority for antimicrobial resistance since 2017. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specific and sensitive screening methods for this molecule. Screening for colistin with immunoassays is an interesting alternative to LC-MS/MS screening methods. The performance of three commercially available ELISA kits was evaluated in poultry and porcine muscles for the detection of colistin in regards to its European maximum residue limit (MRL) (150 µg/kg). The applicability of the three ELISA kits to the detection of colistin at or below the MRL in porcine and poultry muscles was demonstrated. The detection capabilities (CCβ) of two kits were or lower than or equal to the MRL (150 µg/kg). The lowest detection capability (30 µg/kg) was achieved with the third ELISA kit. The specificity of the three kits was very satisfactory (false positive rates 0%). The three kits are very specific for the detection of colistin (colistin A and B) and polymyxin B.

Despite the regular strengthening of regulations and the efforts made by the agrifood sector to guarantee a high level of security, health crises regularly test consumer confidence. The barometer on «the perception of risks and security by the French » , published each year by the Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, shows a low level of confidence regarding food risks. Under the influence of the globalization of trade, pressure on prices and the complexity of trade circuits, the food chain has become a breeding ground for the development of new forms of crime. Three principles allowing to build a global and integrated approach to the safety of the food chain are presented., Malgré le renforcement régulier de la règlementation et les efforts déployés par le secteur agroalimentaire pour garantir un haut niveau de sécurité, des crises sanitaires mettent régulièrement à l’épreuve la confiance des consommateurs. Le baromètre sur «la perception des risques et de la sécurité par les Français » , publié chaque année par l’Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, montre un faible niveau de confiance à l’égard des risques alimentaires. Sous l’influence de la mondialisation des échanges, de la pression sur les prix et de la complexification des circuits commerciaux, la chaîne alimentaire est devenue un terrain favorable au développement de nouvelles formes de criminalité. Trois principes permettant de construire une approche globale et intégrée de la sécurité de la chaine alimentaire sont présentés., Assemat Benoit. Vers une approche globale et intégrée de la sécurité des aliments. In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 173, 2020. pp. 196-199.

The perimeter of “veterinary sciences” is difficult to circumscribe. Besides the core business, i. e. health of (terrestrial) animals and food safety, many other associated fields do not concern only the veterinary profession : zootechnics including animal welfare, nutrition, genetics ; aquaculture etc. The successive European Framework Programmes have regularly financed veterinary research activities, in particular the health of livestock and food safety ; but also many associated areas, notably since the 7th Framework Program (period 2007-2013). The budget for the European Framework Programme is estimated to represent no more than 5 to 10% of research and development expenditure in Europe, and this is probably the case in the field of animal health. Nevertheless, the Framework Programmes have become an important means of coordination of research programmes in Europe contributing in particular to the construction of the “European Research Area”. Intra-European transnational co-publications in the veterinary field/animal health/ animal welfare are a minority of the publications of the European countries but are proportionally more frequent than co-publications on the American or Asian continents. The French entities are present on the veterinary research landscape, be it European or global, but could probably be improved. With Horizon 2020, the emphasis placed on societal challenges and innovation in particular, often requires a multi-disciplinary, multi-actor approach, in which animal health, and beyond livestock production, are often integrated into broader issues such food security and nutrition, the sustainability of agriculture, or the bioeconomy. International cooperation beyond Europe may be crucial for addressing societal challenges that are often common to the world. This is especially true for infectious animal diseases. Topics - recent research projects, relevant to veterinarians, illustrate this approach of Horizon 2020., Recherche vétérinaire européenne : du septième programme cadre de la communauté européenne pour des actions de recherche, de développement technologique et de démonstration, à Horizon 2020. Il n’est pas aisé de circonscrire le périmètre des sciences vétérinaires. À côté du coeur de métier, la santé des animaux (terrestres) et la sécurité des aliments, de multiples autres domaines associés ne concernent pas que la profession vétérinaire : zootechnie y compris bien-être animal, nutrition, génétique ; aquaculture etc. Les programmes cadres européens de recherche successifs ont régulièrement financé les activités de recherche «vétérinaire», plus particulièrement la santé des animaux de rente et la sécurité des aliments ; mais aussi de nombreux domaines associés, et ce notamment depuis le 7ème Programme Cadre (période 2007-2013). On estime que le budget du programme cadre européen ne représente pas plus de 5 à 10% des dépenses en recherche et développement en Europe, et c’est probablement le cas dans le domaine de la santé animale. Néanmoins, les Programmes Cadres sont devenus un moyen important de coordination des programmes de recherche en Europe, contribuant notamment à construire «l’Espace Européen de la Recherche». Les co-publications transnationales intra-européennes dans le domaine vétérinaire/santé animale/bien-être animal représentent une minorité des publications des pays européens, mais sont proportionnellement plus fréquentes que les co-publications dans les continents Américain ou Asiatique. Les entités françaises sont présentes sur la scène de la recherche vétérinaire européenne ou mondiale, mais leur proportion pourrait sans doute être améliorée. Avec Horizon 2020, l’accent mis sur les défis de société et l’innovation notamment, demande souvent une approche multi-disciplinaire, multi-acteurs, dans laquelle la santé animale, et au-delà l’élevage, sont souvent intégrés dans des problématiques plus larges telles que la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition, la durabilité de l’agriculture, ou la bio-économie. La coopération internationale au-delà de l’Europe peut-être cruciale pour relever des défis sociétaux qui sont bien souvent communs au monde entier. C’est d’autant plus vrai pour les maladies infectieuses animales. Des sujets -projets de recherche récents, pertinents pour les vétérinaires, illustrent cette approche d’Horizon 2020., Cavitte Jean-Charles. European veterinary research : from the seventh framework programme of the european community for research, technological development and demonstration activities, to Horizon 2020 . In: Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France tome 170 n°4, 2017. pp. 180-189.

International audience; Food additive E551 consists of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), comprising agglomerates and aggregates of primary particles in the nanorange (

International audience; The aim of the study was to initiate an exhaustive strategy of control by implementing both targeted and non-targeted metabolomics approaches. A LC-MS/MS method including an oxidative step for most of dyes was developed and validated to target the analysis of 14 residues belonging to different families of dyes. The method was suitable for the quantitative confirmation of 13 dyes at low ppb levels. The metabolomics approach objective was to compare fingerprints between farmed fish treated with malachite green and farmed fish treated with victoria pure blue bo. Analytical information on modifications in the metabolome of muscle, liver and plasma was exploited by HRMS following by multivariate statistics and revealed some direct or endogenous metabolites among relevant mass features contributing to the constructed models. These two approaches, either appropriate biomarkers either enlarged targeted dyes are explored concomitantly to help improving the strategy for tracking new illegal practices in aquaculture.

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phycotoxins can impact intestinal epithelial cells and can cross the intestinal barrier to some extent. Therefore, phycotoxins can reach cells underlying the epithelium, such as enteric glial cells (EGCs), which are involved in gut homeostasis, motility, and barrier integrity. This study compared the toxicological effects of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), 13-desmethyl-spirolide C (SPX), and palytoxin (PlTX) on the rat EGC cell line CRL2690. Cell viability, morphology, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell cycle, and specific glial markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR and high content analysis (HCA) approaches. PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX induced neurite alterations, oxidative stress, cell cycle disturbance, and increase of specific EGC markers. An inflammatory response for YTX, OA, and AZA1 was suggested by the nuclear translocation of NF-&kappa, B. Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and induction of DNA double strand breaks (&gamma, H2AX) were also observed with PTX2, YTX, OA, and AZA1. These findings suggest that PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX may affect intestinal barrier integrity through alterations of the human enteric glial system. Our results provide novel insight into the toxicological effects of phycotoxins on the gut.

International audience; Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) are emerging neurotoxins that were discovered about 30 years ago. They are solely produced by the marine dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, and may be transferred into the food chain, as they have been found in various marine invertebrates, including bivalves. No human intoxication has been reported to date although acute toxicity was induced by PnTxs in rodents. LD 50 values have been estimated for the different PnTXs through the oral route. At sublethal doses, all symptoms are reversible, and no neurological sequelae are visible. These symptoms are consistent with impairment of central and peripheral cholinergic network functions. In fact, PnTXs are high-affinity competitive antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Moreover, their lethal effects are consistent with the inhibition of muscle nAChRs, inducing respiratory distress and paralysis. Human intoxication by ingestion of PnTXs could result in various symptoms observed in episodes of poisoning with natural nAChR antagonists. This review updates the available data on PnTX toxicity with a focus on their mode of action on cholinergic networks and suggests the effects that could be extrapolated on human physiology.

International audience; Although banned, dyes, such as Victoria pure blue BO (VPBO), are illicitly used in aquaculture to treat or prevent infections due to their therapeutic activities. The present study examined the formation of phase I and phase II metabolites derived from VPBO using trout liver microsomes and S9 proteins. The well-known malachite green (MG) dye was also studied as a positive control and to compare its metabolism with that of VPBO. First, we optimised the incubation conditions for the detection of VPBO and MG metabolites by studying the formation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrates. Using the determined conditions (2 h at 20 °C), we incubated VPBO with trout microsomal and S9 fractions induced with β-naphtoflavone, and analysed the supernatant in a LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-HRMS system. The in vitro assays led to the detection of 16 VPBO metabolites from Phase I reactions, arising in particular from reactions with CYP1A. No metabolites were detected from Phase II reactions. The main metabolite detected, deethyl-VPBO, was CID-fragmented to determine its chemical structure, and thus recommend a potential biomarker for the control of VPBO in farmed fish foodstuffs.

International audience; Different types of contaminants (e.g., pesticides, veterinary drugs) can be found in food products intended for human consumption (e.g., water, food from animal or plant origin). The risks for the consumers' health are multiple (e.g., endocrine disruptor's effect, carcinogenic effect, allergic risks). The detection of contaminants in food products is the first critical step of the control. Conventional screening methods could be bioassays, immunological methods, or physicochemical methods. Biosensors are identified as innovative screening methods. Electrochemical biosensors make it possible to develop a promising and economically interesting approach. Technological advances (e.g., nanomaterials, microfluidics) improved the methods' sensitivity.

International audience; The European Food Safety Authority concluded in February 2018 that "most uses of neonicotinoid insecticides represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees". In 2016, the French government passed a law banning the use of the five neonicotinoids previously authorized: clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and thiacloprid. In the framework of an expert assessment conducted by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety to identify possible derogations, we performed a thorough assessment of the available alternatives to the five banned neonicotinoids. For each pest targeted by neonicotinoids use, we identified the main alternative pest management methods, which we then ranked for (i) efficacy for controlling the target pest, (ii) applicability (whether directly useable by farmers or in need of further research and development), (iii) durability (risk of resistance in targeted pests), and (iv) practicability (ease of implementation by farmers). We identified 152 authorized uses of neonicotinoids in France, encompassing 120 crops and 279 pest insect species (or genera). An effective alternative to neonicotinoids use was available in 96% of the 2968 case studies analyzed from the literature (single combinations of one alternative pest control method or product × one target crop plant × one target pest insect). The most common alternative to neonicotinoids (89% of cases) was the use of another chemical insecticide (mostly pyrethroids). However, in 78% of cases, at least one non-chemical alternative method could replace neonicotinoids (e.g. microorganisms, semiochemicals or surface coating). The relevance of non-chemical alternatives to neonicotinoids depends on pest feeding habits. Leaf and flower feeders are easier to control with non-chemical methods, whereas wood and root feeders are more difficult to manage by such methods. We also found that further field studies were required for many promising non-chemical methods before their introduction into routine use by farmers. Our findings, transmitted to policymakers, indicate that non-chemical alternatives to neonicotinoids do exist. Furthermore, they highlight the need to promote these methods through regulation and funding, with a view to reducing pesticide use in agriculture.

International audience; This volume presents a compilation of various representative techniques and approaches currently used to study bacterial foodborne pathogens. Chapters guide the reader through bacterial pathogen detection and quantification in food, molecular, phenotypic, metabolic characterization of food pathogens, and ecology of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens : Methods and Protocols aims to server as a guide both for researchers, students, and those in the food industry who want to have an overview of current approaches and protocols used to study bacterial foodborne pathogens.

An observational cross-sectional study was carriedy out to investigate antibiotic residues in Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from the intensive rearing system in Southern Benin. The targeted antibiotic families were tetracyclins, amphenicols, beta-lactams and macrolides. One hundred and forty-four (144) samples were used per antibiotic family for residue detection in the fish muscle, making 576 treated samples. The Charm II method based on radioimmunoassay was used. The results showed an overall residue prevalence of 11.1%, which is attributable to tetracyclines alone. There was no residue of the other antibiotic families in the treated fish muscles. The adult fish were the only contaminated age group with 22.2% residue prevalence compared to the fingerlings (p < 0.05). Likewise, the antibiotic residues were significantly (p< 0.05) more prevalent in Clarias gariepinus (16.7%) than in Oreochromis niloticus (5.6%). The adult fishes are generally fattier than the young ones, and that can lower the fish body antibiotic elimination capability. This first detection of tetracyclines residues in fish produced in Benin shows the need to rule and control antibiotic use in the developing fish industry to preserve consumers’ health. Keywords: Tilapia, African catfish, fish farm, antibiotic residue, Benin

To guarantee food safety, a better deciphering of ecology and adaptation strategies of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella in food environments is crucial. The role of food processing conditions such as cleaning and disinfection procedures on antimicrobial resistance emergence should especially be investigated. In this work, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and the microbial ecology of associated surfaces communities were investigated in a pig slaughterhouse before and after cleaning and disinfection procedures. Salmonella were detected in 67% of samples and isolates characterization revealed the presence of 15 PFGE-patterns belonging to five serotypes: S.4,5,12:i:-, Rissen, Typhimurium, Infantis and Derby. Resistance to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and/or chloramphenicol was detected depending on serotypes. 16S rRNA-based bacterial diversity analyses showed that Salmonella surface associated communities were highly dominated by the Moraxellaceae family with a clear site-specific composition suggesting a persistent colonization of the pig slaughterhouse. Cleaning and disinfection procedures did not lead to a modification of Salmonella susceptibility to antimicrobials in this short-term study but they tended to significantly reduce bacterial diversity and favored some genera such as Rothia and Psychrobacter. Such data participate to the construction of a comprehensive view of Salmonella ecology and antimicrobial resistance emergence in food environments in relation with cleaning and disinfection procedures.

Dans un rapport de 2012, l'Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) mettait en évidence la présence de pinnatoxines (PnTX), produites par le dinoflagellé Vulcanodinium rugosum, dans des moules de l’étang d’Ingril (Hérault). Les concentrations variaient fortement selon les années (2010, 2011 et 2012), avec un maximum de 1244 μg de PnTX G par kg de coquillages en poids frais en 2010 (rapport Ifremer, septembre 2012, Pinnatoxines en lien avec l’espèce Vulcanodinium rugosum). En juillet 2015, une concentration de 1143 μg de PnTX G par kg de coquillages a été rapportée par l’Ifremer.La présence de ces toxines pourrait expliquer des cas de discordance entre les résultats obtenus par le bioessai sur souris et ceux obtenus par analyse chimique (LC-MS/MS) observés dans les moules de l’étang d’Ingril dans le cadre du dispositif de vigilance pour les biotoxines marines lipophiles dans les coquillages, piloté par la DGAL. Par ailleurs, des travaux de l’Université de Trieste, menés en collaboration avec le CNRS (Gif-sur-Yvette) et l’Anses (Fougères), ont établi une dose létale à 50% (DL50) d’environ 200 μg/kg pc chez la souris par gavage (rapport Anses-Université de Trieste-CNRS 2014).

International audience

Dans un rapport de 2012, l'Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) mettait en évidence la présence de pinnatoxines (PnTX), produites par le dinoflagellé Vulcanodinium rugosum, dans des moules de l’étang d’Ingril (Hérault). Les concentrations variaient fortement selon les années (2010, 2011 et 2012), avec un maximum de 1244 μg de PnTX G par kg de coquillages en poids frais en 2010 (rapport Ifremer, septembre 2012, Pinnatoxines en lien avec l’espèce Vulcanodinium rugosum). En juillet 2015, une concentration de 1143 μg de PnTX G par kg de coquillages a été rapportée par l’Ifremer.La présence de ces toxines pourrait expliquer des cas de discordance entre les résultats obtenus par le bioessai sur souris et ceux obtenus par analyse chimique (LC-MS/MS) observés dans les moules de l’étang d’Ingril dans le cadre du dispositif de vigilance pour les biotoxines marines lipophiles dans les coquillages, piloté par la DGAL. Par ailleurs, des travaux de l’Université de Trieste, menés en collaboration avec le CNRS (Gif-sur-Yvette) et l’Anses (Fougères), ont établi une dose létale à 50% (DL50) d’environ 200 μg/kg pc chez la souris par gavage (rapport Anses-Université de Trieste-CNRS 2014).

Five partner organizations: Anses, IMR, Cefas, DTU, IZSUM. The members of ASK project wish to thank EFSA for funding the project entitled “AMR in seafood as common ground for knowledge exchange and risk assessment “in the frame of the partnering grant (GA/EFSA/ AFSCO/2017/01 – GA06); The project entitled “AMR in seafood as common ground for knowledge exchange and risk assessment”(ASK) has been conducted with five partner organizations (Anses, IMR, Cefas, DTU, IZSUM) that expressed interest to join and build a consortium according to their capacity and technical expertise in the field of AMR in seafood.

Introduction Chemical (eg pesticides, veterinary drugs, etc.) and bacteriological contaminants (eg. foodborne pathogens) could contaminate animal and plant derived food products for human consumption. Some antibiotic residues (eg. chloramphenicol, nitrofuran metabolites, dyes) are banned in foodstuffs of animal origin (eg. milk, meat, eggs, etc.) in European Union because of toxicological risks for the consumer. The European Regulation has set Minimum Required Performance Limits (MRPL) [1] or Reference Point for Action (RPA) for banned substances [2]. Food containing residues of substances at or above the MRPL or RPA are declared non-compliant and consignments are rejected from the consumer’s market. Screening methods are the first stage of food control and so are essential for food safety monitoring. Conventional screening methods are microbiological methods (eg. plate tests, tube tests), immunological methods (eg. ELISA, radioimmunoassays) or physico-chemical methods (Thin Layer Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)). These methods sometimes lack of sensitivity or specificity; they also could be time and money consuming. There is thus a need to develop novel screening methods for antibiotic residues detection, preferably with the potential for the field-testing (eg. farm control, self-control). Electrochemical biosensors make it possible to develop a promising and economically interesting approach. Electrochemical immunosensor An innovative electrochemical method based on disposable Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes (SPCE), coupled to magnetic beads (MB), allowing the simultaneous detection of 3 families of antibiotics in milk, was published by a Spanish academic team [3]. This technique presents major advantages: low cost (eg. disposable electrodes, potentiostat), promising detection limits, portability, and possible automatisation. Our laboratory has evaluated the transferability of the method. An electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for the detection of chloramphenicol residues in milk as a proof of concept. The matrix effect (milk samples) was high and so sample preparation has to be improved to reduce matrix effects. The objective is to develop an amperometric bead-based immunosensor for the multiplex detection of banned antibiotics (eg. chloramphenicol, nitrofuran metabolites, dyes) in bovine milk. Method Antibodies (Abs) against antibiotics are grafted on the surface of magnetic beads (MBs). Milk samples and antibiotic conjugated with Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are mixed with MBs-Abs. A competition occurs between the HRP conjugates and the antibiotic residues if present in the sample, for the binding to the antibody. The MBs are washed to remove free antibiotics and conjugates. Then, a Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE) with MBs on its surface (maintained by a magnet) is soaked into a buffer solution containing hydroquinone; when adding hydrogene peroxide (H2O2) to the solution, an amperometric signal is produced, due to the enzymatic activity of HRP and measured. The amperometric signal is inversely proportional to the antibiotic concentration in the sample. Results and Conclusions Screening methods for the detection of veterinary drugs in food products have to be validated according to the European regulation [1] and to the European guideline for the validation of screening methods [4]. After the development and the optimization of the analytical parameters (eg. sample preparation, HRP concentration, incubation time, applied potential, etc), the methods developed for single compounds will be evaluated and validated according to the European regulations. Then the single compound methods will be merged into one multiplex method if possible. The results will be presented to the conference, discussing the advantage sand drawbacks of amperometric biosensors for the screening of antibiotic residues in food products. References 1. Commission Decision (EC) N° 2002/657 of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and interpretation of results. 2002: Official Journal of European Communities. p. 8-36. 2. Commission Regulation (EC) N° 470/2009 laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin 2009, The European parliement and the Council: Official Journal of the European Union p. 11-22. 3. Conzuelo F, Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel V, Campuzano S, Gamella M, Torrente-Rodríguez RM, Reviejo AJ, Pingarrón JM. 2014. Rapid screening of multiple antibiotic residues in milk using disposable amperometric magnetosensors. Anal. Chim. Acta. 820:32-38. 4. CRL, Guideline for the validation of screening methods for residues of veterinary medicines (initial validation and transfer). 2010: Available from:: Guideline_Validation_Screening_en.pdf. p. 1-18.

This paper presents the impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry and pig bacteria of the French EcoAntibio plan, a public policy to reduce antimicrobial use in animals. The analysis was performed using sales data of veterinary antimicrobials and AMR data from bacteria obtained at slaughterhouse and from diseased animals. From 2011-2018, fluoroquinolones exposure decreased by 71.5 % for poultry and 89.7 % for pigs. For Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broilers at slaughterhouses, ciprofloxacin resistance increased from 51 % in 2010 to 63 % in 2018, whereas for turkeys the percentages varied from 56 % in 2014 to 63 % in 2018. For commensal E. coli isolated from the caecal content of broilers at slaughterhouses, the resistance to ciprofloxacin - assessed using an epidemiological cut-off value - increased in broiler isolates from 30.7 % in 2010 to 38.1 % in 2018. In turkeys, the percentage of resistant E. coli isolates decreased from 21.3 % in 2014 to 15.2 % in 2018, whereas in pigs, it increased from 1.9 % in 2009 to 5.5 % in 2017. However, for E. coli isolated from diseased animals, when the breakpoints of 2018 were applied, resistance to fluoroquinolones significantly decreased between 2010 and 2018 from 9.0%-5.4% for broilers/hens, from 7.4 % to 3.4 % for turkeys and from 9.4 % to 3.6 % for pigs. These data show that the major, rapid decrease in the exposition to fluoroquinolones had contrasting effects on resistance in the diverse bacterial collections. Co-selection or fitness of resistant strains may explain why changes in AMR do not always closely mirror changes in use.

International audience

Through diet, people are exposed simultaneously to a variety of contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides) that could have combined adverse effects on human health. A previous study identified six main mixtures of food contaminants to which French adult consumers are exposed. These complex mixtures are comprised of 11 to 19 chemicals that have numerous toxic properties. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxic effects of these food contaminants, as single molecules and in mixtures that reflect their occurrence in the French diet, using the γH2AX assay in two human cell lines (HepG2, LS-174 T). Results of detailed analysis of the 49 individual contaminants (including 21 tested in this study) demonstrated a positive genotoxic response to 14 contaminants in HepG2 and 12 in LS-174 T cells. Next, our results indicated that two mixtures out of six triggered significant γH2AX induction after 24 hr of treatment, at concentrations for which individual compounds did not induce any DNA damage, suggesting more than additive interactions between chemicals. γH2AX positive mixtures were then tested for mutagenicity with the innovative in vitro PIG-A assay in HepG2 cells coupled with the soft agar colony formation assay. The two γH2AX positive mixtures led to a significant increase in the frequency of PIG-A GPI-deficient cells and in the number of colonies formed in soft agar. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that two mixtures of contaminants present in the French diet induce genotoxicity and mutagenicity, and that the combined effects of single molecules present in these mixtures are likely not additive, highlighting potential problems for hazard assessment of mixtures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:742-754, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Les retardateurs de flamme bromés (RFB) sont des additifs destinés à limiter l’inflammabilité de certains matériaux, notamment les polystyrènes (PS). Parmi eux, les polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE) et l’hexabromocyclododécane (HBCD) peuvent s’accumuler dans les tissus animaux. Leur concentration dans les denrées alimentaires d’origine animale (DAOA) est généralement faible, mais elle atteint de l’ordre 100 à 1000 fois la médiane dans certains rares échantillons d’œuf et de viande de volaille ou de porc. Des prélèvements et des enquêtes de terrain menées dans le cadre du projet BrAviPorc (CASDAR, n°1256) ont permis (1) de confirmer la faible concentration de PBDE et d’HBCD dans les produits avicoles et porcins français, (2) d’établir que les isolants contenant des PS sont des sources d’HBCD en élevage qui, accidentellement ingérés par les animaux, conduisent à des DAOA très contaminées. Pour les trois productions, des expérimentations in vivo montrent que l’ -HBCD s’accumule préférentiellement dans les tissus les plus riches en lipides neutres. Ainsi, la cuisse de poulet est 10 fois plus concentrée en -HBCD que le filet. Pour la première fois, un modèle mathématique, commun aux trois productions et prenant en compte leurs dynamiques lipidiques respectives, a été calibré. Il pourra être adapté à d’autres polluants lipophiles et apolaires., Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are synthetic substances primarily used as additive in insulating materials, including polystyrenes (PS). Among them, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) can accumulate in animal tissues. Overall, their concentrations in animal-derived foodstuffs are low, but some rare samples of eggs, poultry meat and pork display concentrations exceeding 100 to 1000 times the median value. Sampling and field surveys carried ou[br/] within the BrAviPorc project (CASDAR, n° 1256) allowed i) to confirm the low concentration of PBDE and HBCD in French poultry and pork products, ii) to establish that insulating foams containing PS may be sources of HBCD in livestock buildings, which lead to highly contaminated DAOAs if animals accidentally ingest them. In vivo experiments carried out with laying hens, broilers and growing pigs showed that -HBCD accumulates preferentially in the tissues richest in neutral lipids. Thus, chicken leg is 10 times more concentrated in -HBCD than breast. For the first time, a mathematical model, common to the three animal models and taking into account their respective lipid dynamics, was calibrated. It can be adapted to other lipophilic and nonpolar pollutants

Inlactis es el Simposio Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología de Lácteos que se organiza de forma interinstitucional desde Uruguay.; Development of nutritional products: technological aspects: Effect on dairy powder quality. Inlactis

La surveillance de l’antibiorésistance des Campylobacter jejuni isolés de volailles de chair a été réalisée en 2016 en France conformément à la décision 2013/652/UE. Les caeca de 643 lots de poulets et 647 lots de dindes ont été prélevés à l’abattoir. Environ deux tiers des lots ont permis l’isolement direct de Campylobacter thermo - tolérants. Après identification, 188 isolats de C. jejuni de poulets et 164 isolats de C. jejuni de dindes ont été conservés et les concentrations minimales inhibitrices de six antibiotiques (tétracycline, ciprofloxacine, acide nalidixique, gentamicine, érythromycine et streptomycine) ont été déterminées par dilution en milieu liquide. Aucune souche de C. jejuni de poulet ou de dinde n’est trouvée résistante à l’érythromycine ou à la gentamicine. La résistance à la streptomycine est rarement observée. La résistance aux fluoroquinolones est présente chez 65,4% et 57,9% des souches de poulets et de dindes respectivement, et les deux tiers des souches de poulets ou de dindes sont résistantes à la tétracycline. Le profil de résistance le plus fréquent est la résistance à la ciprofloxacine et à la tétracycline. Les résultats sont comparés aux données obtenues les années précédentes, ou pour les volailles dans les autres pays européens, et aux données humaines françaises., The antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry was monitored in France in 2016, in compliance with Decision 2013/652/EU. Caeca from 643 broiler and 647 fattening turkey flocks were sampled at the slaughterhouse. Thermo-tolerant Campylobacter were isolated without enrichment from approximately two-thirds of the flocks. After identification, 188 C. jejuni isolates from broilers and 164 C. jejuni isolates from turkeys were analyzed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six antimicrobials (tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, erythromycin and streptomycin) by broth micro-dilution. No strains were found to be resistant to gentamicin or erythromycin. Resistance to streptomycin was rarely observed. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was present in 65.4% and 57.9% of broiler and turkey strains, respectively and two-thirds of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. The most frequent pattern was resistance to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The results are compared to those obtained previously, or to those for poultry in other European countries, and those from human strains in France.

National audience

National audience; La surveillance de l’antibiorésistance des Campylobacter jejuni isolés de volailles de chair a été réalisée en 2016 en France conformément à la décision 2013/652/UE. Les caeca de 643 lots de poulets et 647 lots de dindes ont été prélevés à l’abattoir. Environ deux tiers des lots ont permis l’isolement direct de Campylobacter thermo - tolérants. Après identification, 188 isolats de C. jejuni de poulets et 164 isolats de C. jejuni de dindes ont été conservés et les concentrations minimales inhibitrices de six antibiotiques (tétracycline, ciprofloxacine, acide nalidixique, gentamicine, érythromycine et streptomycine) ont été déterminées par dilution en milieu liquide. Aucune souche de C. jejuni de poulet ou de dinde n’est trouvée résistante à l’érythromycine ou à la gentamicine. La résistance à la streptomycine est rarement observée. La résistance aux fluoroquinolones est présente chez 65,4% et 57,9% des souches de poulets et de dindes respectivement, et les deux tiers des souches de poulets ou de dindes sont résistantes à la tétracycline. Le profil de résistance le plus fréquent est la résistance à la ciprofloxacine et à la tétracycline. Les résultats sont comparés aux données obtenues les années précédentes, ou pour les volailles dans les autres pays européens, et aux données humaines françaises.; The antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry was monitored in France in 2016, in compliance with Decision 2013/652/EU. Caeca from 643 broiler and 647 fattening turkey flocks were sampled at the slaughterhouse. Thermo-tolerant Campylobacter were isolated without enrichment from approximately two-thirds of the flocks. After identification, 188 C. jejuni isolates from broilers and 164 C. jejuni isolates from turkeys were analyzed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six antimicrobials (tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, erythromycin and streptomycin) by broth micro-dilution. No strains were found to be resistant to gentamicin or erythromycin. Resistance to streptomycin was rarely observed. Resistance to fluoroquinolones was present in 65.4% and 57.9% of broiler and turkey strains, respectively and two-thirds of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. The most frequent pattern was resistance to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The results are compared to those obtained previously, or to those for poultry in other European countries, and those from human strains in France.

Beauvericin (BEA) and Enniatins (ENN) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi detected in food and feed; there are insufficient data to establish their reference values. To evaluate BEA and ENN oral toxicity, an integrated approach was applied. Among ENN, Enniatin B (ENNB) was selected as test substance. The approach is composed by: i) in vitro and acute in vivo genotoxicity tests; ii) a repeated-dose oral toxicity study focused on genotoxic, immune, endocrine, nervous endpoints and the reproductive/developmental toxicity screening. For BEA, all the genotoxicity endpoints yielded negative results excluding Comet assay in duodenum and kidney after repeated doses. BEA immunotoxicity was observed in female mice, concentrated in number and functional activity of effector T cells in the spleen. Based on the repeated-dose BEA study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for female mice is 1 mg/kg b.w. per day (increased thyroid pycnotic nuclei and endometrial hyperplasia). In males, the NOAEL is 0.1 mg/kg b.w. per day (reduced colloid and altered T4 serum levels). Maternal NOAEL is 0.1 mg/kg b.w. per day (increased thymus weight), developmental NOAEL is 10 mg/kg b.w. per day. For ENNB, the results support a genotoxic effect in bone marrow and liver cells after acute treatment, but not after repeated exposure. Immunotoxic ENNB effects were observed in both genders, suggestive of a suppressive/inhibiting activity particularly evident in males. Based on the repeated-dose ENNB study, the NOAEL for females is 0.18 mg/kg b.w. per day (histomorphometrical effects on thymus, uterus and spleen). In male mice, the NOAEL is 1.8 mg/kg b.w. per day (enterocyte vacuolization in duodenum and increased Reactive Oxygen Species and reduced Glutathione brain levels). The maternal NOAEL is 1.8 mg/kg b.w. per day (decreased white pulp area and increased red/white pulp area ratio in spleen), developmental NOAEL is 18 mg/kg b.w. per day.

Maintien de la sécurité au cours de la conservation et du réchauffage. OPTIFEL - Optimised food products for elderly population Final Conference

Recycler des résidus agro-alimentaires pour la production d’une nouvelle génération d’emballages alimentaires biodégradables est le défi relevé par l’UMR IATE dans le cadre du projet européen EcoBioCAP coordonné par N. Gontard, et rassemblant 16 partenaires académiques et privés de France, Suède, Italie, Portugal, Irlande, Espagne, Hongrie et Allemagne. Cette nouvelle génération d’emballages est destinée à remplacer les plastiques d’origine pétrochimique. Les matériaux développés sont des composites dont les constituants (bio-polyesters, fibres ligno-cellulosiques et bioadditifs) sont obtenus soit par fermentation d’effluents liquides (eaux de lavage d’huilerie, petit lait d’industries laitières) soit par fractionnement et traitement de résidus solides (pailles de céréales, tourteaux d’huileries, de brasseries et plumes d’élevages). En s’appuyant sur une approche de compréhension et de modélisation multi-échelles des relations entre la structure de composites et les transferts de matière, le projet EcoBioCAP propose aux industries alimentaires de l’Union Européenne, des emballages biodégradables et modulables à façon selon les exigences et besoins des produits alimentaires, avec des bénéfices directs à la fois pour l’environnement et pour les consommateurs en termes de qualité et de sécurité des aliments., Recycling agro-food by-products and waste to produce the next generation of biodegradable food packaging is the challenge faced by the JRU IATE in the framework of the European project EcoBIOCAP coordinated by N. Gontard and gathering 16 academic and private partners from France, Sweden, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Hungary and Germany. This new generation of packaging materials is intended to replace our current oil-based plastics. The materials developed in EcoBIOCAP are biocomposites which constituents (biopolyesters, ligno-cellulosic fibers and bio-additives) are obtained either by fermentation of liquid waste (wastewater or effluent from olive oil-mill or dairy industry) either by milling of solid residues (wheat straw, press cake from olive oil or brewing industry). Supported by multi-scale reasoning and modelling of the relationship between structure and mass transfer properties, the EcoBIOCAP project proposed to European food industries biodegradable packaging which properties could be tailored according to the need of the food, with direct benefits either for the environment and for the consumers in terms of food quality and safety.

Throughout the food chain, from primary production to consumption, food associated bacteria are confronted with a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence bacterial survival and activity. Intrinsic stress factors are imposed by food characteristics like high osmolarity or acidity or the dynamics of the microbial ecology of foods; and extrinsic stress factors are inflicted by food preservation methodologies, such as thermal and/or non-thermal inactivation treatments, refrigeration temperatures, or freeze-drying and host associated factors like the stomach acidity or the presence of bile salts in the intestine